11. Owu,Obembe,Nwokocha,Edoho,Osim. Gastric Ulceration in Diabetes Mellitus

6.0 Brief Resume of Intended Work:

6.1: NEED FOR THE STUDY:

Peptic ulcer disease is a serious widespread gastrointestinal disorder affecting millions of people. According to the latest WHO data published in April 2011 Peptic Ulcer Disease Deaths in India reached 108,392 or 1.20% of total deaths. The age adjusted death rate is 12.37 per 100,000 of population and India ranks #5 in the world.21 Peptic ulcer affects 10% of world population. But till now, the extent of etiopathogenesis of peptic ulcer is not completely understood. However, there are reports that the pathophysiology involved in peptic ulcer is a result of imbalance between defensive factors and aggressive factors; the defensive factors viz.,

mucus, mucosal blood flow, formation of HCO3, and prostaglandins like PGE3 etc., get impaired or overpowered by the aggressive factors viz., acid, pepsin, NSAIDs and Helicobacter pylori infection etc. Peptic ulcer may also be induced by variety of factors such as stress, emotion, anxiety, depression, excessive gastric secretions, mortality of stomach, smoking , psychological stress and further by modern life style. Hence Peptic ulcer is regarded as a multifactorial gastrointestinal disorder which also includes generation of free radicals. It has been now established that oxygen derived free radicals, primarily super oxide (O2) anion and hydroxyl radical (OH) play very important role in pathogenesis of acute experimental gastric lesions induced by stress, ethanol and NSAIDs viz., Indomethacin, Aspirin etc. Thus, a major underlining factor of peptic ulcer disorder is the generation of free radicals in addition to increased and prolonged acid secretion.Thus it is suggested that the compounds containing antiulcer, antioxidant and antisecretory activities can prove to be effective in PUD(Peptic Ulcer Disease).1 Acid neutralization is being recognized as effective treatment for many centuries, But with the understanding of pathogeneses of PUD the treatment has become more effective. A number of antiulcer drugs like gastric anti-secretory drugs, H2-receptors antagonists, antimuscarine drugs, proton pump inhibitors and mucosal protective agents are in most common usage as a remedy for peptic ulcer. Presently a large section of the world’s population relies on traditional and medicinal herbs due to their less cost and easy access.

The kernel is known to exhibit various activities like astringent, anthelmintic, stimulant, antiinflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antispasmodic, anti scorbutic and is given in diarrhoea, asthma, diabetes, ulcers and nasal bleeding.20 Peptic ulcer results in destruction of gastric mucosal cells. Alcohol consumption increases the risk of ulcers in patients taking NSAIDS by impairing Zinc absorption. This causes Zinc deficiency, as Zinc is essential for cell proliferation, differentiation and viability, its deficiency can cause poor wound healing, elevation in ROS stress which induces oxidative damage and alterations in the antioxidant defence system.16 Upon literature survey it was observed that Kernels are rich in Polyphenolic and flavanoinds,