Application Checklist for Exam 2 – Human Anatomy

READ ME THOROUGHLY:  Use this list to help you prepare for Exam 2. I will use several of these questions exactly as you see them here on the exam for the application section of the exam. Others will be embedded in the multiple choice section. However, I reserve the right to modify any question as I see appropriate. Some material may not be covered depending on where we get in lecture, but will surface on subsequent exams.

 Also please note that not all the material presented in lecture is represented here, so don’t forget to study your lecture notes (in-class and on-line) and the assigned coloring book plates.

 Again, please note, I (or your lab instructor), will NOT answer these questions for you, nor will I CHECK your answers for accuracy. Answers may be found from in-class lecture notes, on-line lecture notes, your text, and from your own neuronal synapses. The intent is for you to come up with the solutions on your own (i.e. develop problem-solving skills), not to parrot (repeat) back to me answers I give you in advance. Problem-solving based on anatomy is extremely important for those of you going into athletics, psychology, and healthcare. The index at the end of your textbook is a great help. I will point you in the right direction and/or explain concepts that are to ensure you can answer the questions correctly. Just come by anytime.

1. (a) What bones comprise the axial skeleton? appendicular skeleton? How many of each do we have? (b) What are the differences and similarities between spongy and compact bone? (c) What cells are present in osseous tissue? (d) What do they do? (e) What function(s) does osseous tissue serve in the body?

2. For a number of reasons, coaches particularly at the junior high level should be wary of implementing weight bearing training on their young athletes (especially under the age of 13). Explain what effect weight bearing exercises have on the body’s (a) muscles and (b) bones and (c) what the danger might be from an anatomical standpoint.

3. You are invited on the “Jerry Springer” show and are confronted with a person who has the “hots” for you. This person is dressed provocatively as a woman wearing high spiked heels, but you are not entirely sure if this creature is the same gender you are. (a) Describe, using at least 5 of the characteristics, how you would tell what his/her gender is without resorting to physical contact (as is usually the case on this show) [HINT: See Average Skeletal Differences Between Males & Females link on the Lecture Webpage]. Then (b) describe what effect wearing spiked heals has on the body from anatomical standpoint

4. Your annoying friend (and we all have one) claims she is double-jointed in her pollex and proceeds to show you with a slightly disgusting, but curiously interesting display of her limberness. Perturbed with her obvious lack of anatomical knowledge, you gently but firmly (a) reveal to her the truth about being “double-jointed” and then precede to annoy her with an explanation of (b) the components of a typical synovial joint and (c) what limits mobility at this type of joint.

5. The pubic symphysis can also be classified as an amphiarthrotic joint. For today simply (a) describe what the pubic symphysis is (b) what an amphiarthrotic joint is and (c) why this joint is particularly important from an anatomical-physiological standpoint.

6. (a) List the different types of articulations found in the body (b) describe where they are located and (c) what their function is. This is the table we filled out in class.

7. Knee injuries are common in athletic sports that require a combination of running and quick movements. (a) Describe in detail what structures are usually damaged from a “typical” injury, (b) why they are more likely to be damaged than other structures in this joint, (c) what type of articulation the knee joint is and (d) what type of action(s) are produced by the (e) muscle groups of the this joint. Finally (f) list a couple of exercises that “work out” these muscle groups.

8. (a) List the three different muscles tissue types (b) Next list their similarities and differences based on structure, function, and location (b) Describe how skeletal muscles are organized listing in order the connective tissues and structures they are made of from the belly all the way down to the specific proteins in the myofilaments. (c) Describe the specific structure and function of sarcomeres.

9. Northern Bobwhite Quail (a type of small land bird like chicken) have quite well developed musculature in their legs and spend the majority of their time walking around all day. They escape prey with a quick burst of activity from their flight muscles, but they tire very easily. Native American Indians used to take advantage of this behavior by chasing them until the quail became exhausted and unable to fly. They then merely collected the tasty treat. (a) Explain the anatomical basis/ reason for why this strategy works based upon what you know about muscle cell anatomy. Hint think about differences in white and dark meat found in chicken, turkey, and quail and their escape behavior (i.e. can explain the differences based on how much time they spend in the air and how much they spend on the ground? (b) Next describe the differences between the skeletal muscle cell types we discussed in class. 10. As anyone who regularly lifts weights will tell you, it is much more difficult and takes much more effort to lift 50 pounds than it does 5 pounds. (a) Explain how the body accomplishes this using what you know about motor units, recruitment, muscle spindles, and graded contraction. In other words how do these structures work together to produce contraction of varying amounts of force…i.e. how does the body know the difference between curling a 5 lb weight vs. a 50 lb weight? (b) As you begin to lift weights you’ll start to feel a “burning” sensation in your muscles. What’s the likely cause of this “feel the burn” phenomena. (c) Now let’s say that you it’s been 12 hours since worked out and your muscles are aching. What’s the cause of this pain, how is it different from the one described in “b” and what’s the best method of treatment?

11. (a) Draw and label the 2 most common classes of levers in your body and then (b) provide a brief description of each discussing the trade-offs between speed an power. (c) Be sure to include an example of each from your body.

12. (a) Compare (describe how they are similar) & contrast (describe how they are different) the Endocrine and Nervous Systems. Then (b) list 4 endocrine structures, (c) their anatomical locations and (d) their basic function. Finally (e) describe why these two systems are important.

13. The Easter Bunny is brought into the hospital with head injuries sustained from an egg-hiding accident at a local residence. The patient tripped over his basket full of denatured, chroma-philic avian ova (i.e. boiled colored eggs) and landed on a concrete patio. Unfortunately the poor ‘lil’ bunny was not wearing a helmet. The physician on call with the use of imaging devices (CT scan) determined that in addition to swelling in the ventricles the rabbit has irreversible damage to his frontal and temporal lobes, particularly on the right side. (a) What might you predict about the rabbit’s future behavior given he is a mammal like you if he sustained damage to these areas? (b) Justify your answer using anatomical terminology. Hint: think about all the functional areas located in these areas.

14. (a) List all the cranial nerves that control the extrinsic eye muscles. (b) List all the cranial nerves that provide taste sensations. (c) List all the cranial nerves that have parasympathetic innervation. (d) List all the cranial nerves that have both sensory and motor function. (e) List all the cranial nerves that control skeletal muscles.

15. (a) Trace the pathway cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) would take through the brain and spinal cord listing in order the structures and spaces it passes through. Then (b) provide a basic description of the fluid’s function. (c) Describe the material/cells that manufacture CSF and what would happen if the fluid were to build up abnormally or was blocked from circulation?

16. The blood-brain barrier is an important anatomical feature of the brain. From a health-care standpoint, blood is toxic to the brain and many drugs can or cannot cross it. For example Benedryl, an anti-histamine, readily crosses it, but some of the newer antihistamines like Zyrtec and Allegra don’t. Thus some of the unpleasant side effects commonly associated with Benedryl can be avoided (e.g. drowsiness). For now explain (a) what the blood-brain barrier is. (b) Anatomically, what makes this barrier possible from a cellular standpoint? (c) In what areas is the barrier incomplete and (d) why is this?

17. (a) List the cranial nerves (name and number), (b) whether they are sensory, motor, or mixed (both), and (c) what structures they innervate. You may arrange your answer in a table if you wish.

18. Roscoe the Ram has just been pulled over by a police officer...(again, boy that Roscoe sure is a trouble-maker)...for carelessly speeding through a school zone on his way to his animal science class. As the officer approaches his Dodge “Ram”bler , his heart races, his blood pressure rises, and sweat forms on his forehead and hooves (palms). He suffers an anxiety attack as he frantically searches for his license and insurance card. Roscoe is lucky this time though, because the officer just gives him a verbal warning for being a “Baa-aa-aa-aad” driver. Immediately, all Roscoe’s “symptoms” vanish. (a) What specific divisions of the autonomic nervous system are responsible for Roscoe’s behavior before and after he is pulled over. (b) Now describe the anatomical/structural differences between the divisions. You may use labeled drawings if you wish.

19. Study your nervous system handout. You should (a) know the structures in the cerebrum listed (b) describe their specific anatomical location in the cerebrum and (c) know their general function.

20. Christopher Reeves (aka Superman) sustained a serious injury about 4 years ago when he was thrown from his horse and landed on his head. Before his recent death Mr. Reeves was confined to a wheel chair and could not breathe on his own. (This is a common injury in our part of the world too). He only retained sensory sensations and motor control of his head & facial muscles, but required braces to hold his head up and shoulders in place. He was almost always was pictured in sweaters or long sleeves. (a) explain specifically the where the damage occurred and (b) why he exhibits the symptoms/conditions mentioned above. Finally, (c) explain why he retains sensory and motor control of his head and facial muscles. 21. Study the CNS handouts on brain structures, functions, and cranial nerves. This portion of the exam will be very similar to the bonus quiz we took. Also familiarize yourself with the general locations of brain and spinal cord structures using anatomical directional terminology, e.g. Do you know what structure lies immediately anterior and inferior to the thalamus? Yep…the hypothalamus. Do you know what plexus lies superior to the brachial plexus? Yep…the cervical.

22. (a) Compare (describe how they are similar) & (b) contrast (describe how they are different) the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Nervous Systems in regards to their (1)locations, (2) structures, (3) membrane receptors, (4) neurotransmitters, and (5) basic functions.

23. (a) List AND describe the protective mechanisms enlisted by the nervous system to protect the brain and spinal cord. Now describe (b) what the brain and spinal cord are made of (c) what specifically these substances are made of and (d) how it is arranged in the spinal cord vs. the brain. Hint: don’t forget about basal nuclei!

24. (a) Trace the pathway light would take through the eye listing order the structures and spaces it would pass through starting from outside the eye to the specific part of the brain where these signals are interpreted. (b) Trace the pathway tears would take listing in order the structures and spaces they would pass over/through starting with the lacrimal gland and ending in the stomach. (c) Trace the pathway sound waves would take through the ear listing in order the structures and spaces it would pass through starting from the auricle and ending at the round window & part of the brain where signals are interpreted. Hint: don’t forget about the nerves, tracts, and brain structures involved. (d) List the three divisions of the ear, (e) the structures present in each, & (f) brief description of their function.

25. While on 4th of July break with your family you engage in a heated debate with your weird, but lovable aunt Frita Pyes. She is a strong believer in folk wisdom and remedies, and a regular caller to “Miss Cleo” the psychic. Your aunt absolutely insists there are only 5 senses if you don’t count psychic ability; however you argue that there are at least 12 (maybe even more) different senses. (a) Decide who is right based on anatomical evidence and then (b) list the 12 senses to which you were referring.

26. (a) Describe the sensory sensations you would experience while riding a roller coaster blind-folded, during a torrential thunderstorm, desperately trying to hold on to several freshly dissected minks (Makes for an interesting mental visualization, ay)? (b) Now list the sensory and/or other neural structures involved and give a brief description of their (c) function and (d) location in your body.

27. For nurses and other health-care professional such as athletic trainers and physical therapists, reflexes are an important part of conducting a physical assessment of a patient. (a) Define “reflex” and then (b) draw and (c) and label a simplex reflex arc. Now (e) decide if reflexes are protective or not and (f) why they are so important in assessing patients (i.e. what does it mean when someone doesn’t respond to the patellar reflex…striking the patellar ligament?.

28. (a) Draw and (b) label the components of a typical motor neuron. Then (c) distinguish between (list the similarities and differences, locations, functions etc.) sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons. Hint: see figure 16.3 in your text.

29. For many practicing psychologists and counselors the nervous system is important to understand particularly because many modern treatments and drugs for “behavioral disorders” have their effects on the synapses of the CNS. It is in this way that drugs both legal and illegal (and hormones) can radically alter someone’s behavior. (a) Define “synapse” and then (b) describe how neurons communicate with each other using the terms presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron, synaptic cleft, synaptic vesicles, neurotransmitters, and action potential/nerve impulse. Then (c) describe explicitly how the class of drugs known as SSRI’s (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) work at the level of the synapses to modify behavior. Finally (e) explain how ethanol (the substance in alcoholic drinks) produces its effect as a CNS depressant and why folks who are drunk exhibit the behaviors they do (i.e. slurred speech, loss of balance, blurred vision, lack of judgment/morals)?

30. In the town where I was born lived a man who sailed to sea. What color was his ship?