Chapter 13 Study Guide

Chapter 13 Study Guide World History AP

Chapter 13 Summary

Having survived the struggles of the fourteenth century, Europe rebounded in the Renaissance of the fifteenth century. The Renaissance focused on arts and letters, including great works by Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. The sixteenth century brought a resurgence in religion and the division of European Christianity into Catholic and Protestant; one hundred years of religious warfare followed. By the seventeenth century, Europeans sought to restore order to society by creating more powerful national governments, best symbolized by the absolutist state of Louis XIV in France. The move to centralization of authority developed powerful national bodies with stronger economies and more powerful armies. Finally, in the seventeenth century man attempted to bring order to the universe through scientific inquiry and the use of reason.

Chapter 13 Outline

The Renaissance Renaissance Society The Nobility Peasants and Townspeople Family and Marriage in Renaissance Italy The Intellectual Renaissance Italian Renaissance and Humanism Impact of Printing The Artistic Renaissance The Northern Artistic Renaissance The State in the Renaissance Western Europe Central and Eastern Europe The Italian States Machiavelli and the New Statecraft

The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century Prelude to Reformation Church and Religion on the Eve of Reformation Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany Politics and Religion in the German Reformation The Spread of the Protestant Reformation Calvin and Calvinism The English Reformation The Anabaptists The Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation The Catholic Reformation

Europe in Crisis: War, Revolution, and Social Disintegration, 1560-1650 Politics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth Century The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598) Philip II and the Cause of Militant Catholicism The England of Elizabeth Economic and Social Crises: Witchcraft Mania

World History AP: Chapter 13 2

Seventeenth-Century Crisis: Revolution and War Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)

Response to Crisis: The Practice of Absolutism France under Louis Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe From Moscow to Russia

England and the Emergence of Constitutional Monarchy Revolution and Civil War Restoration and a Glorious Revolution

European Culture Art: The Baroque A Golden Age of Literature in England The Scientific Revolution Toward a New Heaven: A Revolution in Astronomy Women in the Origins of Modern Science Toward New Earth: Descartes and Rationalism The Spread of Scientific Knowledge Europe, China, and Scientific Revolutions

Conclusion

Terms and Persons to Know

1. Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of 53. role of women in Reformation Aragon 54. Protestant attacks on popular culture 2. Holy Roman Empire 55. Catholic Reformation 3. Eastern Europe 56. Jesuits 4. Ivan III 57. reformed papacy 5. Ottoman Turks 58. Huguenots 6. Constantinople: 1453 59. Edict of Nantes 7. Italian States 60. Philip II 8. Cosimo de' Medici 61. Elizabeth I 9. sack of Rome 62. Spanish Armada 10. Niccolò Machiavelli 63. witchcraft craze 11. "rebirth" 64. Thirty Years' War 12. urban society 65. absolutism 13. Greco-Roman culture 66. Louis XIV 14. individualism 67. mercantilism 15. humanism 68. Frederick William the Great Elector 16. l'uomo universale 69. Prussia 17. the three estates 70. Austria 18. peasants 71. Russia 19. townspeople 72. Muscovy 20. marriage 73. Ivan IV the Terrible 21. humanities 74. tsar 22. Petrarch 75. Romanov dynasty 23. Leonardo Bruni 76. Peter the Great 24. printing press 77. westernization 25. Johannes Gutenburg 78. St. Petersburg 26. Gutenburg Bible 79. constitutional monarchy 27. naturalism 80. Puritans 28. Leonardo da Vinci 81. Charles I 29. Michelangelo 82. Restoration 30. Jan van Eyck 83. Glorious Revolution 31. Protestant Reformation 84. William and Mary 32. Martin Luther 85. Bill of Rights 33. Christian humanists 86. Toleration Act 34. Erasmus 87. Elizabethan Era 35. philosophy of Christ 88. William Shakespeare 36. Renaissance popes 89. Scientific Revolution 37. pluralism 90. medieval worldview 38. absenteeism 91. ancient Greek authorities 39. relics 92. Renaissance humanists 40. indulgences 93. Renaissance artists 41. justification by faith 94. new instruments 42. Bible as sole authority 95. Ptolemaic conception of the universe 43. Ninety-five Theses 96. Nicolaus Copernicus 44. Calvinism 97. heliocentric conception of the universe 45. John Calvin 98. Johannes Kepler 46. predestination 99. humanist education for women 47. Geneva 100.female scientists 48. English Reformation 101.Margaret Cavendish 49. Henry VIII 102.Maria Winkelmann 50. Church of England 103.theories about women's nature 51. Anabaptists 104.René Descartes 52. Reformation family life 105.Isaac Newton

106.three laws of motion 109.Galileo Galilei 107.universal law of gravitation 110.Blaise Pascal 108.Newtonian mechanistic concept 111.Francis Bacon

Glossary

1. absolutism 14. humanism 2. boyars 15. indulgence 3. Cartesian dualism 16. justification of faith 4. Christian humanism 17. limited (constitutional) monarchy 5. civic humanism 18. nationalism 6. condottieri 19. new monarchies 7. divine-right monarchy 20. predestination 8. dynastic state 21. Puritans 9. gentry 22. rationalism 10. geocentric theory 23. realism 11. heliocentric theory 24. relics 12. high culture 25. Renaissance 13. Huguenots 26. scientific method

Mapwork

Map 13.1. Europe in the Fifteenth Century

 What changes in the monarchy occurred in the fifteenth century in France, England, and Spain?  Which monarchs and their policies effected these changes?  How did the Holy Roman Empire and Eastern Europe fare differently? Why?

Map 13.2. The Italian States in the Fifteenth Century

 Why do some historians view the Milan, Venice, and Florence as the first true examples of the modern secular state?  Why are the printing press with moveable type, the rise of libraries and schools of art, and the revival of classical building styles all important for understanding the term Renaissance in Italy?  Which independent city-states on this map were also of primary importance in fifteenth-century politics, trade, and culture?  What aspects of the pope's administration of the Papal States led to criticism of that religious office?

Map 13.3. Catholics and Protestants in Europe by 1560

 What distinguished the Anglican, Calvinist, and Lutheran reforms from each other?  Which countries resisted reform most strongly? Why?  How did the presence of reform affect political conflicts and alliances in sixteenth-century Europe?

Map 13.4 Europe in the Seventeenth Century

 Which of the states in seventeenth-century Europe were absolutist in government? Where did constitutional monarchy exist?  What are the differences between these two types of government?  What arguments do Thomas Hobbes and John Locke present in favor of these two systems?

Map Civil War in England

 Who would have been likely to support the King in the Civil War? Who supported Parliament?  How are the above groups represented on the map? Why are particular areas more likely to support one group or another?

Datework

Chronology: States in the Renaissance

 Why was Louis XI called "the Spider"? Why are his policies today considered to have built the basis for the strong French monarchy of later years?  What great successes in government were achieved by Henry VII, the first Tudor king?  What were the policies of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain in regard to Muslims and Jews? How was this related to their sponsorship of the Inquisiton?  Briefly describe the rise of the Habsburg dynasty following the failure of the Hohenstaufens.  What was the relation between Russia and the Mongols? Why is Ivan III remembered as a great prince of Moscow?  What did the patronage of Cosimo de Medici contribute to Italian Renaissance humanism?  Who were the Visconti? The Sforzas? The Medici? What relation did these families have with the Italian papacy? With condottieri?  Why do the English king Charles VIII and the Spanish king Charles I invade Italy and sack Rome?

Chronology: Key Events of the Reformation Era

 How did Pope Leo X respond to Luther's Ninety-five Theses? Why? What was the result for Catholicism?  What did the Jesuits contribute to the Catholic reformation? The Council of Trent?  Why did the popes ultimately acknowledge the need for reform? In which areas was reform undertaken? Which popes were especially involved?  Why is the Act of Supremacy an important step within the English Reformation?

Chronology: Europe in Crisis, 1560-1650: Key Events

 Why was Philip II of Spain granted the honorary title "Most Catholic of Kings"?  What was the purpose of the Armada? Why did it fail? How was Queen Elizabeth I of England affected by this mission?  Briefly describe the importance of the following for European history: the Edict of Nantes and the Peace of Westphalia. How do both religious and political issues determine these settlements? Why is it difficult to separate religious and political issues in this period?

Chronology: Absolute and Limited Monarchy

 Why did Louis XIV revoke the Edict of Nantes? What was the result for the Huguenots?  What policies and practices distinguished an absolute ruler from a constitutional monarch?  Why did the Bill of Rights fail to settle the religious upheavals of seventeenth-century England?

Chapter Timeline: From the Medici to the Reign of Peter the Great

 How do the writers and artists of the Renaissance reflect the value placed in this period upon the concept of l'uomo universale?  How were the French Wars of Religion a consequence of the work of Martin Luther, John Calvin, and other Reformers?  What were the reformist responses to Protestantism within the Catholic church?  Why is the reign of Louis XIV considered an excellent example of absolutism in practice?

Primary Sources Late Medieval and Renaissance Primary Sources:

Marriage Negotiations: Alessandra Strozzi to Her Son Filippo in Naples  Why did the Florentine matron Alessandra Strozzi not approach Francesco Tanagli herself?  What considerations are paramount for a "fine marriage"? Why?  What evidence does this document provide for the responsibilities and education expected for young Italian noblewomen in the fifteenth century?

Protestant Reformation Primary Sources:

Luther and the Ninety-Five Theses: Selections  What reflection do you see here of Luther's original concern for salvation? For the practice of indulgences? Briefly explain that practice.  Do you see evidence here of Luther's belief in justification through faith alone? For the sole authority of the Bible?  How does this document, especially in its statements about the pope, explain what happened at the Diet of Worms?

A Protestant Woman: Catherine Zell to Ludwig Rabus of Memmingen  Why were the Anabaptists persecuted by both Catholics and Protestants?  How does Catherine Zell present herself as a model sixteenth-century Christian woman?

Seventeenth-Century Primary Sources:

A Witchcraft Trial in France: The Trial of Suzanne Gaudry  Why were women, particularly older women, especially vulnerable to accusations of witchcraft?  What "proofs" are offered here that Suzanne Gaudry had consorted with the devil?  Why was she executed, rather than merely punished, for her supposed crimes?

Peter the Great Deals with a Rebellion: Peter and the Streltsy  Why would an Austrian author of the seventeenth century be especially interested in the activities of Peter the Great?  Why was this tsar full of "curiosity of rambling abroad"? What changes did he initiate in Russia as a result of his travels?

The Bill of Rights  Why was the "Glorious Revolution" so called? What fears prompted it?  What rights are being granted to the parliament by the parliament in this document? Why did William and Mary allow this?

William Shakespeare: In Praise of England, from Richard II

 Why is William Shakespeare aptly described as not merely a playwright, but a "complete man of the theatre"?  Why is English literature of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centures termed "Elizabethan"? What elements characterize the literature of this period in England?  Which countries might Shakespeare have meant to suggest by the phrase "...the envy of less happier lands"?  What details in the passage might suggest allusion to the Armada?

Primary Sources of the Scientific Revolution in Europe:

The Starry Messenger , Galileo Galilei

 What was the response of the Roman Inquisition to the publication of The Starry Messenger?  Why did the Inquisition, founded to battle heresies, concern itself with Galileo's scientific findings and publications? Why were they especially disturbed by features such as the "chains of mountains and deep valleys" Galileo reports seeing on the moon in this passage?  Why does Galileo mention "philosophy" and "philosophers" in this passage? Does he mean these terms in the original sense (according to the original ancient Greek conception)?  What were the long-term consequences for the relation between science and the church in the West?

Internet Exploration

To learn more about the House of Medici, visit http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10120a.htm

To read the texts of the Council of Trent, visit http://history.hanover.edu/early/trent.htm

To take a guided tour and view panoramas of the Palace of Versailles, visit http://www.chateauversailles.fr/

To learn more about Nicholas Copernicus, visit http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Copernicus.html

World History AP: Chapter 13