Chapter06: Applications of Rogers’s Phenomenological Theory
1. According to Rogers, the neurotic individual experiences a(n) ______between self and experience.
a) Subception
b) Congruence
c) Distortion
d) Incongruence
Ans: d
2. According to Rogers, individuals engage in defenses such as rationalization and projection because their experiences ______their sense of self.
a) derogate
b) contradict
c) agree with
d) subceive
Ans: b
3. In Rogers’s client-centered therapy, the therapist’s role is to do all of the following except:
a) Summarize
b) Reflect
c) Understand
d) Direct
Ans: d
4. Of the three conditions necessary for psychological change, which can be summarized as a deep and genuine caring for the individual?
a) Empathic understanding
b) Unconditional positive regard
c) Congruence
d) Effortlessness
Ans: b 5. Of the three conditions necessary for psychological change, which refers to the ability to perceive the client’s experiences as they are perceived by the client?
a) Empathic understanding
b) Unconditional positive regard
c) Congruence
d) Effortlessness
Ans: a
6. Rogers recognized that a proper evaluation of the effectiveness of his therapeutic technique would require ______methods.
a) objective
b) subjective
c) proprietary
d) correlational
Ans: a
7. According to research by Butler and Haigh (1954) the correlation between individuals’ actual and ideal selves (measured via Q-sorts) after 31 sessions of Rogerian therapy was:
a) .00
b) .34
c) -.34
d) 1.00
Ans: b
8. Over the years, Rogers came to understand there was another feature of his relationship with his clients that was deeply intuitive and almost spiritual. He called this elusive yet hard to describe quality:
a) Congruence
b) Simplicity
c) Presence
d) Actuality
Ans: c 9. Abraham Maslow believed that frustration resulted when individuals were unable to______
a) express their id impulses
b) realize their potential
c) achieve financial gain
d) satisfy their superego
Ans: b
10. Contemporary psychologists such as Martin Seligman who have attempted to portray human strengths and virtues are part of the ______.
a) positive psychology movement
b) Freud appreciation society
c) Maslow hierarchy of needs
d) Rogerian client-centered therapy
Ans: a
11. In cataloguing human strengths, Seligman and colleagues noted that for a characteristic to be a strength, it should be an enduring characteristic of the person that is beneficial in a variety of life domains. Which of the following, then, would not be characterized as a strength?
a) Patience
b) Transcendence
c) Culinary skill
d) Kindness
Ans: c
12. The central idea behind Fredrickon’s broaden and build theory of emotions is that positive emotions can ______.
a) lead an individual to be liked by a range of people
b) widen the range of actions an individual pursue
c) increase one’s circle of social support
d) broaden the range of employment options
Ans: b 13. Individuals in a state of flow experience:
a) a perceived match between skills and challenge
b) a high level of focused attention
c) a sense of intrinsic enjoyment in an activity
d) all of the above
Ans: d
14. Though there are many different kinds of existentialists, all are concerned with ______.
a) the human condition
b) positive psychology
c) religion
d) optimism
Ans: a
15. Sartre advocated ______.
a) determinism
b) free will
c) positive psychology
d) behaviorism
Ans: b
16. According to terror management theory, much of our behavior is motivated by ______.
a) the fear of death
b) unconscious conflict
c) positive emotions
d) human strengths
Ans: a 17. According to Higgins, discrepancies between the actual and ideal self lead to ______-related emotions, whereas discrepancies between the actual and ought self lead to ______-related emotions.
a) dejection; agitation
b) dejection; sadness
c) agitation; dejection
d) agitation; anxiety
Ans: a
18. Crocker, Sommers, and Luhtanen (2002) found that the self-worth of graduate school applicants was contingent upon the letters of acceptance and rejection they received from graduate programs only for students for whom academic success ______.
a) was central to their identity
b) came easy
c) was peripheral to their identity
d) was difficult to achieve
Ans: a
19. A central tenet of ______theory is that people have an inherent psychological need to engage in tasks that are intrinsically meaningful as opposed to action that is coerced, forced, or compelled, whether by internal forces or external forces.
a) self-determination
b) broaden and build
c) self-discrepancy
d) terror management
Ans: a
20. Cross-cultural research on the nature of self-concept indicates that the need for positive regard ______.
a) is unequivocally universal
b) is a priority in all cultures
c) varies from culture to culture d) is a contingency of self-worth
Ans: c