Supporting Material (SM1)

1 Supporting Material (SM1)

3 Supporting material for HYDR-D-16-00768 manuscript entitled "Response of aquatic insect 4 assemblages to the activities of traditional populations in eastern Amazonia".

5 Ana Paula Justino de Faria, Raphael Ligeiro, Marcos Callisto, Leandro Juen

6 A. P. J. Faria (correspondence)

7 Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB/UFPA),

8 Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correia, Nº 1 Bairro Guamá, CEP: 66.075-110,

9 Belém, Pará, Brazil.

10 E-mail: [email protected].

12 R. Ligeiro

13 Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade

14 Federal do Pará - UFPA. Rua Augusto Correia, Nº 1 Bairro Guamá, CEP: 66.075-110, Belém,

15 Pará, Brazil.

17 M. Callisto

18 Laboratório de Ecologia de Bentos, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências

19 Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, CP 486, CEP

20 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

22 L. Juen

23 Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade

24 Federal do Pará - UFPA. Rua Augusto Correia, Nº 1 Bairro Guamá, CEP: 66.075-110, Belém,

25 Pará, Brazil. 26 Table S1. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the metrics in each block. We use the 27 broken stick as criterion for selecting the axis. Selected environmental variables in each block 28 are those loading above 0.8.

Blocks of variables Code PCA axis Morphological features of the channel PCA 1 PCA 2 Thalweg mean depth (cm) XDEPTH 0.688 0.016 Wetted width (m) (Mean) XWIDTH 0.620 -0.391 Bar Width BARWID 0.006 -0.798 Bank full width (m) (Mean) XBKF_W 0.199 0.000 Bank full width (m) (SD) SDBKF_W -0.364 -0.704 Bank full height (m) (Mean) XBKF_H 0.270 -0.102 Bank full height (m) (SD) SDBKF_H -0.629 0.238 Channel Sinuosity SINU -0.693 -0.227 Eigenvalue 1.979 1.405 Broken-stick 2.718 1.718 % of Variance 24.741 17.557 Type of substrate PCA 1 PCA 2 Substrate mean embeddedness -- mid channel (%) (SD) VCEMBED -0.533 -0.428 Sand (0.6-2mm) (%) PCT_SA -0.479 0.491 Organic matter (wood or detritus) (%) PCT_ORG 0.573 -0.644 Wood (%) PCT_WD 0.577 -0.164 Roots (%) PCT_RT -0.253 -0.764 Fine gravel (2-16mm) (%) PCT_SF -0.651 -0.575 Leaf Litter (%) PCT_BF 0.886 0.102 Macrophyte (%) PCT_MA 0.374 -0.095 Presence of thalweg small sediments (% of reach length) PCTRSED 0.442 -0.345 Eigenvalue 2.784 1.918 Broken-stick 2.629 1.829 % of Variance 30.929 21.312 Diversity of refuges available for the biota PCA 1 PCA 2 Filamentous algae areal cover (Mean) XFC_ALG -0.032 0.110 Aquatic macrophyte areal cover (Mean) XFC_AQM 0.519 -0.320 Brush and small woody debris areal cover (Mean) XFC_BRS 0.420 -0.602 Living tree (Mean) XFC_ROT 0.764 -0.210 Leaf litter (Mean) XFC_LEB 0.698 -0.155 Overhanging vegetation areal cover (Mean) XFC_OHV 0.660 -0.129 Undercut bank areal cover (Mean) XFC_UCB -0.681 -0.706 Proportional areal cover of brush and small woody debris PFC_BRS 0.373 -0.496 Proportion undercut bank areal cover PFC_UCB -0.681 -0.706 Eigenvalue 3.019 1.803 Broken-stick 2.829 1.829 % of Variance 33.546 20.039 Lard Woody Debris (LWD) PCA 1 PCA 2 LWD in active channel (150m) -- size classes 1 C1W -0.66 0.72 LWD above active channel (150m) - size class 1 C1D -0.73 -0.13 LWD in active channel (m2) -- size classes 2 C2W_MSQ -0.88 0.06 LWD volume in active channel (m3/m2) -- size classes 1 V1W_MSQ -0.74 -0.55 Eigenvalue 2.497 0.841 Broken-stick 2.083 1.083 % of Variance 62.426 21.017 Riparian vegetation PCA 1 PCA 2 Canopy density mid-stream (Mean) XCDENMID 0.20 -0.68 Canopy density mid-stream (SD) VCDENMID -0.10 0.78 Riparian canopy (> 5 m high) cover - trees > 0.3m DBH (Mean) XCL -0.56 0.08 Riparian canopy (> 5 m high) cover - trees # 0.3m DBH (Mean) XCS -0.56 0.01 Riparian canopy (> 5 m high) cover - trees # 0.3m DBH (SD) SDCS 0.25 -0.02 Riparian mid-layer woody vegetation cover (Mean) XMW -0.60 -0.09 Riparian mid-layer (0.5 to 5 m high) woody cover (SD) SDMW -0.09 0.33 Riparian mid-layer (0.5 to 5 m high) herbaceous cover (Mean) XMH -0.64 0.25 Riparian mid-layer (0.5 to 5 m high) herbaceous cover (SD) SDMH -0.50 0.56 Riparian ground-layer (< 0.5 m high) herbaceous cover (Mean) XGW -0.47 -0.72 Riparian ground-layer (< 0.5 m high) herbaceous cover (SD) SDGW -0.33 -0.48 Riparian ground layer herbaceous vegetation cover (SD) SDGH -0.24 0.00 Ground layer barren or duff cover (Mean) XGB 0.36 0.19 Ground layer barren or duff cover (SD) SDGB -0.01 0.13 Tree Canopy Cover (SD) SDC 0.19 -0.32 Riparian cover (> 5 m in height) and small trees (0.5 to 5.0 m in height) (Mean) XCMG -0.93 -0.18 Riparian cover (> 5 m in height) and small trees (0.5 to 5.0 m in height) (SD) SDCMG -0.28 -0.06 Eigenvalue 3.44 2.512 Broken-stick 3.276 2.44 % of Variance 19.271 14.774 Water flow type PCA 1 PCA 2 Residual Depth (m2/100 m = cm) (Mean) RP100 0.32 0.53 Rapids (%) PCT_RA 0.46 -0.77 Glide (%) PCT_GL -0.83 0.09 Trench Pool (%) PCT_PT 0.70 0.36 Eigenvalue 2.083 1.003 Broken-stick 1.499 1.083 % of Variance 37.471 25.063 Influence of human activities PCA 1 PCA 2 Riparian human disturbance -- Buildings (proximity- W1H_BLDG weighted index) -0.16 0.88 Riparian human disturbance -- Row Crop Agriculture W1H_CROP (proximity-weighted index) -0.72 -0.36 Riparian human disturbance index -- Agricultural types W1_HAG (proximity-weighted sum) -0.87 -0.01 Riparian human disturbance index -- Non-agricultural HNOAG types (proximity-weighted sum) -0.74 0.48 Riparian human disturbance index – All types (proximity- weighted sum) HALL -0.74 -0.29 Eigenvalue 2.413 1.205 Broken-stick 2.283 1.283 % of Variance 48.267 24.091 29 Table S2. Models selected by a procedure of best subsets of the Akaike Information Criterion 30 (AICc).

EPT genus Composition (PCoA 1) Model Variables AICC Δ AICC AdjR2

1 Number of woody within channel + Leaf 1.515 0 0.372 litter (%) 2 Number of woody within channel + Mean 2.963 1.448 0.375 riparian cover + Leaf litter (%) 3 Leaf litter (%) 3.694 2.179 0.300 Number of woody within channel + 4 Proximity index of agricultural disturbance 4.271 2.756 0.351 + Leaf litter (%) 5 Proximity index of agricultural disturbance 5.814 4.299 0.287 + Leaf litter (%)

Number of woody within channel + 6 5.816 4.301 0.356 Proximity index of agricultural disturbance + Mean riparian cover + Leaf litter (%) Number of woody within channel + Slow 7 flow in the channel (glide) (%) + Mean 5.874 4.359 0.355 riparian cover + Leaf litter (%) 8 Number of woody within channel 9.743 8.228 0.163 EPT genus richness AICC Δ AICC AdjR2

1 Leaf litter (%) + Mean riparian cover + EPT 139.771 0 0.688 genus abundance Leaf litter (%) + Proximity index of 2 agricultural disturbance + Mean riparian 141.32 1.549 0.691 cover + EPT genus abundance Leaf litter (%) + Slow flow in the channel 3 (glide) (%) + Mean riparian cover + EPT 142.09 2.319 0.684 genus abundance Leaf litter (%) + Proximity index of 4 agricultural disturbance + EPT genus 145.317 5.546 0.633 abundance 5 Leaf litter (%) + EPT genus abundance 145.818 6.047 0.609 6 Leaf litter (%) + Number of woody within 147.749 7.978 0.587 channel 7 Leaf litter (%) 150.227 10.456 0.535 8 EPT genus abundance 159.033 19.262 0.398 31

34 Fig S1 Normalised residuals of the linear regression model of the composition (represented 35 by the PCoA 1 axis) and genus richness of EPT plotted with the spatial coordinates (longitude 36 and latitude).