The Forest Concession Management and Control Pilot Project (FCMCPP)

1 68905

Forestry Administration of Cambodia The Forest Concession Management and Control Pilot Project (FCMCPP)

World Bank

Cambodia, June 2005

Manual for Community Consultations in Forest Management Planning in Cambodia, June 2005 2 Community Consultations in Forest Management Planning

TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction

How to use this manual

PART 1 BACKGROUND Results of an Assessment of the Present Situation

Legal and Policy Background or "why to consult communities?"

The Cambodian Forestry Law (Legal Framework) and the Sub-Decree on Forest Concessions + Community Forestry Sub-Decree

Legal Issues concerning Resin Trees

International approaches of Co-Management (the value, win/win) World Bank Indigenous People and Safeguard Policies (to quote) /the rights of forest dependent people, communities to be embedded (not quoting the position paper)

PART 2 MANUAL

The Participatory Approach

What is Participation Types of Participation How to ensure Participation Indicators for Participation The Participatory Tool-Box (overview)

How to behave with villagers – Do's and Don't's The Role of Facilitators in Community Consultations

Overview of the Procedure of Community Consultations in Forest Management Planning

Procedure of Community Consultations in Forest Concession Management Planning and for Annual Coupes (negotiation on each individual tree (as a sub-category)

Manual for Community Consultations in Forest Management Planning in Cambodia, June 2005 3

The Community Consultation Procedure Step by Step

1. Presentation and Explanation of Community Consultation Procedure to Villagers and Stakeholders 2. Sharing Information: Description of planned forest management project to communities 3. Situation Analysis The semi-structured Interview (SSI) Questionnaire 4. Stakeholder Assessment

The institutional landscape and stakeholder analysis

5. Assessment of Use of Natural Resources and Forest Use Zones 6. Participatory Mapping and Zonation 7. Social Impact Assessment

8. Establishment of Representative Community Institutions for Negotiation 9. Agreements and Demarcation of Community and Forest Use Zones Demarcation by Forest Walk, GPS and GIS 10.Negotiation and Agreements on other forest use issues, on mitigation measures, recompensation and benefits and future collaboration 11.Elaboration of Action Plans

Mediation and Possibilities of Conflict Resolution

The Role and Support of 'Third Parties'

PART 3

Suggestions for a Training (Workshop) in Community Consultations in Forest Management Planning

ANNEX Cambodian Forestry Law

Sub-Decree on Forest Concessions Sub-Decree on Community Forestry World Bank Position on Indigenous Peoples Rights and Safeguard Policies The World Bank Operational Manual: Indigenous People

Experiences and Results from first Training-Workshop

Manual for Community Consultations in Forest Management Planning in Cambodia, June 2005 4 Introduction

The Forest Concession Management and Control Pilot Project (FCMCPP) overall objective was developed in the early 2000s and aims at “testing and demonstrating, through implementation, a comprehensive set of forest planning and management guidelines and control procedures and establishing an effective forest management compliance monitoring and enforcement capability”.

The following sets of guidelines were prepared in 2004 and consist of 5 separate documents. 1) The Inventory Handbook 2) The Planning Handbook 3) The Guidelines for the Review of the Management Plans 4) The Forest Systems Research and Modeling Handbook 5) The Training Material

According to the Planning Handbook a separate and specific document was supposed to be prepared with regard to the social issues of the Forest Concession Planning process in order to complete the planning process.

At the same time the concession Strategic Forest Management Plans (SFMPs) were evaluated in accordance with the already existing guidelines. One of the major conclusions that came out of this review was that most of the social consideration were, at the best, poorly documented and that the local communities that live in and around the forest concessions had not been sufficiently involved. Even the SFMPs that successfully had passed this first round of evaluation lacked a comprehensive and in depth analysis of the social issues. In many cases the conclusions were that the concessionaire should “tackle incomplete community issues at the compartment level”.

These conclusions were more acutely underlined by the recent Independent Review of the SFMPs: “The most important tasks, socio-economic survey and participatory planning of community use areas, were not well set out in the guidelines and performance is correspondingly disappointing.” The Review also highlighted the “lack of advice (to the companies) available at the start of this process in 2000”. In other words, in spite of existing guidelines1 on how to include social matters and consult local communities, the companies failed at addressing the right issues partly because of a lack of training and understanding.

At the national level, there is a strong consensus among the Forestry Administration, the donors and the NGO community that the needs and concerns of the local communities who mainly depend on the forest must be integrated into the forest management planning. Their forest-based livelihoods need to be protected and should benefit from any commercial use of their forests. However, during the last five years, very little2 has been done to clarify those questions on a practical and technical level and to consolidate the existing knowledge. In spite of the existing guidelines, neither the Forestry Administration, nor the concessionaires know how to proceed exactly with community consultations in the field. To fill this gap the Forestry Administration and the World Bank felt the need to develop an applicable procedure of Community Consultations in Forest Management Planning for

1 Among the most relevant: “Guidelines for Socio-Economic Surveys of Communities Surrounding Forest Concession Areas”, “Guidelines for Environmental and Social Impact Assessments for Forest Concessions” 2 Eg Land use planning (PLUP), community forests (CONCERN, CFA, GTZ…)

Cambodia and to start training the related stakeholders. This manual tries to give such guidelines and a step-by-step approach, which will enable all partakers to follow the process.

The purpose of this document is clearly for the benefit and use of Forestry Administration agents, concessionaires’ staff, local communities and all other stakeholders who will be involved in any kind of forest management planning process in Cambodia. It is hoped that this manual will help to improve the relationship between all the forest stakeholders, and consequently help to decrease conflicts and forest destruction and to strengthen a sustainable management of the Cambodian forests.

How to use this manual

PART 1 Background

Results of an assessment of the present situation in forest concessions

Summary of results from my interim report 2004 and evtl. first part of independent review of SFMPs by GFA

Manual for Community Consultations in Forest Management Planning in Cambodia, June 2005 6 The Legal and Policy Background or "why to consult communities?"

Legal issues concerning resin trees

HARVEST OF RESIN TREES IN CAMBODIA

ISSUE Under current legislation in Cambodia, is it legal to harvest resin trees tapped by local communities?

SHORT ANSWER No. Presently, Forest Administration (FA) Declaration 740 (26 April 2001) temporarily prohibits the harvest of resin trees. However, MAFF will issue a Prakas to interpret Article 29 of the Forestry Law (2002) and clarify the legality to harvest resin trees.

CONTEXT Resin trees have traditionally been a major livelihood activity of local communities in Cambodia. Local communities recognize customary ownership rights for individuals or families in the community who initially tapped a resin tree. However, this traditional tenure system has never been recognized in Cambodia legislation, thereby allowing logging companies to harvest resin trees for nominal fees. This practice intensified once the higher-grade timber became depleted.

Due to loopholes in the old Forestry Law and a 1993 Prakas, loggers were able to negotiate (often coercion) with local communities to buy the resin trees with approval of forestry and local officials. In response to numerous complaints, the FA issued Declaration 740 to prevent forest concessionaires from purchasing and harvesting resin trees until their management plans and the legal issues were resolved. The legal issue is ripe since the FA may approve management plans for a group of remaining concessionaires and potentially permit logging in other production forest under annual harvest plans regulated by the Forestry Law, Ch. 6.

RELEVANT LEGISLATION  Constitution (1993), Article 58  Forestry Law (2002), Articles 2,3, 15, 24, 29, 40  Prakas on Protected Tree Species (1993)  FA Declaration 740 on Resin Trees (26 April 2001)  Draft Prakas by MAFF on Protected Tree Species implementing Forestry Law, Art. 29.

LEGAL DISCUSSION

Resin trees meet the definition of “forest” and “forest products” in the glossary attached to the Forestry Law. As such, resin trees are State Public Property under the jurisdiction of the MAFF (Constitution, Art. 58; Land Law, Art. 15; Forestry Law, Art. 3, 24) and not eligible for private ownership. Therefore, the law does not recognize the traditional ownership of resin trees by local communities, but instead recognizes customary user rights of local people to tap resin trees and sell the byproduct without a permit. (Forestry Law, Art. 40). Specifically, Article 40 states that “traditional user rights consist of the

Manual for Community Consultations in Forest Management Planning in Cambodia, June 2005 7 collection of dead wood, picking wild fruit, collecting bees’ honey, taking resin and collecting other forest by-products . . .” This customary right applies throughout the entire permanent forest estate, including forest concessions (Forestry Law, Article 15). Since resin trees are state public property, a local community can not sell a resin tree to a logging company “nor transfer any of these traditional user rights to a third party, even with mutual agreement or under contract” (Forestry Law, Art. 40). Customary user rights do not include the right to “harvest” or “sale” a resin tree to a logging company or any other third party. Despite this limitation, it was common practice for logging companies to negotiate with local people to purchase their resin trees to harvest under a permit from forestry officials. There is a distinction between the right to “sale,” to “use” and to “harvest” resin trees.  Local communities have the customary user right to tap resin trees and sale the byproduct without a permit, but not to harvest (FL, Article 40);  Licensed logging operations operating with a permit from forestry officials have the right to “harvest” timber (FL, Article 15); and  The State has transfers the right to harvest timber to a third party by providing a permit in exchange for a royalty payment (FL, Articles 24 - 26).

A key remaining question is whether the State can offer a permit to a logging operation to “harvest” a resin tree tapped by a local community? The prior Forestry Law prohibited the harvest of resin trees tapped by local communities unless authorized by MAFF. The Prakas issued in 1993 added the requirement that the logging operator receive permission from the local community or member with the customary user right for the resin tree. This exception provided a loophole for logging operators to pay local people for the right to “harvest” their resin trees. For two reasons, this loophole is not valid at this time:

1) The FA issued Declaration 740 (26 April 2001) citing complaints by local communities about loss of resin trees. This directive does not repeal the requirement that concession companies obtain permission from local people to harvest trees but suspends all harvesting of resin trees by temporarily revoking or suspending permission from MAFF. This directive remains in full force. 2) The intent of the new Forestry Law (2002) was to repeal the 1993 Prakas and implement a new procedure and protection for protected tree species, including resin trees. During the drafting of the new Forestry Law, discussions were held about how to close the broad loophole to purchase resin trees “with authorization from MAFF.” Initial drafts included several specific provisions limiting the right of forestry officials to authorize the harvest of protected tree species. However, the final version was edited to state that: “unless authorized by MAFF, for reason such as unsuitable weather condition, trees within authorized forest feeder roads or other conditions proposed by the FA, it should be prohibited to harvest the following forest products and by-products within the Permanent Forest Reserve . . . tree species that local communities have tapped to extract resin following traditions . . . (FL, Article 29).

It can be argued that the new Forestry Law (2002) did not directly repeal the 1993 Prakas. The 1993 requirement to obtain permission from local communities to harvest resin trees does not expressly conflict any provision in the new Forestry Law and therefore may remain valid. However, MAFF has drafted a new Prakas to replace the 1993 version and implement Article 29 of the new Forestry Law (2002). This draft currently includes language similar to the 1993 Prakas regarding the right to harvest resin trees upon permission of the local community and forestry officials. This would repeal the suspension

Manual for Community Consultations in Forest Management Planning in Cambodia, June 2005 8 stated in FA Declaration 740 and potentially reinstate the policy that assisted in depletion of numerous resin trees and damaged the livelihoods of local communities throughout Cambodia. A window of opportunity exists at this time for the FA to submit the draft Prakas for public comment, required by Forestry Law, Art. 3, and amend the language regarding resin trees. A recommendation could be: 1) To strictly prohibit the harvest of resin trees tapped by local communities thereby protecting customary user rights and traditional livelihoods (FL, Art. 2, 15, 40);

Why are Community Consultations needed in Forest Management Planning?

Community Consultations are nothing else than an ongoing process of participation of the affected and forest-dependent communities in all forms of Forest Management Planning. (See also 'Participation' in Part 2)

Here is a summery of the reasons why community consultations and the participation of the forest dependent people for forest management planning in Cambodia is so important :  Forest dependent people and communities build their livelihood to a large extent on the use of forest resources (timber and/or non-timber products). In Cambodia the forests and their resources have been ensuring a modest but stable living base to those communities who customarily and primarily subsist on them.  As primary users of these forests these local communities must be provided the right to participate in the whole decision-making and planning process concerning the future management and the commercial or customary use of the forest they depend on.  The commercial use of those forests and forest products can seriously affect the balance of their livelihood system. The people's income and subsistence from forest resources can be diminished or even destroyed. The people will be driven into deeper poverty and to further deforestation for agriculture and/or labour migration in search of alternative income possibilities.  The customary and sustainable use of forest products by forest dependent communities is protected by the Cambodian Forestry Law and by international conventions. Community consultations are demanded by the Forest Concession Sub-Decree. (see Part 1 and Annex)  Forest dependent people normally know best about their forest. They can contribute their (traditional) knowledge and skills to the forest management planning. They also know best to express their needs and interests for the customary and sustainable use of forest resources for their livelihood.  Considering the long-term values of the forest for their livelihood and for the next generation forest dependent people can contribute considerably to the planning and control of a sustainable forest management.  Being the traditional main users and conservers of the forest resources these forest communities must be entitled to get benefits from any further commercial forest use or to be compensated by suitable mitigation measures in any case of degradation.  After all the abuse of forest exploitation in Cambodia inside forest concessions, on forest state land and by illegal logging, going along with the intimidation of local communities, the resulting conflicts and loss of trust, community consultations are urgently needed for a constructive communication between local communities,

government authorities and all other stakeholders for the planning of any future forest management.  Community consultations in forest management planning will finally strengthen the capacity of local governance and advance the decentralisation process in Cambodia for a future sustainable forest management.

Manual for Community Consultations in Forest Management Planning in Cambodia, June 2005 10 The Participatory Approach in Forest Management Planning

Participation – Why, What and How?

We can understand participation in the simplest of its meaning as "taking part", "sharing", "acting together". People's participation is nothing less than the basis of social, economic and daily life. In all times and in all cultures people have shared decisions, tasks and responsibilities in order to organise their human existence and to manage their ecological environments and natural resources.

In the context of development and natural resource management, what benefits can be expected from participation?  local knowledge, skills and resources are used more fully;  the initiative becomes more effective, more efficient and more sustainable;  local people and outsiders share and enhance their awareness of problems, resources and opportunities; they share and diversify their relevant knowledge and skills;  local associations and institutions are created or become stronger and more capable;  local initiative and self-reliance are encouraged and strengthened  local interests are respected and local needs are protected  close control of the management of natural resources by involved local communities can be more transparent and efficient,  the local community is likely to become more self-confident and stronger in self- management  development, democracy and equity are broadly promoted

Because of these benefits, nowadays almost all development organisations and programmes value and incorporate the participation of local people and stakeholders as an elementary and decisive approach. To implement participation in practice, however, can be much more difficult than barely written intentions on programme papers. Participation in practice often presents the following challenges:

 Local communities can be highly hierarchical and generally follow the decisions of their leaders. In those communities the participation of certain disadvantaged groups (e.g. women, landless people, ethnic minorities, etc.) may be contrary to local customs and difficult to be enhanced.  Local community members might not dare to express their own views and interests (which might differ from those of others) publicly.  National governments and other authorities may not be in favour of local participation and empowerment.  A participatory approach may also be difficult because of the lack of local political and/or institutional support.  Participatory processes require important investments of time and resources as well as committed persons and/or institutions who support the process with facilitation in order to reach a good level of confidence and communication between the different stakeholders.

 The emphasis on the process of participation may take attention and resources away from the technical content of the initiative.  Decision-making in a participatory process will often ask for compromises from all sides and will need a lot of patience for consensus-building.

Despite these difficulties, in most cases participation has become a crucial necessity which cannot be by-passed without getting serious problems later.

Where there is no participation many risks can occur: In general development situations the objectives of a project might be missed altogether. The local context and the local knowledge, skills and needs of the people might not be taken into account. Trust and contribution by local people can be low and their motivation short-termed. There will be no ownership and self-reliance by local people and hence no sustainability. When it comes to the management of land and natural resources the risks can become even worse: Violation of human rights, exploitation of the powerless and of minorities, destruction of livelihoods and thus persistent poverty, over-exploitation of natural resources and consequently environmental degradation. There will be some winners and many losers and this can lead to social and political instability, to conflicts and violence and finally to (civil) war.

Different Types of Participation There is not just one kind of 'participation'. Depending on how much local people can take part in decision-making we can make the following differences:

1. Passive Community people participate by being told what is going to Participation: happen or has already happened. It is an announcement coming only from one side, for example from government authorities or a project management without listening to people's responses. The information which is given belongs only to the outside officials or professionals.

2. Participation in Community people participate by answering questions asked Information Giving by researchers or a survey team coming from outside. Those often use a fixed questionnaire. The people have no influence on the proceedings and what will be done with the results. The results will normally not be shared with them and the people will not be asked if the findings are correct.

3. Participation by Community people participate by being consulted. The Consultation persons from outside listen to the villagers' views, problems, needs and other comments. The outsiders define the problems and the solutions and may modify these according to the people's responses. However such a consultative process does not include any share in decision-making. The outsiders are not obliged to consider and respect the community people's views.

4. Participation by Community people and outsiders (representatives of interactive learning government authorities, NGOs and other stakeholders or and decision- researchers) participate together in a joint process of analysis,

Manual for Community Consultations in Forest Management Planning in Cambodia, June 2005 12 making solution-finding or negotiation, decision-making and planning. They will come up with shared information, agreements, action plans and (local) institutions, who will put this into action. Here community people take control over local decisions. Their needs and interests are included and respected.

5. Self-Mobilisation Community people start initiatives themselves independently from outside persons. They organise themselves (for example in CF-committees) and they might contact then outside institutions to get assistance, to change a certain situation and to achieve improvements.

Direct participation: People personally assist at meetings, express their opinions, discuss, decide, work or contribute or receive a benefit – they represent themselves.

Semi-direct participation: People delegate others – e.g. respected members of their community, representatives of a community-based group or an NGO - to represent them in all sorts of activities, but maintain a direct, face-to-face relationship with their representatives. They are also informed and directly consulted by the representatives before important decisions and activities.

Indirect participation: People delegate others – experts or appointees of large associations, NGOs, political parties or government officials - to represent them in all sorts of activities, but rarely, if ever interact with their representatives on a person-to person basis.

Which kind of participation do we need to ensure for community consultations in Forest Management Planning ?

In the process of forest management planning most of the above mentioned kinds of participation might be used – according to the needs and most suitable procedure at each stage of the process.

The more active and the more direct the participation of the local communities will be the more the outcomes of such a planning process will be constructive and will be shared by all involved partakers .Passive participation should be avoided, as this does not allow the local communities to be an active part in the process and thus should not be understood as "real participation". While direct participation of possibly all community members will be especially important at the beginning of the planning process, when information is exchanged, other stages in the process will be probably better dealt with by respectively representative groups of the communities. In each stage of the procedure it therefore needs to be decided who will be the most suitable, efficient and representative participants taking part in the planning and decision-making process. The respective representing structure should be decided and elected by the community members themselves (see also Chapter …on Self-Organisation by the community). Process facilitators only need to ensure that the different affected social groups (gender – women, old and young generation; minority groups; forest users etc.) are appropriately represented.

For monitoring and evaluating the successful degree of participation the following indicators can give a helpful orientation.

Some Indicators for Participation:

Representation  The number of local people and percentage of community members who participate (regularly) in the meetings

 The number of members/representatives of different social groups of the community who are present and who can also freely express themselves in the discussions  women, men, young and old, poor and richer, different ethnic groups, different economic/livelihood activities etc. (Gender !!)  community authorities (commune council), local committees and associations etc.

 The number and the interest of different stakeholders who are involved in the initiative and whose representatives attend the meetings and express the stakeholders interests and concerns

Information and Expression  The percentage of local people who know about the Forest Management Planning Initiative (e.g. Forest Concession), its objectives and management procedures, what to do to contact its management, and how they can participate in the community consultations, etc.

 Percentage of people who express confidence in being able to influence the initiative through their participation in this procedure

 The variety of viewpoints, concerns and proposals which are put forward during the meetings where the initiative is discussed (expressed disagreements can be a positive indicator)

Support and Cooperation in Activities  Extent to which local leaders, government authorities and stakeholders support the initiative

 Number and importance of activities in which community members and stakeholder representatives play an active role

 Number of local groups and associations/committees/organisations that are regularly involved in the initiative

 Number and importance of agreements which have been achieved and respected

Participatory processes can be enhanced by participatory methods and instruments or "tools", which had been developed during the last 20 years by NGOs in development

Manual for Community Consultations in Forest Management Planning in Cambodia, June 2005 14 cooperation - mainly in the field of community development and of "Participatory Rural / Rapid Appraisals (PRA)". Many of these tools can also be used for the participatory process of community consultations in forest management planning. An overview of such participatory methods and tools and of the respective information and issues which can be dealt with, is given on the next page (detailed instructions for the tools used will be given in the step by step description of the community consultation procedure).

Manual for Community Consultations in Forest Management Planning in Cambodia, June 2005 15 The Participatory Tool-Box Category of Method Tools Information Observation  Direct and Participatory everything Observation - "do it yourself" Semi-structured  Community interviews all kinds of topics Interviews  Group interviews (household groups, focus groups)  Key informant interviews Individual interviews Mapping  Village Maps village structure  Social Mapping infrastructure  Land Use Mapping social structure mobility  Mapping of Natural Resources health  agriculture, land use  Mapping of ideal village natural resources problems, conflicts improvements vision of a desired future Transects Systematic walks through the area, knowledge about the area resulting in cross-sectional maps use of natural resources and land use Diagrams  Venn Diagram of Institutions social structure  Decision-Making Diagram institutional structure  Diagram of income sources social relations institutional relations  Diagram of conflicts dependency structures decision-making structures etc. - they can be used in a very income/economic situation creative way

Historical profiles Changes and trends and time trends Calendars and Seasonal Calendars agricultural and other Timetables The Clock or 24 hours economic activities daily tasks crops, natural resources etc. gender differences Ranking  Prioritising preferences  Ranking Diagrams needs techniques etc. problems households well-being etc. Participatory  Brainstorming and Clustering Problems Problem and Solution  Prioritising Solutions Analysis (Needs  Problem Tree Priorities Assessment) Strategies for future planning  Solution Tree Negotiations and  Community and Focus Group Use, Access and Protection

Agreements with meetings and discussions of Land and Natural other Stakeholders  Agreement formats Resources;

How to behave with villagers

The participatory approach also demands a reflection on the role and the attitudes and the resulting behaviour of outside interviewers, facilitators or stakeholders towards the local community people or "villagers".

Many outsiders, like government or NGO staff from the city (e.g. from Phnom Penh), who come to meet the "villagers", still have an attitude of being superior, of knowing everything better than the community people. They easily bring along fears and prejudices like "They are so ignorant and will not understand." "They are poor because they are lazy." "They don't tell you the truth." "They only want money and will try to cheat us." etc. These views will not facilitate an open and respectful communication. They often simply result from the lack of experience in talking and working directly together with community people. Going out to the villages and simply talking in an open and unbiased way with the local people will normally quickly diminish these prejudices.

It is very important that we communicate with community people at a common level in a friendly and trust-building atmosphere, that we regard them as our equal 'partners' and that we first try to listen to their ideas, expressed needs and fears and to respect them. We will then realise that in most cases the community members soon feel encouraged to speak up and to tell us the truth about their situation.

Do's Don'ts

 We create a friendly and trustful  We don't behave as superiors atmosphere; we are not afraid of the  We don't intimidate or manipulate village people; we trust them  We don't bring along visible arms or  We use a simple language and ensure guards comprehension  We don't wear uniforms and arms  We explain the reasons why we come and how and what we want to discuss with the  We don't show off our wealth (jewellery, community members mobile phones etc.)  We are transparent and explain our  We don't tell the community people what intentions and objectives they are allowed to say or what they should think  We visualise the information we are giving  We don't have separate (secret) meetings  We listen carefully and with patience with some community members which  We show our respect and can raise mistrust or embarrassment (e.g. acknowledgement with regard to what the young girls) villagers tell us  We don't talk politics  We adapt to the local conditions and time-  We don't push villagers to talk about schedule sensible issues. We let them decide and  We try to understand and respect the start whether they want to talk about it local culture, customs, values and beliefs (e.g. illegal logging)  We favour consensus-building and we are  We don't make any promises which we ready to make compromises will not intend or be able to keep

How to judge trustworthiness of the community people?

How can we make sure that the information we are given by the community people reflects reality? How can we judge that this information is correct and can be trusted?

Trustworthy information can only come in a trustworthy atmosphere between the local people and the outside partakers. Therefore it is so important that we (the participants from outside, the stakeholders, the interviewers and facilitators) are trustworthy and transparent, when we meet the community people. We need to make them understand, that we come without any hidden intentions, that we are open-minded and willing to listen to them, that we take their concerns seriously, that we respect them. Therefore we have to make the first step. We need to understand, that communities, especially in the context of forest concessions, are cautious and mistrusting because of all the bad experiences they have had with the past forest operators and even with some FA staff. Still, we must not be afraid or mistrusting of the villagers. We must not come in uniforms and with armed guards (which will show, that we don't trust them), which will only represent the power and intimidate the local people. Local people will only speak out and tell the truth, if they feel secure and trusted!

Besides there are some other methods which can help to improve the community people's trust and the truthfulness of their information:

 Stay some time (e.g. overnight) in the village and chat with the people in the village. The more time you spend with them so they can come to know you, the more they might trust you.

 Parallel Observation: observe the village, the houses, the people and you will get complementary information about the context, in which the local people live

 Participatory Observation: share their activities. Follow them to their chamcar or accompany them when they go out for resin-tapping

 Observe their body-language and listen to the discussions among the local people during your meetings: The more they become involved and eager to speak up, the more they are likely to express their true concerns. When women dare to speak up in front of a plenary meeting, this will most probably mean that they feel very much concerned about what they are telling you.

 Use multiple sources of information: speak with different groups in the village – men, women, old and young people, monks etc. - and with different outside resource persons or stakeholders - e.g. from local and government authorities, enterprises, NGOs etc.

 Cross-checking: ask the same questions to these different groups and persons and compare the answers. Discuss again, when you get different or controversial answers. Ask for examples to clarify.

 Work in a mixed and multi-disciplinary team: Compose your own team of interviewers and facilitators of different persons with different (technical) backgrounds: Women, men, representatives of local and government authorities

and of NGOs. You will then get several perspectives of understanding, interpretations and conclusions.

 Avoid, if possible, to have meetings, where there are influential persons among the participants, who might influence the answers and reduce the free expression of ideas. (e.g. military or controlling concession staff; some powerful people or representatives of local authorities). Separate meetings with different smaller groups might then be a good solution.

 Anonymity and Neutrality: wherever possible, avoid to write down on a list the participants' names. This will only make them more cautious to speak out. Their accurate comments and information are more important than their names!

 Create a relaxed atmosphere by conducting an easy-going meeting (without too much protocol), by sitting down with the local people, by not using to much microphones and loud-speakers (this will only create a very official context and more distance) and even by making jokes.

The Role of the Facilitators in Community Consultations The Latin root of "facilitate" means "to enable, to make easy".

A facilitator is an individual who enables groups and organisations to work more effectively; to negotiate and to make decisions and to collaborate and achieve common objectives. In Community Consultations the role of the facilitator is to become a process advocate. The facilitator will help through all the different stages of the process by advocating for a fair and open process where all community members and stakeholders can fully participate. The facilitator's tasks in Community Consultations are

 to ensure participation and integration of all stakeholders  to give information and explanation  to ensure good communication and exchange of ideas  to train, where necessary, and to enhance participatory learning from each other  to guide through problem-solving and decision-making  to mediate conflicts and lead to resolutions  to enable negotiations and come up to consensus-building and agreements  to help with planning and carrying out collaborative activities and management  to monitor and evaluate the consultation process and to improve it

In meetings the facilitator supports the consultation process by

 being neutral and respecting all participants  helping everyone to be heard  making room for quiet members  reducing prejudices and criticism  promoting mutual understanding  supporting everyone to keep thinking instead of shutting down  splitting up in smaller and mixed sub-groups, where necessary

Overview of Procedure of Community Consultations in Forest Management Planning

Overview of Procedure of Community Consultations in Forest Management Planning Level Activity Data / Information / Outcomes Methods, Tools, Time Participants / Comments Step No. Items to be Material technical teams discussed The approach and the The communities Visualized 2 hours per Whole These first steps Introducto 1 process of community are informed about presentation, meeting community, CC, need a ry meeting consultations will be the upcoming Information leaflet FA, commercial coordinating and at explained procedure and their forest user, other advising commune role as communities stakeholders facilitator, and/or in it preferably from village FA, who then level starts the process

Demographic, General data and PRA 2 days per Whole community This first complex Situation 2 geographic, socio- information about Structured and commune or + different step, especially and Social economic data, communities, their semi-structured community representative for the impact Impact Economic activities use of forest interviews + (depending on community assessment also Assessme and livelihood systems, resources and questionnaires size of groups; CC, local needs an nt (SIA) Use of natural and/or needs; Participatory commune) authorities, FA, organiser and a forest resources. First indicators, mapping concession, other multi-disciplinary Social /institutional whether and which stakeholders and or multi- organisation, forest management Criteria for NGOs stakeholder General problems and can be a socially, participation assessment team needs. environmentally and Assessment team Former experiences economically viable Maps (GIS or with concessionaires or and acceptable topographic), other forest users. option and under GPS Fears and requests which conditions towards future forest management and use

3 Different interests and The different Venn diagram, Overview- Communities, CC, Should then come Stakehold needs, resources, stakeholders' future formats, direct diagram: 2 local authorities, together with er possible contributions. positions and roles interviews with hours NGOs, results of situation Assessme Potential roles in in consultation different Interviews ?? Assessment team and impact nt and facilitation, technical process and in forest stakeholders (depends on assessment Analysis support and management stakeholders) supervision

Overview of Procedure of Community Consultations in Forest Management Planning Level Activity Data / Information / Outcomes Methods, Tools, Time Participants / Comments Step No. Items to be Material technical teams discussed

4 Possible options: Representative Commune As long as the CC, community, Optional, if Establish NRM-committee under institutions at village administrative law communities 3.party, FA community feels, ment of a CC; Community and at commune will need that they need communit Forestry Committee; level for future Community Forestry such a y based other structure at consultations, Sub-Decree and Might also representative represent commune and /or negotiations, Prakas depend on CC institutions - will ative village level agreements and and/or on FA need assistance institution forest management from 3.party, e.g. by the with commercial PLG/Seila communit forest user and other y itself stakeholders, (e.g. under CF Sub- Decree or CC-NRM) 5 Objectives, affected Communities have Visualised ½ day – could Communities, A third party Descriptio forest areas,planned clear understanding presentation, maps, be together with Commercial forest informing will be n of activities and possible and overview about copies with following users, FA, other helpful planned impacts and the intended use documented consultations/ stakeholders forest use interactions by and management of explanations negotiations on and commercial forest their forest by distributed to zonation and managem users commercial forest Commune and forest use ent by user and about villages future possible impacts commerci al forest user and explanatio n of intended actions 6 Use of forest resources Agreements on Participatory 1 day per Whole community Will be one of the Participato by communities different use zones mapping on flipchart commune/ + different most important ry (information from within the affected paper and on GIS or community representative consultation steps zonation participatory mapping forest areas, topographic maps, (depending on community – a neutral Participato of assessment can be including community documentation by size) if groups; local facilitator/mediator ry used again) use zones (e.g. also GIS agreement can authorities, FA, is strongly

Overview of Procedure of Community Consultations in Forest Management Planning Level Activity Data / Information / Outcomes Methods, Tools, Time Participants / Comments Step No. Items to be Material technical teams discussed Community use zones; for community be reached (see commercial forest recommended. Landuse sacred or other areas forestry), protected Integration, where also comments users, other Planning to be protected. areas, future possible, of involved Repeated Access to forest commercial or provincial PLUP- stakeholders; meetings needed resources in area of logging zones Teams and their prov. or national if conflicting whole concession (e.g. equipment PLUP teams, GIS interests must be resin trees); Further indicators unit FA (?) negotiated interference with whether and where logging activities commercial use of (when, where?) the forest can be a viable option 7 Visible marking of Paint for marking 1 day ore more Community Demarcati boundaries of boundaries (depending on representatives, on of community use GPS for size of zones) Commercial forest communit zones in the forest; documentation on user staff, FA, y forest GPS data for GIS third party or use zones documentation on other by forest maps stakeholders walks 8 Community use and Agreements Guidelines for 1 day or more Village/ commune Customary rights Negotiatio other protected zones, Contracts under different issues. (depends on assemblies; for the use and ns and Access and use of Community Forestry Formats for conflicting appointed the access to agreemen forest resources; Sub-Decree and protocols, interests) community forest resources ts about Resin trees; corresponding agreements, representatives also ensured by future cooperation and PRAKAS contracts for detailed forest law. forest use, possible benefits discussions, such What will be legal managem between communities as village framework for ent and and commercial forest committees, CC, such planning user. Commune level agreements? Information and representatives in Best: under CF communication; rights CF Sub-Decree and obligations, because recognition through FA or other local. authorities

Overview of Procedure of Community Consultations in Forest Management Planning Level Activity Data / Information / Outcomes Methods, Tools, Time Participants / Comments Step No. Items to be Material technical teams discussed 9 Kind and frequency of Kind of action or Formats for ½ - 1 day Elaboratio meetings between development plan planning, for n of - communities and protocols, checklists planning commercial forest and documentation framework users, Kind of formats for and action cooperation in monitoring & plans for management; evaluation, reporting managem Kind of information to ent and be exchanged cooperatio Planned activities n Monitoring and evaluation of activities

10 Including all criteria Final decision, if Guidelines, Concessionaire; Elaboratio and indicators from commercial use is checklists for review FA, TRT n of a situation and impact socially, Forest assessment, from environmentally and Managem zonation and economically viable ent Plan negotiated agreements and in which forest with communities and zones; action plans other stakeholders for management and cooperation, criteria for monitoring and evaluation. Definition of each parta's role, rights and obligations 11 Possibility of 2 – 3 hours per Community Public discussion, review community assemblies disclosure and amendments Other of final stakeholders Forest Managem ent Plan

Overview of Procedure of Community Consultations in Forest Management Planning Level Activity Data / Information / Outcomes Methods, Tools, Time Participants / Comments Step No. Items to be Material technical teams discussed

to communiti es and other stakehold ers

Overview - Procedure of Community Consultations in Forest Concession Planning

Overview - Procedure of Community Consultations in Forest Concession Planning Level Activity Data / Information / Outcomes Methods, Tools, Time Participants / Comments Step No. Items to be Material technical teams discussed Strategic Level The approach and the The communities Visualized 2 hours per Whole These first steps Introducto 1 process of community are informed about presentation, meeting community, CC, need a ry meeting consultations will be the upcoming Information leaflet FA, concession coordinating and at explained procedure and their advising commune role as communities facilitator, and/or in it preferably from village FA, who then level starts the process

Demographic, General data and PRA 2 days per Whole community This first complex Situation 2 geographic, socio- information about Structured and commune or + different step, especially and Social economic data, communities, their semi-structured community representative for the impact Impact Economic activities use of forest interviews + (depending on community assessment might Assessme and livelihood systems, resources and questionnaires size of groups; CC, local need separate nt (SIA) Use of natural and/or needs; Participatory commune) authorities, FA, detailed forest resources. First indicators, mapping concession, other guidelines Social /institutional whether concession stakeholders and organisation, can be a socially, Criteria for NGOs General problems and environmentally and participation needs. economically viable Assessment team Former experiences and acceptable Maps (GIS or TRT/FA with concessionaires or option and under topographic), other forest users. which conditions GPS Fears and requests towards future forest management.

3 Different interests and The different Venn diagram, Overview- Communities, CC, Should then come Stakehold needs, resources stakeholders' future formats, direct diagram: 2 local authorities, together with er Potential roles in positions and roles interviews with hours NGOs, results of situation Assessme facilitation, technical in consultation different Interviews ?? Assessment team and impact nt and support and processes, evtl. as stakeholders (depends on assessment Analysis supervision third parties stakeholders)

Overview - Procedure of Community Consultations in Forest Concession Planning Level Activity Data / Information / Outcomes Methods, Tools, Time Participants / Comments Step No. Items to be Material technical teams discussed 4 Possible options: Representative Commune CC, community, Optional, if Establish CF-committee or NRM- institution within the administrative law 3.party community feels, ment of a (S+C) committee under CC; commune for that they need communit or other structure at negotiations with such a y based commune and village concession and representative represent level other stakeholders, institutions - will ative for NRM and CF – need assistance institution could also become from 3.party, e.g. by the representative body PLG/Seila communit of all communities y itself affected by concession 5 of the objectives, Communities have Visualised ½ day – could Communities, A third party Descriptio planned activities and clear understanding presentation, maps, be together with Concessionaires, informing will be n of possible impacts and and overview about copies with following FA, other helpful concessio interactions by the intended documented consultations/ stakeholders n and commercial forest concession and explanations negotiations on explanatio users about possible distributed to zonation and n of consequences Commune and forest use intended villages actions intentions by the concessio naire 6 Use of forest resources Agreements on Participatory 1 day per Whole community Will be one of the Participato by communities different use zones mapping on GIS or commune/ + different most important ry (information from within the whole topographic maps, community representative consultation steps zonation participatory mapping concession, documentation by (depending on community – a neutral Participato of assessment can be including community GIS size) if groups; local facilitator/mediator ry used again) use zones, protected Integration of the agreement can authorities, FA, is strongly Landuse Community use zones; areas, future updated PLUP be reached (see concession, other recommended. Planning sacred or other areas zones/compartments concept and where also comments involved to be protected. for logging possible, provincial stakeholders; Repeated Access to forest PLUP-Teams and prov. or national meetings needed resources in area of Further indicators their equipment PLUP teams, GIS if conflicting

Overview - Procedure of Community Consultations in Forest Concession Planning Level Activity Data / Information / Outcomes Methods, Tools, Time Participants / Comments Step No. Items to be Material technical teams discussed whole concession (e.g. whether and where unit FA (?) interest must be resin trees); concession can be a negotiated interference with viable option logging activities (when, where?) 7 Visible marking of Paint for marking 1 day ore more Community Demarcati boundaries of boundaries (depending on representatives, on of community user GPS for size of zones) Concessionaire communit zones in the forest; documentation on staff, FA, third y forest GPS data for GIS party use zones documentation on by forest maps walks 8 Community use and Agreements, Guidelines for 1 day or more Village/ commune Customary rights Negotiatio other protected zones, Contracts? different issues. (depends on assemblies; for the use and ns and Access and use of Formats for conflicting appointed the access to agreemen forest resources; protocols, interests) community forest resources ts at Resin trees; agreements, representatives also ensured by strategic Cooperation and contracts for detailed forest law. level possible benefits at discussions. What will be legal strategic level, framework for Information and such communication agreements? Recognition through FA or other Gov. auth.? 9 Including all criteria Final decision, if Guidelines, Concessionaire; Elaboratio and indicators from concession is checklists for review FA, TRT n or situation and impact socially, review assessment, from environmentally and and zonation and economically viable revision of negotiated agreements and can proceed to Strategic with communities and compartment Forest other stakeholders planning Managem ent Plan

Overview - Procedure of Community Consultations in Forest Concession Planning Level Activity Data / Information / Outcomes Methods, Tools, Time Participants / Comments Step No. Items to be Material technical teams discussed 10 2 – 3 hours per Community Public community assemblies disclosure of final SFMPs to communiti es and other stakehold ers Compartment and Annual Coup Level 11 Planned activities by Affected See strategic level ½ day per Communities Introducto concessionaire for communities have community affected by ry meeting compartment and clear understanding compartment, and involvement of affected about upcoming concessionaire, Descriptio communities; compartment and FA, third party, n of Procedure of implications for them other compartm consultations at and about stakeholders ent by compartment level consultations concessio naire 12 Use of and access to Agreements Participatory 1 day, if no Negotiatio forest resources, Resin mapping, evtl. again conflicting ns and trees, demarcation; interests agreemen Review of community Formats for ts use areas and other protocols, protected areas within agreements, compartment contracts Qualitative and quantitative benefits from logging/take outs Rights obligations, possibilities of cooperation 13 Kind and frequency of Kind of action or Formats for ½ - 1 day Elaboratio meetings between development plan planning, for n of 5

Overview - Procedure of Community Consultations in Forest Concession Planning Level Activity Data / Information / Outcomes Methods, Tools, Time Participants / Comments Step No. Items to be Material technical teams discussed communities and protocols, checklists years - concessions; and documentation planning Kind of information to formats for framework be exchanged monitoring & for Planned activities evaluation, reporting compartm Monitoring and ent evaluation of activities 14 Exchange of Communities , Regular information, monitoring concessionaire meetings & evaluation of (evtl. between activities, representatives) communiti and FA es and concessio naire and FA staff At annual coupe level same procedure with elaboration of annual action plans

Overview – Procedure of Community Consultations in Case of Forest Management by Annual Coupes

Overview – Procedure of Community Consultations in Case of Forest Management by Annual Coupes Level Activity Data / Information / Outcomes Methods, Tools, Time Participants / Comments Step No. Items to be Material technical teams discussed The approach and the The communities Visualized 2 hours per Whole These first steps Introducto 1 process of community are informed about presentation, meeting community, CC, need a ry meeting consultations will be the upcoming Information leaflet FA, commercial coordinating and at explained procedure and their forest user, other advising commune role as communities stakeholders facilitator, and/or in it preferably from village FA, who then level starts the process

Demographic, General data and PRA 2 days per Whole community This first complex Situation 2 geographic, socio- information about Structured and commune or + different step, especially and Social economic data, communities, their semi-structured community representative for the impact Impact Economic activities use of forest interviews + (depending on community assessment also Assessme and livelihood systems, resources and questionnaires size of groups; CC, local needs an nt (SIA) Use of natural and/or needs; Participatory commune) authorities, FA, organiser and a forest resources. First indicators, mapping concession, other multi-disciplinary Social /institutional whether and which stakeholders and or multi- organisation, forest management Criteria for NGOs stakeholder General problems and can be a socially, participation assessment team needs. environmentally and Assessment team Former experiences economically viable Maps (GIS or with concessionaires or and acceptable topographic), other forest users. option and under GPS Fears and requests which conditions towards future forest management and use

3 Different interests and The different Venn diagram, Overview- Communities, CC, Should then come Stakehold needs, resources, stakeholders' future formats, direct diagram: 2 local authorities, together with er possible contributions. positions and roles interviews with hours NGOs, results of situation Assessme Potential roles in in consultation different Interviews ?? Assessment team and impact nt and facilitation, technical process and in forest stakeholders (depends on assessment Analysis support and management stakeholders)

Overview – Procedure of Community Consultations in Case of Forest Management by Annual Coupes Level Activity Data / Information / Outcomes Methods, Tools, Time Participants / Comments Step No. Items to be Material technical teams discussed supervision

4 Possible options: Representative Commune As long as the CC, community, Optional, if Establish NRM-committee under institutions at village administrative law communities 3.party, FA community feels, ment of a CC; Community and at commune will need that they need communit Forestry Committee; level for future Community Forestry such a y based other structure at consultations, Sub-Decree and Might also representative represent commune and /or negotiations, Prakas depend on CC institutions - will ative village level agreements and and/or on FA need assistance institution forest management from 3.party, e.g. by the with commercial PLG/Seila communit forest user and other y itself stakeholders, (e.g. under CF Sub- Decree or CC-NRM) 5 Affected forest area, Communities have Visualised ½ day – could Communities, A third party Descriptio which intended tree clear understanding presentation, maps, be together with Commercial forest informing will be n of species for harvest, and overview about copies with following users, FA, other helpful planned planned activities and the intended annual documented consultations/ stakeholders annual possible impacts and coupe and the explanations negotiations on coupe to interactions by corresponding distributed to zonation and affected commercial forest management of their Commune and forest use communiti users forest by commercial villages es forest user and about possible impacts 6 Use of forest resources Agreements on Participatory 1/2 day per Whole community Will be one of the Participato by communities different use zones mapping on flipchart commune/ + different most important ry (information from within the affected paper and on GIS or community representative consultation steps zonation participatory mapping forest areas, topographic maps, (depending on community – a neutral Participato of situation including community documentation by size) if groups; local facilitator/mediator ry assessment can be use zones (e.g. also GIS agreement can authorities, FA, is strongly Landuse used again) for community be reached (see commercial forest recommended. Planning Community use zones; forestry), protected Integration, where also comments users, other sacred or other areas areas and intended possible, of involved Repeated

Overview – Procedure of Community Consultations in Case of Forest Management by Annual Coupes Level Activity Data / Information / Outcomes Methods, Tools, Time Participants / Comments Step No. Items to be Material technical teams discussed to be protected. annual coupe zones. provincial PLUP- stakeholders; meetings needed Access to forest Further indicators Teams and their prov. or national if conflicting resources in area of whether and where equipment PLUP teams, GIS interests must be annual coupe (e.g. annual coupe can be unit FA (?) negotiated resin trees, other a viable option NTFP); interference with logging activities (when, where?) 7 Visible marking of Paint for marking 1 day ore more Community For annual Demarcati Consensus on every boundaries of boundaries (depending on representatives, coupes should be on by tree in the annual community use GPS for size of zones) Commercial forest done together forest coupe area which will zones in the forest; documentation on user staff, FA, with Step 8 on walks of be harvested and GPS data for GIS third party or negotiations and communit demarcation– also documentation on other agreements y forest demarcation of each maps stakeholders use zones tree, which will be At least visible and of protected (e.g. resin demarcation of all protected trees) trees which have trees and consensus to be of harvested consented trees to be harvested within annual coupe area 8 Community use and Agreements about Guidelines for 1 day or more Village/ commune Should be done Negotiatio other protected zones, trees to be different issues. (depends on assemblies; together with Step ns and Access and use of harvested and trees Formats for conflicting appointed 7 (Demarcation in agreemen forest resources; to be protected protocols, interests) community the forest) for ts about Resin trees; within annual coupe agreements, representatives annual coupes. use of cooperation and area. contracts for detailed annual possible benefits discussions, such Customary rights coupe, the between communities Contracts under as village for the use and trees to be and commercial forest Community Forestry committees, CC, the access to harvested

Overview – Procedure of Community Consultations in Case of Forest Management by Annual Coupes Level Activity Data / Information / Outcomes Methods, Tools, Time Participants / Comments Step No. Items to be Material technical teams discussed user. Sub-Decree and Commune level forest resources and the Information and corresponding representatives in also ensured by trees to be communication; rights PRAKAS CF and FA forest law. protected, and obligations, What will be legal (together framework for with such demarcati agreements? on in Step Best: under CF 7. Sub-Decree because recognition through FA or other local. authorities 9 Kind and frequency of Kind of action or Formats for ½ - 1 day Elaboratio meetings between development plan planning, for n of - communities and protocols, checklists planning commercial forest and documentation framework users, Kind of formats for and action cooperation in monitoring & plans for management; evaluation, reporting managem Kind of information to ent and be exchanged cooperatio Planned activities n Monitoring and evaluation of activities

10 Including all criteria Final decision, if Guidelines, Concessionaire of Elaboratio and indicators from planned annual checklists for review annual coupe; FA, n of situation and impact coupe is socially, TRT Annual assessment, from environmentally and Coupe zonation and economically viable Managem negotiated agreements and in which forest ent Plan

Overview – Procedure of Community Consultations in Case of Forest Management by Annual Coupes Level Activity Data / Information / Outcomes Methods, Tools, Time Participants / Comments Step No. Items to be Material technical teams discussed with communities and zones; action plans other stakeholders for management and cooperation, criteria for monitoring and evaluation. Definition of each party's role, rights and obligations 11 Possibility of 2 – 3 hours per Community Public discussion, review community assemblies disclosure and amendments Other of final stakeholders Annual Coupe Managem ent Plan to communiti es and other stakehold ers

Situation Analysis Why? When? Which information?

What can it be used for? Semi-structured Interviews (SSI)

Semi-structured interviews are the most important instrument in Participatory Approaches. This type of interview does not have a predefined structure. You prepare only a check-list of some key questions. New questions can arise during the discussion from the answers given by the interviewed persons, who may also ask their own questions.

Semi-structured interviews can be done on its own or can be combined with other participatory or visualising methods. SSIs are the leading part of communication, dialogue and the exchange of ideas with the community people. They can be used for: Community interviews; Group interviews(household groups, focus groups), Key informant interviews; Individual interviews.

Guidelines for semi-structured interviews:

Prepare yourself for the interview :  Select an appropriate team of interviewers; be aware of the impact that age, gender, class, ethnicity etc. of team members may have on the quality of the collected information (e.g. in many societies female interviewers are better suited to interview women than male interviewers).  You should be informed about the topic you want to discuss; prepare a list of basic key- questions.  Respect the daily time schedule of the community members. Fix interviews so they don't interfere with their important daily activities.

During the interview :  Start the conversation with locally-accepted polite talk. Introduce yourself, explain as much as necessary about the aims of the interview, the objectives of the study and the intention of the involved institution (e.g. Forest Administration). Make a point to explain that you have come to learn something.  The interview should be a dialogue or process where important information develops out of casual conversation. Build trust by showing interest in what is important for the community members.  Observe non-verbal indicators like body language, use of space, tone of voice and eye contact.  Make questions short and easy to understand, but aim at drawing out more details.  Carefully lead up to more important or sensitive questions. If necessary, visit an informant several times to build up rapport before discussing more sensitive issues.  Ask non-directive, open-ended questions. Don't use leading questions. Start questions with "Who?, Why?; When?, Where?, What?, How?" The questions should be asked in a way that they require explanation rather than allowing the interviewee to answer only with "yes" or "no".  Interviews should be started with 'broad questions' to allow community members to discuss the topic in their own terms, not the interviewer's. Later you can ask 'narrow questions' in order to get more specific information.  Use 'cross-checking' by asking different informants the same questions, or by repeating the question in a slightly different way or by asking for more explanations and by repeating what you have understood, so they can correct you.  Take notes. Assign one team-member as notetaker and rotate this task.

 Finish the interview politely. Thank the interviewees.

Manual for Community Consultations in Forest Management Planning in Cambodia, June 2005 40 Mapping

Village Map Social Mapping Land Use Mapping Mapping of Ideal Village

To get information about: village structure, infrastructure, social structure, health, demography, mobility, land use, agriculture, natural resources, problems, changes in the time, visions etc.

1. Choose the topics; the criterias of information you want to get.

2. Selection of different groups (e.g. women, men, elderly people, teenagers, children, ethnic groups)

3. Elaboration of the map

 on brown paper with markers of different colours (good method if you have several groups)

 on the floor (especially if you have the whole community together; things can be changed while making the map) - Fix a place outside (best with earth or sand) of about 7m x7m - Use different tools, you have prepared before, like chalk, sticks, stones, leaves, cards, etc. by which the community members can draw their map on the floor and put the items as symbols. They can also draw symbols or write explanations on cards and put them on the floor. - Make sure, that there is only one person each time working on the map. If everybody walks on the map at the same time, their is the risk of destroying it. - When the map on the floor is ready, copy it on a brown paper.

4. Presentation of the map by the community members themselves at the general meeting at the end of the workshop for discussing the results

Target Group and Stakeholder Analysis

The Target Group and Stakeholder Analysis will identify all (potential) target groups and stakeholders who will be involved in or affected by the situation in which the project would like to intervene. What's the difference between Target Groups and Stakeholders?

 Target Groups are the people, groups and communities who are directly affected by the forest area and the forest management, the planned activities and the implicated changes and impacts.  For example a target group can be the local population/communities inside and around a forest concession who will be affected by the concessions logging activities. At the same time they might profit from benefits, employment opportunities and improved infrastructure.

 Stakeholders are all persons, (public and private) institutions and organisations who will or must be involved in the community consultations in the forest management planning. They can be future collaborators or can give some contributions and support. They might have their own interests in favour or against this type of forest management and will defend these interests.

 For example stakeholders can range from government institutions, local authorities, private enterprises to NGO's, associations, community leaders or media and other development organisations. You can also make the difference between a project team, the implementing agency, e.g. a government ministry like the FA, donors and other cooperating agencies.

Some approaches of project planning don't even make the difference between target groups and stakeholders. They just put everybody involved under "stakeholder analysis" or "participants analysis".

The easiest approach and the first step for a target group and stakeholder identification is to collect all stakeholders and target groups by writing them on cards or on a list.

A far better and more participatory tool, however, in order to get a first comprehensive overview, can be an Institutional Landscape.

Manual for Community Consultations in Forest Management Planning in Cambodia, June 2005 42 The Institutional Landscape (also called 'Venn Diagram') helps to get an overview about the different target groups and stakeholders by displaying their importance, their involvement and there relationships in a graphical diagram

Symbols that you can use in the institutional landscape (these are just some examples, you can create and add you own symbols according to your needs): for target groups and stakeholders: for relations:  different type of forms, colours for  internal /external different categories or groups  the distance  the size for different importance  the size for importance  a '+' for promoters  a '–' for delayers  good cooperation  a 'N' for neutrality  no cooperation  a '?' for unknown position or need for  dependant more information  conflicts  ......  official private

Example for an Institutional Landscape

Collection and Analysis of characteristics for each or the most important participants (target groups or stakeholders): In a next step after the listing and/or the institutional landscape you can choose the most important target groups and stakeholders and analyse them according to certain criteria as shown in the table below: Target Group Characteristics Objectives Strengths Weak- Knowledge they Possible Consequences or Activities, nesses have about the Contributions to for their future situation of the the Community Stakeholder communities and Consultations involvement the forest area

This table is only an example. You are free to choose other specific and suitable criteria

Questionnaire for Situation Analysis and Community Focus Group Discussions No. Questionnaire: CO Name of Interviewer: Date:

Province: District: Commune / Town: Village(s):

Specify: Focus Group on Commune Level on Village level

People who attended the community focus group interview as respondents : Status ? (list those positions, where community members also How many in total: represent an institution (e.g. CC-member or Community Forestry Committee, monk etc.) How many men

How many women

How many Village………..

Other remarks:

Information about the Commune or Village

1. When was this History of the village/commune: commune/village established?

2. Population How many people: Men: Women:

Young people (0 – 18 years:

3. Households (number of) Total number of HHs Female headed HH Minorities-how many HH HHs with no land for farming

4. Migration (number of HH) How many HHs live in your How many HHs have How many HHs have How many HHs have village for more than 10 come from outside to come from outside to come from outside to years? your village between 10 your village between 2 your village the last 2 years ago and the years ago (2003) and years (since 2002) elections of 1998 the elections of 1998

How many HHs have left in the last five years?

5. Infrastructure - In the Or nearest – how Conditions / Remarks What kind commune/village many minutes to (how many) get there or how many KM? Road Next district town Market Health Center Primary School Secondary Schoos Wat / Mosque /Church Holy places Other (specifiy)

6. Main occupations, economic activities How many households or percentage?

Temporary labour migration of some members of HH

7. Community based organisations (CBOs) What kind What activities How many HHs involved?

8. NGOs and other Development Agencies active in this community What kind What activities Since How many HHs when? involved?

9. Land Use: Areas in your commune / village? Total area of the ha commune / village Total area of rice land ha

Area of chamcar ha

Area of house plots ha (including gardens) Area of forest ha

Other ha

10.Resin Tree Tapping How many families How many resin trees tap resin trees in does one family have on this community? average? (maybe needs (number and/or to be differenciated) percentage) What quantity of How much cash resin they harvest income they can from 100 trees in get from selling one year on the resin of 100 average? trees in one year? How many families How many What have these have lost resin resin trees families done to trees in the last 10 has one recompense the lost years? family lost on income from lost average? resin trees? Other remarks concerning resin tree tapping

11.Use of other natural resources What natural resources? Who uses or collects it? Where? at which When (which season)? Which user/ownership rights distance ?

11. What has become Why? 12. What has become Why? better the last 5 years? worse the last 5 years?

13.What kind of problems do you have in your commune/village for the moment?

14.What does your commune / village want to do in order to solve these problems?

15.Has your commune already worked out a commune development plan? If yes, what are the most important objectives and activities you have planned?

16.What other support does your commune / village need in order to improve living conditions and to solve problems?

17.What information do they have concerning forest laws, sub-decrees etc. ?

18.Community Forestry or CBNRM? If yes, what kind of, history, experiences, organisation, agreements, conflicts, negotiations?

19.Other experiences with conflict resolution

20.Experiences with Forest Concession:

A: History? Relationship? Problems?

B: What kind of negotiations, agreements so far?

C: What recommendations for future negotiations?

D: Fears

E: Expectations

Other Remarks:

Other GUIDING QUESTIONS

No. of Ask the community members, what questions they want to ask you, which Questio information they would like to get from you: (write down here their questions and n what you have answered. - this question is very important, because you can see, what are their important concerns.)

Your Observations: (Please write them down here) for example: What are most houses and their roofs made of? (thatches, mats, planks, tin roofs etc.?) In what conditions are the houses and the surrounding gardens/yards? (in bad shape, well-maintained etc.?) What impression do you get of the village? Are the people very poor, medium, or better- off? Are there many trees and plants in the gardens of the houses or not? How do the people get their (drinking) water? Other Observations……

Social Impact Assessment: (done by the interviewers after the interviews) What will be the impacts of the forest concession for the local community members? on the use of forest resources ? Negative impacts Positive impacts

on economic activities and income generation for livelihood ? Negative impacts Positive impacts

on social infrastructure, social life and security ? Negative impacts Positive impacts

on other aspects of the community and the villagers life ? (whatever you have discovered) Negative impacts Positive impacts

Manual for Community Consultations in Forest Management Planning in Cambodia, June 2005 58 ANNEX

CONSTITUTION 1993

Art. 58: State property notably comprises land, mineral resources, mountains, sea, underwater, continental shelf, coastline, airspace, islands, rivers, canals, streams, lakes, forests, natural resources, economic and cultural centers, bases for national defense and other facilities determined as State property.

FORESTRY LAW 2002

Art. 10: The Permanent Forest Estate consist of: 1. Permanent Forest Reserves; and 2. Private Forests.

The Permanent forest Reserves consist of three categories: 1. Production Forest shall be maintained in a manner to allow for the sustainable production of Forest Products and By-products, and their protection function considered as a secondary priority. Production Forests consist of the following:

- Forest Concession; - Production Forests not under concession; - Forest rehabilitated; - Reserve Forestland for reforestation or tree plantation; - Reserved Forestland for Forest regeneration; - degraded Forestland; and - Community Forests under agreement.

2. Protection Forests shall be maintained primarily for protection of the forest ecosystems and natural resources therein. Protection Forests consist of the following :

- Reserve Forests for special ecosystem; - Research forest; - Forests for regulating water sources; - Forests for watershed protection; - Recreation forests; - Botanical garden; and - Religious forests.

Local communities have customary user rights to collect Forest Products & By-products within the Protection Forest with minor impact of the forests.

3. Conversion Forestland for other development purpose is idle land, comprised mainly of secondary vegetation, not yet designated for use by any sector that shall be classified as Permanent Forest reserves until the Royal Government decide to use and develop the land for another purpose. Private Forest shall be maintained by the owners with the interesting rights to manage, develop, and harvest, use, sell and distribute the products by themselves.

Art. 15: Concessionaires shall have the right to manage and conduct Forest Products and By-products harvesting operation within their concession, while ensuring that the operation does not interfere with the following: 1- Customary user rights taking place on land property of indigenous community that is registered with the state consistent with the Land law; and 2- Customary access and user rights practiced by communities residing within or adjacent to forest concessions.

Art. 29: Unless authorized by Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) for reason such as unsuitable weather condition, trees within authorized forest feeder roads or other conditions proposed by the Forestry Administration, it should be prohibited to harvest the following forest products and by-products within the Permanent Forest Reserve : 1. Tree species whose diameter is smaller than the minimum diameter allowed to arvest; 2. Rare tree species; 3. Tree species that local communities have tapped to extract resin following tradition; 4. Trees that yield high-value resin.

Art. 39: No individual or legal entity has the right to directly or indirectly issue a permit to fell trees, clear forestland, conduct any activities involving the harvest of forest products and By-products, or occupy land within the Permanent Forest Reserves contrary the provision of this Law.

Art. 40: For local communities living within or near the Permanent Forest Reserve, the state shall recognize and ensure their traditional user rights for the purpose of traditional customs, beliefs, religions and living as defined in this article.

The traditional user rights of local community for forest products and By-products shall not require the permit. The traditional user rights under this article consist of :. 1- The collection of dead wood, picking wild fruit, collection bees’ honeys, taking resin, and collecting other forest by-products 2- Using timber to build houses, stables for animals, fence and to make agricultural instruments; 3- Grass cutting or unleashing livestock to graze within the forests; 4- Using other forest products and by-products consistent with traditional family use; 5- The right to barter or sell forest by-products shall not require the permit, if those activities do not cause significant threat to the sustainability of the forest. The customers or any third party who has collected forest by- products from local communities with the purposes of the trade, in a manner consistent with the provision of this Law, shall have the permit for forest y-products transportation after royalty and premium payments. A local community can not transfer any of these traditional user rights to a third party, even with mutual agreement or under contract. These traditional user rights shall be: 1- Consistent with the natural balance and sustainability of forest resources and respect the rights of other people; 2- Consistent with permissions and prohibitions under the provision of this Law. Art. 108: Any provision contrary to this law shall be null.

PRAKAS 1993

ON “Determination the types of tree prohibited harvesting”

Art. 1: The PRAKAS prohibits to log: a. Rare tree species b. Trees that the local communities have tapped for resin c. Prohibit to log, tap, grid bark from a tree that produces high value resin, tree that support good insects and tree that yield colorful chemical.

Art. 4: Trees that local communities are allowed to tap resin are listed as follows: 1- Dipterocarpus dyeri, 2- Dipterocarpus costatus, 3- Dipterocarpus alatus, 4- Dipterocarpus jourdainji, 5- Vatica cinereu king, 6- Dipterocarpus tuberculatus, 7- Dipterocarpus odtusifolius, 8- Dipterocarpus intricatus, 9- Shorea roxburghii G.Don, 10-Obtusa wallich ex Blume, 11-Shorea vulgaris.

Art. 5: Tapping of Dipterocarpus dyeri or “Teal Tree” may be tapped only when the tree reaches 0.47 m in diameter and 1 m in height. Trees exceeding 1.20m in diameter are no longer useful for harvesting and may be cut. Therefore, the trees that are being used by local communities can be logged under the following conditions: 1- Tree species that the minimum diameter allowed to cut, but the diameter has not reached 1.20m and negotiation must be made with local communities who are tapping the trees. 2- Trees that have diameter at least 1.20m may be harvested without negotiation with the local communities.

This only applies to trees in forests.

KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA Nation Region King



MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE FORESTRY, FISHERIES Department of Forestry and Wildlife  Phnom Penh, 26 April 2001

N0 : 740 RBro. KKB

Director of Department of Forestry and Wildlife Attention to Director of Cambodia Timber Industry Association ( CTIA) Director of all forest concession companies

Object: Request a suspension of the cutting of resin trees

Reference: Directive order by Samdech Hun Sen, Dated, 18 April 2001 on letter number 33 Tor/2001 Dated, 11 March 2001 by H.E. Chan Sarun, on the complaints of local people about the cutting of resin trees by forest concession companies.

According to the object and reference above, I would like to inform you that the complaints of local people concerning the cutting of resin trees by forest concession companies were examined by the Department of Forestry and Wildlife which sent a technical official in charge of community issues to conduct research about the real activities and the needs of villagers in relation to the collection of resin.

At the present, your companies have been preparing new forest concession plans in which a Social and Environmental Impact Assessment should be incorporated. I would like to request that you conduct a study of the rural economic situation and examine the possibility of developing other occupations beside resin collection in order to improve the sustainable livelihood of rural communities.

Please suspend temporarily the cutting of all trees from which people collect resin in the 2001 coupes of each forest concession or in the forest reserved for exploitation, even if you have negotiated and signed an agreement on suitable compensation for cutting resin trees.

Permission to resume the cutting of resin trees can be discussed after you have finished and presented the results of the above study.

Consequently, please take action as deemed necessary. Please accept the assurance of our high regards.

Copy to:

-Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries -All provincial Department of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries

To inform: - All provincial offices of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries - For Formality

Ty Sokhun

Results from first Training Workshop on Community Consultations in Forest Concession Management Planning

Revised Schedule of (Field-) Training in Phnom Penh and COLEXIM Concession / Kampong Thom Province (25.April - 01.May 2005)

Monday, 25.04.05 Tuesday, 26.04.05 Wednesday, 27.04.05 Thursday, 28.04.05  Introduction Presentation and Explanation of Discussion about Logistics and Journey from Phnom Penh to  Objective of WS different levels of forest Change of Concession for field concession management planning stay Kampong Thom Province,  Schedule of WS and the according procedure of COLEXIM Concession Impact Assessment  Logistics of WS community consultations  Presentation of participants Explanation of the different steps  Expectations + Fears and methods in community consultations  "Why to consult communities or why not?" (Buzz groups)  Example from Cameroun (presentation) Introduction to participatory Situation Analysis Preparation of field training approaches and sensitisation for the (finished earlier on request of Introduction to Legal and Policy Presentation, Explanation and dialogue with communities participants) Background Discussion of Questionnaire for Working Groups: Situation Analysis Planning and splitting in teams 1. What problems do you expect Method of Semi-structured during consultations and how to Interview Preparation of Presentation of solve them? Community Consultation (much discussion) Procedure to Villagers (each team) 2. How to behave with villagers: Do's and Don’t's 3. What do you understand by 'participation'? How can you ensure participation? Presentation and Discussion Types of and Indicators for Participation Learning Dialogue of mutual respect

Manual for Community Consultations in Forest Management Planning in Cambodia, June 2005 64 between local people and outsiders JICA/FA Training Center, Phnom Penh Colexim Concession

Friday, 29.04.05 Saturday, 30.04.05 Sunday, 01.05.05 Monday, Tuesday, 03.05.05 Wesdnesday, 04 .05.05 02.05.05 Introduction to Participatory mapping Impact Assessment by each team Negotiation Elaboration of 5 years communities about and zonation in all 4 after Situation Analysis s and planning framework for Journey back Consultation Procedure villages: Agreement compartment in Plenary Assemblies s at about village in 4 Villages strategic boundaries, use of and Situation Assessment natural forest compartme and Community resources by nt level Discussion on the base communities and of the questionnaire possible future Journey back from COLEXIM community use zones Concession to Phnom Penh in the forest

Review of each team's Presentation and Demarcation of community forest (continued) Evaluation of field experiences discussion of each use zone by forest walk (if training and results team's findings possible), marking of boundaries Introduction to Stakeholder Analysis Working Groups and Participatory Group 1: Which criteria The planned exercises during the Mapping and procedure we can suggest to the last 2,5 days (yellow cells) of the concession villagers/communities field training could not be aires of Moreover, the how they can form a conducted because neither the COLEXIM workshop participants representative committee nor the wanted to finish the for negotiations? communiti workshop earlier. es were Group 2: What benefits prepared and other kind of (especially cooperation can be for negotiated between representat communities and the forest concession ? ive

Group 3: How conflicts decision- can be solved during and making after negotiations: by structures) which institutions, by for real which procedure? negotiation s, decisions and agreement s. 4 Communities (Villages) inside COLEXIM Concession, Kampong Thom Province

Results from Working Groups during Training-Workshop:

Why to consult communities in Forest Management Planning?

Build up communication between government and communities (and stakeholder) Stimulate local people's participation To create or increase benefits of local people in Concession Management They know well about the forest (they go inside the forest) To get ideas and concepts from the local people. To avoid conflicts with local people To integrate traditional knowledge into the planning They have long-term experience with the forest To understand the way of life of the local people and their daily needs The local rely on the forest for livelihood (income generation) To reduce conflicts between communities and stakeholders To implement the Forest Law and the Forest Concession Sub-Decree To alleviate poverty To provide the right to local communities to participate in decision-making process To better understand the user rights on timber and non-timber products To implement the decentralisation policy To reduce the conflicts between local communities and concessionaires with regard to forest resources and to user rights of forest resources To improve the cooperation with regard to social economy, public services and social security

Why not?

We should not have consultations in communities which are not directly concerned by a concession, with those who are not targeted. ( Not with those who have always have tendency to be against concessionaires and who might not join the "table" (these comments came all from the COLEXIM representative)

Working Group No.1

During community consultations

What problems do you expect? How can you solve it?

Lack of full participation Supporting through consultation process People are not interested in consultation Regular information process People have not yet clear understanding of Giving clear explanation objective of consultation process Wrong season, when farmers have farm Start consultation when people are free work Some people talk too much in a meeting Making signs that speaking time has finished for a certain speaker

Working Group No.2

How to behave with villagers

Do's Don't's  Be introductive  Don't bring any weapons  Identify objective  Don't wear uniform  Speak simple words  (no visible arms or guards as a  Don't be shy compromise)  Be friendly  Don't talk about illegal logging in order not  By patient to put villagers in difficulties  Be open  (you can talk about if villagers themselves  Sharing concerns – understand their start to talk about) difficulties  Don't talk politics  Incentives  Don't have separate meetings (e.g. with  Explain long-term benefit young ladies, daughters etc.) which can  Try to adapt to the local culture be embarrassing: welcome all together  Try to compromise  Don't be a stranger (Don't show your wealth)  Don't make promises you cannot keep

Working Group No.3

What do you understand by participation?

Process of working together to achieve common goals Actively involve different stakeholders in decision making process Participation is sharing experiences Building trust To get benefits To get information

Give some examples of participation

Villagers participate in the meeting to decide on forest management objective Participation of Community Forestry members in protecting forest Consultative participation of the local Community Forestry to develop their internal regulations Villagers participate in tree planting in their village

How can you ensure participation?

Participate in decision making Sharing information Trust, transparency, benefits, good communication Include all target groups, esp. the very poor and women (gender!)

Situation Analysis

Discussion of Difficulties and Questions after first Interviews

 Women did not talk for themselves  Not enough representing villagers for participation and information  Participation and Representation

 Early and late chamcar goers, not all present  time-schedule

 How to answer to sensitive questions from villagers (e.g. powerful people)  Do we get even more information without the presence of concession staff and police?  Villagers make requests to the concession where they normally should make those requests to others, e.g. the FA or other government institutions  Many requests are for social infrastructure

Impressions  People are so poor  Illegal confiscation of timber meant for the communities  Corruption  One meeting should not last more than 2 hours

What information and data can we collect about land use and use of natural (forest) resources:  Agriculture: rice fields, chamcar  Use of the forest, of timber and non-timber products (NTFP)  Resin trees – tapped resin trees, reserved un-tapped resin trees for future use, lost and cut resin-trees by concession or illegal logging  Other products, like rattan, mushrooms, wild fruits etc.  Other activities like fishing, hunting, mining, illegal logging (also by outsiders)  Village boundaries  Conflicts and problems  What they request as Community Forest Zone and why

Working Groups on Negotiations between Concessionaires / other commercial forest users and communities

Group 1: Which criteria and procedure we can suggest to the villagers/communities how they can form a representative committee for negotiations

Group 2: What benefits and other kind of cooperation can be negotiated between communities and the forest concession

Group 3: How conflicts can be solved during and after negotiations: by which institutions, by which procedure?

Results of Group 1: Which criteria and procedure we can suggest to the villagers/communities how they can form a representative committee for negotiations

1. Criteria for representatives at village level

Find out the existing organisational structures in the village/community

Chief of the Village Development Committee or the chiefs of other organisations in the village Elder villagers and pagoda committee Representative of women Representative of village forest management committee Local authorities (commune councils members?) Representative of villagers who depend on forest resources

2. Criteria for selection of committee consultation at commune level

Find out the existing organisational structures at commune level Commune Chief Chief of Village Committee Chief of Women Association Chief of commune forest management committee

3. The Procedure Procedure for selection of village consultation committee: I. 1. Identify candidates 2. Prepare procedure for vote 3. Process of selection through election 4. Five candidates selected 5. Committee is officially recognized by commune chief through declaration

II. Consultation Committee at commune level  Commune Council Chief as chief of committee  Women association representative --- as deputy chief  Representative of Commune Planning and Budgeting Committee  Commune police representative ----- as member  Chief of Village Consultation Committee ---- as member

Group 2: What benefits and other kind of cooperation can be negotiated between communities and the forest concession

Benefits

Community Concessionaire Cooperation

Creation of Jobs Good operation of the Participation company  Road construction  Participating in wedding,  Harvesting celebrations, construction  Driving  Infrastructure  Negotiations about the  Tree counting and labelling process, issues and  Structure  Tree harvesting problems  Production  Sanitation  Services for those, who  Marketing have problems  Selling  Income = development  Good behaviour of the  Selling food to the company (friendly, trustful, company participatory)  Transportation  Healing Infrastructure and local Sustainable Forest Community development development Management (school, health center)  School  Long-term benefit  Health Center  Good management  Telecommunication  Protecting the forest  Road  Following ….. guidelines  Wells  Good environment  Sanitation structures Training and Knowledge Quick problem solving  Driving (morality, violence)  Forestry techniques  Harvesting  Tree planting Security  Social order and security Services  Transportation  Information  Health services

 businesses Group 3: How conflicts can be solved during and after negotiations: by which institutions, by which procedure?

Kind of conflicts The reason Conflict resolution

Cutting of Resin trees The law does not allow to Resin tree owners, logging cut tapped resin trees company, FA, local authorities and the court Land use Illegal deforestation of Community, local authorities, fields and chamcar company, MAFF, Land law and about conversion of land; Cataster office ? Use of forest and forest Illegal use of forest Need to create community products resources forestry use zone through FA, authorities, commune and stakeholders (e.g. NGOs) Employment The company does not The company must give priority employ the community to local communities. members Company, FA, Community Committee Promises made to the The company does not FA does the follow-up of the local community for keep its promises (e.g. to implementation of agreed community development provide agreed mitigation/development infrastructure) measures, fixed by the concessionaire in the Management Plan

Manual for Community Consultations in Forest Management Planning in Cambodia, June 2005