The Age of Expansion, Absolutism, and Constitutionalism Age of Exploration and Conquest

I. Causes of Exploration a. Three G’s b. Rise of Nation-States c. Impact of Renaissance d. Cartography Advances e. Technological Advances i. Instruments ii. Ships II. “Old Imperialism” in Africa and Asia a. Characteristics b. Portugal c. Dutch Republic III. Portugal a. Motives for Exploration b. Prince Henry the Navigator c. Bartholomew Dias d. Vasco da Gama e. Amerigo Vespucci f. Brazil IV. France V. England The Age of Expansion, Absolutism, and Constitutionalism Spanish Exploration

I. Explorers a. Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) i. Accomplishments ii. Account of Bartholomew de las Casas (1476-1566) iii. Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) b. Vasco Nunez de Balboa (1475-1517) c. Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521) d. Conquistadors i. Hernan Cortes (1485-1547) ii. Francisco Pizarro (1478-1541) II. Empire a. A “New” Imperialism? b. Mercantilist Policies c. Structure d. Encomienda system e. Mestizos and Creoles The Age of Expansion, Absolutism, and Constitutionalism The Commercial Revolution

I. Causes a. Demographics b. Political c. Economic II. Features a. Banking and Stock Markets b. The Hanseatic League c. Corporations d. Rural trends e. New industries and consumer goods f. Mercantilism i. characteristics ii. bullionism III. Significance a. Broad transitions b. The Price Revolution c. Rise of the Bourgeoisie The Age of Expansion, Absolutism, and Constitutionalism The Atlantic Economy

I. Slave Trade a. Need for Africans b. Different Destinations c. Numbers d. Middle Passage II. The Columbian Exchange a. Process b. Disease c. Diet d. Animals e. Precious Metals III. Great Britain a. Bank of England (1694) and Act of Union (1707) b. Differences with French Mercantilism i. Navigation Acts c. Triangular Trade IV. The Dutch Republic a. “Golden Age of the Netherlands” b. Anglo-Dutch Wars c. Difference in Priorities V. The Bubbles a. South Sea Bubble (1720) b. Mississippi Bubble (1720) The Age of Expansion, Absolutism, and Constitutionalism Philosophy of Absolutism + The Fall of Spain

I. Absolutism A. Characteristics B. Philosophy i. Jean Bodin (1530-1596) ii. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) x. Leviathan iii. Bishop Jacques Bousset (1627-1704) x. Divine Right II. Spanish Empire of 17th Century A. The Golden Age of Spain – 16th Century B. Decline of the Spanish Economy C. Political and Military Decline i. Spanish Armada ii. Treaty of the Pyrenees The Age of Expansion, Absolutism, and Constitutionalism Development of French Absolutism

I. France in the 17th Century a. Estate System b. Population II. Henry IV (Henry of Navarre) (r. 1589-1610) a. General accomplishments b. Weakening of the Nobility c. Duke of Sully (1560-1641) d. Assassination III. Louis XIII (1610-1643) a. Beginnings b. Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642) i. intendant system ii. relations with Huguenots c. Thirty Years War IV. Louis XIV (r. 1643-1715) a. the quintessential absolute ruler b. The Fronde i. Cardinal Mazarin (1602-1661) c. Government Organization i. corvee d. Versailles Palace e. Religious Policies i. Edict of Fountainblieau ii. Jansenists f. Mercantilism i. Jean Baptiste Colbert g. Wars of Louis XIV i. Overview ii. War of Devolution (First Dutch War), 1667-68 iii. Second Dutch War (1672-78) iv. War of the League of Augsburg (1688-97) v. War of Spanish Succession (1701-13) x. Treaty of Utrecht (1713) vi. Costs of the Wars

The Age of Expansion, Absolutism, and Constitutionalism Overview of Eastern Europe and the Condition of Serfdom

I. Overview of Eastern Europe a. Aging Empires i. Holy Roman Empire ii. Ottoman Empire x. Suleiman the Magnificent xx. “Janissary corps” iii. Poland x. liberum veto b. Differences with France c. Threat of War II. Serfdom in Europe a. Economic Challenges b. Consolidation c. Eastern Europe, not Western Europe III. The Hapsburg Empire (Austrian Empire) a. Rise of Austria i. Bohemia ii. Austria proper iii. Hungary b. Government c. Important Rulers i. Ferdinand I ii. Ferdinand II iii. Leopold I x. Siege of Vienna IV. Charles VI x. Pragmatic Sanction (1713) IV. Prussia – the House of Hohenzollern a. Background of Brandenburg b. Frederick William – “The Great Elector” (r. 1640-1688) i. Background ii. Accomplishments iii. Emphasis on Business and Trade c. Frederick I (Elector Frederick III) “The Ostentatious” (r. 1688-1713) i. Popularity ii. Wars vs. Louis XIV d. Frederick William I “Soldier’s King” (r. 1713-1740) i. Militarist Policies ii. Bureaucracy

The Age of Expansion, Absolutism, and Constitutionalism Absolutism in Russia

I. Historical Background II. Ivan III (Ivan The Great) (r. 1442-1505) a. “Third Rome” III. Ivan IV (Ivan The Terrible) (r. 1533-1584) a. Territorial Expansion and Foreign Policy b. Reduced Power of Boyars c. Time of Troubles IV. Romanov Dynasty a. Michael Romanov (r. 1613-1645) b. Influx of Western society V. Peter the Great (r. 1682-1725) a. Background b. Military Policy i. Great Northern War c. Modernization and Westernization d. Efficient government i. Table of Ranks e. St. Petersburg The Age of Expansion, Absolutism, and Constitutionalism English Constitutionalism, Part One

I. 17th Century English Society a. Capitalism and Social Mobility b. Gentry i. House of Commons c. Religion II. Problems Facing English Monarchs a. The Growth of Parliament b. Issues Prior to Civil War III. James I (r. 1603-1625) a. Background b. Divine Right c. Dissolution of Parliament IV. Charles I (r. 1625-1649) a. Background b. Tax Issues with Parliament c. Petition of Right (1628) i. Provisions d. Dissolutions of Parliament V. Short and Long Parliaments a. Short Parliament (1640) b. Long Parliament (1640-1648) VI. English Civil War a. Immediate Causes b. Cavaliers vs. Roundheads c. Rise of Oliver Cromwell x. New Model Army d. Death of Charles II e. New Sects The Age of Expansion, Absolutism, and Constitutionalism English Constitutionalism, Part Two

I. Oliver Cromwell’s Interregnum (1649-1660) a. The Commonwealth (1649-1653) b. The Protectorate (1653-1659) c. Cromwell’s Military Campaigns i. Ireland and Scotland ii. Regulation of Moral Life d. Death of Cromwell II. Charles II a. Return of Charles II – the Restoration b. Development of Political Parties i. Tories ii. Whigs c. The Clarendon Code i. Test Act of 1673 d. Habeas Corpus Act of 1679 i. Provisions e. Scotland f. Charles leans Catholic g. Ascent of James II i. Catholic Motivations III. The Glorious Revolution a. Motivations for Parliament’s Action b. Abdication of James and Ascent of William and Mary c. The Bill of Rights (1689) i. Provisions ii. Lack of Democratic Revolution d. Toleration Act of 1689 e. Act of Settlement of 1701 f. Act of Union of 1707 IV. The Cabinet System of the 18th Century a. Structure b. Robert Walpole c. The King’s Role

The Age of Expansion, Absolutism, and Constitutionalism The Dutch Republic and Sweden

I. 17th Century – Golden Age of the Netherlands a. Government Structure b. Religious Toleration c. Mercantile Policies i. Dutch East India Company d. Foreign Policy II. Sweden