Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences s61

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARNATAKA PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR DISSERTATION

1.Name of the candidate and SEEMA GAUR address M.Sc NURSING 1 YEAR Dr. SYAMALA REDDY COLLEGE OF NURSING #111/1 SGR MAIN ROAD, MUNNEKOLALA, MARTHAHALLI, BANGALORE-560037.

2.Name of the Institution Dr. Syamala Reddy college of nursing 3.Course of study and subject M.Sc nursing 1 year. Pediatric nursing.

4. Date of admission to course November 2009

5. Title of the study A descriptive study on expectations and attitude of mothers regarding paternal involvement in child rearing practices in pediatric OPD at HAL Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka

1 BRIEF RESUME OF INTENDED WORK

6.0 INTRODUCTION

Children are the living messages we send to a time we will not see. ~Neil Postman

In the words of Pundit J.L. Nehru- children are the wealth of tomorrow, take care of them if you wish to have a strong India, ever ready to meet various challenges1

Child requires parental love & affection along with fulfillment of his/her various physical needs. Any shortcoming on part of adult members of world in meeting holistic needs of children can put a question mark on future of child2.

Out of the total world population 60.4% is share of Asia. Further more; India contributes to 17.61% of total world’s population. 47% of world population is represented by 0 to 5 years of children. According to census of Year 2007, under five mortality rate for world is 68. For India it is 72, which ranks India as 49th in under five mortality all over the world. Infant mortality rate in year 2000 was 52 whereas neonatal mortality rate in year 2004 was 39 for India. In year 2008 life expectancy at birth is 64 years. In India 48% of under 5 children are suffering from either moderate or severe underweight problems according to National Child Health Survey3.

Mother is assumed to be most important influence in child’s life. Biologic mother is a woman who has conceived and given birth to child and has had the primary responsibility for the socialization of the child. Use of understanding, skills and behaviors

2 that are necessary to fulfill role of mother is termed mothering. Motherhood traditionally has been considered almost a sacred state and the only way for a woman to fulfill herself.

A biologic father is a man who experiences a pregnancy with woman including physiologic and psychosocial changes that occur. These experiences include confirming the pregnancy, noting enlargement of abdomen, being aware of fetal movements, looking forward to birth, participating in birth process and assuming parenthood.4

Parenting is more comprehensive and objective concept then are fathering and mothering. It is one of most difficult of all endeavors. From the movement of conception parenting is demanding, exhilarating, exhausting and ennobling. It is the love of child that makes both the parents strong as well as vulnerable. They are also vaguely worried about almost everything. Education of parenthood begins with the general education of the child for responsibilities in family living. Parents help children prepare for parenthood by helping them understand the roles of parents and sexuality in life of everyone. How the children are treated determine in large measures how they will treat their children. One of the best ways to prepare to be a good parent is to grow up in family that has good parent.

The philosophy of life, knowledge, values, attitude and emotions of mother and father concerning a child determine their ability in the area of parenting.4

Involvement of both parents is essential for successful child rearing. Each parent uses an individual style that can have a significant influence on a child’s development.

Parenting styles are learned and they are not transmitted by genes. Child rearing is the training or bringing up of children by parents or parent’s substitutes.3

Marital and fertility patterns have changed along racial and educational lines for man and woman. Historically, woman with more education have been the least likely to

3 marry and have children, but this marriage gap has eroded as the returns to marriage have changed, Marriage and re-marriage rates have risen from woman with a college degree relative to woman with fewer years of education. However, patterns of and reason for, marriage have changed. College educated woman marry later, have fewer children, are less likely to view marriage as “financial security” are happier in their marriages and with their family life.5

Social changes mean alteration in basic structure of social group or society. Social change is an ever present phenomenon in social life, but has become especially intense in modern era. Origin of modern sociology can be traced to attempts to understand the dramatic changes shattering the modern world and promoting new forms of social orders.

An example of this is globalization. By 2030, about 60% of the world population is expected to live in urban areas and in more developed regions as high as 81% of people are expected to be urbanized Socio-cultural influence, family of origin and immigration and accumulation affects the mother’s expectations or fathers.6

In addition to demographic changes, several social changes over the 20th century have altered family relation. Alternative family forms, for example blended family, single parent families have become more common and accepted. Now, gender roles have changed as woman have surpassed man in educational attainment and have greatly increased their level of participation in paid labor force. Changing gender roles are likely to alter marital relationship in later life, as woman become less dependent on husbands to manage the family economy and expect more egalitarian and companionate relationship.7

Structure of family has changed from joint to nuclear. Nature of sex roles of men and women is changing with a resultant impact on the institution of marriage. Women are

4 asserting their rights to equalitarian relationship with men. This movement tends to threaten the traditional role of men as dominant within his family. Woman has learned to assume many of the professional and non-professional vocational responsibilities that were once reserved for men. Today motherhood is only one of several roles a woman can select to fulfill herself. If she does decide to have children, mothering fosters child’s physical, intellectual, emotional and spiritual development4.

"One father is more than a hundred schoolmasters."

- George Herbert

In generation past, a male’s involvement in reproductive process ended once his sperm had fertilized his partner’s ovum. Fathers to be, watched pregnancy from afar, and child birth not at all. Traditional profile of father is still that Dads works all day comes home and spends few hours playing with kids at night before having dinner and heading of to bed. This concept is fast changing and fathers are stepping in as real care takers of their children. Research shows that active fathers who help in caring and raising their child create stronger and healthier marriages and their children are well balanced. Fathers are essential to the health and well being of entire family. Nowadays in two income families, mothers expect their partner to take on modern paternal role8.

6.1 NEED FOR THE STUDY

Mother’s expectations on paternal involvement vary to a great degree.

Expectation and attitude are caught between traditional role of man and needs of modern type. Man involved with child care may hurt woman’s self esteem. According to new research fathers are helping out with child rearing more and more these days. The results

5 can be both a boon and a let down for mothers. While mothers are encouraged to join the workforce, socially constructed idols of motherhood requires mothers to be primary care giver. Thus, employed mothers may feel pressurized to do more care giving to ensure the survival of feelings of self confidence even though they may wish for fathers increased participation to lessen their burden. While some couple have been able to find a division of child care that suits them, many struggle to hit the right balance. Some fathers vigorously resist collaborative effort in favor of beliefs in traditional fatherhood. 9

On the most basic level, parental involvement has come to mean that mother helps with homework and activities of child. Finding necessary time to spend with children is indeed more and more difficult because of ever increasing demands of competitive market place. An increase amount of father child involvement has proven to increase a child’s social stability, educational achievement and even their potential to have a solid marriage as an adult. 10

Fathers have a lot of responsibility. Much of their time is spent at work providing for family. Just as woman and man differ from one another, so, too are some of influences they have on their children inherently different. While mothers are often seen as nurtures, fathers often have an important role when it comes of playing with their children and teaching them how to do physical task, Fathers tend to be more focused on doing practical, educational things, rather than talking about doing things. As they are more physically close with their children, fathers play an important role in developing their children’s motor skills and ethical limits in regard to physical interaction. Children of these highly interactive fathers are also more curious about the world around them and develop greater problem solving skills.10

6 It is undeniable that birth of baby specially the first, transforms relationship of couple. Three people now must share love, time and energy. Exclusive nature of couple’s relationships comes to an end. Moral and material responsibilities dominate. Today, a new challenge faces parents. When they become mothers, many woman judges their partners according to new criteria; their ability to be ‘good father’. With her newly acquired protective instinct even the most relaxed easy going women will become over critical if the father does not live up to her image of ideal father. To make things worse some mother goes out of the way to point out their partners fault and clumsiness in handling the baby, so as to enforce their role as primary care giver. Conversely some man prefer to delegate all tasks concerning children to mother.11

The ways in which parents train and stimulate the children also change systematically with modernization of the family. These changes produce children who are more cognitively advanced by modern performance standards and are better nourished and hence better prepared to participate in modern workforce. In modern nuclear families there is more affection and intimacy, more personal relationship with fathers and more recreation shared by parents and children. Female education has been shown to have a positive impact on growth and development of children in many parts of world.12

Family trends have been changing ever since family was established. The involvement of work in family has helped to make this change possible. Work and family should ideally fit together allowing people to earn a living as well as enjoy family life.

Balancing both a challenge people usually meet depending on their parents and children.

These changes in work and family have impacted not just the family but family as an

7 organization. During industrialization era, productive activities that took place within families were moved to factories as society was industrialized. With these developments people ideas about what the family is like or should be like began to change. The new ideology separated woman from man placing man in public work sphere and woman in domestic work sphere. Families must organize their activities around work schedule of employed family members. 5

According to world economic outlook, October 2008, out of total global employment only 40.4% are females and among them very few are engaged in industry.

The large majority are in agriculture and increasingly in service sector. Globally share of woman employed in agriculture stands at 35.4%, as compared to 32.2% for man. 13

In year 2002, in USA, 6% of families were headed by woman, whereas in 2003 family structure was such that 68% of children lived with two parents, 23% of children resided with mothers and 5% resided with their fathers. Today only 50% of children will spend their entire childhood in an intact family14. Children from fatherless homes are 4-6 times more likely to commit suicide. 6.6 times to become teenaged mothers, 24.3 times more likely to run away, 15.3 times more likely to have behavioral disorders, 6.6 times likely to drop out of school, 10.8 times to commit rape and 15.3 times more likely to end up in a prison while a teenager. Children who are in care of single mothers are 33 times more likely to be seriously abused and 73 times more likely to be killed.15

New research suggests radical new theory that father daughter relationship is a very important factor when girls mature. If father spend more time in child care when daughters were 4-5 years old, there are less chances of pubertal development by grade

8 Mother’s traditional attitude about division of care giving responsibilities can hinder father’s involvement. Mothers can and sometimes do limit father involvement.

Recent social shift in ideology has occurred whereby man and woman are encouraged to take equal roles in care giving responsibilities. Mothers with egalitarian ideologies will expect more help from fathers side in children upbringing. Thus, maternal expectation and attitude towards paternal involvement in child rearing practices can vary to a great degree and is influenced by great number of factors17. Hence, investigator is fascinated to find out these differences or similarities so that in future, nurses can utilize these findings to provide information to fathers regarding their role in child rearing practices.

6.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Child is introduced with the contents of culture at first through numerous influences culture has on family life, especially on defining parenting roles. Patriarchal culture, still strong in some countries like Yugoslavia, is full of norms that clearly define roles of elders and men, and excellently demarcates differences between father’s and mother’s role in bringing up their children, defined by the level of responsibility attached to parents in upbringing and educating a child. Paternal involvement in child rearing practices is affected by numerous factors.18

The review of literature is represented in following order:

1. Studies related to mothers expectation and attitude of father’s involvement in child rearing practices.

2. Studies related to maternal factors affecting fathers’ involvement in child rearing practices.

9 Studies related to mothers expectation and attitude of father’s involvement in child rearing practices.

A study in 2006 in America on “MAMA SAYS: A National Survey of Mothers’

Attitudes on Fathering” Result revealed that when father, mother and children live together, fathering is optimized. Stable well functioning marriage is extremely important for good fathering and responsible fatherhood .work responsibilities are considered to be greatest obstacle to good fathering by mothers19.

A study done in 1999 in Tennessee on Parenting Expectations and Concerns of

Fathers and Mothers of Newborn Infants. Mothers and their partners were interviewed in the Labor and Delivery units of two hospitals in Tennessee. An association was found between level of mother's concern about caring for her child and a mismatch between partners' expectations for father's helpful involvement in certain aspects of parenting. The prenatal period while parents are in health care settings provides opportune time for family life education approaches that explore couples' expectations for paternal involvement and their parenting concerns.20

A study done in 1992 in USA on “The father's role during infancy; factors that influences maternal expectations”. Through structured maternal interviews, the father's expected role was measured in terms of accessibility, engagement in child care tasks, and decision-making responsibility. Influences included demographics, the mother's desire for the father's involvement, and her perceptions of his motivation, prenatal support, and ability to parent. Results revealed that Concerning accessibility, 48% and 18% of the mothers expected to see the father daily and less than weekly, respectively. Concerning engagement, 81% of the mothers expected some paternal involvement; the average

10 mother assumed that the father would participate in one third of child care tasks.

Concerning decision-making responsibility, 34% of the mothers expected to share all decisions; 30% expected to share none. In all areas, expectations were positively associated with the mother's desires, the strength of the parents' relationship, and the mother's perceptions of the father's motivation and ability to parent and the father's prenatal involvement (all, P < .001).21

A modified grounded theory study was done on Understanding the Roots of

Mothers’ Expectations for fathers .Although research in areas of father involvement, maternal gate-keeping and transition to parenthood all appear to agree that maternal beliefs and expectations are important predictors of paternal involvement in the home; there seems to be little research looking at where mothers’ beliefs and expectations for fathers originate. Through interviews with new mothers, this study develops a model for understanding how maternal expectations develop, identifying two forms of mother’s

Expectations, “Expressed Expectations” and “Enacted Expectations”. The Expressed

Expectations are influenced by Socio-Cultural Influences, while the Enacted Expectations are more in line with Family of Origin Influences. This model begins to explain why women may express one expectation and then react in a contradictory way when fathers act on those expressions. The model also indicates that the impact of immigration and acculturation can alter mothers’ enacted expectations to be more closely aligned with the socio-cultural influences of the country to which they have immigrated rather than their family of origin.22

11 Studies related to maternal factors affecting fathers’ involvement in child rearing practices.

A research done in 2009 by Sarah Schoppe-Sullivan, In Columbus, on actual behaviors rather than just beliefs of parents, among 97 couples revealed that, fathers were more involved in daily care of infants when they received active encouragement from the wife or partner. Maternal attitude have influence on fathering behavior. 17

A multi methodical study was done in 2008, in Austria on “when men become fathers: men doing identity transition” .data was raised from qualitative and quantitative surveys, interviews and group discussion. Results revealed that factors affecting men’s transition are relationship to partner, to workmates and male peer group, a couple’s economic circumstances, social policies and organization of family’s work-life balance.

Being a committed parent is a central characteristic of being a man, but masculine identity as still bound to being a provider and father struggles with these structures or try to fit in these concepts.23

A study was done in 2008 on representation of parenting and gender roles in

Japan: comparison of Japanese and English language parenting magazines. Findings indicate that narrow stereotypical representation of mothers and fathers remains common in Japan. in contrast English language magazines represent more diverse social issues of relevance to parenting and greater involvement of fathers.24

A study was conducted in 2008 on Pattern and Determinants of Paternal

Involvement in Childcare: An Empirical Investigation in a Metropolis of India among

350 couples. Results indicated that paternal involvement in childcare is mainly determined by the perception of individuals towards fatherhood, be it gender role

12 expectations, or perception of the peer group, or fathering received by the individual fathers. Other socio-economic factors affecting paternal involvement have also been examined. As the importance of paternal involvement in childcare is increasingly being recognized, these findings have implications for programmers and policy makers.25

A study was conducted in 2007 on Teen father participation in child rearing:

Family perspectives among a community-based sample of 173 teen fathers, 167 teen mothers, 76 paternal grandmothers, and 79 maternal grandmothers at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA. The results showed that 54% of teen fathers and 70% of partners of teen mothers met the definition of involvement in child rearing. Disinterest in child rearing most consistently predicted un-involvement. Fathers were less likely than mothers to report paternal disinterest as a barrier and more likely to attribute their lack of involvement to resistance from mothers and maternal grandmothers. The best model predicting paternal involvement from the father’s perspective included paternal disinterest. The best model from the mother’s perspective included paternal disinterest and lack of time. Of those fathers who cited disinterest, there was an association with lack of money and lack of knowledge of child care. While 82% of fathers and 95% of mothers agreed that availability of jobs would promote paternal involvement.26

A study was conducted in 2007 on Work, Love, and the Family involvement of

African American Men, on 45 black fathers of young children. Results revealed that.

Paternal involvement is both a function of structural constraints and of men’s interpretations and actions about them. Women affect men’s behavior by mediating their connections with their children27.

13 A study was done in 2007 on Father's Transitional Process to the Childcare Role, in Japan. Result revealed that in the process of transition fathers built both ‘provider role

‘identity and ‘childcare role ‘identity. There are three types of involvement of fathers; first is ‘carer type’ second is ‘helper type’ and third is ‘no involvement type’28

A study was conducted in 2006 on Predictors of paternal involvement in childcare in dual-earner families with young children among 119 dual-earner parents of preschool children enrolled in licensed childcare centers at U.S. The results revealed that Sixty-two percent of mothers with children age six and under were in the labor force in U.S. As a result, men in dual-earner couples are now expected to be co-parents. Although fathers in two-income families have gradually increased their involvement in childcare, even in dual-earner couples the percentage of childcare men perform is seldom proportionate to that of their wives.29

A systematic literature study conducted in 2005 on ‘interventions with fathers of young children’ in Canada. Literature from1983 – 2003 form CINAHL, Medline &

Psycinfo database were included that have pretest –posttest design. Measured an aspect of father-child interactions, analyzed father outcomes separately from mother outcome and included infant and toddler. Results revealed that even a small kind of intervention on part of father leads to more mutuality, eye contact between father and child

.interventions also increase fathers perception or knowledge and increases self- competence of father related to child. Children also benefited from interventions and become more interactive with their fathers.30

14 A longitudinal study done in 2005 in USA on “revisiting men's role in father involvement: the importance of personal expectations”. Using fathers' and mothers' reports of expectations (measured prenatally) and father involvement (measured postnatally), examined how both parents influence the likelihood that new fathers would be involved in instrumental (feeding, bathing, and changing the infant) and affective

(playing and reading to the infant) care giving activities. The study employed a longitudinal design with 68 couples participating in both the prenatal (e.g., approximately three months before the infant was born) and postnatal (e.g., between three to six months after the birth of the infant) phases of the study. Results indicate that both parents' expectations are substantial predictors of instrumental involvement (as reported by both fathers and mothers), and that fathers' expectations are stronger than mothers' expectations for predicting affective involvement. Mother’s traditional ideology is an important factor in predicting father involvement. The father's but not the mother's egalitarian ideology is associated with his involvement.31

A study done to find the relationship between stress in the prospective father and congruence of attitudes between husband and wife regarding the projected role of the father with the newborn, 103 prenatal couples were studied. Results revealed that anxiety in the father increased as discordance between husband and wife increased regarding the projected father role. No relationship was found between anxiety and the amount of projected involvement by the father in child care.32

A study was conducted in 2004 on Interdependencies among Inter-parental

Discord and Parenting Practices: The Role of Adult Vulnerability and Relationship

Perturbations among 227 mothers and fathers of kindergarten children at Rochester. The

15 results indicated that Inter-parental discord at Time 1 decreased in maternal acceptance from Time 1 to Time 2. The moderating role of adult characteristics commonly varied across the type of adult vulnerability (e.g., depressive symptoms, inter-parental relationship insecurity, child-rearing disagreements), dimension of parenting practices

(e.g., maternal and paternal acceptance and inconsistent discipline), and the directionality of the paths between inter-parental and parent-child subsystems.33

A study done in 2004 on Father’s involvement during the gestation on 35 fathers aged 21-40 years who were expecting their first child. . Results indicated that many fathers were involved in different ways during their partner's pregnancy, being emotionally connected with the baby and their partner However, some fathers still found difficulties concerning involvement with their child, seeming not to perceive him/her as real and showing low emotional connection with pregnancy. These data point to signs of change concerning fatherhood during pregnancy, which is increasingly less restricted to the feminine domain.34

A study done in 2004 on The Relationship between Father Involvement and

Children's Academic Performance among 58 fathers . The results indicate that, the higher the frequency of father-child communication and the greater the fathers' involvement in the children's school, cultural and leisure activities, the higher the children's academic performance. These results indicate the importance of fathers' involvement, to maximize children's academic performance, and the necessity of educating men with respect to the ways in which they can improve their parental performance.35

16 A study was conducted on Parental sex-role attitudes and child-rearing values among the 138 mothers and 114 fathers of preschool girls and boys. The samples were all

White, middle class, in two-parent families, and highly educated. Among parents of girls, but not of boys, sex-role attitudes had a significant effect on child-rearing values in the hypothesized direction. As for the child-rearing values per sued, few sex-of-child or sex- of-parent differences emerged. In contrast to previous studies, fathers' child-rearing values were found to be relatively unaffected by the sex of their children.36

A qualitative grounded theory study was done in 2003 on Father Responsiveity:

Couple Processes and the Co-construction of Fatherhood among 40% heterosexual parents of children of 5 years of age and younger at Greensburg. The results identified the construct "responsivity" as a central process through which, to varying degrees, fathers are aware of the needs of their wives and children and able to take an active part in meeting them. Three groups of fathers are examined according to their level of responsivity: low, moderate, and high. Factors influencing degree of father responsivity include gender constructions, power and the wife's influence, attunement, work schedules, and emotional tradeoffs. 37

A study was conducted in 2002 on Factors Associated with Perceived Paternal

Involvement in Childrearing among 137 fathers of children between the ages of 2 and 6 at Missouri. The results indicated that ethnicity, gender role orientation, and perceived skill at child care were associated with higher levels of perceived paternal engagement in and responsibility for child care. Partners' work status was associated with perceived paternal responsibility for, but not engagement in child care.38

17 A Reliability and Validity study was conducted in 2000 on Survey

Measurement of Father Involvement in Childrearing among 70 non-black fathers of 6- year-olds at Cornell University. The method addresses involvement in routine child care, play with the child, and school-related interactions. Family background variables appeared to be related primarily to the father-mother relationship. Fathers with greater education and white-collar occupations took a greater share of routine child care tasks and school-related responsibilities than did men with less education and blue-collar occupations. As compared with mothers, fathers with more children tended to take a smaller share in involvement with each child. Surprisingly, neither fathers nor mother's paid work hours per week were related to the father's amount of involvement. The constructed measures were found to be reliable and valid.39

6.3. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

A descriptive Study on expectations and attitude of mothers regarding paternal involvement in child rearing practices in Pediatric OPD, at HAL hospital, Bangalore,

Karnataka.

6.4. OBJECTIVES

1. To assess the expectations of mothers regarding paternal involvement in child

rearing practices.

2. To determine the attitude of mothers regarding paternal involvement in child

rearing practices.

3. To associate the expectations and attitude of mothers on paternal involvement in

child rearing practices with their selected socio-demographic and cultural

variables

18 6.5 HYPOTHESIS

H0: There is no significant relationship between expectations and attitude of mothers regarding paternal involvement in child rearing practices and their selected socio- demographic variables.

6.6 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

EXPECTATION:

It is the activities of child care for which mother look forward to her partner to take care of, like bathing, playing, feeding etc. which are assessed by their response to items on questionnaire.

ATTITUDE:

It is feelings of mothers towards father’s contribution in child care activities such as feeding, bathing, playing, education etc. which are measured by their response to the items on an attitude scale.

MATERNAL:

A maternal refers to female parent of any type of offspring within age group 0-5 years at selected hospital.

PATERNAL:

A paternal refers to male parent of any type of offspring within age group 0-5 years, at a selected hospital.

PATERNAL INVOLMENT:

It refers to male parent’s necessary indulgence in activities of child rearing like feeding , bathing, cleaning, putting to bed, playing, taking to doctor etc.

19 CHILD REARING:

The practice of looking after children within age group 0-5 years until they are old enough, assessed by structured interview technique.

6.7 ASSUMPTION

1. Socio-demographic and cultural factors influences the expectations and attitude of

mothers on paternal involvement in child rearing practices.

2. Mothers expect paternal involvement in child rearing practices.

3. Mother’s level of attitude differs on paternal involvement in childrearing

practices.

4. Societal changes affect the mother’s expectation & attitude regarding paternal

involvement in child rearing practices.

7.0. MATERIALS AND METHODS

7.1. SOURCES OF DATA :

Mothers coming to Pediatric OPD, HAL Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka.

7.2. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE :

 RESEARCH APPROACH :

Descriptive survey research approach

 RESEARCH DESIGN:

Descriptive survey research design

 SAMPLE SIZE:

100 Mothers

 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE:

20 Sample of 100 mothers will be selected using non-probability convenience

sampling technique

 SETTING OF THE STUDY:

Study will be conducted in Pediatric OPD, HAL Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka.

HAL hospital is 250 bedded hospital situated at Vimanapura, Bangalore. It has dialysis unit, ICCU, maternity ward, labor room, general/major/minor OT along with general wards like male medical/surgical, female medical/surgical wards. Other facilities like X-ray, ultrasound, labs & blood bank is present.

It has pediatric ward with 10 beds & isolation room with 2 beds. NICU facility is available which consist of 1 radiant warmer, 2incubators &2 phototherapy units. Pediatric

OPD is organized in OPD block of hospital. OPD is organized from 9 am to 11.30 am, from Monday to Saturday. Average of 10-15 patients comes everyday to attend pediatric

OPD. Immunization clinic is organized every Wednesday and around 50-60 children will come to attend it.

7.2.1 SAMPLING CRITERIA

INCLUSION CRITERIA:

1. Mothers who are willing to participate in study.

2. Mothers who have children between 0 to 5 years of age.

3. Mothers who understands Hindi & English.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

1. Mothers having babies with congenital abnormalities, mental retardation, cerebral

palsy & chronic illnesses.

2. Mothers who are chronically sick.

21 3. Mothers who are single parent.

7.2.2 DATA COLLECTION TOOL

Self administered questionnaire will be used to study the maternal expectations and attitude regarding paternal involvement in child rearing practices. It will consist of three sections:

Section A: Items on socio-demographic and cultural variables such as age, gender, religion, type of family, parent’s education and income etc.

Section B : Items on maternal expectations regarding paternal involvement in child rearing practices.

Section C : Items on maternal attitude on paternal involvement in child rearing practices.

VALIDITY: the structured questionnaire will be prepared to assess expectations & attitude of mothers. The validity of tool will be ascertained in consultation with guide and other experts from various fields like nursing and bio-statistician.

7.2.3 DATA ANALYSIS METHODS:

Data analysis can be done by descriptive and inferential statistics

7.3. DOES THE STUDY REQUIRE ANY INVESTIGATION OR

INTERVENTIONS TO BE CONDUCTED ON PATIENTS OR OTHER

HUMAN OR ANIMALS?

No .only structured interview will be used for data collection. No other invasive or laboratory procedures will be conducted on the samples.

7.4. HAS ETHICAL CLARANCE BEEN OBTAINED?

Yes. Confidentiality & anonymity of subjects will be maintained. Consent will be taken from adults before conducting the study.

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25 9. Signature of Candidate

10. Remarks of the Guide

11. Name and Designation

11.1 Guide

11.2 Signature

11.3 Co-guide

11.4 Signature

11.5 Head of the Department

11.6 Signature

26 12 12.1 Remarks of the Chairman and Principal

12.2 Signature