The Heller School for Social Policy and Management s3

The Heller School for Social Policy and Management

Brandeis University

Sustainable International Development Graduate Program

Module II: Religion and Development

151HS-293F-1

Spring 2015

Fridays 2-4:50pm

Room – G3

Prof. Raj Sampath, Ph.D.

University Notices:

1. If you are a student with a documented disability on record at Brandeis University and wish to have a reasonable accommodation made for you in this class, please see me immediately.

2. You are expected to be honest in all of your academic work. The University policy on academic honesty is distributed annually as section 5 of the Rights and Responsibilities handbook. Instances of alleged dishonesty are subject to possible judicial action. Potential sanctions include failure in the course and suspension from the University. If you have any questions about my expectations, please ask.

Academic integrity is central to the mission of educational excellence at Brandeis University. Each student is expected to turn in work completed independently, except when assignments specifically authorize collaborative effort. It is not acceptable to use the words or ideas of another person – be it a world-class philosopher or your roommate – without proper acknowledgement of that source. This means that you must use footnotes and quotation marks to indicate the source of any phrases, sentences, paragraphs or ideas found in published volumes, on the internet, or created by another student. If you are in doubt about the instructions for any assignment in this course, you must ask for clarification.

This course is a SID core elective. The syllabus is subject to change.

Core Competency Statement:

This course teaches concepts and skills that have been identified as core competencies for a degree in SID, particularly in regard to 1. Literacy, 4. Contextual analysis and application, and 10. Communication:

 Achieving literacy of the ethical underpinnings of different theories and models of development and the history of development approaches; achieving a basic literacy of

1 contemporary discussions on intersections of religious traditions and practices, ethics, rights and development.  Ability to analyze contexts of broad socio-economic, political, social and historical structures at the global and local levels and the various ethical assumptions about values that underpin the goals of development ideas and practices.  Improving communications that is sensitive to a diversity of ethical perspectives between development agents, local communities, NGOs, and development practitioners about the means and ends of development at the macro-institutional level of global economic and political institutions and the local level of community-driven projects.

Gender Perspective Statement: Students will learn how to think critically and write about ethical orientations in an inclusive manner that is sensitive to differing gender roles and relations when it comes to development policy formulation while taking into account different value-systems, practices, beliefs and social relations in other cultures, particularly in developing countries. Students will become aware of the effects of their writing, arguments, and communications about ethical, moral and rights issues, which may be received differently from the standpoints of different regions, countries, traditions and groups: the aim is to increase the effectiveness of communicating information, projects and policies that respects diversity. This can lay the ground work for participatory attempts to build consensus on social justice goals to improve the well-being of women throughout the developing world.

Race and Ethnicity Statement: This course examines concepts and themes of religious traditions and faith-based organizations in sustainable international development. It seeks to understand patterns between basic human biological needs, environments, systems, beliefs, norms, virtues and practices while exploring different political, ethical, legal, moral and multicultural, gendered ways to experience and treat situations of extreme, global poverty and general human suffering. We will be sensitive to global diversity to contextualize an authentic dialogue on universal values vs. cultural relativism when it comes to Western and Eastern, Global North and Global South relations.

Sustainable Development Statement:

This module will explore the world’s different faith traditions and how they define and treat the problem of poverty. The goal is to examine the nexus of poverty and religion and how that operates differently in different belief systems. How does religion illuminate the situation of poverty, and how is poverty a condition for religious experience? This class will take a critical look at the conditions by which the nexus of religion and poverty provide a powerful source of liberation from human suffering and strategies for sustainable development by looking at the nature of faith-based organizations in development studies and practice. We will examine how power is subtly transformed along gender, class, racial, ethnic and national lines on a global scale when religions confront one another, particularly in our early 21st century context.

Course Requirements:

1. Attendance at all sessions.

2. Preparation of all readings.

2 3. Participation in class discussions.

4. Final Research paper due at the end of the semester.

5. Helpfulness to other students.

Your grade will be calculated as follows

Class participation (25%), final research paper (75%)

CLASS SESSIONS

Objectives:

This module explores the connections between religion and development from various theoretical and practical perspectives. Course readings and final research paper consider:

(1) basic social-science, anthropological and historical perspectives on the relation of religious systems, beliefs, and practices and the experience of poverty and ways to minimize human suffering.

(2) notions of religious obligations and the role of religion as consciousness-raising, a motivating force or deteriorating barriers to social transformation and sustainable development processes and goals.

Readings, written assignment, and discussions are designed to equip participants with an appreciation of the way religion functions as a social and cultural force. At the same time, they will provide the analytical tools and references that will allow students to compare and contrast their ideas and experiences of religion as a factor in institutional and community contexts, where religion may be a force for peace-making, poverty alleviation, environmental protection, gender parity and sustainable development, or a source of challenge, as in situations of religious exclusion and religiously-motivated conflict. The final research paper will encourage participants to explore the meaning of development from one or more religious standpoints, including, as appropriate, institutional frameworks and doctrinal creeds while exploring creative paths in interreligious dialogue.

Description:

An opening session will invite participants to share their religion-and-development concerns and reasons for enrolling in this module across the developing world.

Requirements:

1. Each week—class participation (25% of final grade)

2. Final research paper either on a single religion or religious perspective or comparative religions (75%).

Web Resources: http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/programs/religion-and-ethics-in-world-politics

3 http://hir.harvard.edu/religion-and-development http://statements.bahai.org/02-0826.htm http://www.religionsanddevelopment.org/index.php?section=1 http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/5729 http://www.globalprosperity.org/lines-of-action/science-religion-and-development http://www.centerforinterfaithaction.org/

4 Readings:

Each week will include assigned readings, mostly large chapters and excerpts from major works, but rarely will we read a whole book in its entirety.

Week 1: Early 20th Century Theoretical Foundations in the Sociology of Religion:

Required (For the first week, I will summarize these texts and provide lecture notes so you do not have to read all of this material):

Max Weber, “Author’s Introduction,” “The Problem” and “The Practical Ethics of the Ascetic Branches of Protestantism” in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1905)

Emile Durkheim, “Introduction”, “Chapter One: A Definition of the Religious Phenomenon and of Religion” and “Conclusion,” The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life (1912), p. 3-24, 25-46, 310-343

Recommended:

G.W.F. Hegel, Philosophy of Religion (1820s)

Friedrich Nietzsche, Genealogy of Morals (1886)

William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience (1902)

Marcel Mauss, The Gift (1924)

Simone Weil, Oppression and Liberty (1933-38)

Georg Simmel, Essays on Religion: Collection (1898-1918)

Georges Bataille, Theory of Religion (1949)

Karl Jaspers, The Origin and Goal of History (1949)

Karl Löwith, Meaning in History: Theological Implications of the Philosophy of History (1949)

Mircea Eliade, Cosmos and History: The Myth of the Eternal Return (1959)

The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion (1959)

Claude Levi-Strauss, The Savage Mind (1962)

Peter Berger, The Sacred Canopy: Elements of A Sociological Theory of Religion (1967)

Hans Blumenberg, Legitimacy of the Modern Age (1963)

Joseph-Louis Lebret, The Last Revolution: The Destiny of Over- and Under-Developed Nations (1965)

Victor Turner, The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure (1969)

Denis Goulet, The Cruel Choiced (1972)

5 Ernest Gellner, Legitimation of Belief (1974)

Michel De Certeau, The Writing of History (1975)

Rene Girard, Violence and the Sacred (1979)

Bryan Wilson, Religion in Sociological Perspective (1982)

Louis Dupré, Passage to Modernity (1993)

Richard K. Fenn, Key Thinkers in the Sociology of Religion (2009)

Weeks 2 and 3: Major Paradigms in Western European Thought, the U.S., Latin America: Gender and Post-Colonial Contexts since the 1960s:

Required:

Gustavo Gutiérrez, “Liberation and Development, “The Process of Liberation in Latin America” and “Poverty: Solidarity and Protest,” in A Theology of Liberation: History, Politics and Salvation (1973), p. 13-25, 49-57, 162-173

Mary Daly, “The Case Against the Church” in The Church and the Second Sex (1968), p. 11-31

Peter Berger, “The Desecularization of the World: A Global Overview” in Peter Berger, ed., The Desecularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics (1999), p. 1-18

Katherine Marshall and Lucy Keough, Part I: Faith Perspectives and the Understanding of Poverty” in Mind, Heart and Soul in the Fight Against Poverty (2004), p. 13-94

Katherine Marshall and Marisa Van Saanen, “Part I: Partners on Millennium Challenges,” in Development and Faith (2007), p. 17-102

R. Scott Appleby and Charles J. Bindenagel, “The Spirit of Economy: Religion, Ethics and Development in the Thought of Denis Goulet and in Contemporary Practice” in Charles K. Wilber and Amitava Krishna Dutt, eds., New Directions in Development Ethics: Essays in Honor of Denis Goulet (2010), p.281-307

Denis Goulet, “On Culture, Religion and Development” in Marguerite Mendell, ed., Reclaiming Democracy (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2006), p. 21-32

Gerrie ter Haar, “Religion and Development: Introducing a New Debate,” in Gerrie ter Haar, ed., Religion and Development (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011), p. 3-26

Carol Rakodi, ed., Religion and Development, Spec. issue of Development in Practice 22:5-6 (2011)

Sabina Alkire, “Religion and Development,” in David Clark, ed., Elgar Companion to Development Economics (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2006)

Jeffrey Haynes, “Introduction: Religion and Development,” in Religion and Development: Conflict or Cooperation (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2007), p. 1-25

6 Recommended:

Pope Paul VI, Populorum Progressio (1967), http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p- vi_enc_26031967_populorum_en.html

David Martin, A General Theory of Secularization (1978)

Hans Kung and K.J. Kuschel, A Global Ethic: The Declaration of the World Parliament of Religions (London: SCM Press, 1995)

Sheldon Gellar, “The Persistence of Religious Values and their Influence on Faith-Based Institutions” in Charles K. Wilber and Amitava Krishna Dutt, eds., New Directions in Development Ethics: Essays in Honor of Denis Goulet (2010)

Johann Baptist Metz, Faith in History and Society: Toward a Practical Fundamental Theology (2007)

Barend A. de Vries, Champions of the Poor: The Economic Consequences of Judeo-Christian Values (1998), pgs. 169-269

Timothy Fitzgerald, Religion and the Secular: Historical and Colonial Formations (2007)

Jeff Haynes, Religion in Third World Politics (1994)

Charles Taylor, The Secular Age (2007)

Paul Knitter, Introduction to the Theology of Religions (2002)

Michael Allen Gillispie, The Theological Origins of Modernity (2008)

John Milbank, Theology and Social Theory: Beyond Secular Reason (2008)

Wendy Tyndale, Visions of Development: Faith-Based Institutions (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2006)

“Religion and the Millennium Development Goals: Whose Agenda?” in Gerrie ter Haar, ed., Religion and Development (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011), p. 207-230

Gerrie ter Haar, “Religion and Human Rights: Searching for Common Ground” in Gerrie ter Haar, ed., Religion and Development (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011), p. 295-314

John Horton and Harriet Crabtree, eds., Tolerance and Integrity in a Multi-faith Society (London: Interfaith Network, 1992)

Robin Grier, “The Effect of Religion on Economic Development: A Cross National Study of 63 Former Colonies,” Kyklos, Vol. 50 (1997): 47-62

Rachel McCleary, “Religion and Economic Development,” Policy Review, No. 148 (2008):

Kevin J. Christiano et. al, Sociology of Religion: Contemporary Developments (2008)

Jose Casanova, Public Religions in the Modern World (1994)

7 Steve Bruce, ed., Religion and Modernization (1992)

Luc Ferry, Man Made God: The Meaning of Life (1996)

Katherine Marshall and Lucy Keough, Finding Global Balance: Common Ground Between the Worlds of Development and Faith (Washington DC: World Bank, 2005)

Katherine Marshall and Richard Marsh, eds., Milleinnium Challenges for Development and Faith Institutions (Washington DC: World Bank, 2003)

World Council of Churches, Lead Us Not Into Temptation: Churches’ Response to the Policies of International Financial Institutions: A Background Document (Geneva: World Council of Churches, 2001)

Dominique Peccoud, Philosophical and Spiritual Perspectives on Decent Work (Geneva: ILO, 2004)

Rosgate Mshana, Wealth Creation and Justice: The World Council of Churches’ Encounters with the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (Geneva: World Council of Churches, 2003)

Passion for Another World: WCC Internal Encounter of Churches, Agencies and other Partners on the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (Geneva: World Council of Churches, 2004)

Michael Taylor, Christianity, Poverty and Wealth: The Findings of Project 21 (Geneva: WCC Publications, 2003)

Scott Thomas Thomas, “Faith and Foreign Aid: How the World Bank got Religion and Why it Matters,” The Brandywine Review of Faith and international Affairs (Fall, 2004): 21-29

Geoffrey Knox, ed., Religion and Public Policy at the UN (Washington DC: Religion Counts, 2002)

Bob Goudzwaard, et al., Hope in Troubled Times: A New Vision for Confronting Global Crises (Baker, MI: Academic, 2007)

Elizabeth Donnelly, “Making the Case for Jubilee: The Catholic Church and the Poor-Country Debt Movement,” Ethics and International Affairs 21:1 (2007): 107-133

Azizan Baharuddin, “Rediscovering the Resources of Religion,” in Sharon Harper, ed., The Lab, The Temple, and the Market: Reflections at the Intersection of Science, Religion, and Development (Ottawa: International Development Research Center, 2000)

Gregory Baum, “Solidarity with the Poor,” in Sharon Harper, ed., The Lab, The Temple, and the Market: Reflections at the Intersection of Science, Religion, and Development (Ottawa: International Development Research Center, 2000)

Judith Mayotte, “Religion and Global Affairs: The Role of Religion in Development,” SAIS Review 18 (2): 65-69

R. Scott Appleby, “Global Civil Society and the Catholic Social Tradition,” in John A. Coleman, S.J, and William F. Ryan, S.J., eds., Globalization and Catholic Social Thought: Present Crisis, Future Hope (Ottawa: Novalis, 2005)

8 Week 4: Recent Scholarship in Islamic Studies:

Required:

Charles Tripp, Islam and the Moral Economy: The Challenge of Capitalism (2006), p.

N. Spierings, J. Smits, M. Verloo, “On the Compatibility of Islam and Gender Equality,” Springlink, No. 90 (2009): 503-522

Abdullahi A. An-Na’im, “Political Islam in National Politics and International Relations” in Peter Berger, ed.,The Desecularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics (1999), p. 103-121

Ismail Ozsoy, “Islamic Banking: Background, Theory and Practice” in in Gerrie ter Haar, ed., Religion and Development (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011), p. 159- 182

Recommended:

Jeffrey Haynes, “Islam and Christianity: the historical expansion and political significance of global religions” in Religion in Third World Politics (1994)

Farid Esack, Qur'an Liberation and Pluralism: An Islamic Perspective of Interreligious Solidarity Against Oppression (1998)

Suad Joseph, “Gender and Citizenship in Middle Eastern States,” Middle East Report, No. 1998 (1996): 4-10

The Economist, “Women and the Arab Awakening: Now is the Time,” Oct. 15th. 2011- http://www.economist.com/node/21532256

Ajaz Ahmed Khan and Laura Thaut, “The Opportunities and Challenges of Islamic Microfinance, “in Gerrie ter Haar, ed., Religion and Development (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011), p.183-204

Willem van Eekelen and Helen Mould, “Muslim NGOs and the Reality of HIV/AIDs” in Gerrie ter Haar, ed., Religion and Development (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011), p. 253-272

Armando Salvatore, Islam and the Political Discourse of Modernity (London: Ithaca Press, 1997)

John Esposito, The Islamic Threat: Myth or A Reality (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992)

John Esposito and F. Burgat, Modernizing Islam: Religion in the Public Sphere in Europe and the Middle East (London: Hurst, 2002)

Roxanne Euben, The Enemy in the Mirror: Islamic Fundamentalism and the Limits of Modern Rationalism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999)

Len E. Goodman, Islamic Humanism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003)

Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and John Esposito, eds., Islam, Gender and Social Change (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998)

9 M.A. Muqteda Khan, ed., Islamic Democratic Discourse (Lanham: Roman and Littlefield, 2006)

J. Miles and S. Hashmi, Islamic Political Ethics: Civil Society, Pluralism and Conflict (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002)

Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Islam and the Plight of Modern Man (London: Longman, 1975)

Week 5: Religion and Africa in Perspective:

Required:

Gerrie Ter Haar and Stephen Ellis, “Religion and Development in Africa” from Worlds of Power: Religious Thought and Political Practice in Africa (London: Hurst, 2004), p. 1-11

Mercy Amba Oduyoye, “Reflections from a Third World Women’s Perspective: Women’s Experiences and Liberation Theologies,” in Ursula King, Ed., Feminist Theologies from the Third World (1994), p. 23-34

Dele Olowu, “Faith-based Organizations and Development: An African Indigenous Organization in Perspective” in in Gerrie ter Haar, ed., Religion and Development (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011), p. 55-80

Chloe Schwenke, “Africa’s Violent Conflicts and Universal Solidarity: The Moral Burden of Responding to Urgent Need” in Charles K. Wilber and Amitava Krishna Dutt, eds., New Directions in Development Ethics: Essays in Honor of Denis Goulet (2010), p. 227-248

Recommended:

John Mbiti, Concepts of God in Africa (1970)

Emmanuel Martey, African Theology: Inculturation and Liberation (1993)

Phillip Jenkins, The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity (2002), pgs. 77-99

John Padwick and Nicta Lubaale, “Harnessing Popular Visions for Social Transformation: The Experience of the OAIC in its Work with African Independent Churches,” in Gerrie ter Haar, ed., Religion and Development (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011), p. 315-330

Kobena T. Hanson, George Karach, Timothy M. Shaw, eds., Rethinking Development Challenges for Public Policy: Insights from Africa (London: Palgrave, 2012)

Deryke Belshaw, Robert Calderisi and Chris Sugden, eds., Faith in Development: Partnership between the World Bank and the Churches of Africa (Oxford: World Bank, 2001)

Lamin Sanneh and Joel Carpenter, The Changing Face of Christianity: Africa, the West, and the World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005)

D. Dickson, Political Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Need for a New Research and Diplomatic Agenda (Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2005)

P. Gifford, African Christianity: Its Public Role (London: Hurst and Co., 1998)

10 Jeffrey Haynes, Religion and Politics in Africa (London: Zed, 1996)

Week 6: Buddhism in Perspective, Religion in China and Exemplars in Modern Judaism and Hinduism:

Required:

Frank Reynolds, “Ethics and Wealth in Theraveda Buddhism” in D. Sizemore, R. Swearer, eds., Ethics, Wealth, and Salvation. A Study in Buddhist Social Ethics (1990), p. 55-86

R.M. Gross, Buddhism After Patriarchy: A Feminist History, Analysis, and Reconstruction of Buddhism (1994)

R. S. Sugirtharajah “Complacencies and Cul-de-sacs,” Chapter 1 in Catherine Keller et. al., eds., Postcolonial Theologies: Divinity and Empire (), p. 22-38.

Abraham Joshua Heschel, “Israel and Diaspora” in The Insecurity of Freedom: Essays on Human Existence (1966), p. 212-222

Tu Weiming, “The Quest for Meaning: Religion in the People’s Republic of China” in Peter Berger, ed., The Desecularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics (1999), p. 85-102

Recommended:

Amitava Krishna Dutt, “Religion and Development Ethics: The Case of Hinduism” in Charles K. Wilber and Amitava Krishna Dutt, eds., New Directions in Development Ethics: Essays in Honor of Denis Goulet (2010)

Jonathan Sacks, “Judaism and Politics in the Modern World,” in Peter Berger, ed.,The Desecularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics (1999)

Dalai Lama, The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, Ed. Thomas Laird (2006)

Frank Clooney, Hindu God, Christian God-How Reason Helps Break the Boundaries Between Religions (2002)

Mary Evelyn Tucker and Duncan R. Williams, eds., Buddhism and Ecology (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997)

Mary Evelyn Tucker and John Berthrong, Confucianism and Ecology (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998)

Christopher Key Chapple and Mary Evelyn Tucker, eds., Hinduism and Ecology (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000)

James L. Heft, ed., Beyond Violence: Religious Sources of Transformation in Judaism, Christianity and Islam (New York: Fordham University Press, 2004)

11 Makarand Paranjape, ed., Dharma and Development: The Future of Survival (Delhi: Samvad India Foundation, 2005)

Joanna Macy, Dharma and Development: Religion as a Resource in the Sarvodya Self-Help Movement (Bloomington, CT: Kumarian Press, 1985)

Bernado Kliksberg, Social Justice: A Jewish Perspective (Jerusalem: GeFen Publishing House, 2003)

E. F. Schumacher, “Buddhist Economics” in Robert C. Scharff and Val Dusek, eds., Philosophy of Technology: The Technological Condition- An Anthology (Oxford: Blackwell, 2003), pgs. 378- 382

S. Cromwell Crawford, “Hindu ethics for modern life” in S. Cromwell Crawford, ed., World Religions and Global Ethics (New York: Paragon House, 1989)

K. Knott, Hinduism: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford Paperbacks, 2000)

A. Needham and R. Rajan, eds., The Crisis of Secularism in India (Durham: Duke University Press, 2007)

D. Gosling, Religion and Ecology in India and South East Asia (London: Routledge,2001)

Swami Nirvedanda, Hinduism at a Glance. 4th. Ed. (Calcutta:Ramakrishna Mission, 1969)

Week 7: Gender/Religion and the Intersections of Liberation, Ecology and Theology and Interfaith Dialogue

Required:

Ursula King, Ed., Feminist Theology from the Third World (1994)

Jose Casanova and Anne Phillips, “A Debate on the Public Role of Religion and its Social and Gender Implications,” Gender and Development Programme Paper Number 5 (2009), United Nations Research Institute for Social Development

Tasmin Bradley, “Part I: Mainstreaming Religion and Gender in Development” in Religion and Gender in the Developing World: Faith-Based Organizations and Feminism in India (2011), p. 19- 84

Daniel Groody, “A Common Humanity, A Different Creed,” in Globalization, Spirituality and Justice (2007)

Hans Kung, Global Responsibility: In Search of New World Ethic (New York: Crossroads, 1991)

The Assisi Declarations: Messages on Man and Nature from Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism (Gland, Switzerland: WWF International, 1986)

World Faiths Development Dialogue, Poverty and Development: An Interfaith Perspective (Oxford: WFDD, 1999)

12 S. Kaza and K. Kraft, eds., Dharma Rain: Sources of Buddhist Environmentalism (Boston: Shambala Publications, 2000)

Recommended:

Sallie McFague, Models of God: Theology for an Ecological, Nuclear Age (1987)

Kwok Pui Lan, Postcolonial Imagination and Feminist Theology (2005)

Mary Daly, Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism (1978)

Eleanor Rae, Women, the Earth and the Divine (1994)

Mary Evelyn Tucker and John Grim, eds., Worldviews and Ecology: Religion, Philosophy and the Environment (1994)

Stephen Jay Gould, Rocks of Ages: Science and Religion and the Fullness of Life (1999)

Alister McGrath, The Twilight of Atheism (2004)

Martin Palmer and Victoria Finlay, Faith in Conservation: New Approaches to Religion and the Environment (Washington DC: World Bank, 2003)

Marcus Braybooke, Pilgrimage of Hope: One Hundred Years of Global Interfaith Dialogue (London: SCM Press, 1992)

Deborah Eade, ed., Development and Culture: Selected Essays from Development in Practice (Oxford: OXFAM, 2002)

Hans Kung, World Religions, Universal Peace, Global Ethic (Tubingen, Germany: Institute for Global Ethics, 2002)

World Council of Churches, Lead Us Not Into Temptation. A Response to “A Better World for All” by the World Bank, IMF and UN. See- http://www.wcc-coe.org/wcc/what/jpc/temptation.html (accessed June 1, 1999)

John Paul Lederach, Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies (Washington DC: U.S. Institute of Peace Press, 1997)

E. N. Anderson, Ecologies of the Heart: Emotion, Belief and the Environment (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996)

H. Coward and D.C. Maguire, eds., Visions of a New Earth: Religious Perspectives on Population, Consumption and Ecology (Albany: SUNY, 2000)

R. Folz, F. Denny, and A. Baharuddin, Islam and Ecology: A Bestowed Trust (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003)

M. Grey, Sacred Longings: Ecofeminist Theology and Globalization (London: SCM Press, 2003)

R. Mitchell and C. Tanner, Religion and Environment (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002)

I. Serageldin and R. Barrett, eds., Ethics and Spiritual Values: Promoting Environmentally Sustainable Development (Washington DC: World Bank, 1996)

13 O. Simmons, Perspectives on Development and Population Growth in the Third World (London: Springer, 1988)

Mohanty, Chandra, “Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses,” Feminist Review (1984): 333-358

14 General Works for Future Reference:

Audi, R. and Wolterstorff, N. (1997), Religion in the Public Sphere. New York: Rowman and Littlefield.

Audi, R. (2005), “Moral Foundations of Liberal Democracy, Secular Reasons, and Liberal Neutrality Toward the Good”, Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics, & Public Policy, 19: 197–218.

Banchoff, T., Democracy and the new Religious Pluralism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007)

Beyer, P., Religions in Global Society (London: Routledge, 2006)

Birnbaum, N. (2002), After Progress. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Buckley, M., At the Origins of Modern Atheism (1987)

Buruma, I. and Margalit, A. (2004), Occidentalism. The West in the Eyes of its Enemies. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Chowers, E., The Modern Self in Labyrinth (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004)

Dark, K., ed., Religion in International Relations (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2000)

Freston, P., Evangelicals and Politics in Asia, Africa and Latin America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004)

Gardner, G., Invoking the Spirit: Religion and Spirituality in the Quest for a Sustainable World (Washington DC: Worldwatch Institute, 2002)

Gaus, G. F. (1966), Justificatory Liberalism. New York: Oxford University Press.

Glover, J., Humanity: A Moral History of the Twentieth Century (2000)

Gopin, M., Between Eden and Armageddon: The Future of World Religions, Violence and Peacemaking (London: Oxford University Press, 2000)

Gremillion, J., The Gospel of Peace and Justice (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1976)

Harper, S., The Lab, The Temple and the Market: Reflections at the Intersection of Science, Religion and Development (Ottawa: Kumarian, 2000)

Haynes, J., ed., Religion, Globalization and Political Culture in the Third World (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1999)

Haynes, J., An Introduction to International Relations and Religion (London: Pearson Longman, 2007)

Hopkins, D., ed., Religions/Globalizations: Theories and Cases (Durham: Duke University Press, 2001)

Johnston, D. and Sampson, C., eds., Religion: The Missing Dimension of Statecraft (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994)

15 Norris, P. and Inglehart, R., Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004)

O’Brien, J. and Palmer, M., The Atlas of Religion (Berkeley: The University of California Press, 2007)

Petito, F. and Hatzopoulos, P., eds., Religion in International Relations: The Return from Exile (New York: Palgrave, 2003)

Pocock, J.G.A., Barbarism and Religion (1999)

Ratzinger, J. and Pera, M., Without Roots: The West, Relativism, Christianity and Islam (New York: Basic Books, 2006)

Roof, W.C., Spiritual Marketplace (1999)

Ryan, W.F., Culture, Spirituality and Economic Development: Opening a Dialogue (Ottawa: Canadian International Development Research Centre, 1995)

Thomas, S., The Global Resurgence of Religion and the Transformation of International Relations: The Struggle for the Soul of the Twenty-First Century (New York: Palgrave, 2005)

Weigel, G., The Final Revolution: The Resistance Church and the Collapse of Communism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003)