2Nd 9 Weeks IMPORTANT PEOPLE, PLACES, & EVENTS

2nd 9 weeks IMPORTANT PEOPLE, PLACES, & EVENTS Cumulative List of S.S. Terms and Definitions

WEEK 1 2nd Industrial  Known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of the Revolution larger Industrial Revolution  Sometime between 1840 and 1860 until World War I  Examples- Electricity, Automobiles, Airplanes Mechanization  Using machines to do work  Examples: reaper (machine that cuts grain) & threshing machine (separated the grain from the plant stalks) Chattanooga, TN  Site of the World’s first Coca-Cola Bottling Company

Transcontinental  A railroad across the continent Railroad  Union Pacific began building track west from Omaha, Nebraska  Central Pacific began building track east from Sacramento, California (C for Central and C for California)  On May 10, 1869, the tracks of the Union Pacific and Central Pacific met at Promontory Point, Utah Territory WEEK 2 Protectionism • Economic policy of America during this time. • Belief that new industry in America needed to be protected against stronger, foreign industry. Nativism • Policy to protect native-born people against immigrants • During this time: greatest number of European immigrants on east coast and Chinese immigrants on west coast brought huge numbers of inexpensive labor. Settlers • Person who has migrated to an area and lived there. • Many people moved from east to west during Western Expansion Homestead Act • Was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on May 20, 1862. • Anyone who had never taken up arms against the U.S. government (including freed slaves and women), was 21 years or older, or the head of a family could file an application to claim a federal land grant. WEEK 3 Buffalo Soldiers • Made up of African American soldiers • Protected settlers as they moved west and to support the westward expansion by building the infrastructure needed for new settlements to flourish George Jordan • A former slave from Nashville, TN • A Buffalo soldier • Jordan led his soldiers to hold back a force of more than 100 Indians. • Jordan and 19 of his men again held their ground while being attacked by a group of Apaches. Great Plains • Land that lies west of Mississippi River and East of Rocky Mountains in United States. • Homestead Act attracted many people to move to the Great Plains. • Life on the Great Plains was hard. Gilded Age • From the 1870s to about 1900. • Term was coined by writer Mark Twain in The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today (1873) • Meaning: thin gold layer on top of major social problems WEEK 4 Child Labor • The use of children to work in industry. • Children often had to work to help support their families. • Children were paid less money than adults. Samuel Gompers • One of the early labor union leaders in the U.S. • A labor union is where people work together to gain improved working conditions. • Formed the American Federation of Labor American Federation of • Founded by Samuel Gompers Labor • Brought many workers’ unions together to fight for: 1. better wages 2. an 8-hour work day 3. safer working conditions 4. end to child labor.

Entrepreneurs • A person who starts a new business, hoping to make a profit. • Example: Sam Walden started Walmart Thomas Edison • Inventor who helped change the world. • He had over one-thousand inventions (1,093) • He perfected the light-bulb “I have not failed. I’ve just found 10,000 ways that won’t work.” WEEK 5 Alexander Graham Bell • Inventor • Invented first working telephone • Developed techniques to teach the deaf. George Washington • Former slave Carver • Founded the Tuskegee Institute in 1881 • He encouraged African American businesses • Taught equal rights could be gained through education, hard work, and understanding. Swift and Armour • Meat packing company • Used refrigeration during shipping to keep meat from spoiling. Henry Ford • Inventor and Entrepreneur • Started Ford Motor Company where he manufactured cars using an assembly line. • Developed Model T car George Eastman • Inventor and Entrepreneur • Popularized Role Film • Started Kodak company Henry Bessemer • Inventor • Developed a new way to make steel, called the Bessemer process. • Made it possible to produce steel in massive quantities. Cornelius Vanderbilt • Entrepreneur • Got rich through his railroads and shipping • Richest man alive during this time. WEEK 6 1897 Centennial • a six-month celebration to mark the one-hundredth anniversary of Exposition TN statehood. • a celebration of technological progress brought by the machine age. • Major exhibits were devoted to commerce, agriculture, machinery, and transportation. • The grounds became Centennial Park • The replica of the Parthenon was saved (it had to be rebuilt in the 1920s with more durable materials). Spanish American War • a conflict between the United States and Spain in 1898 • The war officially lasted four months(108 days) when the U.S. and Spanish governments signed the Treaty of Paris • Results: Cuba is independent and Guam and Puerto Rico belong to the United States. Yellow Journalism • The Spanish-American War is often referred to as the first "media war." • Journalism that hyped—and sometimes even made up—dramatic events and helped push the United States into war with Spain. U.S.S. Maine • A massive explosion of unknown origin sinks the battleship USS Maine in Cuba’s Havana harbor, killing 260 of the fewer than 400 American crew members aboard. • Spain was blamed Rough Riders • the most famous of all the units fighting in Cuba • the First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry under the leadership of Theodore Roosevelt. Imperialism • A policy in which a strong nation (America) seeks to dominate other countries (Puerto Rico, Philippines, and Guam) politically, socially, and economically. • Some Americans did not like the idea of the United States playing the part of an imperial power with foreign colonies. WEEK 7 Anti-Trust Laws Trusts • several companies who joined together to control whole industries. • They could control the whole industry Anti-Trust Laws • Laws to stop companies from controlling the whole industry and charging higher prices 16th Amendment • 1913 • Congress has the power to tax all people directly based on their income. 17th Amendment • 1913 • Two senators will represent each state in Congress, each elected for six-year terms, and each elected by the voters. 18th Amendment • 1919 • The making, selling, and transportation of alcohol anywhere in the United States is outlawed. 19th Amendment • 1920 • Women are given the right to vote. Ida B. Wells • African America Journalist • Worked for equal rights for African Americans • Worked to help women get the right to vote Randolph Miller • Emancipated slave • Tennessean • Journalist • Spoke out for equal rights for African Americans