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APES Semester Exam

1. Which of the following is the best 5. Tommy has a puppy and wants to feed it the illustration of the tragedy of the commons? best possible food. He decides on an (A) Depletion of fishing stocks in the experiment where he will feed it the very best North Atlantic canned food plus a dietary supplement of B) Collective farming of wine grapes in vitamins recommended by a veterinarian. communities in France Which of the following best describes (C) Using national forests for wood production Tommy’s project? and harvesting (A) This is an example of an excellent, (D) Allocation of all nuclear wastes to one site controlled experiment as it is written. in Nevada (B) Tommy needs to take careful (E) Agreements among western ranchers to measurements of the puppy’s weight and height jointly manage common grazing land at least once a week for it to be a good experiment. (C) Tommy needs to control the amount of 2. Which of the following is true about a exercise, sunshine, water, and care that the manipulative experiment? puppy gets each week, so that they are equal (A) The researcher manipulates the dependent from week to week. variable (D) Tommy needs to use the mother’s 6 – year (B) The researcher manipulates the independent old chocolate Sharpei to feed a standard variable diet so he can compare his puppy with a control (C) The experiment involves recorded data that dog. is predominantly obtained from the natural (E) This is not an experiment – there are no environment. controls or replicates. (D) The results may lead theories while natural experiments may not (E) None of the above 6. Rocks, wind, water, temperature and solar 3. Ecology is radiation are all examples of: (A) concerned only with solving environmental (A) non-renewable resources problems (B) abiotic environmental factors (B) the study of organisms and their (C) biotic environmental factors interactions with each other and with the (D) renewable resources environment (E) biodegradable materials (C) a subfield of environmentalism (D) not a crucial discipline to environmental science 7. Malthus was responsible for: (E) the study of animal behavior (A) the book The Population Bomb, which described the disastrous effects of human population growth (B) the idea that, without social structures, the 4. Solutions to environmental problems: increase in the human population would lead to (A) can be implemented only by scientists famine and war (B) must be sustainable (C) the concept that human population growth (C) must be on a local scale would lead to greater industry and prosperity (D) must be short term through education (E) are best discussed in the political arena (D) instituting fertilizer use for agriculture (E) the political stance that the environment was important in its own right

8. Sustainable development: (A) ensures an economy that will decline over time (B) means consuming resources without compromising future availability (C) is impossible to accomplish (D) is beyond our current technology and attitudes (E) is possible given our increased use of fertilizers and technology for agriculture

. 9. The world average is about 2.2 hectares per person for an ecological footprint. At that size, 11) How many citizens of Mexico does it take we are depleting our renewable resources 30% to equal the ecological footprint of the average faster than they can replenish. The U.S. citizen of the United States? average footprint is 9.5 hectares, which is A) They are essentially equal ______times larger than the average world B) Two citizens of Mexico equal the footprint. ecological footprint of one average citizen of (A) 2 the US (B) 2.5 C) It takes nearly four Mexican citizens to (C) 4.4 equal the ecological footprint of the average US (D) 5 citizen (E) 2.85 D) It takes just over eight Mexican citizens to equal the ecological footprint of the the average 10. Sean and Fred are having a discussion US citizen about the scientific method. Sean makes the E. It takes about 12 Mexican citizens to equal comment that every time he sees people the ecological footprint of the average US carrying umbrellas, she also sees several small citizen car accidents. This is a(n): 12.) Which of the following is not a quality (A) hypothesis present in a sustainable enterprise? (B) theory about umbrellas A) Future generations are able to carry on at (C) theory about car accidents the same level of productivity as present. (D) scientific study B) Environmental effects will not damage, (E) observation degrade, or deplete the system with which it interfaces. C) Materials and energy will be used efficiently. D) Wastes will be eliminated completely E) The ecological footprint of the enterprise will remain unchanged, or may diminish as better technology becomes available. 13.) The cumulative total and kind of living 16) If a non-renewable resource such as oil things on Earth is: suddenly became scarce while demand A) called taxonomy remained constant, the intersection of the lines B) its biodiversity on the graph would: C) increasing rapidly A) move up on line B D) its environment B) move down on line B E) an abiotic factor C) move up on line A D) move down on line A 14.) Ehrlich’s predictions have not come true E) remain unchanged on the scale he imagined because: A) Malthus was right B) agricultural advances have been made in recent decades C) pollution has reduced the birth rate in all countries 17. Which of the following does not adequately D) governments controlled birth rates in all differentiate environmentalism from countries environmental science? E) medicine has not advanced as rapidly as he A) Environmental scientists use an objective predicted scientific approach to understanding environmental problems B) Environmental scientists often use dramatic, emotional approaches to alter the political and social understanding of environmental problems. C) Environmental scientists pursue knowledge about the workings of the environment and our interactions with it. D) Environmentalists dedicate themselves to the protecting the natural environment and humans from undesirable changes brought on by certain human choices. E) All of the above

15) The graph successfully illustrates: A) marginal benefit and cost curves B) the costs of resource use and pollution 18) The oceans face pressure from: reduction A) increasing whale populations C) internal and external costs associated with B) the Endangered Species Act market economies C) overfishing D) how price is determined by supply and D) too many preserves demand E) lack of predators E) how price falls when demand is high 19) Which of the following is TRUE? 21) The hawks on the island have always eaten A) The primary goal of science is to prove insects, lizards, and mammals, but they find the hypotheses brightest yellow finches to be easy prey as well. B) If human population growth continues the Over many years, the population of finches on way it is now, it will level off in 2050. the island ______. C) Globalization will have an impact on the development of environmental law as the A) begins to look like graph (a), directional global community is interconnected by trade, selection, with regard to coloration politics, and the movement of people and B) goes extinct because the hawks eat them all species. C) begins to look like graph ©, disruptive D) Scientists believe that fossil fuel use will selection, with regard to coloration lower the temperature of the atmosphere D) doesn’t change; they maintain their original E) The Easter Island Civilization was lost due diversity to environmental degradation due to many E) begins to look like graph (b), stabilizing years of drought and plague. selection, with regard to coloration.

22) Extinction is ______. A) the loss of communities from the planet Use Figure 5.1 to answer the following B) proceeding more slowly now than at any questions. other time A flock of 100 small, bright yellow and brown C) not caused by human disturbance finches is blown off course and ends up on a D) a natural process that is gradual large island where there is a lot of open, grassy E) something that occurs only rarely ground, and low hills. There are mammals, many plants, some insects, lizards, and a few hawks, but there are no other small birds. There are two types of plants with edible seeds, a very 23) The two processes that determine the small-seeded grass, and a large-seeded bush. world’s current biodiversity are ______. A) mutation and cleavage 20) Over many years, the population of finches B) endemism and climate change on the island ______. C) breeding and ecotourism A) doesn’t change; they maintain their original D) extinction and speciation diversity E) allopatric and sympatric speciation B) begins to look like graph (a), directional selection, with regard to beak size 24) A population is a ______. C) goes extinct because there is nothing that A) group of individuals of interacting species they can manage to eat that live in one area D) begins to look like graph (b), stabilizing B) subset of bacteria that grow on a petri dish selection, with regard to beak size C) group of individuals of a single species that E) begins to look like graph ©, disruptive live in one area selection, with regard to beak size D) group of individuals of interacting species that interact in multiple ecosystems E) group of cells that have similar function 25) Endemic species ______. 29) Heavy rains and mudslides cause a river to A) cause disease change course, isolating two groups of lizards B) are found only in one place on the planet from one another. Over a long period of time, C) have high rates of mutations that lead to ______. large numbers of offspring species A) both groups will probably become native D) are invasive species that cause extinction species E) are generalist organisms B) the groups will probably become genetically different, and speciation may occur C) one or both groups will probably emigrate 26) The functional role of a species in its D) one group will probably become an endemic community is its ______habitat species B) selection E) one or both groups will probably become C) evolution invasive species D) place in the food chain E) niche 30) Groups of organisms with low biotic potential, such as gray whales, that produce at most one offspring every other year, are said to 27) The destruction of ecosystems is not a be ______. problem ______. A) r-selected A) because humans can find and make their B) density-independent organisms own resources C) K-selected B) because restoration ecology can restore D) cannot be determined from information ecosystems given C) because zoos and gardens contain most E) high in biotic potential because of their size, important species and breeding technologies like the grey whale are improving D) because our understanding of genetics 31) Which of these best matches with a type III allows us to restore populations survivorship curve? E) incorrect; the destruction of ecosystems is A) A species that has a constant rate of death always a problem throughout its lifespan B) A K-selected species C) Endemic species 28) Which of the following would be most D) An organism that produces huge numbers vulnerable to extinction? of offspring, most of which die quickly with a A) a mold that attacks wheat in the field few not dying until old age B) a healthy plant, such as a pine tree, that E) Humans completely dominates its native environment C) an orchid endemic to an area where logging 32. Density-dependent factors ______. is occurring A) include the effects of a hard freeze on a D) a migratory flock of warblers stopping along single species within a community its winter route to feed on local resources that B) include the effects of rainfall on an entire are now gone and replaced by a suburb community E) a moth, brought to the United States for silk C) include the effects of a hard freeze on an production, escaping into the wild and entire community becoming established D) include the effects of disease and predators on a single species within a community E) cause decreases in the number of species in an ecosystem 37) High population density can ______. A) decrease the use of resources B) hinder organisms from finding mates 33) The carrying capacity is the ______. C) increase the incidence of disease A) limitation on numbers of species in a transmission community D) decrease biodiversity within a species B) maximum population size that a given E) decrease competition environment can sustain C) average number of offspring carried to term by a species 38) A small moth pollinates native trees when D) greatest number of different niches possible they bloom in April. Some of the moths emerge in a given area in early March and discover a different E) potential growth in the number of species in blooming shrub to use as a resource. As time a given area passes, this could be an example of ______. A) an invasive species 34) Unregulated populations tend to increase B) a change in age structure of the original by ______. population A) exponential growth C) allopatric speciation B) immigration D) sympatric speciation C) emigration E) an extinction for the original population D) pyramidal growth E) linear growth 39) One example of artificial selection is 35) Age pyramids, used to show the age ______. structure of a population, generally ______. A) humans placing a gene for human insulin A) have no inherent value for predicting growth into a flower B) indicate the total numbers of individuals in B) broccoli and brussels sprouts each age class C) crossing a lion and a tiger to get a sterile C) indicate the relative numbers (frequency, or animal called a liger percentage) of individuals in each age class D) pet dogs that have gone wild, are mating D) cannot predict possible species declines in with coyotes, and live in packs numbers E) gypsy moths as an invasive species E) have bars that represent sizes of individual organisms 21) In a population of field mice, an example of 36) Population distribution describes an adaptive trait that could help with ______. reproduction and/or survival would be A) spatial arrangement of multiple species ______. within a particular area A) spending more time running around on the B) how near or far away individuals in a ground looking for better seeds population are from a resource, such as water B) having a bit more fur to withstand cold C) placement of a species within a country’s weather boundaries C) having shorter legs to be lower to the ground D) placement of a species around the globe D) needing to eat more food than other mice E) spatial arrangement of individuals of a your size single species within a particular area or E) being brightly colored so other mice could ecosystem see you 40) Which statement below most accurately 42) What is going to happen to the area describes a phylogenetic tree? resources after 1923? A) a branching diagram used to illustrate the A) The deer herd will have leveled off to a steps an organism went through during artifical steady state, so the resources will recover. selection B) The deer herd will have leveled off to a B) a branching diagram used to illustrate a steady state, but the resources will continue to scientist’s hypothesis about how divergence be damaged. took place C) The deer herd will have begun decreasing, C) a branching diagram used to illustrate a so the resources will recover. scientist’s hypothesis about how individuals of D) As the deer switch to the forage previously a population are related. used by cattle, the resources will recover. D) a diagram that shows how one species E) The deer herd continues to increase, so the develops into another resources will continue to be damaged. E) a genetically modified tree that can produce asexually without using seeds. 43) Which of these graphs shows the Kaibab deer population between 1900 and 1923? Read the following scenario and answer A) a “sine wave” curving up, down, up, down questions 23-25 below. B) an S-shaped curve that shows a smooth, Between 1907 and 1923, cattle grazing was rapid increase and then levels off greatly reduced, deer hunting was eliminated, C) a J-shaped upward curve with a very rapid and predators were killed. Over 600 cougars, increase 11 wolves (most had already been killed in the D) a straight line slanting upward, showing a 1800s), and 3,000 coyotes were trapped or shot. steady increase over time In response, the deer herd began to increase. By E) a rapidly decreasing slope from left to right 1915, the deer were estimated at 25,000; by 1920 at 50,000; and by 1923 at approximately 44) A coyote, which can alter its food intake to 100,000. match seasonal abundance of plants, fruits, or small animals, is considered to be ______. A) density independent and resource neutral 41) Mule deer such as the Kaibab population B) a generalist, able to be flexible can live 10 to 25 years. In 1920, an age C) an organism with a Type II survivorship structure diagram of the Kaibab deer curve population would ______. D) a specialist, able to specialize on whatever is A) look like a narrow inverted triangle, available at the time somewhat wide at the top and narrow at the E) an endemic, able to be flexible bottom B) look like an inverted triangle, very wide at 45) Which of the following pairs contains, first, the top and narrow at the bottom an r-selected organism and, second, a K- C) be almost the same size from bottom to top, selected organism? tapering slightly at the top A) grasshopper; whale D) look like a narrow triangle, somewhat wide B) elephant; pine tree at the bottom and narrow at the top C) dandelion; pine tree E) look like a wide triangle, very wide at the D) elephant; whale bottom and narrow at the top E) pine tree; dandelion 46) An example of a density-independent factor 51) What is habitat selection? would be ______. A) when an organism chooses the biome to A) blight (a mold disease) in a wheat field live in B) a grass that is wind pollinated B) when an organism chooses its habitat C) a plant parasite, such as mistletoe entirely on the presence of the food it prefers to D) cold weather causing the lake to freeze eat E) nest sites for a flock of warblers C) when the organism chooses the nutrition that it needs D) when an organism selects a specific 47) A Type I survivorship curve, with higher environment in which to live from the range of death rates at older ages, is typical of options it encounters. ______. E) is demonstrated when population growth A) large open-water ocean fish, such as tuna rises sharply at first, and then begins to level B) dandelions off as the limiting factors become stronger. C) large mammals such as gorillas D) large reptiles such as alligators 52) A population growth rate of 20, 40, 60, E) redwood trees 80….would be characteristic of A) logarithmic growth C) static growth 48) Which of the following would represent a D) arithmetic growth clumped population dispersion pattern? E) power curve growth A) a forest of pine trees B) oaks planted on city streets 53)A number of coyotes move into an area and C) eagles nesting in the Grand Canyon begin to eat a population of small harvest mice. D) earthworms in the soil of a garden After several years, the harvest mice are much E) a pod of 40 migrating gray whales speedier runners than before the coyotes came. This is an example of 49) The sixth mass extinction event is likely A) stabilizing selection being caused by ______. B) sympatric speciation A) a warming event C) allopatric speciation B) several disease pandemics D) directional selection C) the last ice age E) disruptive selection D) meteorites E) human-induced causes 54) Zebra mussels 50) Pick the proper order of ecological A) are presently restricted to the Great Lakes organization. Starting with the smallest level to and Hudson River, but they are expected to the largest. spread rapidly in the near future A) biosphere, population, ecosystem, B) are clogging up water intake pipes at community factories, power plants, and wastewater B) community, population, biosphere, treatment facilities ecosystem C) were introduced into the United States in C) ecosystem, population, community, the early 1900s biosphere D) excrete waste that facilitates algae blooms D) community, ecosystem, biosphere, and subsequent eutrophication of lakes population E) are native to Canada E) population, community, ecosystem, biosphere 55) Taiga and tundra both A) are found in the United States B) have low temperatures throughout the year C) lack trees D) lack many birds E) have many burrowing rodents

56) Desert and tundra both A) lack many insects B) have relatively low precipitation C) have wide temperature variations 59) The diagram above shows throughout the year A) A predator-prey system with un-paired D) lack shrubs cycles E) have lithosols B) A predator- prey system with paired cycles C) A predator-prey system where increases and decreases in population are unrelated 57) Benthic organisms in the Great Lakes D) An extinction cycle for hares due to an A) are harmed by the presence of zebra overpopulation of lynx mussels E) How predator-prey populations can B) live near the water's surface sometimes be unrelated. C) benefit from the presence of zebra mussels D) include zebra mussels 60) Which of the following is true about top E) include phytoplankton predators? A) They are likely to be herbivores. B) They are likely to be producers. C) They are likely to be keystone species. 58) ______are typical primary consumers D) Their removal increases biodiversity. in a temperature deciduous forest. E) They include bacteria and fungi. A) Deer B) Snakes C) Shelf fungi 61) Which terrestrial biome has the most D) Wolves biodiversity? E) Bison A) temperate deciduous forest B) prairie C) boreal forest D) temperate rainforest E) tropical rainforest

62) Grazing animals such as deer are A) primary consumers B) decomposers C) secondary consumers D) detritivores E) producers 63) Secondary succession A) occurs after a volcano spreads lava across a landscape B) is very predictable because it always ends in the formation of a climax community C) occurs after a fire or flood D) requires primary succession to precede it E) typically begins with lichen colonizing rock

64) ______capture solar energy and use photosynthesis to produce sugars. A) Detritivores B) Primary consumers C) Heterotrophs D) Producers E) Secondary consumers

65) Orchids require tree limbs for support but do not harm the trees. This demonstrates A) allelopathy B) facilitation C) commensalism 67) The climatogram shown above for a D) mutualism temperate deciduous forest does not show E) amensalism A) relatively moist conditions year-round because the precipitation line is above the temperature line. 66) Individuals of a single species fighting B) relatively stable year-round precipitation over access to a limiting resource is one C) seasonal temperature changes example of D) the latitude and longitude associated with A) interspecific competition the biome B) resource partitioning E) a double y-axes C) symbiosis D) intraspecific competition E) competitive exclusion 68) By definition, parasites ______their host. A) are much smaller than B) never kill C) cannot live independently of D) kill E) feed on and harm 69) Zooplankton populations in Lake Erie and the Hudson River have declined by up to 70% since the arrival of zebra mussels because A) zebra mussels block sunlight penetration into lakes and thus prevent zooplankton from photosynthesizing B) zebra mussels feed on cyanobacteria, which zooplankton need as a food source C) zebra mussels carry a parasite that kills zooplankton D) zebra mussels prey on zooplankton E) waste from zebra mussels promotes bacterial growth that kills zooplankton

70) Which of the following might be first to Use Figure 6.1 to answer the questions 19-21. populate an area after permafrost melts in 72) What does the diagram illustrate? response to global climate change? A) hardwood trees A) Mountain ranges demonstrate all of Earth's B) aspen trees biomes. C) grasses B) Increasing altitudes demonstrate the stages D) shrubs of succession. E) lichens C) Biomes at the highest altitudes roughly parallel biomes at the poles. D) Rules regarding climate and biomes do not apply to mountainous regions. 71) If the climate warms significantly, tundra E) Biomes at the highest altitudes roughly permafrost may melt. This may next lead to parallel biomes at the equator. ______of the community.

A) facilitation B) primary succession 73) The lowest altitude in this figure most C) coevolution closely resembles D) climax E) secondary succession A) temperate deciduous forest B) prairie C) desert D) chaparral E) temperate rainforest 74) Organisms most likely to be found at the bottom level would be A) frogs and fish B) bison C) giraffes D) loosestrife E) snakes

75) Efforts at urban restoration A) mostly have been attempted in developing nations B) are very inexpensive C) intend to undo damage done to communities due to urban development 78) Analyze the climatogram above and D) have failed in San Francisco chose the biome it most likely describes E) are not viable conservation strategies for the A) temperate rainforest future B) tundra C) desert D) tropical dry forest 76) Global climate change may produce major E) tropical rain forest shifts in biomes for any given location because

A) mean temperature, precipitation and salinity will change 79) Microbes in our digestive tract that help us B) many species may become extinct digest food demonstrate a(n) ______C) soil chemistry, pH of precipitation and the association. frequency of invasive species will change A) trophic D) food web dynamics will change B) allelopathic E) biodiversity and daylength will change C) benthic D) homeopathic E) symbiotic 77) Environmentally and economically acceptable means of controlling introduced invasive species include A) banning of all importation of non-native species with heavy fines for non-compliance B) killing off pollinators for invasive plants, food sources for invasive animals C) removal of all the invasive individuals by collecting, baiting, trapping and, for plants, prescribed burning D) application of potent pesticides that kill the introduced species E) public education, introduction of suitable predators, examination of imported goods Read the following scenario and answer the 82) If you wanted to predict which biome you questions below would find in an area, you would need to know two things about that area--the yearly average Human activities, including fossil fuel A) immigration and emigration rates combustion, farming, and deforestation, are B) light levels and day length known to increase the levels of carbon dioxide, C) daytime high and nighttime low methane, and nitrous oxides in our atmosphere. temperature Measurable warming of Earth due to these D) rainfall and temperature greenhouse gases can alter ecosystem E) soil nutrients and relative humidity dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can lower levels of sea ice and increase precipitation in Arctic areas. Global warming also can increases sea surface temperatures, which can subsequently melt permafrost in the tundra and increase the intensity of hurricanes in vulnerable areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species.

83) What is not true about the graph above 80) Global warming has been hypothesized to A) Roughly all ecological communities are cause many plants to flower earlier. If bees structured according to the diagram search for food earlier in response to this, this B) Organisms in lower trophic levels exist in would represent ______within the greater numbers community. C) Organisms in the highest trophic level A) primary succession contain as little as 10% of the energy passed on B) climax by producers C) secondary succession D) Primary consumers are smaller in biomass D) extirpation than secondary consumers E) coevolution E) Eating at a lower trophic level will reduce a persons ecological footprint

84) If you wanted to graphically represent the 81) The relationship between flowering plants relative importance of the trophic levels in a and caterpillars is best described as food chain, the most accurate way would be as A)commensalism a B)amensalism A) pyramid of energy C)parasitism B) pyramid of numbers D)herbivory C) pyramid of keystone species E)mutualism D) pyramid of competition E) pyramid of primary productivity

85) A trophic cascade was illustrated by the 87) Which of the following statements best food chain of kelp → sea urchin → sea otter → describes competition for a niche? killer whale with the direction of the arrow showing energy flow. Which of these would be A) Competition for a niche always results in a prediction based on the idea of the trophic the disappearance of one of the competing cascade? species. A) A drop in the sea urchin population will B) The two species could divide the niche cause a drop in the kelp population. through "resource partitioning". B) Competition between killer whales and kelp C) Both species get to keep all of their could collapse the entire food chain. fundamental niche, but only part of their C) An increase in the killer whale population realized niche. would cause an increase in the kelp population. D) Competition for resources always involves D) A drop in the killer whale population aggression. should cause an increase in the sea urchin E) Members of different species never population. compete for resources. E) An increase in the sea otter population will have no effect on any other level since only the top predator and producer are important in the idea of the trophic cascade.

86) When a species is moved from its native range to a new area (often across an ocean), it can become an invasive species and damage its new home ecosystem. What is one reason these species are able to do damage to an ecosystem?

A) When a species is transported, it leaves 88) behind its predators and diseases and is able to Which of the following is not true according to grow to huge and damaging numbers. the food-web diagram? B) In nearly every case, when a species is moved across an ocean and into a new habitat it A) Deer are parasitic hosts to ticks becomes a harmful invasive simply because it B) Spiders are secondary consumers is in a new habitat. C) The rattlesnake could be a keystone species C) Having been moved from its home country, D) Energy flows from the white oak to the the introduced species does not know the local chipmunk to the tick language so is unable to communicate with its E) Energy only flows in one direction to new neighbors and gets angry, lashing out at complete a cycle of energy flow. any nearby organisms and doing great harm. D) It becomes a damaging invasive because it was brought by humans. If it were transported 89) The physical, abiotic components of our naturally, it would not become an invasive planet can be divided into the ______. species. A)centrosphere, geosphere, biosphere, and E) When moved to the new location, the abiosphere species fills in unoccupied niches. B)lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere C)lithosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere D)geosphere and atmosphere E)lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere 90) Any network of relationships among a group of components, which interact with and 94) Human beings have dramatically altered influence one another through exchange of the flux rate of nitrogen from ______. matter and/or information, is referred to as A)producers to consumers through increased ______. wildfires A)an environmental collaboration B)from soils to the atmosphere B)an interchange C)proteins to inorganic ions in soils C)hierarchy D)oceans to soils D)an ecosystem E)the atmosphere to various pools on the E)a system earth's surface

91) The eutrophication that has taken place in 95) The process of subduction ______. the Gulf of Mexico and other locations appears A)occurs when plates pull apart to be due to ______. B)causes the formation of deep ocean trenches A)pesticide use along the waterways C)occurs when denser ocean crusts slide B)heavy metals dumped in the sewage beneath lighter continental crusts C)global warming from human use of fossil D)is caused by volcanoes fuels E)is responsible for hurricanes D)excess nutrients from fertilizers E)weather alone, because it is only obvious in the summer 96) Rock that has undergone heat or pressure that causes it to change form is called ______. 92) A system receiving inputs and producing A)igneous outputs without undergoing any changes in size B)sedimentary or function is said to be in ______. C)conglomerate A)harmonic resonance D)metamorphic B)static control E)deformative C)dynamic equilibrium D)environmental balance 97) By damming rivers and using methods E)normal balance such as flood irrigation, we are ______. A)increasing the water table B)increasing transportation C)decreasing transpiration 93) A small section of prairie grasses, over a D)decreasing the water table year, produces enough biomass to feed insects, E)increasing evaporation mice, rabbits, birds, deer, antelope, and a host of decomposers. The amount of food 98) Aquifers are ______. potentially available to the herbivores is the A)the result of transpiration ______. B)natural ponds and lakes A)food chain C)oceans B)net primary production D)recharge lakes at water quality facilities C)secondary production E)underground water reservoirs D)gross primary production E)productivity 104) The largest pools of carbon in the carbon 99) The freshwater we depend on for our cycle are ______. survival accounts for ______. A)atmosphere A)10% of all water on Earth B)sedimentary rock and fossil fuels B)3% of all water on Earth C)plants and animals C)one-third of all water on Earth D)freshwater systems and oceans D)two-thirds of all water on Earth E)hydrosphere E)less than 1% of all water on Earth

105) Plants conduct photosynthesis, making 100) Humans have dramatically altered the glucose and other carbohydrates. To do this rate of nitrogen fixation into forms usable by they need ______. autotrophs ______. A)water from the humid atmosphere and A)because of the erosion of farmlands through carbon dioxide from the soil poor agricultural practices B)water from the soil and carbon dioxide from B)by using antibiotics to reduce the numbers of the atmosphere denitrifying bacteria C)carbon dioxide from the atmosphere C)due to the burning of fossil fuels to meet our D)water from the soil energy needs E)water from the soil and carbon dioxide from D)by selectively removing leguminous plants the soil E)as we produce synthetic fertilizers and apply them to crops, lawns, and parks 106) Macronutrients ______. 101) Nitrogen fixation is a process that makes A)are the only nutrients that can be tracked in nitrogen available to plants by ______. nutrient cycles A)volcanic eruptions B)can only be taken up by plants from rock B)photosynthesis cycles C)parasitic bacteria C)are what large predators eat D)dissolving in freshwater and in the ocean D)are required in large amounts for organisms E)mutualistic and free-living bacteria to survive E)are large molecules necessary for making 102) The origin of all nitrogen in biological macromolecules tissues is ______. A)nitrogen weathered from rock B)earthquake activities 107) The biosphere consists of the ______. C)atmospheric N2 gas A)water, saltwater, and freshwater in surface D)volcanoes bodies and the atmosphere E)lightning B)abiotic portions of the environment C)solid earth beneath our feet 103) The origin of all phosphorus in biological D)air surrounding our planet tissues is ______. E)sum of all the planet's living organisms and A)phosphorus dissolved in the ocean and taken the abiotic portions of the environment up by shellfish B)volcanic activities C)atmospheric phosphorus gas D)phosphorus weathered from rock E)phosphorus in animal bones 108) The rate at which biomass becomes 112) What does the term emergent properties available to consumers is termed ______. describe? A)ecosystem productivity A)the properties created by evolutionary B)grossulosity factor changes in leaf structure in a lineage of ancient C)net density plants D)net primary productivity B)the characteristics of emerging vegetation E)gross primary production such as the forb called fireweed C)the particular timing and season of emergence of flowers in the spring, as long as it is not being changed by global climate change 109) The swamplands of extreme southern D)characteristics that are not evident in the Louisiana, which contain elements of both the system’s individual components, only by forests and the coast, could be called ______. looking at the operating system A)a closed ecosystem E)the particular timing and season of B)a superbiome emergence of organisms from dormancy C)a dead zone D)an ecotone E)an abiotic system 113)Positive feeback loops ______. A)are more common in natural systems altered by human actions B)result in stabilizing concentrations of a substance C)are loops in which inputs reverse a change 110) Cattle on an open range, in some areas, that may cause damage to an ecosystem may compact fragile soils while grazing. This D)are releatively common in nature compared can damage plant roots, leading to fewer, to negative feedback loops smaller plants, which may in turn cause cattle E)help an ecosystem achieve dynamic to graze more and work harder to obtain food. equilibrium This is an example of a ______. A)positive feedback loop B)food web C)homeostatic system 114)In the carbon cycle, carbon moves from D)negative feedback loop the atmosphere into the living portion of the E)dynamic equilibrium cycle through: A)sedimentation B)burning of fossil fuels C)respiration 111) Which of the following processes HAS D)photosynthesis NOT increased the nitrogen in ecosystems E)erosion beyond what I naturally there? A)the Haber-Bosch process B)nitrogen fixation basteria C)use of nitrogen fertilizers D)fossil fuel use E)maintenance of feedlots 115)Which nutrient cycle has no appreciable 117) Looking at the figure, you are able to atmospheric component? determine: A)water A) that the population in the part (b) is aging B)carbon rapidly C)nitrogen B) that the population in the part (b) is D)phosphorus growing rapidly E)all of the above C) that the population in the part (b) has many more males than females D) that there was a "baby boom" in the population on the right 30 years ago 116) In 2003, Congress reauthorized the E) that the population in part (a) is growing Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research rapidly Control Act which includes funding and resources for all of the following proposals except: A)encouraging farmers to irrigate their fields 118) What is the population in part (b) likely up to 50% more than they already do. to experience soon? B)offering insurance and economic incentives A) lack of economic growth for not using excess fertilizer B) more senior citizens C)implementing new strategies such as organic C) more households farming D) resource depletion and decreased quality of D)planting cover crops in the off season to life reduce runoff. E) more single males E)helping farmers to maintain natural wetlands which host nitrogen fixing bacteria.

119) What is the population in part (a) likely to experience soon? Use Figure 8.1 to answer the following A) more senior citizens questions. B) government institution of a population control policy C) more single males D) exponential population growth E) resource depletion and decreased quality of life

120) During which time period did the world's population increase the most? A) 1850–1900 B) 1950–2000 C) 1800–1850 D) 1900–1950 E) 1750–1800 121) Currently, the human population is approximately 126) The 1994 Cairo, Egypt, conference was A) 6.5 million organized B) 1.5 million A) to reevaluate the effectiveness of China's C) 1.5 billion one-child policy D) 6.7 billion B) by President Clinton to seek world funding E) 10 billion for family planning initiatives C) to urge governments to push contraception and lower population to preset targets. 122) If a population roughly doubles in the D) to address the growing AIDS epidemic in course of 50 years, its growth rate would be Africa close to E) to urge governments to offer universal A) 5 % access to reproductive health care within 20 B) 1.5 % years through better education and addressing C) 25 % social needs. D) 20 % E) 10 % 127) Replacement fertility A) is below 2 in Latin America and the 123) ______is the world's most populous Caribbean nation, home to ______of the people living B) is below 2 in Africa on Earth. C) is equal to 2.1 in stable populations A) China; half D) restores population size after a catastrophic B) The United States; half event C) China; one-fifth E) is a contraceptive technique D) India; one-third E) The United States; one-fifth 128) Declining death rates due to increased food production and improved medical care 124) Which of the following is not one of the while birth rates remain high is characteristic of world's top five most populous nations? the ______stage in a demographic A) Vietnam transition. B) Brazil A) revolutionary C) United States B) stabilization D) India C) transitional E) Indonesia D) post-industrial E) pre-industrial

125) Life expectancy in parts of southern Africa 129) Areas with the least dense human A) is starting to fall populations are in B) has fallen dramatically since 1990 A) the suburbs C) is on the rise B) agricultural areas D) has stabilized due to population control C) Mexico E) cannot be determined due to lack of D) Europe adequate methods for data collection E) temperate areas 130) Which of the following countries has the 135) The annual global growth rate of the highest population growth rate? human population peaked in the ______and A) Pakistan has been declining ever since. B) Italy A) 1960s C) Spain B) early 1900s D) United States C) 1990s E) Canada D) year 2000 E) 1950s

131) Which of the following factors drives TFR down? 136) A country with ______is not expected A) history and tradition to grow quickly in the near future. B) rural lifestyle A) many developing regions C) social and economic security B) growing industrialization D) sexism C) high female literacy E) high infant mortality D) a female to male ratio of 1.2 to 1 E) a pyramid shaped age structure diagram

132) The transitional stage in Frank Notestein's demographic model is initiated by: 137) In a country where there are increasingly A) industrialization more households B) the increased use of contraceptives A) birth rates should remain constant C) government intervention B) consumption should decrease D) epidemics C) consumption should increase E) resource depletion D) birth rates should increase E) population growth rates should increase

133) The richest one-fifth of the world's 138) As of 2008, total cumulative HIV population possesses approximately ______infections since 1980 are estimated at nearly times the income of the poorest one-fifth, and ______million. the richest one-fifth use over 86% of the A) 1 B) 50 C) 78 D) 10 E) 25 world's resources. A) 80 B) 10 C) 60 D) 20 E) 40 139) Demographic effects of AIDS are most significant socially, politically, and economically because 134) If global fertility rates remain at 2006 A) it is caused by a virus levels, the United Nations predicts that world B) AIDS sickens and kills the youngest and population will be approximately ______most productive members of society billion in 2050. C) it is not known who is resistant to AIDS A) 4 B) 12 C) 7 D) 10 E) 5 D) AIDS leaves behind orphans E) AIDS strikes affluent people more than poor people 143) The Cornucopian view held by many economists suggests that resource depletion due to greater numbers of people ______. A) is not a problem if new resources can be found to replace depleted ones B) will cause a population crash C) is not a problem because disease will limit population size D) is not a problem because humans are too intelligent to allow it to be E) will lead to natural selection of the most fit individuals

140) America's age structure diagram: A) looks like a pyramid 144) The "sensitivity factor" in the IPAT model B) reflects unequal distribution of males and denotes ______. females at all age groups A) the sensitivity of endangered species to C) reflects a population with a high growth rate human population infringement D) reflects a "baby boom" in the early 1800s B) economic sensitivity to resource use E) reflects an aging population as baby- C) the sensitivity of governments to carrying boomers grow capacity demands D) the sensitivity of an environment to human pressures E) human sensitivity to what needs to be done to protect the environment 141) The world population growth rate is currently close to ______%. A) 5 B) 20 C) 1.2 D) 2.5 E) 10 145) The most accurate terms describing the trend over the past 50 years in resource use for human energy and agricultural systems are A) from unsustainable to sustainable 142) According to the IPAT model, B) decreasing and sustainable technology that enhances our acquisition of C) increasing and unsustainable minerals, fossil fuels, timber, and ocean fish D) rapidly increasing, moving from ______. unsustainable to sustainable A) increases environmental impact E) steady state - no change B) decreases sensitivity C) increases population D) increases sensitivity E) decreases environmental impact 146) According to the model developed by 149) Because of the success of China's Donella Meadows and her colleagues, if human population control programs society proceeds as it has for most of the 20th A) there is a younger population in China century today A) human population will stabilize at about 8 B) African nations have instituted similar billion programs B) human population will reach 20 billion by C) European nations have instituted similar 2100 as pollution levels drop rapidly programs C) industrial production will reach steady-state D) environmental problems in China have as non-renewable resources increase been virtually eliminated D) pollution levels will soar and productivity E) China's population growth rate is much decrease exponentially in the next century lower than it was in the 1970s E) human population will crash and then grow exponentially to 20 billion

150) Aside from contraception, what can humans do to control population growth's 147) Despite dire predictions in the past, negative effects on the environment? humans still inhabit Earth. A few economists A) encourage emigration from Africa would argue that this is because B) encourage smaller households A) Malthus's measurements were inaccurate C) discourage population movement into B) world population growth has been slower sensitive environmental areas than expected D) encourage consumption C) space exploration has revealed new E) discourage emigration from Africa frontiers D) Malthus overestimated the Earth's environmental sensitivity E) technological developments have alleviated some of the strain on Earth's resources

148) Mesopotamian, Mayan, Easter Island and 1930s U.S. midwest prairie societies all experienced "crashes" because they A) abused and overused their natural resources B) had low TFR C) had a weak military D) experienced rapid climate change E) had an unbalanced male:female ratio

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