Short Biography

NIH Director, Elias A. Zerhouni, M.D., leads the nation’s medical research agency and oversees the NIH’s 27 Institutes and Centers with more than 18,000 employees and a fiscal year 2007 budget of $29.2 billion.

Prior to joining the NIH, Dr. Zerhouni served as executive vice-dean of Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, chair of the Russell H. Morgan department of radiology and radiological science, and Martin Donner professor of radiology, and professor of biomedical engineering. Before that, he was vice dean for research at Johns Hopkins.

Dr. Zerhouni was born in Nedroma, Algeria and came to the United States at age 24, having earned his medical degree at the University of Algiers School of Medicine in 1975. After completing his residency in diagnostic radiology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine as chief resident (1978), he remained at Hopkins, serving as instructor (1978–1979) and then as assistant professor (1979–1981). Between 1981 and 1985 he was in the department of radiology at Eastern Virginia Medical School and its affiliated DePaul Hospital. He returned to Johns Hopkins as an associate professor in 1985. In 1988, Dr. Zerhouni was appointed director of the MRI division. He was promoted to full professor of radiology in 1992 and of biomedical engineering in 1995. In 1996, he was named chairman of the radiology department.

Since 2000, he has been a member of the Institute of Medicine. He served on the National Cancer Institute’s Board of Scientific Advisors from 1998–2002. He was a consultant to both the World Health Organization (1988), and to the White House under President Ronald Reagan (1985).

A resident of Baltimore, he has won several awards for his research including a Gold Medal from the American Roentgen Ray Society for CT research and two Paul Lauterbur Awards for MRI research. His research in imaging led to advances in Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT scanning) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). He is the author of 212 publications in peer- reviewed journals and holds 8 patents. Biographical Sketch of Dr. Elias A. Zerhouni

The NIH investigates the causes, treatments, and preventive strategies for both common and rare diseases, helping to lead the way toward important medical discoveries that improve people’s health and save lives. More than 83% of the NIH’s funding is awarded through almost 50,000 competitive grants and awards to more than 325,000 scientists and research support staff at more than 3,000 universities, medical schools, and other research institutions in every state and around the world. About 10% of the NIH’s budget supports projects conducted by nearly 6,000 scientists in its own laboratories, most of which are on the NIH campus in Bethesda, Maryland.

Dr. Zerhouni, a world renowned leader in the field of radiology and medicine, has spent his career providing clinical, scientific, and administrative leadership. He is credited with developing imaging methods used for diagnosing cancer and cardiovascular disease. As one of the world’s premier experts in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), he has extended the role of MRI from taking snapshots of gross anatomy to visualizing how the body works at the molecular level. He pioneered magnetic tagging, a non-invasive method of using MRI to track the motions of a heart in three dimensions. He is also renowned for refining an imaging technique called computed tomographic (CT) densitometry that helps discriminate between non-cancerous and cancerous nodules in the lung.

Since being named by President George W. Bush to serve as the 15th Director of the National Institutes of Health in May 2002, Dr. Zerhouni has overseen a number of milestones:

Reauthorization demonstrated renewed confidence in NIH

Congress passed and President Bush signed into law the National Institutes of Health Reform Act of 2006. The agency's third reauthorization in history and first since 1993, it signaled renewed confidence in the NIH mission, its employees and its leadership. The new law provides the NIH director expanded authority to manage the agency, encourages NIH Institutes and Centers (ICs) to collaborate on trans-NIH research and reforms the agency's reporting system. Reauthorization will strengthen the links within NIH and between the intramural and extramural research communities. Ultimately, it will help NIH more effectively balance what has traditionally worked in science — freedom of exploration, autonomy, decentralization — with providing opportunities for people to collaborate and cooperate more freely.

Development of a new office to improve trans-NIH initiatives

In 2005, NIH launched the Office of Portfolio Analysis and Strategic Initiatives (OPASI) in the Office of the NIH Director to transform the way NIH finds and funds cutting-edge research, improve our ability to identify public health challenges, and increase trans-NIH dialogue, decision- making and priority-setting. OPASI will build upon the model of the NIH Roadmap for Medical Research and will coordinate with NIH ICs and external stakeholders to identify research priorities that will ultimately improve NIH’s ability to be nimble, dynamic, and responsive to emerging scientific opportunities and public health needs.

Although OPASI will not have grant-making authority, it will provide an “incubator space” to jump- start trans-NIH initiatives and support ICs that will take the lead on priority projects on a time- limited basis (5 to 10 years). These OPASI initiatives will be supported by the “Common Fund for Shared Needs,” a central funding source built upon the Roadmap budget model. Building from current Roadmap funds, which amount to about 1.6 percent of NIH’s total budget in fiscal year 2007, the Fund will increase to up to 5 percent of the total NIH budget depending on NIH budget growth, scientific opportunities and public health needs.

Initiated the NIH Roadmap for Medical Research

Launched in September 2003, the NIH Roadmap for Medical Research, a new research vision to accelerate medical discovery to improve health, focuses the attention of the biomedical research community on new pathways of discovery, research teams for the future and the re-engineering of the clinical research enterprise. It aims to accelerate the pace of discovery and speed the application of new knowledge to the development of new prevention strategies, new diagnostics and new treatments, and, ultimately, to the transfer these innovations to health care providers, and the public.

Established an NIH-wide research initiative to address the obesity epidemic

The Strategic Plan for NIH Obesity Research is a multi-dimensional research agenda that addresses one of the nation’s most dramatic health challenges. In the U.S. population, recent figures show that 65 percent of adults—or 130 million people are overweight or obese. The strategic plan enhances both the development of new research in areas of greatest scientific opportunity and the coordination of obesity research across the NIH. The plan calls for interdisciplinary research teams to bridge the study of behavioral and environmental causes of obesity with the study of genetic and biologic causes.

Supported the NIH Neuroscience Blueprint

Mental illness, neurological disorders and a range of behavioral disorders are major causes of human suffering and contribute greatly to the burden of disease. These illnesses exact a cost of $500 billion each year. NIH Directors from 17 Institutes and Centers have developed a model of strategic leadership to address several of the most common causes of death and disability, as well as rare disorders that affect the brain, spinal cord, or nerve cells throughout the body. The blueprint leverages the abilities of the Institutes and Centers to create new resources, tackle common scientific problems, and train the next generation of neuroscientists through collaboration and leadership.

Supported the reduction of health disparities and barriers to opportunity for minority individuals

“Broadening the collaborative relationships developed through partnerships between NIH and institutions and researchers from all populations,” is the focus of Dr. Zerhouni’s commitment to eliminating health disparities and disparities in the burden of disease. In 2007, NIH announced the awarding of $66.7 million to support the advancement of health disparities research. This was the most recent in a series of commitments of funds to this research. NIH has made 58 awards under the Centers of Excellence program. NIH as a whole expects to spend $2.8 billion on research funding for health disparities.

Ensured public access to NIH-funded research results

February 3, 2005, Dr. Zerhouni announced an historic public access policy. For the first time, the public will have access to peer-reviewed research publications that resulted from studies funded by NIH. Dr. Zerhouni has urged maximum participation by investigators, encouraging scientists to submit their publications as soon as possible and within twelve months of publication to the archive.

Committed to earn the public’s trust

Dr. Zerhouni continues to seek advice from the public through the Council of Public Representatives (COPR), a recent public trust workshop, and, more locally, through community liaison efforts. He is committed as well to producing the most scientifically-accurate, useful and accessible health information through public health campaigns, fact sheets, over the Web and through a full complement of outreach efforts with special attention to cultural competence designed to keep the public informed.

Enhanced the leadership of NIH

Since becoming the NIH Director, Dr. Zerhouni named a new NIH Deputy Director (Raynard S. Kington, M.D., Ph.D.) and directors for nine institutes and three centers: Center for Scientific Review (Antonio Scarpa, M.D., Ph.D.), John E. Fogarty International Center (Roger I. Glass, M.D., Ph.D.), National Cancer Institute (John E. Niederhuber, M.D.), National Center for Research Resources (Barbara Alving, M.D.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (Elizabeth G. Nabel, M.D.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (Griffin P. Rodgers, M.D.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and the National Toxicology Program (David A. Schwartz, M.D.), National Institute of General Medical Sciences (Jeremy M. Berg, Ph.D.), National Institute of Mental Health (Thomas R. Insel, M.D.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (Story C. Landis, Ph.D.), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (Ting-Kai Li, M.D.), and National Institute on Drug Abuse (Nora D. Volkow, M.D.).

Theme: New Pathways to Discovery

Building Blocks, Pathways, and Networks Implementation Group

 National Technology Centers for Networks and Pathways. This network of research Centers will create new tools to describe the dynamics of protein interactions. The Centers will develop instruments, methods, and reagents for quantitative measurements at sub-cellular resolution and very short timescales.  Metabolomics Technology Development. This initiative will promote development of novel technologies to study cellular metabolites, such as lipids, carbohydrates, and amino acids. Knowledge gained from these studies will be used to understand more precisely the role of metabolites in the context of cellular pathways and networks.  Standards for Proteomics and Metabolomics/Assessment of Critical Reagents for Proteomics. Workshops will be convened to address these two important areas. The "Standards" workshops will engage the scientific community in the establishment of quality and data standards for proteomics and metabolomics. The "Reagents" workshops will seek advice from extramural and intramural scientists and program staff regarding critical reagents required to enhance future research in proteomics.

Molecular Libraries and Imaging Implementation Group

 Molecular Libraries Screening Center Network (MLSCN). These NIH-funded centers will provide: a public collection of chemically diverse small molecules; high-throughput screening to identify compounds active in target- and phenotype-based assays; medicinal chemistry to transform hits into chemical probes; implementation of novel technologies, and deposition of screening data into a freely accessible public database.  Cheminformatics. A new and comprehensive database of chemical structures and their biological activities is being developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information at NIH. The database, called PubChem, will house both compound information from the scientific literature as well as screening and probe data from the MLSCN. This initiative will also fund grants to develop and test new algorithms for computational chemistry and virtual screening.  Technology Development. Bottlenecks in the development of compounds as basic research tools and drugs will be targeted, including improvement of chemical diversity, assay flexibility, screening instrumentation/robotics, and prospective characterization of chemical compounds' metabolism and toxicology properties.  Development of High Specificity/High Sensitivity Probes to Improve Detection. This technology development program seeks to improve probe detection sensitivity 10- to 100- fold within 5 years.  Comprehensive Trans-NIH Imaging Probe Database. A specialized portion of the PubChem database will catalog imaging probe information, describing the specificities, activities, and applications of imaging probes for a wide range of diseases and biological functions.  Core Synthesis Facility to Produce Imaging Probes. This center will produce known imaging probes for the research community in cases where there is no viable commercial supplier, as well as generate novel imaging probes for biomedical research and clinical applications.

For more information on Molecular Libraries and Molecular Imaging, please visit the Molecular Libraries Program Web site at www.mli.nih.gov. Structural Biology Implementation Group

 Protein Production Facilities. This initiative will focus on the long-standing challenge of membrane-bound protein structure through the development of rapid, efficient and dependable methods to produce protein samples that scientists can use to determine the three-dimensional structure, or shape, of a protein.

Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Implementation Group

 National Centers for Biomedical Computing. This initiative will create a national software engineering system in which biologists, chemists, physicists, and computer scientists anywhere in the country will be able to tap into a supercomputing network to share and analyze data, using a common set of software tools.

Nanomedicine Implementation Group

 Planning for Nanomedicine Centers. To launch this initiative, NIH will support Nanomedicine Development Centers. A public meeting was held in May, 2004 to discuss the NIH vision for these Centers, receive comments from the scientific community, and announce the details of a new funding opportunity (RFA) for planning the Centers, which will focus on quantitative measurement of biological processes at the nanoscale and the engineering of new tools to intervene at the nanoscale or molecular level. This research will help scientists construct synthetic biological devices, such as miniature, implantable pumps for drug delivery or tiny sensors to scan for the presence of infectious agents or metabolic imbalances that could signify disease.

Theme: Research Teams of the Future

High-Risk Research Implementation Group

 NIH Director’s Pioneer Awards. These awards will provide support to a highly select group of individuals who have the potential to make extraordinary contributions to medical research. They will be evaluated in terms of their exceptional creative abilities, potential for ground-breaking discovery, evidence of focused and skilful habits of mind that predict perseverance and thorough exploration of his/her ideas, and prospects for making seminal biomedical research advances.

Interdisciplinary Research Implementation Group

 Interdisciplinary Research Centers. Planning grants have been awarded to begin interdisciplinary research programs that will address significant and complex health problems, particularly those that have been resistant to more traditional approaches. Planning activities will include approaches to overcoming traditional institutional barriers to interdisciplinary research. This is intended to lay the foundation and prepare investigators for submitting a subsequent application for support through an Interdisciplinary Research consortium. The Interdisciplinary Research Consortia, to be funded in Fiscal Year 2007, will include research, training, infrastructure, and coordination activities.  Interdisciplinary Research Training Initiative. This initiative includes four sub-initiatives that collectively seek to provide interdisciplinary training to investigators at all levels of their careers. With an emphasis on translational research, behavioral/social sciences, and quantitative sciences, the initiatives are intended to broaden the knowledge base of investigators so they might bring new insights and approaches to health problems. The individual training programs include institutional training grants, short training programs, and curriculum development awards.  Interdisciplinary Research in The Behavioral and Social Sciences. In fiscal year 2004, supplements to existing awards and support of scientific meetings and networks fostered the development of new methodologies for behavioral and social sciences research. In fiscal year 2005, supplements to ongoing projects are supporting interdisciplinary research, in humans, that integrates the biological sciences with the behavioral or social sciences. Taken together, these initiatives are designed to facilitate an interdisciplinary research approach that brings together the biological, behavioral and social sciences to tackle our most pressing health problems.

In 2007, an RFA was released entitled, Facilitating Interdisciplinary Research via Methodological and Technological Innovation in the Behavioral and Social Sciences. Merging scientific insights and technologies gleaned from behavioral and social sciences with approaches from other scientific disciplines offers the promise of further advancing the public health mission of the NIH. This NIH Roadmap initiative funds projects that develop new/innovative measures, methods, and technologies that support the interdisciplinary integration of human social and/or behavioral science with other disciplines across varying levels of analysis. o For more information, see http://nihroadmap.nih.gov/interdisciplinary/fundedresearch.asp  Removing Structural Barriers to Interdisciplinary Research. This effort will help NIH remove business practice barriers that impede interdisciplinary research. For example, NIH only recognizes one Principal Investigator, and this minimizes the contributions of co-investigators. In addition, NIH program officials run focused programs within their area of scientific expertise, and this may not serve interdisciplinary research grant applications and grants well when the research involves areas outside of a single program official's area of specialized expertise. Finally, review practices are being considered which will better serve research in interdisciplinary areas.  NIH Intramural Program as a Model for Interdisciplinary Research. As a corollary to the extramural interdisciplinary research centers, this project will utilize the NIH Intramural Research Program as a laboratory to demonstrate the feasibility, benefits, and successes to establishing interdisciplinary research teams. Specifically, the NIH Intramural Research Program will serve as an excellent model for (1) providing Ph.D.s with training and education in interdisciplinary translational research, and (2) building programs that bring interdisciplinary research teams together.  Interagency Conference on the Interface of Life Sciences and Physical Sciences (See NIH House Appropriations Report 108–188, p. 94). In response to FY 2004 House Appropriations report language for NIH and for the National Science Foundation, an interagency conference was convened “to discuss what needs to be done to encourage progress in the physical sciences that will provide support and underpinning in the future for advances in the life sciences.”

Public Private Partnerships Implementation Group

 Designation of a Public-Private Sector Liaison. Public-Private Partnerships enhance NIH research, training, and information activities. To expand such collaborations, the Public- Private Sector Liaison will serve as a resource to NIH staff on such partnerships, share best practices across the NIH by developing training and policies and procedures and chair an internal Public-Private Partnerships Coordinating Committee.  High-level Science-driven Partnership Meetings. The Public-Private Sector Liaison, working with the Public-Private Partnerships Coordinating Committee, will identify scientific initiatives that could be accelerated, improved upon, or facilitated by public- private partnerships and that warrant a high-level meeting. The NIH Director will meet with senior officials in potential partner organizations to explore partnership opportunities. Theme: Re-engineering the Clinical Research Enterprise

Clinical Research Implementation Group

 Clinical Research Networks/NECTAR. The efficiency and productivity of the Nation's clinical research enterprise will be enhanced by promoting clinical research networks capable of rapidly conducting high-quality clinical studies and trials where multiple research questions can be addressed. This initiative involves feasibility testing of establishing the National Electronic Clinical Trials and Research (NECTAR) Network. This network will be developed through a phased planning and development process. The network will allow community-based clinicians from the NIH National Clinical Research Associates to participate in important national studies, facilitate the sharing of data and resources, and augment clinical research performance and analysis.  Clinical Research Policy Analysis and Coordination. This effort is intended to enhance the leadership and coordination of approaches to harmonize, standardize, and streamline Federal policies and requirements pertaining to clinical research, while emphasizing the integrity and effectiveness of Federal and institutional systems of oversight. As part of its stewardship responsibilities, NIH is responsible for taking steps to foster the responsible conduct of high-quality clinical research.  Clinical Research Workforce Training. This effort will address the career development of clinical researchers at multiple points in the educational pipeline, both to attract individuals to clinical research and to enhance the expertise and careers of those already engaged in clinical research. One initiative, the Multidisciplinary Research Career Development Program, will support the early career development of clinical researchers from a variety of disciplines, including patient oriented research, translational research, small and large scale clinical investigation and trials, and epidemiologic and natural history studies. Another initiative, the National Clinical Research Associates (NCRAs), will create a cadre of qualified healthcare practitioner-researchers who are well trained to ensure responsible conduct of clinical research. The NCRAs will refer and follow their own patients in clinical research and disseminate research findings to the community, thus playing a critical role in advancing the discovery process.  Dynamic Assessment of Patient-Reported Chronic Disease Outcomes. There is a pressing need to better quantify clinically important symptoms and outcomes, including pain, fatigue, and quality of life. Through this effort, new technologies will be developed and tested to measure these self-reported health states and outcomes across a wide range of illnesses and disease severities.  Translational Research. Translational Research Core Services will facilitate the translation of basic discoveries to early phase clinical testing, by providing bench and clinical investigators with cost-effective core services, including the expertise needed to move projects through complex logistical and regulatory barriers, and the technical services to synthesize chemical and biological agents for early phase clinical studies. NIH Roadmap 1.5 Update

The idea selection process for a new cohort of Roadmap initiatives has concluded.

Through the summer and fall of 2006, NIH solicited ideas for new initiatives from the intramural and extramural scientific community, patient advocates, and the general public to help senior NIH staff identify cross-cutting challenges in biomedical research that meet special criteria established for Common Fund (Roadmap) initiatives.

To facilitate the prioritization of ideas, the Office of Portfolio Analysis and Strategic Initiatives (OPASI) coordinated a programmatic review of the submitted ideas concerning their responsiveness to the criteria. In addition, to further inform the decision-making process, OPASI and the Institutes and Centers (ICs) worked together to provide a preliminary assessment of the currently funded portfolio of research related to several of the broad areas highlighted by the ideas. Informed by this analysis and following extensive scientific discussion, the IC Directors selected broad areas that were to be pursued as either:

 Major Roadmap Initiatives – programs expected to consist of multiple, coordinated funding initiatives designed to overcome grand challenges in biomedical/health research. Each of these initiatives is expected to meet all of the criteria established for Roadmap Initiatives.  Pilot Studies – small, targeted proposals designed to test the potential for new technologies to revolutionize biomedical/health research.  Coordination Areas – cross cutting areas of critical importance to many ICs which receive significant support through diverse mechanisms and programs and which therefore require a coordinated effort for effective planning and management.  Strategic Planning Areas – broad, complex topics that are likely to require an extensive planning process to articulate grand challenges and solutions.

On May 18, 2007, the IC Directors met to review and prioritize specific proposals developed by Working Groups of trans-NIH staff, led by IC Directors. Four topics were chosen to move forward as Major Roadmap Initiatives. Two of these, the Microbiome and Epigenetics Programs, were approved for immediate implementation as five year programs. The Protein Capture Tools and Phenotyping Services/Tools Programs were approved for staged implementation. Phase I programs will be implemented initially, with further funding for Phase II programs contingent on the outcomes of the first phase.

 Microbiome – The goal of the proposed Human Microbiome Project is to characterize the microbial content of sites in the human body and examine whether changes in the microbiome can be related to disease.  Epigenetics – Epigenetics is the study of stable genetic modifications that result in changes in gene expression and function without a corresponding alteration in DNA sequence. The epigenome is a catalog of the epigenetic modifications that occur in the genome. Epigenetic changes have been associated with disease, but further progress requires the development of better methods to detect the modifications and a clearer understanding of factors that drive these changes.  Protein Capture Tools/ Proteome Tools – The Proteome is the complete set of proteins in the body. Efforts in this area would support developing and making available to the scientific community high quality probes specific to every protein in the human and in desired animal models. This would allow the ability to characterize protein function in health and disease and to monitor the markers of a disease in order to deploy early prevention efforts and to identify potential therapeutic targets.  Phenotyping Services and Tools – A human Phenotype is the total physical appearance and constitution of a person, often determined by multiple genes and influenced by environmental interactions. Initiatives in this area would encourage the development of resources to systematically catalog human phenotypes in an effort to characterize complex diseases and disorders.

One NIH Roadmap Pilot Study will be supported:

 Genetic Connectivity Map – The Connectivity Map is an effort to discover and demonstrate the linkages between diseases, drug candidates, and genetic manipulation.

RFAs that are relevant to these topics will be released on a variable timeline, but the earliest are expected to be released this fall, with awards made in summer, 2008. Updates to this website will be provided as detailed implementation plans are developed.

Activities of the Working Groups for the Coordination Areas and Strategic Planning Areas are ongoing.

Roadmap Coordination Groups will assess current efforts in the following areas, and if deemed necessary, will propose activities that the NIH may undertake to foster collaborations across organ systems or disease areas:

 Regenerative Medicine – Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine involves the engineering of healthy, functional tissues/organs in vitro for implantation and the remodeling or regeneration of tissue in vivo to repair, replace, preserve, or enhance tissue/organ function.  Pharmacogenomics – Pharmacogenomics applies the power of genomics to the prediction of individual responses to medication. By determining the variations in the human genome that predict likelihood of response (or susceptibility to adverse effects), the type and dose of medication can be adapted to each person's unique genetic makeup, thereby assuring greater efficacy and greater safety of treatment.  Bioinformatics – Bioinformatics applies principles of information sciences and technologies to make the vast, diverse, and complex life sciences data more understandable and useful.

Roadmap Strategic Planning Activities are focused on the following topics:

 Training/Careers – This initiative seeks to address concerns with current NIH training programs. Staff will collaborate with academic institutions and scientific societies to determine what the scientific workforce should look like and to define multiple career paths and training programs to foster the development of an optimal workforce.  Health Disparities – Numerous offices and programs at NIH support research on understanding the causes of and potential interventions for addressing health disparities across population groups in the US. NCMHD currently serves as the NIH lead for strategic planning and coordination of research funding in this area. The roadmap strategic planning effort in this area will determine whether additional activities such as further analysis of the current NIH portfolio to determine gaps in this area or new methods to promote coordination of activities in this area across the agency would be of added value in support of current NCMHD activities.  Science of Science Administration – This concept is an attempt to determine the most effective administrative approaches (e.g., review processes or funding mechanisms) for achieving programmatic goals such as high innovation, support of junior investigators, productive research teams, etc.

NIH Office of the Director (OD)

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) For Immediate Release Contact: Monday, October 22, 2007 CNRS: Patrick Bernier Director of the CNRS Bureau for the United States and Canada [email protected]

NIH: NIH News Media Branch 301-496-5787 Signature of a Letter of Intent between the National Institutes of Health and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) for the "Research Career Transition Award" Program

On October 1st, 2007, Elias Zerhouni, Director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Arnold Migus, Director General of CNRS, signed a Letter of Intent for the creation of a program for young scientists entitled "NIH-CNRS Research Career Transition Award" at the NIH in Bethesda, MD.

The multidisciplinary program will allow young French researchers who have recently obtained their doctorate to spend three years in an NIH laboratory, paid by the NIH, and another two in a French laboratory, paid by CNRS. This bilateral experience is intended to encourage the young scientists' reintegration into the French research system.

The program will have a call for applications once a year and will propose several positions. Candidates will be chosen by a panel of Franco-American experts based upon their application and an interview. The Research Career Transition Award will also foster and strengthen existing collaborations between French and American labs and between the NIH and CNRS.

The Office of the Director, the central office at NIH, is responsible for setting policy for NIH, which includes 27 Institutes and Centers. This involves planning, managing, and coordinating the programs and activities of all NIH components. The Office of the Director also includes program offices which are responsible for stimulating specific areas of research throughout NIH. Additional information is available at http://www.nih.gov/icd/od/.

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) — The Nation's Medical Research Agency — includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. It is the primary federal agency for conducting and supporting basic, clinical and translational medical research, and it investigates the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit www.nih.gov.