Chapter 22 - Reproductive Systems

Chapter Objectives 1. State the general functions of the male reproductive system. 2. Name the parts of the male reproductive system and describe the general functions of each part. 3. Outline the process of spermatogenesis. 4. Trace the path sperm cells follow from their site of formation to the outside. 5. Describe the structure of the penis and explain how its parts produce an erection. 6. Explain how hormones control the activities of the male reproductive organs and the development of male secondary sex characteristics. 7. State the general functions of the female reproductive system. 8. Name the parts of the female reproductive system and describe the general functions of each part. 9. Outline the process of oogenesis. 10. Describe how hormones control the activities of the female reproductive organs and the development of female secondary sex characteristics. 11. Describe the major events that occur during a menstrual cycle. 12. Describe the hormonal changes in the maternal body during pregnancy. 13. Describe the birth process and explain the role of hormones in this process. 14. List several methods of birth control and describe the relative effectiveness of each method.

Visual Resource Outline: Chapter 22 p.835 Library CD PowerPoint Presentation: Chapter 22 Kudo Images and Animations: Chapter 22

233 Chapter Outline I. Organs of the Male Reproductive System (p. 836; Fig. 22.1) A. The male sex organs are designed to transport sperm to eggs. B. Primary sexual organs (gonads) produce sperm and hormones; secondary sexual organs have a supportive function.

Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Anatomy/3D Viewer: Male p.836 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Anatomy/Gross Anatomy: Male p.836 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.836 Partner CD Male Anatomy/Screens 1-3 A.D.A.M. Interactive Atlas Anatomy/System/Reproductive p.836 Anatomy CD A.D.A.M. Interactive http://www.adam.com/aia/SlideShows.html#repro p.836 Anatomy CD Reproductive System/Male Reproductive System Slide Show by William C. Kleinelp, Jr. A+P Videodisc Side 4 32408 Male reproductive system (sagittal view) p.836 A+P Videodisc Side 4 32409 Male reproductive system (posterior view) p.836 Web Link: Male http://academic.med.ohio- p.836 Reproduction Histology state.edu/authorware/histology/fem/index.html Web Link: The Visible http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html p.836 Human Project Web Link: Histoweb http://www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/histoweb p.836 Web Link: Vesalius http://www.vesalius.com/ p.836 Interactive Anatomy Web Link: LUMEN http://www.lumen.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/Histo/frames/h_fra p.836 Histology: Male m20.html Reproduction Web Link: Male http://telpath2.med.utah.edu/WebPath/MALEHTML/MALEI p.836 Genital Pathology DX.html Index Web Link: Histonet: http://vhp.nus.sg/HIS/txt/menu/mrsmenu.html p.836 Male Histology Web Link: Medweb: http://hms.medweb.harvard.edu/qry/img_q/body_Atlfr.cfm? p.836 Histology Atlas Web Link: Human http://www.biology.arizona.edu/human_bio/problem_sets/Hu p.836 Reproduction Problem man_Reproduction/human_reproduction.html Set Web Link: CHORUS http://chorus.rad.mcw.edu/ p.836 Hypertext of Radiology Web Link: InnerBody: http://www.innerbody.com/htm/body.html p.836 Male Anatomy

Objective #1 State the general functions of the male reproductive system.

II. Testes (p. 836) 234 A. The testes are ovoid structures suspended by a spermatic cord in the scrotum.

B. Descent of the Testes (p. 836; Fig. 22.2). C. Structure of the Testes (p. 836; Figs. 22.3-22.5).

Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Explorations/Spermatogenesis p.836 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Histology/Testis p.836 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Histology/Seminiferous Tubule p.838 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.836 Partner CD Male Anatomy/Screens 4-8 A.D.A.M. Interactive http://www.adam.com/aia/SlideShows.html#repro p.836 Anatomy CD Reproductive System/Male Reproductive System Slide Show by William C. Kleinelp, Jr. A+P Videodisc Side 4 32410 The testis and epididymis (sagittal section) p.836 A+P Videodisc Side 4 32411 Testis, seminiferous tubule (slide) p.838 A+P Videodisc Side 4 32412 Testis (cross section) p.836 Dynamic Human 3D 25919 Spermatogenesis p.836 Videodisc Side 2 Web Link: Medinex: http://www.medinex.com/hernia.shtml p.836 Hernia Page

D. Formation of Sperm Cells (p. 838; Fig. 22.5). 235 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Explorations/Spermatogenesis p.838 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Histology/Testis p.838 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Histology/Seminiferous Tubule p.838 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.838 Partner CD Male Physiology/Screens 1,4-8 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/Meiosis/ p.838 Partner CD Screen 1 A+P Videodisc Side 4 32413 Spermatogenesis (animation) p.838 A+P Videodisc Side 4 35503 The stages of spermatogenesis p.838 A+P Videodisc Side 4 35504 Spermiogenesis p.838 Dynamic Human 3D 25919 Spermatogenesis p.838 Videodisc Side 2 Life Science Animation Time Code: 05:28 Concept 13: Meiosis p.838 Video Tape 2: Cell Division, Genetics, Reproduction, Develop. Life Science Animation Time Code: 26:54 Concept 19: Spermatogenesis p.838 Video Tape 2: Cell Division, Genetics, Reproduction, Develop. Life Science Animation Time Code: 14:03 Module 10: Mitosis p.838 3D Video Tape Life Science Animation Time Code: 15:36 Module 11: Meiosis p.838 3D Video Tape Web Link: Testicular http://www.acor.org/TCRC/ p.838 Cancer Resource Center Web Link: Testicular http://www.mskcc.org/document/WICTEST.htm p.838 Cancer Web Link: http://www2.uic.edu/~alexnam/gamete.html p.838 Gameteogensis Web Link: http://class.fst.ohio-state.edu/Biology101/lectures/L09.html p.838 Spermatogenesis Web Link: Animated http://www.biology.yale.edu/animatedMeiosisF.nclk p.838 Meiosis Web Link: Virtual http://www.biology.uc.edu/vgenetic/meiosis/ p.838 Meiosis

Objective #2.1 Describe the function of the testes. Objective #3 Outline the process of spermatogenesis.

E. Structure of a Sperm Cell (p. 841; Figs. 22.6, 22.7). 236 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Histology/Testis p.841 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Histology/Seminiferous Tubule p.841 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.841 Partner CD Male Anatomy/Screens 4-8 A+P Videodisc Side 4 35505 A human spermatozoan p.841 Web Link: Sperm, Egg, http://www.advancedfertility.com/siteindex.htm p.841 Embryo Pictures Index

III. Male Internal Accessory Organs (p. 842) A. The accessory organs of the male reproductive tract include the epididymes, vasa deferentia, ejaculatory ducts, urethra, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands.

Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Anatomy/3D Viewer: Male p.842 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Anatomy/Gross Anatomy: Male p.842 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.842 Partner CD Male Anatomy/Screens 1-3 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.842 Partner CD Male Physiology/Screen 8 A.D.A.M. Interactive Atlas Anatomy/System/Reproductive p.842 Anatomy CD A.D.A.M. Interactive http://www.adam.com/aia/SlideShows.html#repro p.842 Anatomy CD Reproductive System/Male Reproductive System Slide Show by William C. Kleinelp, Jr.

B. Epididymis (p. 842; Fig. 22.8).

Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Anatomy/3D Viewer: Male p.842 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Anatomy/Gross Anatomy: Male p.842 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Histology/Epididymis p.842 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/Male p.842 Partner CD Anatomy/Screens 1-5 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.842 Partner CD Male Physiology/Screen 8 A.D.A.M. Interactive http://www.adam.com/aia/SlideShows.html#repro p.842 Anatomy CD Reproductive System/Male Reproductive System Slide Show by William C. Kleinelp, Jr. A+P Videodisc Side 4 35506 Epididymis ( cross section) p.842 A+P Videodisc Side 4 35507 Epididymis ( high magnification) p.842

Objective #2.2 Describe the function of the epididymis.

C. Vas Deferens (p. 842; Fig. 22.9). 237 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Anatomy/3D Viewer: Male p.842 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Anatomy/Gross Anatomy: Male p.842 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.842 Partner CD Male Anatomy/Screens 1-3 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.842 Partner CD Male Physiology/Screen 8 A.D.A.M. Interactive http://www.adam.com/aia/SlideShows.html#repro p.842 Anatomy CD Reproductive System/Male Reproductive System Slide Show by William C. Kleinelp, Jr. A+P Videodisc Side 4 35508 Ductus deferens p.842

Objective #2.3 Describe the function of the vas deferens.

D. Seminal Vesicle (p. 842; Fig. 22.1).

Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Anatomy/3D Viewer: Male p.842 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Anatomy/Gross Anatomy: Male p.842 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.842 Partner CD Male Anatomy/Screens 1-3 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.842 Partner CD Male Physiology/Screen 8 A.D.A.M. Interactive http://www.adam.com/aia/SlideShows.html#repro p.842 Anatomy CD Reproductive System/Male Reproductive System Slide Show by William C. Kleinelp, Jr. A+P Videodisc Side 4 35509 Seminal vesicle p.842

Objective #2.4 Describe the function of the seminal vesicle.

E. Prostate Gland (p. 843; Figs. 22.1, 22.10).

238 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Anatomy/3D Viewer: Male p.843 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Anatomy/Gross Anatomy: Male p.843 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.843 Partner CD Male Anatomy/Screens 1-3 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.843 Partner CD Male Physiology/Screen 8 A.D.A.M. Interactive http://www.adam.com/aia/SlideShows.html#repro p.843 Anatomy CD Reproductive System/Male Reproductive System Slide Show by William C. Kleinelp, Jr. A+P Videodisc Side 4 35510 Prostate gland p.843 Web Link: American http://www.ameripros.org/ p.843 Prostate Society Web Link: The Prostate http://www.comed.com/Prostate/Glossary.html p.843 Dictionary Web Link: Prostate http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/urolog/pubs/prsenlrg/prsenlr p.843 Enlargement g.htm Web Link: Prostate http://www.aoa.dhhs.gov/aoa/pages/agepages/prostate.html p.843 Problem and Aging

Objective #2.5 Describe the function of the prostate gland.

F. Bulbourethral Glands (p. 843; Fig. 22.1).

Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Anatomy/3D Viewer: Male p.843 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Anatomy/Gross Anatomy: Male p.843 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.843 Partner CD Male Anatomy/Screens 1-3 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.843 Partner CD Male Physiology/Screen 8 A.D.A.M. Interactive http://www.adam.com/aia/SlideShows.html#repro p.843 Anatomy CD Reproductive System/Male Reproductive System Slide Show by William C. Kleinelp, Jr.

Objective #2.6 Describe the function of the bulbourethral gland.

G. Semen (p. 844).

IV. Male External Reproductive Organs (p. 845) A. The male external reproductive structures are the scrotum, which 239 houses the testes, and the penis. B. Scrotum (p. 845).

Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.845 Partner CD Male Anatomy/Screens 1-2 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.845 Partner CD Male Physiology/Screen 8 A.D.A.M. Interactive http://www.adam.com/aia/SlideShows.html#repro p.845 Anatomy CD Reproductive System/Male Reproductive System Slide Show by William C. Kleinelp, Jr.

Objective #2.7 Describe the function of the scrotum.

C. Penis (p. 845; Figs. 22.1, 22.11).

Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Anatomy/3D Viewer: Male p.845 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Anatomy/Gross Anatomy: Male p.845 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Clinical Concepts/Circumcision p.845 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.845 Partner CD Male Anatomy/Screens 1-3 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.845 Partner CD Male Physiology/Screens 2,8,9 A.D.A.M. Interactive http://www.adam.com/aia/SlideShows.html#repro p.845 Anatomy CD Reproductive System/Male Reproductive System Slide Show by William C. Kleinelp, Jr. A+P Videodisc Side 4 35511 The structure of the penis p.845 A+P Videodisc Side 4 35517 Hypospadias p.845

Objective #2.8 Describe the function of the penis.

D. Erection, Orgasm, and Ejaculation (p. 845; Figs. 22.12, 22.13).

240 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Explorations/Erection p.845 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.845 Partner CD Male Physiology/Screens 2,3 Dynamic Human 3D 25081 Erection p.845 Videodisc Side 2 Web Link: Infertility http://www.ivf.com/gloss.html p.846 Glossary Web Link: Impotence http://www.wellweb.com/impotent/chris/CONTENTS.HTM p.846 Web Link: NIH Report http://text.nlm.nih.gov/nih/cdc/www/91txt.html p.846 on Impotence Web Link: Male http://www.inciid.org/reproduction.html p.846 Infertility Web Link: Assisted http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/drh/arts/index.htm p.846 Reproductive Technology Success Rates Web Link: American http://www.asrm.org/ p.846 Society for Reproductive Medicine Web Link: Atlanta http://www.ivf.com/fert.html p.846 Reproductive Health Centre WWW

Objective #4 Trace the path sperm cells follow from their site of formation to the outside. Objective #5 Describe the structure of the penis and explain how its parts produce an erection.

V. Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive Functions (p. 848) A. Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary, and the testes control male reproduction and development of secondary sexual characteristics. B. Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones (p. 848; Fig. 22.14).

Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.848 Partner CD Male Physiology/Screen 5

C. Male Sex Hormones (p. 850). D. Actions of Testosterone (p. 850). E. Regulation of Male Sex Hormones (p. 850; Fig. 22.14).

Objective #6 Explain how hormones control the activities of the male reproductive organs and the development of male secondary sex characteristics.

VI. Organs of the Female Reproductive System (p. 850; Table 22.2) 241 A. The organs of the female reproductive system are specialized to produce and maintain the eggs cells, to transport these cells to the site of fertilization, to provide a favorable environment for a developing fetus, to give birth, and to produce female sex hormones. B. The primary sexual organs (gonads) are the ovaries; the other parts of the system comprise the external and internal accessory organs.

Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Anatomy/3D Viewer: Female p.850 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Anatomy/Gross Anatomy: Female p.850 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.850 Partner CD Female Anatomy/Screens 1-6 A.D.A.M. Interactive Atlas Anatomy/System/Reproductive p.850 Anatomy CD A.D.A.M. Interactive http://www.adam.com/aia/SlideShows.html#repro p.850 Anatomy CD Reproductive System/Female Reproductive System Slide Show by William C. Kleinelp, Jr. A+P Videodisc Side 4 35519 The female reproductive system (sagittal view) p.850 A+P Videodisc Side 4 35520 The female reproductive organs ( dorsal view) p.850 Web Link: Histonet: http://vhp.nus.sg/HIS/txt/menu/frsmenu.html p.850 Female Histology Web Link: Female http://academic.med.ohio- p.850 Reproduction Histology state.edu/authorware/histology/fem/index.html Web Link: Histoweb http://www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/histoweb p.850 Web Link: Female http://telpath2.med.utah.edu/WebPath/FEMHTML/FEMIDX. p.850 Genital Pathology html Index Web Link: Visual http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html p.850 Human Web Link: Vesalius http://www.vesalius.com/ p.850 Interactive Anatomy Web Link: Medweb: http://hms.medweb.harvard.edu/qry/img_q/body_Atlfr.cfm? p.850 Histology Atlas Web Link: LUMEN http://www.lumen.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/Histo/frames/h_fra p.850 Histology: Ovary, m21.html Oviduct and Uterus Web Link: LUMEN http://www.lumen.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/Histo/frames/h_fra p.850 Histology: Cervix, m22.html Vagina and Mammary Gland

VI. Organs of the Female Reproductive System (p. 850) CONTINUED Web Link: Human http://www.biology.arizona.edu/human_bio/problem_sets/Hu p.850 242 Reproduction Problem man_Reproduction/human_reproduction.html Set Web Link: CHORUS http://chorus.rad.mcw.edu/ p.850 Hypertext of Radiology Web Link: InnerBody: http://www.innerbody.com/htm/body.html p.850 Female Anatomy Web Link: Virtual http://www.vh.org/Providers/Lectures/IROCH/PelvicUS/Pelv p.850 Hospital: Iowa icUS.html Radiology On-Call Handbook

Objective #7 State the general functions of the female reproductive system.

VII. Ovaries (p. 850; Fig. 22.15) A. The ovaries are solid, ovoid structures located within the lateral pelvic cavity.

Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Anatomy/3D Viewer: Female p.850 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Anatomy/Gross Anatomy: Female p.850 Dynamic Human 2 CD Human Body/Explorations/Visible Human/Pelvis/Female p.850 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.850 Partner CD Female Anatomy/Screens 1-6 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.850 Partner CD Female Physiology/Screen 10 A.D.A.M. Interactive http://www.adam.com/aia/SlideShows.html#repro p.850 Anatomy CD Reproductive System/Female Reproductive System Slide Show by William C. Kleinelp, Jr. A+P Videodisc Side 4 35519 The female reproductive system (sagittal view) p.850 A+P Videodisc Side 4 35520 The female reproductive organs ( dorsal view) p.850 Web Link: Normal http://radiology.creighton.edu/Normal-Ovarian-Size- p.850 Ovarian Ultrasound Struct.html Web Link: Ovarian http://www.mayohealth.org/mayo/9612/htm/ovarian.htm p.850 Cysts and Tumors Web Link: Ovary http://www.vet.ksu.edu/media/images/therio/ov- p.850 Images structures/index.htm

B. Ovary Attachments (p. 852; Fig. 22.16). C. Ovary Descent (p. 852). D. Ovary Structure (p. 852).

E. Primordial Follicles (p. 852). F. Oogenesis (p. 852; Fig. 22.17). 243 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Explorations/Oogenesis p.852 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Histology/Ovary p.852 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Histology/Ovarian Follicle p.852 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.852 Partner CD Female Physiology/Screens 2,3,8 A.D.A.M. Interactive http://www.adam.com/aia/SlideShows.html#repro p.852 Anatomy CD Reproductive System/Female Reproductive System Slide Show by William C. Kleinelp, Jr. A+P Videodisc Side 4 35526 Oogenesis (animation) p.852 A+P Videodisc Side 4 40471 Ovary diagram showing various stages of ovum and p.852 follicle development A+P Videodisc Side 4 40472 Ovary (showing mature follicle) p.852 Dynamic Human 3D 19987 Oogenesis p.852 Videodisc Side 2 Life Science Animation Time Code: 05:28 Concept 13: Meiosis p.852 Video Tape 2: Cell Division, Genetics, Reproduction, Develop. Life Science Animation Time Code: 28:44 Concept 20: Oogenesis p.852 Video Tape 2: Cell Division, Genetics, Reproduction, Develop. Life Science Animation Time Code: 15:36 Module 11: Meiosis p.852 3D Video Tape

Objective #9 Outline the process of oogenesis.

G. Follicle Maturation (p. 853; Figs. 22.18-22.20).

244 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Explorations/Oogenesis p.853 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Explorations/Ovarian Cycle p.853 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Histology/Ovary p.853 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Histology/Ovarian Follicle p.853 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.853 Partner CD Female Anatomy/Screens 6-8 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.853 Partner CD Female Physiology/Screens 2+3 A+P Videodisc Side 4 40472 Ovary (showing mature follicle) p.853 A+P Videodisc Side 4 40473 Ovary (follicles in varying states of development) p.853 A+P Videodisc Side 4 40474 Mature follicle (slide) p.853 A+P Videodisc Side 4 40475 Corpus luteum (slide) p.853 A+P Videodisc Side 4 40484 Ovarian tumor p.853 Dynamic Human 3D 19987 Oogenesis p.853 Videodisc Side 2 Dynamic Human 3D 22513 Ovarian cycle p.853 Videodisc Side 2 Web Link: Ultrasound http://radiology.creighton.edu/Cyclic-Ovarian- p.853 of Ovarian Cycle Ultrasound.html

H. Ovulation (p. 855; Figs. 22.21, 22.22).

Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Explorations/Oogenesis p.855 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Explorations/Ovarian Cycle p.855 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.855 Partner CD Female Physiology/Screens 2+3 A+P Videodisc Side 4 40474 Mature follicle (slide) p.855 A+P Videodisc Side 4 40475 Corpus luteum (slide) p.855 Dynamic Human 3D 19987 Oogenesis p.855 Videodisc Side 2 Dynamic Human 3D 22513 Ovarian cycle p.855 Videodisc Side 2 Web Link: http://www2.uic.edu/~alexnam/gamete.html p.855 Gameteogensis

Objective #8.1 Describe the function of the ovary.

VIII. Female Internal Accessory Organs (p. 855) A. The female internal accessory organs consist of a pair of uterine tubes, a uterus, and a vagina. 245 B. Uterine Tubes (p. 855; Figs. 22.23, 22.24).

Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Anatomy/3D Viewer: Female p.855 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Anatomy/Gross Anatomy: Female p.855 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Histology/Uterine Tube p.855 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.855 Partner CD Female Anatomy/Screens 1-6,9 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.855 Partner CD Female Physiology/Screen 10 A.D.A.M. Interactive http://www.adam.com/aia/SlideShows.html#repro p.855 Anatomy CD Reproductive System/Female Reproductive System Slide Show by William C. Kleinelp, Jr. A+P Videodisc Side 4 35519 The female reproductive system (sagittal view) p.855 A+P Videodisc Side 4 35520 The female reproductive organs ( dorsal view) p.855 A+P Videodisc Side 4 35523 Uterine tube p.855 Web Link: http://www.advancedfertility.com/hydrophoto.htm p.855 Laparoscopic Images of Blocked Fallopian Tubes

Objective #8.2 Describe the function of the uterine tubes.

C. Uterus (p. 856; Figs. 22.23, 22.25).

Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Anatomy/3D Viewer: Female p.856 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Anatomy/Gross Anatomy: Female p.856 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.856 Partner CD Female Anatomy/Screens 1-6 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.856 Partner CD Female Physiology/Screens 1,9,10 A.D.A.M. Interactive http://www.adam.com/aia/SlideShows.html#repro p.856 Anatomy CD Reproductive System/Female Reproductive System Slide Show by William C. Kleinelp, Jr. A+P Videodisc Side 4 35519 The female reproductive system (sagittal view) p.856 A+P Videodisc Side 4 35520 The female reproductive organs ( dorsal view) p.856 A+P Videodisc Side 4 35521 Uterine wall p.856 A+P Videodisc Side 4 35522 Uterus p.856 A+P Videodisc Side 4 35524 Vascular supply to the uterus p.856

Objective #8.3 Describe the function of the uterus.

D. Vagina (p. 858; Fig. 22.23).

246 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Anatomy/3D Viewer: Female p.858 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Anatomy/Gross Anatomy: Female p.858 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.858 Partner CD Female Anatomy/Screens 1-6 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.858 Partner CD Female Physiology/Screen 10 A.D.A.M. Interactive http://www.adam.com/aia/SlideShows.html#repro p.858 Anatomy CD Reproductive System/Female Reproductive System Slide Show by William C. Kleinelp, Jr. A+P Videodisc Side 4 35519 The female reproductive system (sagittal view) p.858 A+P Videodisc Side 4 35520 The female reproductive organs ( dorsal view) p.858 Web Link: http://www.ascp.org/general/pub_resources/papsmear/ p.858 Understanding Your Pap Smear Web Link: National http://www.nccc-online.org/ p.858 Cervical Cancer Coalition

Objective #8.4 Describe the function of the vagina.

IX. Female External Reproductive Organs (p. 859; Fig. 22.26) A. The external organs of the female reproductive system include the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and vestibular glands. B. Labia Majora (p. 859; Fig. 22.26). C. Labia Minora (p. 859; Fig. 22.26).

Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.859 Partner CD Female Anatomy/Screens 1,2,4,5 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.859 Partner CD Female Physiology/Screen 10 A.D.A.M. Interactive http://www.adam.com/aia/SlideShows.html#repro p.859 Anatomy CD Reproductive System/Female Reproductive System Slide Show by William C. Kleinelp, Jr. A+P Videodisc Side 4 35525 External female genitalia p.859

Objective #8.5 Describe the function of the labia majora and labia minora.

D. Clitoris (p. 859; Fig. 22.26).

Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.859 247 Partner CD Female Anatomy/Screens 1,2,4,5 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.859 Partner CD Female Physiology/Screen 10 A.D.A.M. Interactive http://www.adam.com/aia/SlideShows.html#repro p.859 Anatomy CD Reproductive System/Female Reproductive System Slide Show by William C. Kleinelp, Jr. A+P Videodisc Side 4 35525 External female genitalia p.859

Objective #8.6 Describe the function of the clitoris.

E. Vestibule (p. 859; Fig. 22.26).

Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.859 Partner CD Female Anatomy/Screens 4+5 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.859 Partner CD Female Physiology/Screen 10 A.D.A.M. Interactive http://www.adam.com/aia/SlideShows.html#repro p.859 Anatomy CD Reproductive System/Female Reproductive System Slide Show by William C. Kleinelp, Jr. A+P Videodisc Side 4 35525 External female genitalia p.859

Objective #8.7 Describe the function of the vestibule.

F. Erection, Lubrication, Orgasm (p. 859; Fig. 22.27; Table 22.2).

X. Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Functions (p. 860) A. Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary, and the ovaries control female reproduction and development of 248 secondary sexual characteristics. B. Female Sex Hormones (p. 860; Fig. 22.28).

Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Explorations/Ovarian Cycle p.860 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Explorations/Menstrual Cycle p.860 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.860 Partner CD Female Physiology/Screens 1,4,7 Dynamic Human 3D 22513 Ovarian cycle p.860 Videodisc Side 2 Dynamic Human 3D 19108 Menstrual cycle p.860 Videodisc Side 2

Objective #10 Describe how hormones control the activities of the female reproductive organs and the development of female secondary sex characteristics.

C. Female Reproductive Cycle (p. 861; Fig. 22.29; Tables 22.3, 22.4).

Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Explorations/Ovarian Cycle p.861 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Explorations/Menstrual Cycle p.861 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.861 Partner CD Female Physiology/Screens 1-9 Dynamic Human 3D 22513 Ovarian cycle p.861 Videodisc Side 2 Dynamic Human 3D 19108 Menstrual cycle p.861 Videodisc Side 2 Web Link: Female http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/~middlecroft/biology/female.ht p.861 Sexual Cycle m Web Link: Female http://mogul.ahs.aspen.k12.co.us/tferro/reproductive/female.s p.861 Reproductive System ystem.html Web Link: The http://www.abington-repromed.com/cycle.html p.861 Menstrual Cycle

Objective #11 Describe the major events that occur during a menstrual cycle.

D. Menopause (p. 863).

Web Link: North http://www.menopause.org/ p.861 249 American Menopause Society Web Link: Menopause http://www.menopause.org/ p.861 Doctors Guide

XI. Pregnancy (p. 865) A. Pregnancy is the presence of developing offspring in the uterus, an event resulting from fertilization. B. Transport of Sex Cells (p. 864; Figs. 22.30, 22.31). C. Fertilization (p. 865; Fig. 22.32).

Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.865 Partner CD Female Physiology/Screen 8 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Pregnancy/Fertilization p.865 Partner CD A+P Videodisc Side 4 40486 The process of fertilization p.865 A+P Videodisc Side 4 40487 Completion of meiosis after fertilization p.865 A+P Videodisc Side 4 40488 Formation of a zygote p.865

D. Early Embryonic Development (p. 866; Fig. 22.33).

Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Pregnancy/Development/ p.866 250 Partner CD Screens 1-4 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Pregnancy/Development II/ p.866 Partner CD Screens 1-6,10 A+P Videodisc Side 4 40489 Formation of a blastocyst p.866 A+P Videodisc Side 4 40490 The ovarian cycle (diagram showing events of the first p.866 week of development) A+P Videodisc Side 4 40491 Formation of the three primary germ layers p.866 A+P Videodisc Side 4 40492 Adhesion of the blastocyst p.866 A+P Videodisc Side 4 40508 Ectopic pregnancies p.868 A+P Videodisc Side 4 40512 Ectopic pregnancy ( surgical termination) p.868 Web Link: Zygote http://zygote.swarthmore.edu/info.html p.868 Info Link Web Link: Sperm, Egg http://www.advancedfertility.com/siteindex.htm p.868 and Early Embryo Pictures; Index Page Web Link: Virtual http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/eduweb/virtualembryo/index.ht p.868 Embryo ml Web Link: The Visible http://visembryo.ucsf.edu/week1/week1.html p.868 Embryo Web Link: Ectopic http://www1.omi.tulane.edu/classware/pathology/medical_pat p.868 Pregnancy Animation hology/prenatal/04-ectopic_animation.html Web Link: Ultrasound http://radiology.creighton.edu/Milestones-Ectopic-Preg.html p.868 in Suspected Ectopic Pregnancy

E. Hormonal Changes during Pregnancy (p. 868; Figs. 22.34, 22.35; Table 22.5).

Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Pregnancy/Pregnancy/ p.868 251 Partner CD Screens 1,2,8

Objective #12 Describe the hormonal changes in the maternal body during pregnancy.

F. Other Changes during Pregnancy (p. 869). G. Birth (p. 869; Figs. 22.36, 22.37; Table 22.6).

Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Pregnancy/Development II/ p.869 Partner CD Screens 7-9 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Pregnancy/Pregnancy/ p.869 Partner CD Screen 7 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Pregnancy/Partuition p.869 Partner CD A+P Videodisc Side 4 40502 A fetus in vertex position p.869 A+P Videodisc Side 4 40503 Ultrasonogram of a fetus p.869 A+P Videodisc Side 4 40504 Ultrasound of fetus during the second trimester p.869 A+P Videodisc Side 4 40505 Radiograph of fetus at the time of parturition p.869 A+P Videodisc Side 4 40506 The stages of labor and parturition p.869 A+P Videodisc Side 4 40514 Cesarean section p.869 Web Link: Pregnancy http://www.childbirth.org/ p.869 & Childbirth Information

Objective #13 Describe the birth process and explain the role of hormones in this process.

XII. Mammary Glands (p. 871) A. The mammary glands are accessory organs of the female reproductive system that are specialized to produce and secrete milk after pregnancy. 252 B. Location of the Glands (p. 871; Fig. 22.38). C. Structure of the Glands (p. 871). D. Development of the Breasts (p. 871; Fig. 22.39).

Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Histology/Mammary gland p.871 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Clinical Concepts/Breast Cancer p.874 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.871 Partner CD Female Anatomy/Screen 10 A.D.A.M. Interactive http://www.adam.com/aia/SlideShows.html#repro p.871 Anatomy CD Reproductive System/Female Reproductive System Slide Show by William C. Kleinelp, Jr. A+P Videodisc Side 4 40476 Breast and mammary glands p.871 (sagittal section and anterior view) A+P Videodisc Side 4 40477 Mammary glands (cross section of lactating phase) p.871 A+P Videodisc Side 4 40478 Mammary glands (cross section of rest phase) p.871 A+P Videodisc Side 4 40481 Polythelia p.871 A+P Videodisc Side 4 40482 Carcinoma of the breast p.871 A+P Videodisc Side 4 40483 Breast reconstruction p.871 Web Link: American http://www.cancer.org/ p.871 Cancer Society Web Link: National http://www.nci.nih.gov/ p.871 Cancer Institute Web Link: Lumpy http://homearts.com/rb/health/06lumpf1.htm p.874 Breast Web Link: Breast http://telpath2.med.utah.edu/WebPath/BRESHTML/BRESTI p.871 Pathology Index DX.html Web Link: LUMEN http://www.lumen.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/Histo/frames/h_fra p.871 Histology: Mammary m22.html Gland Web Link: Infertility http://www.healthgate.com/hic/infertility/crs/female/ p.872 Web Link: Online http://www.infertilityonline.com/ p.872 Infertility Resource Web Link: Infertility http://www.inciid.org/links.html p.872 Web Link: Breast http://members.aol.com/healwell/breast.htm p.874 Cancer Resources Web Link: The Breast http://www.chsvc.com/ p.874 Cancer Web Web Link: National http://www.nabco.org/index.html p.874 Alliance of Breast Cancer Organizations

E. Milk Production and Secretion (p. 876; Figs. 22.40, 22.41; Tables 22.7, 22.8).

Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Pregnancy/Postnatal Period p.876 Partner CD 253 A+P Videodisc Side 4 40479 Ejection of milk from an alveolar gland p.876 Web Link: Breast http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/895_brstfeed.html p.878 Feeding Best for Babies Web Link: Benefits of http://medicalreporter.health.org/tmr0297/breastfeed0297.htm p.878 Breastfeeding l Web Link: Carnation http://www.followupformula.com/ p.878 Baby Care Web Site Web Link: Breast http://www.surgery.uiowa.edu/prbr.html p.878 Problems During Pregnancy and Lactation Web Link: La Leche http://www.lalecheleague.org/ p.878 League International Web Link: Female http://www.medinfo.ufl.edu/year1/histo/quiz/mh19.html p.878 Reproduction System Quiz

XIII. Birth Control (p. 877; Table 22.9) A. Birth control refers to the voluntary regulation of the number of offspring produced, requiring the use of contraception. B. Coitus Interruptus (p. 877). 254 C. Rhythm Method (p. 878). D. Mechanical Barriers (p. 879; Fig. 22.42a+b). E. Chemical Barriers (p. 880; Fig. 22.42c). F. Oral Contraceptives (p. 880; Fig. 22.42d ). G. Injectable Contraception (p. 880). H. Contraceptive Implants (p. 881). I. Intrauterine Devices (p. 881; Fig. 22.42e). J. Surgical Methods (p. 881; Fig. 22.43).

Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Clinical Concepts/Vasectomy p.881 Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Clinical Concepts/Tubal Ligation p.881 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/Birth Control p.881 Partner CD A+P Videodisc Side 4 35512 An illustration of a vasectomy p.881 A+P Videodisc Side 4 40480 Tubal Ligation p.881 Dynamic Human 3D 17709 Vasectomy p.881 Videodisc Side 2 Dynamic Human 3D 16569 Tubal ligation p.881 Videodisc Side 2 Web Link: Family http://www.familyplanning.org/ p.877 Planning Home Page Web Link: The Alan http://www.agi-usa.org/home.html p.877 Guttmacher Institute Web Link: A Guide to http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/1997/397_baby.html p.877 Contraceptive Choices Web Link: http://www.mjbovo.com/contracep.htm p.877 Contraceptive Guide Web Link: Family http://www.birthcontrol.com/ p.877 Planning Choices Web Link: Ann Rose's http://gynpages.com/ultimate/ p.877 Ultimate Birth Control Links Page Web link: Choosing a http://www.emory.edu/WHSC/MED/FAMPLAN/choices.htm p.877 Contraceptive l Web link: The History http://rtt.colorado.edu/~mcck/Home.html p.877 of Contraception Web Link: http://www.contraception.net/ p.877 Contraception.Net

Objective #14 List several methods of birth control and describe the relative effectiveness of each method. XIV. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (p. 882; Table 22.10) A. There are twenty recognized sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), which are often silent or go unnoticed, especially in females.

255 A+P Videodisc Side 4 35513 Gonorrhea in males p.882 A+P Videodisc Side 4 35514 Gonorrhea in females p.882 A+P Videodisc Side 4 35515 Syphilis p.882 A+P Videodisc Side 4 35516 Secondary and tertiary syphilis p.882 Web Link: JAMA: http://www.ama- p.882 STD Information assn.org/special/std/support/educate/stdinfo.htm Web Link: CDC: http://www.cdc.gov/od/owh/whstd.htm p.882 STD Page Web Link: American http://www.ashastd.org/ p.882 Social Health Assoc. Web Link: Assoc. of http://www.arhp.org/ p.882 Reproductive Health Professionals Web Link: The Naked http://www.unspeakable.com/std-index.html p.882 Truth About STD's Web Link: STD Online http://www.afraidtoask.com/std.html p.882 Guide (Graphic) Web Link: STD Risk http://www.unspeakable.com/profiler/profiler.html p.882 Profiler Web Link: Medical http://www.medhelp.org/ p.882 Resource Link Web Link: Sexually http://www.4woman.org/faq/stdsgen.htm p.882 Transmitted Diseases Web Link: Chlamydia http://www.springnet.com/np/chlamydia.htm p.882 Web Link: Chlamydia http://www.aomc.org/chlamydia.html p.882 Web Link: Chlamydia http://www.niaid.nih.gov/factsheets/stdclam.htm p.882 Fact Sheet Web Link: Genital http://www.herpes.net/index.html p.882 Herpes Simplex Web Link: Genital http://www.healthgate.com/hic/herpes_genital/index.shtml p.882 Herpes Web Link: Human http://www.aomc.org/ComDiseases/hpv.html p.882 Papillomavirus &Warts Web Link: Gential http://www.mayohealth.org/mayo/9705/htm/genital.htm p.882 Warts Web Link: Gonorrhea http://www.4woman.org/faq/stdgonor.htm p.882 Web Link: Gonorrhea http://www.rxmed.com/illnesses/gonorrhea.html p.882 Web Link: Syphilis http://www.syphilis.net/ p.882 Web Link: Syphilis http://www.aomc.org/syphilis.html p.882

B. One possible complication of the STDs gonorrhea and chlamydia is pelvic inflammatory disease, which may lead to infection and sterility in females.

256 Web Link: PID Facts http://www.niaid.nih.gov/factsheets/stdpid.htm p.882 Sheet Web Link: PID Links http://womenshealth.miningco.com/msub15.htm p.882

C. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a sexually transmitted disease most frequently transmitted during unprotected intercourse or by sharing needles.

Dynamic Human 2 CD Lymphatic/Clinical Concepts/HIV-AIDS p.883 Dynamic Human 3D 30416 HIV/AIDS p.883 Videodisc Side 1 Web Link: AIDS/HIV http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/PUBL/aids.html p.883 Resources Web Link: National http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/dstd/dstdp.html p.883 Center for HIV and STD & TB Prevention Web Link: JAMA http://www.ama-assn.org/special/hiv/ p.883 HIV/AIDS Information Web Link: AEGIS: http://www.aegis.com/main/ p.883 HIV/AIDS Website Web Link: AIDS http://www.hivatis.org/ p.883 Treatment Information Web Link: Aids Virtual http://planetq.com/aidsvl/index.html p.883 Library Web Link: AIDS http://www.teleport.com/~celinec/aids.shtml p.883 Resource List

Additional Activities and Quizzes on the Reproductive System

Dynamic Human 2 CD Reproductive/Quiz p.889 Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Pregnancy/ p.889 Partner CD Additional Activities Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Pregnancy/Quiz p.889 Partner CD Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/ p.889 Partner CD Additional Activities Hole's Essential Study Reproduction & Development/Reproduction/Quiz p.889 Partner CD

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