Extending MANET Routing Protocol by Adding

Extending MANET Routing Protocol by adding Gateway Mode

1Asish P Mathew, 2 Lakshmi K S Rajagiri School of engineering and technology, kakkanad, kochi as i shpmath e w @ g m a il .com

(iMANET) and Intelligent vehicular ad hoc networks Abstract— A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a (InVANETs). An ad hoc network is collection of nodes collection of wireless mobile nodes forming a that do not need a fixed infrastructure. This type of temporary network without using any centralized network formed and partitioned dynamically and they access point, infrastructure, or centralized don’t have any centralized monitor facility. The nodes administration. Routing protocols for ad hoc are mobile, so it uses air as the medium of wireless networks can be classified into several connectivity. For example, in a conference room ad types based on route discovery, data delivery and hoc network formed between employees Laptops or route maintains. In this paper, try to improve the workstations. Usually the performance of nodes in ad performance o f an already existing routing protocol hoc network is crucial in many cases like available named AODV [Ad hoc On-Demand Distance-Vector memory, Routing Protocol] by modifying its basic structure. In this work, proposed a new variant of AODV routing protocol that is a combination of AODV+ and R-AODV. The proposed protocol, R-AODV [M], simulated with NS-2 (version 2.34) and we compared the performance indicator in hybrid ad hoc network scenario. The experiment result shows that our modified protocol outstanding in many situations. This paper mainly focuses on why I select AODV for my research? What performances are improved?

Index Terms— Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), routing misbehavior, Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Destination- Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) ,Gateways, Reverse AODV (RAODV)

I. INTRODUCTI ON

Mobile ad-hoc network [MANET] is widely popular at beginning of 20-th century for data monitoring and mining. Depends on the area of working MANET are mainly classified into Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs), Internet based mobile ad hoc networks power, bandwidth and many other factors. The There are several ways to study MANETs. One networks usually not used for fixed data transmission. solution is based on various routing protocols like The primary challenge of design a MANET is AODV, DSR and DSDV. These protocols often used as maintain device to properly route traffic. Such network the base of other protocols shall be evaluated. The may standalone or incorporated with Internet. The common working ideas of all these protocols are similar growth of mobile and Laptops make MANET as a except connection establishment, Packet delivery and popular research topic. In this paper is mainly focus on route updating and maintains. Fig 1 depicts a simple the following points: classification of different routing protocols. The characteristics of each are described in following 1. Study the working of varies MANET sections. routing protocols. 2. Performance Comparison of DSDV, DSR, A. DSDV AODV Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector [DSDV] is a routing protocol. proactive, hop-by hop distance vector protocol which 3. AODV reactive routing protocol is expanding to use Bellman-Ford algorithm . In w h i c h each node support communication between the MANET maintain a routing table listing next hop and distance to and the Internet. each neighboring nodes. The entries in the list change 4. Propose a new variant of AODV routing dynamically so it requires periodic advertisement for its Protocol, called R-AODV[m]. routing table update. In addition, when the network 5. Simulation using ns2 to determine the encounters any major change the advertisement happens. performance of modified protocol. This periodic update makes some unnecessary traffic flows and disturbing the mobile nodes if they are in sleep mode. In this way nodes exchange II. STUDY THE WORKING OF VARIES information if destination is long range. MANET ROUTING PROTOCOLS RREQ messages. To avoid traffic overflow each host keep Host id, Broadcast id couple. That means each host keep record of RREQ message its forward. Route maintains phase use RRER messages for indicating broken paths. To avoid RREP looping and freshness of the route, destination sequence number is used. The sequence number is monotonically increased based on the route maintains phase. The larger sequence number indicate fresher route. The sequence number of the RREP message always greater than or equal to corresponding RREP message to avoid source to adopt older path. When initiator receives more than one RREP, select the message with larger sequence number. Suppose initiator receives more than one path [RREP] with same sequence number, select path with shortest distance. Fig 1. Routing Protocols AODV have some added advantage over other protocols, its low byte order and loop free routing using the destination sequence number are important features. B. DSR The Dynamic Source Routing [DSR] is an on-demand III. PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF DSDV, DSR AND routing protocol based on source routing. The nodes are AODV ROUTING PROTOCOLS communicated when it requires data exchange. Route This section emphasis simulating the performance of discovery and maintains based on dynamic change in topology. varying ad hoc routing protocols DSDV, DSR, AODV with Usually DSR keeps multiple routes to destination this may varying number of mobile nodes. For wireless simulation, help easy load balancing and fault tolerance. Suppose a node numbers of open source software available in the market NS2, wants to communicate with any other node. First it looks on its NetSim, OPNET are some of them. Here choose NS2 for route cache. If it found a valid route, the sender uses this route performance comparison. for data propagation. Otherwise it initiate route discovery The NS2 is discrete event simulation software, it simulates phase. events such as sending, receiving, forwarding and dropping The routing protocol is combination of Route Discovery and packets. The latest version NS-allinone-2.34 supports almost Route Maintenance. In DSR, the sender does not found a valid all popular routing protocols such as DSDV, DSR and AODV. route in its cache. The sender broadcast a ROUTE REQUEST, NS-2 use Object Tool Command Language [OTCL] as its by specifying destination and unique source id. Each node front end and C++ for its backend compilation. The receiving the REQUEST appends its own address and performance metrics are graphically visualized in XGRAPH rebroadcast the REQUEST. When the REQUEST reaches its [Fig 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7]. NS-2 also offers visual representation of target, it sends positive ROUTE REPLY back to the initiator topology and node movement in a Network Animator [NAM]. through the REQUEST flows including accumulated list of Fig 2 shows data-flow of simulation environment. path address. Initiator updates the route cache and forwards the data. DSR have Route Maintenances mechanism by means of passive acknowledgement. If limited number of node unable Fig 2. Simulation Model to send a packet, it returns ROUTE ERROR to the original source of the packet. The sender removes broken link from its Network of nodes placed in 1000m X 800m block area. The route cache initiate a fresh Route discovery procedure. performance of DSDV, DSR, AODV are evaluated by C. AODV keeping network speed and pause time constant and varying Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector [AODV] is reactive the network size [number of mobile nodes]. Table 1. Shows routing protocol. The main advantage of this protocol each the simulation parameter used in this valuation. node does not keep entire topology and avoid periodic update. The mobile nodes generate traffic only when it needs to discover or maintain a route. The expiration time is used for dynamic route maintains. AODV protocol is purely on demand and based distance vector technology. Each host only knows how to reach its neighbors. When source wants to send something, it will broadcast ROUTE REQUEST [RREQ]. Whenever destination gets an route request it immediately generate a ROUTE REPLY [RREP] and unicast back to the source. If a RREP packet is send, the packet will append the route to the destination through this packet. So there exists more than on path to destination, a mobile host may receive more than one Fig 5. Total Dropped Packets Vs. numbers of nodes.

Fig 6. Packet Delivery Ratio Vs. numbers of nodes

Fig 7. Average End to End delay Vs. numbers of nodes

Simulation results are listed in Table 2. Wherefrom the best performing protocol is select for optimize MANET performance. In slow speed mobile nodes, Packet sent and received difference in AODV is more than DSR with scenario mobile nodes moving at 5ms [2].In high speed mobile nodes, Packet sent and received difference in AODV is more than DSR with scenario mobile nodes moving at 10ms [2].In very high speed mobile nodes, Packet sent and received difference

Table 1. Parameter values for Simulation

The simulation results are shown in following subsection in the form of line charts. While analyzing these protocols with chain topology and focus on following performance metric such as: 1. Generated Packets vs. Number of nodes 2. Received Packets Vs. numbers of nodes 3. Total Dropped Packets Vs. numbers of nodes. 4. Packet Delivery Ratio Vs. numbers of nodes 5. Average End to End delay Vs. numbers of nodes

Fig 3. Generated Packets

Fig 4. Received Packets Vs. numbers of nodes in AODV is more than DSR with scenario mobile nodes In hybrid ad hoc network gateway can act as the moving at 15ms [2].Considering small number of hops, Packet communicating agent between MANET and public internet. sent and received difference in DSR is less than AODV, but For MANET nodes wishes to communicate with wired node in total packet sent amount is very high in AODV than DSR. As outside domain, it needs global internet connectivity through AODV is sent 2409 TCP packets where as in DSR sent only base-station nodes. Any MANET node may act as gateways 20 TCP packets in 150 sec and hence TCP packet lost rate is but in order to ensuring the reliability and throughput of the also less in DSR and which is inefficient than AODV as it is network usually follows some well-defined criteria’s. Consider able to send only few packets during time interval. any hybrid ad-hoc domain there may one or more gateways are Considering large number of hops, Packet sent and received provisioned. In this paper, we examine performance of difference in DSR is less than AODV, but total packet sent AODV+, R-AODV and R-AODV[m]. The reason we amount is very high in AODV than DSR. As AODV is sent considering these protocols are they may support gateway 1342 TCP packets where as in DSR sent only 18 TCP packets mode in hybrid ad-hoc network. Fig 8 shows a simple hybrid in 150 sec and hence TCP packet lost rate is also less in DSR ad-hoc network scenario. Here, we extend wireless simple and which is inefficient than AODV as it is able to send only wireless topology to create a mixed scenario consisting of few packets during time interval [2]. wired and wireless nodes.

Fig 8. Hybrid Network Table 2. Best Performing Protocol

IV. AODV REACTIVE ROUTING PROTOCOL IS EXTENDED TO SUPPORT COMMUNICATION A. AODV+ BETWEEN MANET AND INTERNET In AODV+, a gateway module is added to work in hybrid environment. The nodes in this scenario can be connected each Simulation result shows that DSR and AODV are equally other and with nodes in infrastructure network through best in ad hoc routing field. Further research, I need to specialized base-station nodes. concentrate one of the above protocols. In this paper mainly Gateway Operation: When a gateway receive valid RREQ focus on AODV because network with high traffic and message. These protocol checks, if there may other valid route mobility the performance of this protocol is stable. There exist in its local cache. If the address is not found, the gateway many variations of AODV, for example One of AODV variant immediately sends a RREP message with an I flag [RREP-I] that has been successful overcoming the disadvantages of basic back to the initiator of RREQ. Suppose the gateway found a AODV is R-AODV (Reverse-AODV).Most of the situation the valid route it forward the RREP message normal in addition of sensor network is purely ad hoc. However, occasionally some it optionally send a RREP-I back to initiator of RREQ. This situations nodes in MANET need to access Internet. We need mechanism will generate a default route for increasing some special purpose gateways [Base station] to connect reliability. Gateway keeps this route limited period of time; MANET to infrastructure networks. Although some papers this may help mobile nodes for future internet access. There discussed about MANET routing protocol in hybrid network, are three methods to discover gateway node in the network. In it is a challenging task to increase AODV performance in that reactive method, mobile node initiates the gateway selection kind of network. In this paper, gateway module is implemented procedure. In proactive method, gateway discovery procedure in R-AODV routing protocol, so mobile nodes could access is automatically executed by already existing gateway in Internet through a node that act as the gateway. We called our periodic manner. There is another method named hybrid protocol is R-AODV[m]. approach, it’s a combination of above two. B. R-AODV implementation in marketing scenario requires some The extended AODV called Reverse-AODV [R-AODV]. In modification in already existing network environment. on-demand routing protocol losing a RREP of AODV protocol make series impact on entire routing procedure. RREP loss R-ADOV + [AODV +] = R-AODV[m] leads to source needs to reinitiate the route discovery process which cause increase the traffic congestion, leads to more I. Algorithm R-ADOV[m] power consumption, reduce throughput and increase end-to- 1. The source broadcast RREQ [request] end delay. The main aim of R-AODV is to avoid RREP loss 2. Node receive RREQ and improve the performance of AODV. R-AODV follows the 3. If it is a redundant RREQ, there already exist new same procedure for route discovery. But route reply it use request. The request is dropped, based on its unique – special manner. We call route replay message Reverse-request identification [id]. [R-RREQ]. R-AODV protocol can reply from destination to 4. If node is base-station, node executes Gateway-mode source if there is at least one path to source node. In this operation. manner, R-AODV prevents a large number of retransmissions 5. Already any other process progress, then en-queue the of route request messages, and hence diminishes the received RREQ packets. congestion in the network. Moreover, R-AODV will improve 6. If node is destination, then the routing performance such as packet delivery ratio and end- to-end delay. a. Node creates a Reverse Route request R-AODV is reactive routing protocol; no permanent routes (R- RREQ) act as reply. are stored in nodes. The source node initiates route discovery b. Node sends R-RREQ to initiator of RREQ. procedure by broadcasting. The RREQ message contains following information: message type, source address, 7. If it is not in the routing table, then modify the table for destination address, broad-cast ID, hop count, source sequence new entry. number, destination sequence number, request time (time 8. If there is a larger Sequence-number or less Hop- stamp). Whenever the source node issues a new RREQ, the Count, then update the routing table. Else drop the broadcast ID is incremented by one. Thus, the source and message. destination addresses, together with the broadcast ID, uniquely 9. If node is not the destination but it may act as Gateway, identify this RREQ packet. The source node broadcasts the then forward R-REQ reply RREQ to all nodes within its transmission range. These neighboring nodes will then pass on the RREQ to other nodes II. Algorithm Gateway Mode in the same manner. As the RREQ is broadcasted in the whole network, some nodes may receive several copies of the same 1. If Gateway discovery=false, then proactive gateway RREQ. When an intermediate node receives a RREQ, the node mode ON checks if already received a RREQ with the same broadcast id a. Agent send advertisement and source address. The node cashes broadcast id and source (Network- Diameter) address for first time and drops redundant RREQ messages. b. interval=[ adv_interval * random]+RTT The procedure is the same with the RREQ of AODV. When 2. If Gateway discovery =true, then hybrid Gateway mode the destination node receives first route request message, it ON generates so called reverse request (R-RREQ) message and a. Agent and Send advertisement broadcasts it to neighbor nodes within trans-mission range like (Advertisement-Domain) the RREQ of source node does. R-RREQ message contains b. Interval=[adv_interval*random]+RTT [ following information: reply source id, reply destination id, wired]+RTT[wireless] reply broadcast id, hop count, destination sequence number, 3. If Gateway discovery=non-Boolean, then reactive Gateway reply time (timestamp).When broadcasted R-RREQ message mode ON arrives to intermediate node, it will check for redundancy. If it already received the same message, the message is dropped, VI. CONCLUSION otherwise forwards to next nodes and whenever the original In this paper, different routing algorithms are to be discussed source node receives first R-RREQ message it starts packet and measure the performance. This study was conducted to transmission, and late arrived R-RREQs are saved for future evaluate the performance three MANET protocols i.e. use. The alternative paths can be used when the primary path DSR, AODV and DSDV based on CBR traffic. These routing fails communications. protocols were compared in terms of Packet delivery ratio, Average routing overhead and Average end-to- end delay V. PROPOSE NEW VARIANT OF AODV ROUTING when subjected to varying no. of nodes. Though the numbers PROTOCOL, CALLED R-AODV [M] of authors as mentioned in the literature survey have worked In this section we present modified version of AODV on these three standard protocols of MANET, in the worked protocol named, R-AODV[m]. Our new protocol overcomes presented here, the authors has used higher area, more speed, the disadvantages of R-AODV and AODV+. But it’s larger duration for simulation higher range for chain topology practical successfully shown that the results of DSR protocol is superior for parameters such as Generated packets, Received Packets up to 10 nodes, total dropped Packets Average End To End Delay for more than 10 nodes as compare to DSDV or AODV for Packet Delivery Ratio, AODV protocol have better performance for the given simulation environment, the results of which are reflected in Table no.2.So authors conclude that the competitive reactive routing protocols, AODV and DSR, both show better performance than the other in terms of certain performance metrics. It is still difficult to determine which of them has overall better performance in MANET for Chain topology.

On the second phase, I need to improve the performance of either AODV or DSR. Here in this paper consider only the AODV and its variants. In this paper, proposed a new variant of AODV routing protocol that is a combination of AODV+ and R-AODV. The proposed protocol, R-AODV[m], simulated with NS-2 (version 2.34) and we compared the performance indicator in hybrid ad hoc network scenario. The experiment result shows that our proposed protocol outperformed. However the performance of this protocol is not significant in small ad hoc hybrid network.

VII. FUTURE SCOPE In the future work we plan to explore some important features such as: 1. Compare the proposed protocol, RAODV[m], with other AODV routing protocols and consider some security study using path hop. 2. Adding Gateway Mode for R-AODV Routing Protocol in large scale hybrid Ad Hoc Network 3. Multicast forwarding using multiple gateways and hash for duplicate packet detection in a tactical MANET 4. Optimize base-station selection in hybrid Ad-hoc sensor network based on Dominating set

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