Establishment of Laurel Forest Vegetation in Adjacent Secondary Forest in Central Japan

ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Establishment of laurel forest vegetation in adjacent secondary forest in central Japan Landscape and Ecological Engineering Keiko Sasaki1,2, Tomohiro Ichinose3, Tomoko Doko1,4,5, Ikuko Imoto6, Fred Jopp2,7 Corresponding Author: Sasaki, Keiko. [email protected] 1Keio Research Institute at SFC, Keio University, 5322 Endo, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8520, Japan 2Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.

Supplementary Material 1 Map showing the locations of (a) Kanagawa Prefecture in Japan, (b) the study site, and (c) the old-growth and abandoned secondary forests surveyed.

Supplementary Material 2 Analyses including Aucuba japonica

(a) Mean (±SE) for comparison of height, coverage, and density between old-growth and secondary forests. Mean (±SE) in parentheses indicates height, coverage, and density of lucidophyllous species, and those that showed significantly higher values are emphasized by bold font. A. japonica was included.

Forest Type Old-growth Forest Secondary Forest Number of Quadrats 18 78 *1 *2 Area (m²) 450 1950 Height (m) Tree Layer 12.3±1.3 (12.6±1.2) 12.7±1.5 (13.1±1.9) Sub-Tree Layer 8.4±1.0 (8.3±1.0) 8.3±1.0 (8.2±1.1) Shrub Layer 2.53±1.53 (2.52±1.50) 2.57±1.36 (2.45±1.29) Herb Layer 0.331±0.285 (0.351±0.288) 0.331±0.287 (0.360±0.292) Coverage (%) Tree Layer 73.7±32.6 (65.1±35.7) 90.0±13.9 (18.9±33.3) *** Sub-Tree Layer 22.9±28.2 (20.3±26.9) 22.2±28.1 (11.6±20.7) Shrub Layer 43.6±23.2 (41.8±24.5) 70.1±21.1 (54.3±21.4) *** * Herb Layer 12.2±14.5 (11.6±14.5) 6.52±5.62 (5.80±5.53) Density of Trees, Trees 2.83±1.89 (2.28±1.56) 1.59±1.30 (0.359±0.558) ** *** Saplings, and Saplings 11.7±5.70 (11.6±5.54) 12.6±4.53 (11.0±4.44) Seedlings per 25m² Seedlings 16.2±8.34 (14.7±8.19) 15.2±6.51 (12.8±6.27) *1 p value of all species, *2 p value of lucidophyllous species. Levels of significance (p) are denoted with * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001

(b) The density of lucidopyllous a) sapling and seedling and b) shrub species as a function of distance from the vegetation border. Filled circles and solid line in the plot (a) indicate the observed density and regression line for sapling, and crosses and dotted line for seedling. A. japonica was included.

* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Supplementary Material 3 Mean (±SE) for comparison of height, coverage, density, and number of species between old- growth and secondary forests. Mean (±SE) in parentheses indicates height, coverage, density, and number of lucidophyllous species, and those that showed significantly higher values are emphasized by bold font. Aucuba japonica was excluded from height, coverage, and density.

Forest Type Old-growth Forest Secondary Forest Number of Quadrats 18 78 *1 *2 Area (m²) 450 1950 Height (m) Tree Layer 12.3±1.3 (12.6±1.2) 12.7±1.5 (13.1±1.9) Sub-Tree Layer 8.4±1.0 (8.3±1.0) 8.3±1.0 (8.2±1.1) Shrub Layer 2.53±1.53 (2.81±1.57) 2.57±1.36 (2.93±1.46) Herb Layer 0.331±0.285 (0.328±0.288) 0.331±0.287 (0.306±0.277) Coverage (%) Tree Layer 73.7±32.6 (65.1±35.7) 90.0±13.9 (18.9±33.3) *** Sub-Tree Layer 22.9±28.2 (20.3±26.9) 22.2±28.1 (11.6±20.7) Shrub Layer 43.6±23.2 (37.1±25.8) 70.1±21.1 (40.4±23.8) *** Herb Layer 12.2±14.5 (10.8±14.2) 6.52±5.62 (4.10±5.24) Density of Trees, Trees 2.83±1.89 (2.28±1.56) 1.59±1.30 (0.359±0.558) * *** Saplings, and Saplings 11.7±5.70 (8.83±4.25) 12.6±4.53 (5.99±3.58) ** Seedlings per 25m² Seedlings 16.2±8.34 (12.3±7.49) 15.2±6.51 (8.10±5.09) * Species number All 57 (34) 81 (33) Tree species 20 (11) 24 (10) Small tree species 6 (4) 8 (4) Shrub species 7 (6) 14 (6) Herb species 4 (2) 10 (3) Vine species 13 (5) 16 (5) Fern species 7 (6) 9 (5) Species number All 16.8±4.0 (14.2±3.8) 18.8±4.3 (11.6±2.4) *** per 25m² Tree species 5.22±1.80 (4.06±1.43) 6.38±2.05 (3.28±1.47) * * Small tree species 2.17±0.707 (1.94±0.539) 1.71±0.884 (1.36±0.837) * ** Shrub species 3.50±1.15 (3.39±0.979) 3.23±1.08 (2.50±0.716) *** Herb species 1.61±0.916 (1.39±0.608) 2.58±1.01 (1.86±0.552) *** *** Vine species 2.94±1.35 (2.22±1.22) 4.31±1.67 (2.18±0.893) ** Fern species 1.33±1.81 (1.17±1.47) 0.615±0.970 (0.423±0.712) * *1 p value of all species, *2 p value of lucidophyllous species. Levels of significance (p) are denoted with * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001

Supplementary Material 4 Results of generalized linear models for non-lucidophyllous species.

(a) The density of non-lucidopyllous (a) sapling and seedling, (b) tree, (c) small tree, and (d) shrub species as a function of distance from the vegetation border. Filled circles and solid line in the plot (a) indicate the observed density and regression line for sapling, and crosses and dotted line for seedling.

* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

(b) The number of all non-lucidophyllous species and that of non-lucidophyllous tree, small tree, shrub, herb, vine, and fern species in relation to environmental variables in the secondary forest. Non-Lucidophyllous D LS LW W S H C A AIC species All 0.0077** 0.083*** -0.0031* -0.035* 364.1 Tree species 0.0084* 0.057 0.042 -0.0073** 274.7 Small tree species -0.011 113.6 Shrub species 0.13* 170.2 Herb species 0.018 0.30*** 160.6 Vine species 0.063 254.2 Fern species 0.031 0.33*** 0.012 73.1 Environmental variables selected under Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) are denoted. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 D distance from the vegetation border, LS relative light intensity in summer, LW relative light intensity in winter, W soil moisture, S slope angle, H soil hardness, C overstory coverage, A difference in altitude from the top transect

Supplementary Material 5 Species’ preferring forest based on occurrence frequency (%) and average of cumulative coverage (%, in parentheses). Old-growth Forest Secondary Forest (18 quadrats) (78 quadrats) Occurrence Frequency % Occurrence Frequency % Life (Average of Cumulative (Average of Cumulative *1 *2 form Coverage %) Coverage %) Old-growth forest preferring species (lucidophyllous species) Camellia japonica L. ST 100 (23.67) 74 (12.94) * * Castanopsis sieboldii (Makino) Hatus. ex T.Yamaz. et Mashiba T 94 (42.51) 44 (6.62) *** *** Microtropis japonica (Franch. et Sav.) Hallier f. S 94 (10.11) 81 (5.45) *** Damnacanthus indicus C.F.Gaertn. var. indicus S 72 (7.39) ・ *** *** Ficus nipponica Franch. et Sav. V 72 (0.45) 3 (0.09) *** *** Eurya japonica Thunb. var. japonica ST 67 (7.00) 17 (5.37) *** *** Ilex integra Thunb. T 39 (5.00) ・ *** *** Dryopteris erythrosora (D.C.Eaton) Kuntze F 33 (0.22) 1 (+) *** *** Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. S 33 (0.11) 6 (+) ** ** Lemmaphyllum microphyllum C.Presl F 22 (0,78) ・ *** *** Abies firma Siebold et Zucc. T 17 (+) 4 (+) * * Secondary forest preferring species (lucidophyllous species) Aucuba japonica Thunb. var. japonica S 94 (5,.62) 100 (15.67) * *** Trachelospermum asiaticum (Siebold et Zucc.) Nakai V 78 (+) 95 (1.29) * *** Liriope muscari (Decne.) L.H.Bailey H 61 (0.06) 95 (0.29) *** *** Quercus glauca Thunb. T 22 (0.50) 60 (6.41) ** ** Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz. V 6 (+) 56 (4.31) *** *** Neolitsea sericea (Blume) Koidz. T 6 (+) 33 (0.27) * * Secondary forest preferring species (non-lucidophyllous species) Akebia trifoliata (Thunb.) Koidz. V 6 (+) 63 (+) *** *** Carpinus tschonoskii Maxim. T 6 (0.56) 55 (30.87) *** *** Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Siebold et Zucc.) Planch. V 11 (+) 51 (0.03) ** ** Pleioblastus chino (Franch. et Sav.) Makino H 17 (0.06) 50 (0.30) * * Quercus serrata Murray T 11 (0.56) 41 (20.77) * ** Acer palmatum Thunb. T ・ 41 (11.28) *** ** Lonicera japonica Thunb. V ・ 36 (0.07) ** ** Callicarpa japonica Thunb. S ・ 28 (1.41) * * Stachyurus praecox Siebold et Zucc. ST ・ 21 (4.50) * * Picrasma quassioides (D.Don) Benn. T ・ 21 (0.69) * * Species of unclear preferences (lucidophyllous species) Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawl. H 78 (+) 83 (0.14) Quercus salicina Blume T 72 (21.28) 49 (11,.86) Cinnamomum japonicum Siebold ex Nakai T 44 (1.17) 56 (1.65) Hedera rhombea (Miq.) Bean V 44 (0.06) 51 (0.17) Machilus thunbergii Siebold et Zucc. T 39 (2.95) 41 (13.23) Litsea coreana H.Lév. T 33 (7.89) 17 (2.00) Dryopteris bissetiana (Baker) C.Chr. F 33 (0.06) 21 (0.09) Ardisia crenata Sims S 33 (+) 55 (0.07) Torreya nucifera (L.) Siebold et Zucc. T 22 (1,22) 22 (+) Kadsura japonica (L.) Dunal V 22 (+) 13 (+) Ligustrum japonicum Thunb. ST 17 (0.06) 35 (0.67) Dryopteris lacera (Thunb.) Kuntze F 11 (0.17) 15 (0.18) Cephalotaxus harringtonia (Knight ex Forbes) K.Koch var. ST 11 (+) 10 (0.14) harringtonia Ardisia japonica (Thunb.) Blume S 11 (+) 6 (+) Ophiopogon ohwii Okuyama H ・ 8 (+) Supplementary Material 5 (continued) Species’ preferring forest based on occurrence frequency (%) and average of cumulative coverage (%, in parentheses). Old-growth Forest Secondary Forest (18 quadrats) (78 quadrats) Occurrence Frequency % Occurrence Frequency % Life (Average of Cumulative (Average of Cumulative *1 *2 form Coverage %) Coverage %) Species of unclear preferences (non-lucidophyllous species) Aphananthe aspera (Thunb.) Planch. T 44 (+) 63 (0.08) Deutzia scabra Thunb. S 11 (0.17) 29 (1.12) Cerasus jamasakura (Siebold ex Koidz.) H.Ohba T 22 (2.50) 27 (11.60) Acer pictum Thunb. subsp. dissectum (Wesm.) H.Ohashi f. T 6 (1.11) 24 (5.21) dissectum (Wesm.) H.Ohashi Celtis sinensis Pers. T ・ 17 (4.27) Aristolochia debilis Siebold et Zucc. V 6 (0.06) 17 (+) Dumasia truncata Siebold et Zucc. V ・ 14 (+) Wisteria floribunda (Willd.) DC. V 22 (0.28) 14 (+) Pourthiaea villosa (Thunb.) Decne. var. villosa ST ・ 12 (0.64) Viola grypoceras A.Gray var. grypoceras H ・ 12 (0.03) Pteris cretica L. F 17 (0.11) 9 (0.06) Idesia polycarpa Maxim. T ・ 8 (3.53) Athyrium niponicum (Mett.) Hance F ・ 8 (+) Dioscorea japonica Thunb. V 6 (+) 6 (+) Citrus iyo Hort. ex Tanaka, nom. nud. S ・ 5 (0.01) Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold et Zucc. S ・ 5 (+) Aristolochia kaempferi Willd. V 11 (+) 4 (+) Albizia julibrissin Durazz. T 6 (1.67) 4 (+) Species recorded less than 4 times Dioscorea tokoro Makino V ・ 4 (+) Disporum smilacinum A.Gray H ・ 4 (+) Rhus succedanea L. T ・ 4 (1.79) Dryopteris uniformis (Makino) Makino F ・ 4 (0.01) Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino T 6 (+) 3 (0.27) Kalopanax pictus (Thunb.) Nakai, excl. typo T ・ 3 (1.03) Persicaria filiformis (Thunb.) Nakai ex W.T.Lee H ・ 3 (+) Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagnep. V ・ 3 (+) Quercus myrsinifolia Blume T ・ 3 (+) Ficus erecta Thunb. var. erecta ST 6 (+) 1 (+) Akebia quinata (Houtt.) Decne. V ・ 1 (+) Ginkgo biloba L. T ・ 1 (+) Styrax japonica Siebold et Zucc. ST ・ 1 (0.03) Daphne pseudomezereum A.Gray S ・ 1 (+) Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. F ・ 1 (+) Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breitenb. H ・ 1 (+) Onychium japonicum (Thunb.) Kunze F ・ 1 (+) Oplismenus undulatifolius (Ard.) Roem. et Schult. H ・ 1 (+) Rosa multiflora Thunb. H ・ 1 (+) Hydrangea paniculata Siebold S ・ 1 (0.15) Broussonetia kazinoki Siebold S ・ 1 (+) Rhododendron kaempferi Planch. var. kaempferi S ・ 1 (0.03) Cyrtomium falcatum (L.f.) C.Presl F ・ 1 (+) Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) W.T.Aiton S ・ 1 (+) Lithocarpus edulis (Makino) Nakai T 22 (1.50) ・ Rhus sylvestris Siebold et Zucc. ST 17 (2.00) ・ Supplementary Material 5 (continued) Species’ preferring forest based on occurrence frequency (%) and average of cumulative coverage (%, in parentheses). Old-growth Forest Secondary Forest (18 quadrats) (78 quadrats) Occurrence Frequency % Occurrence Frequency % Life (Average of Cumulative (Average of Cumulative *1 *2 form Coverage %) Coverage %) Quercus acutissima Carruth. T 11 (2.78) ・ Dryopteris hondoensis Koidz. F 11 (0.06) ・ Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi V 6 (+) ・ Rhus ambigua Lavalee ex Dippel V 6 (0.06) ・ Cornus controversa Hemsl. ex Prain T 6 (0.56) ・ Microlepia marginata (Panzer) C.Chr. F 6 (+) ・ Liliaceae sp. H 6 (+) ・ *1 p value of occurrence frequency, *2 p value of average of cumulative coverage. Levels of significance (p) are denoted with * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001 Life forms: T tree species, ST small tree species, S shrub species, H herb species, V vine species, F fern species · species that were not recorded in the corresponding forest (+) average of cumulative coverage is < 0.01%.

Supplementary Material 6 Changes in species composition based on occurrence frequencies. Old-growth Forest Secondary Forest Preferring OG1+2 OG3 OG4 2.5 7.5 12.5 17.5 22.5 27.5 32.5 37.5 42.5 47.5 52.5 57.5 62.5 67.5 Forest (8) (4) (6) (4) (4) (4) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) Microtropis japonica OLD IV 4 III 4 4 3 III III III III III II III III III IV III Camellia japonica OLD IV 4 IV 4 4 2 III II III III III II III III IV IV III Castanopsis sieboldii OLD IV 4 III 2 4 4 II III II II II II II II Eurya japonica OLD III 1 III 1 1 1 II II I I I I I I Elaeagnus pungens OLD I 2 II 2 1 I I Ficus nipponica OLD IV 4 I I I Damnacanthus indicus OLD IV 4 I Dryopteris erythrosora OLD III I Ilex integra OLD II 3 Lemmaphyllum microphyllum OLD II Abies firma OLD I I I I Aucuba japonica SEC IV 4 IV 4 4 4 IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV Trachelospermum asiaticum SEC III 4 III 4 4 3 IV III IV III III IV IV IV IV IV IV

) Liriope muscari SEC III 3 II 4 3 3 III IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III s e i

c Quercus glauca SEC I 1 I 1 2 2 II II II III III III IV III III II II e

p Euonymus fortunei SEC I 1 1 I IV III III III III II IV II II II S

9 Neolitsea sericea SEC I 1 II II II I III II I III II 3 (

s Quercus salicina UNC IV 2 III 3 3 3 II II II II II III II II III I II e i

c Ophiopogon japonicus UNC III 4 III 2 4 3 III III IV III III IV III IV III III III e p

S Hedera rhombea UNC II 3 I 1 2 2 II II III III III IV III I II I I

u Ardisia crenata UNC II 2 I 1 2 1 II III III III II III III IV II II I o l l Machilus thunbergii UNC II 1 II 3 1 2 II II II III III III II II I I y h

p Dryopteris bissetiana UNC II 1 II 1 I I III II II I II I I o d

i Kadsura japonica UNC II 1 1 I II I I I II I c

u Cinnamomum japonicum UNC I 4 II 1 3 2 II III III III III II II III I II III L Ligustrum japonicum UNC I 2 1 1 III I I II II III II II I III Litsea coreana UNC I 2 II 3 II I II II I Torreya nucifera UNC I 1 I 1 1 I II II II I II I II Cephalotaxus harringtonia UNC I 1 I I II I II Dryopteris lacera UNC I I I I II II I II II Ardisia japonica UNC II 1 I I I I Ophiopogon ohwii UNC I I I II I Lithocarpus edulis - II Dryopteris hondoensis - I Microlepia marginata - I Dryopteris uniformis - I I I Cyrtomium falcatum - I Pittosporum tobira - I Quercus myrsinifolia - I I Average Number of Species per Subplot 16.1 15.5 10.7 10.5 11.8 10.0 10.7 11.5 12.0 13.7 13.2 12.2 13.3 12.8 10.5 10.0 9.7 Akebia trifoliata SEC I 1 3 3 III III III III IV III III IV I II II Parthenocissus tricuspidata SEC I 1 2 1 I II III III I II III III III III Pleioblastus chino SEC 1 II 3 III III III III II II II II II II III Quercus serrata SEC II 2 3 1 II II II I I III III III II II Carpinus tschonoskii SEC I 3 1 1 II II III III II III III II III III Callicarpa japonica SEC 3 1 I II I I II II I II III Acer palmatum SEC II III III I II II III II II III )

s Lonicera japonica SEC III III III III IV II II I e i c

e Stachyurus praecox SEC I II II II II I II I p S

Picrasma quassioides SEC II III II III II 4

5 Wisteria floribunda UNC II 1 II 2 II II I I II (

e Pteris cretica UNC II II I i c

e Aphananthe aspera UNC I 3 II 1 2 2 II II II III II III III IV II II IV p S Deutzia scabra UNC I 1 I II III III II II II I II s u

o Albizia julibrissin UNC I 1 I I l l

y Cerasus jamasakura UNC 1 II 1 I III III I II III I I I h p

o Acer pictum UNC 1 2 II II I I II II II I I d i

c Aristolochia debilis UNC 1 2 I II II II I I II u

L Dioscorea japonica UNC I 1 II I I - n

o Celtis sinensis UNC I I I I II II I II N Dumasia truncata UNC II II II II I Viola grypoceras UNC II II II I Pourthiaea villosa UNC 1 I I II II II Citrus iyo UNC I I I I Aristolochia kaempferi UNC I I I Ligustrum obtusifolium UNC I I II Athyrium niponicum UNC I I I I I I Idesia polycarpa UNC 2 II II

Supplementary Material 6 (continued) Changes in species composition based on occurrence frequencies. Old-growth Forest Secondary Forest Preferring OG 1+2 OG3 OG4 2.5 7.5 12.5 17.5 22.5 27.5 32.5 37.5 42.5 47.5 52.5 57.5 62.5 67.5 Forest (8) (4) (6) (4) (4) (4) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) (6) Rhus sylvestris - I 1 Ficus erecta - I I Quercus acutissima - I Liliaceae sp. - I Cornus controversa - 1 Zelkova serrata - 1 I I ) s Rhus ambigua - I e i c

e Pueraria lobata - I p S

Rhus succedanea - I I I 4

5 Kalopanax pictus - I I (

e Styrax japonica - I i c

e Broussonetia kazinoki - I p S Daphne pseudomezereum - I s u

o Hydrangea paniculata - I l l

y Rhododendron kaempferi - I h p

o Akebia quinata - I d i

c Dioscorea tokoro - I I I u

L Cayratia japonica - I I - n

o Disporum smilacinum - I I I N Pinellia ternata - 1 Persicaria filiformis - I I Oplismenus undulatifolius - I Rosa multiflora - I II Ginkgo biloba - I Onychium japonicum - I Lygodium japonicum - I Average Number of Species per Subplot 2.4 3.0 2.7 3.3 3.5 5.0 4.2 5.2 8.2 9.0 9.2 9.0 9.8 9.8 7.3 6.8 7.5

Parentheses () indicate the number of quadrats in plots and subplots in the old-growth and secondary forests, respectively. OLD old-growth forest preferring species, SEC secondary forest preferring species, UNC species of unclear preferences, - species recorded less than four times. Arabic numerals (four quadrats): 1 appeared once, 2 two times, 3 three times, 4 four times. Roman numerals (six quadrats): I appeared once, II two or three times, III four or five times, IV six times. Roman numerals (eight quadrats): I appeared once or two times, II three or four times, III five or six times, IV seven or eight times. The vertical solid line in the center represents the vegetation border.