Creating Rhythm for the Ear

SOUNDS: PUN: (Creating rhythm for the ear) Ambiguities of meaning, eg. "Whenever you shop at Four Square you'll like the ALLITERATION: change." Repeated consonant sounds at the beginning of a word PARADOX: "Wet windy Wellington" Something that at first seems contradictory "A little learning is a dangerous thing." ASSONANCE: (Pope: the key word is "little". Pope wants us to Repeated Vowel sounds learn all we can.) "The June moon loomed over the horizon" SYMBOLISM: CONSONANCE: Something represents a completely Repeated consonant sounds in a sentence different thing or idea. "The knife was foul and filthy" (The sneetches symbolize various prejudice in people.)

ONOMATOPOEIA: SYNTAX Words sound like what they are "The fire crackled and the popcorn SIMPLE SENTENCE popped." (one clause) War is hell. RHYME: Words sound similar to create a beat COMPOUND SENTENCE "The pale fragile moonlight whispered (more than one independent clause): through the deep night." We were exhausted, but we arrived in time for my father's party.

IMAGERY: COMPLEX SENTENCE (Creating pictures for the senses) (one independent clause and at least one dependent clause): Although he is METAPHOR: now 79 years old, he still claims to be A direct comparison 65. "The Springbox were ripped to shreds on the field." DECLARATIVE SENTENCE Makes a statement and ends with a full SIMILE: stop. Example: The children were A comparison using "like" or "as" happy to see you. "She dances like a princess." INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE HYPERBOLE: Asks a question and ends with a An exaggeration question mark. Example: How many "I waited for an eternity." people were in the room?

PERSONIFICATION: EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE Making an inanimate object act like a Shows strong feeling and ends with an person or animal exclamation mark. Example: The ice is "The fog crept in on little cat feet." too thin!

SYNECDOCHE: Using part of an object to stand for the IMPERATIVE SENTENCE whole thing Gives a command. Example: Chris, "Have you got your wheels, man?" please clean up your room. Example: Sit there and listen. RHETORIC QUESTION A stubborn person may be described as Asks a question for the reader to consider being either strong-willed or pig-headed . Do you want great looking shiny hair? strong-willed connotes admiration for someone's convictions, pig-headed PARALLEL CONSTRUCTIONS connotes frustration in dealing with Ask not what your country can do for you; someone. ask what you can do for your country. LITERAL DESCRIPTION (John F. Kennedy) He lay in a puddle of blood Her face was bruised and marked with White chickens lay white eggs, and brown ancient and recent scars chickens lay brown eggs; so if white cows give white milk, do brown cows give COLLOQUIAL LANGUAGE chocolate milk? an expression not used in formal speech or writing, words (such as "gonna" or "grouty" DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH or "uffda"), phrases (such as "ain't nothin'" In direct speech, the original speaker's and "dead as a doornail"), or sometimes exact words are given and are indicated by even an entire aphorism ("There's more quotation marks. than one way to skin a cat"). "I don't know what to do," said Dean. In indirect speech, the exact meaning of ABSTRACT NOUNS the speaker's words is given, but the exact Abstract nouns are ideas, feelings or words are not directly quoted. Dean said qualities such as love, hate, kindness, fear, that he didn't know what to do. anger, imagination, courage, intelligence, loneliness, happiness, sadness, bravery, ONE PARAGRAPH = ONE SENTENCE cowardice, embarrassment, joy, beauty, A sentence is left by itself in a paragraph to ugliness, confidence, luck, misfortune, highlight or emphasis a key idea. mischief, bitterness, justice, injustice, grief, boredom, cheerfulness. They cannot be seen or touched in the same way as VOCABULARY concrete nouns such as chair, table, dog, Lancaster, or Thomas. DESCRIPTIVE WORDS - ADJECTIVES sight: colors, shapes, sizes (e.g. green, JARGON red, large, small) sound: types and volume Words which relate to a specific activity, (rattling, scraping, blowing ) smell: scents profession, or group. It is generally formal and strengths (strong, pungent) taste: terminology and commonly referred to as flavours and strengths (sweet, sour, spicy) the language of a particular field. touch: textures and temperatures (smooth, rough, hard, cool, cold, hot) emotions and SLANG subjective reactions: (happy, ecstatic, the use of highly informal words and sad, beautiful, ugly) states: (tired, angered, expressions. Slang is very often specific to , smart, rich, hungry, lonely) a particular context or group. ‘mullet’: Someone or something not very EMOTIVE LANGUAGE attractive. She's got a head like a deep sea A common way writers appeal to the mullet. audience is to use language that generates sympathy in some way. JUXTAPOSITION “She was in a desperate struggle to stay alive.” Contrast in words or term used adjacently (may also refer to images) CONNOTATIONS “Clean invasion”, “Concrete jungle” The connotation essentially relates to how anything may be associated with a word or phrase: shadows, stealth, hidden – something to fear