ROUTINES: She Sweeps the Yard Every Morning

GRAMMAR SUMMARY

PRESENT TENSES. A-. PRESENT SIMPLE.

USES: ROUTINES: She sweeps the yard every morning. HABITS: They eat too much pasta. GENERAL TRUTHS: Water boils at 100°.

FORMS. AFFIRMATIVE: SUBJECT + VERB -ES: endings: ss / sh / ch / x / z / consonant +o HE / SHE / IT -IES: ending: consonant + y -S: rest of endings.

I watch the news every morning. He watches the news every morning. They fly to London every month. She flies to London every month.

NEGATIVE: SUBJECT + DON’T / DOESN’T + INFINITIVE VERB

They read a lot of novels at school. They don’t read a lot of novels at school. She wears nice dresses at parties. She doesn’t wear nice dresses at parties.

INTERROGATIVE: 1-. YES / NO QUESTIONS: QUESTIONS WHICH ASK YOU TO ANSWER : YES OR NO.

DO / DOES + SUBJECT + INFINITIVE VERB.

Do they get up at the same time every day? – yes, they do / no, they don’t.

2-. WH- QUESTIONS: QUESTIONS WHICH ASK YOU FOR SPECIFIC INFORMATION.

WH- WORD +AUXILIARY + SUBJECT + INFINITIVE VERB

Where do they meet every Thursday? – They meet at a local pub.

ADVERBS: A-. OF FREQUENCY: THEY SHOW HOW OFTEN AN ACTIVITY HAPPENS. THEY ARE PLACED BETWEEN THE SUBJECT AND THE MAIN VERB.

ALWAYS (siempre) USUALLY (usualmente) OFTEN (a menudo) Sally always comes home at the same time. SOMETIMES (a veces) RARELY (raramente) HARDLY EVER (casi nunca) NEVER (nunca)

B-. OF TIME: THEY SHOW WHEN THE ACTION HAPPENS. THEY ARE PLACED AT THE END OF THE SENTENCE.

ON + DAYS OF THE WEEK. AT + TIME (o’clock, quarter past, etc) IN + THE MORNING / THE AFTERNOON / THE EVENING. AT + NIGHT / MIDNIGHT / MIDDAY IN + MONTHS / SEASONS (summer, winter, autumn, spring) ON + DATES EVERY

Andrea plays the piano at the music school every afternoon B-. PRESENT CONTINUOUS.

USES: ACTIVITES THAT ARE IN PROGRESS AT THE TIME OF SPEAKING.

Lucy is going to her mother’s house now. (she left and she is on the way now)

TEMPORARY ACTIVITIES OVER A PERIOD OF TIME IN THE PRESENT.

I am staying with you just for a couple of days.

FORMS: AFFIRMATIVE: SUBJECT + VERB TO BE + -ING VERB (-ando / -endo) (am, is, are)

NEGATIVE: SUBJECT + VERB TO BE NEGATIVE + -ING VERB (‘m not, isn’t, aren’t)

INTERROGATIVE: TO BE + SUBJECT + -ING VERB

(+) Michael is doing a course on driving. (-) Michael isn’t doing a course on driving. (?) Is Michael doing a course on driving? – yes, he is / no, he isn’t. (?) What is Michael doing? – He is doing a course on driving.

ADVERBS: OF TIME:

NOW (ahora) AT THE MOMENT (en este momento) TODAY (hoy) FOR THE TIME BEING (por el momento)

PAST TENSES

A-. PAST SIMPLE: USES:

COMPLETE ACTIVITIES AT A CERTAIN POINT IN THE PAST: Tom went to the cinema with his girlfriend Diana yesterday.

ROUTINES IN THE PAST: She came home every weekend last year.

FORMS: AFFIRMATIVE: SUBJECT + VERB IN THE PAST

REGULAR VERBS: -d: verbs ending in ‘e’: dance danced -ied: verbs ending in ‘consonant +y’: study studied -ed: rest of endings. Walk walked

IRREGULAR VERBS: Change 1 letter: swim swam Change the word: go went No change: cut cut

NEGATIVE. SUBJECT + DIDN’T + INFINITIVE VERB.

They broke the law many times last month. – They didn’t break the law many times last month.

INTERROGATIVE: DID + SUBJECT + INFINITIVE VERB

Did you find the keys? – Yes, I did / No, I didn’t Where did you find them? – I found them in the kitchen. ADVERBS OF TIME:

YESTERDAY (ayer) LAST ……… (el… pasado / la … pasada) … AGO (hace…)

B-. PRESENT PERFECT

USES: ACTIVITIES THAT STARTED IN THE PAST AND CONTINUE UP TO THE PRESENT.

Michael has waited for you for two hours. (he came here two hours ago and he is still here)

ACTIVITIES THAT STARTED AND FINISHED VERY RECENTLY AND HAS A RESULT IN THE PRESENT.

She has worked really hard. Now, she’s exhausted.

PREVIOUS EXPERIENCES.

We have done this kind of job before.

FORMS: AFFIRMATIVE: SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE.

NEGATIVE: SUBJECT + HAVEN’T / HASN’T + PAST PARTICIPLE

INTERROGATIVE: HAVE/HAS + SUBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE

ADVERBS OF TIME:

ALREADY (ya) She has already finished her lunch. JUST (recien) They have just started the meeting. YET (aun) Have you seen her yet? / I haven’t seen her yet. EVER (alguna vez) Have you ever tried Turkish food? NEVER (nunca) We have never been to Paris before. FOR (por) He has been here for hours. SINCE (desde) They have worked there since 1999.