Perception Gain Control s1

Attention – Top Down Control Task Name Description Cognitive Construct Validity Neural Construct Reliability Psychometric Animal Model Stage of Research Validity Characteristics Guided This is a type of visual search in which Many RT studies show that Single-unit studies Not Known Wolfe et al. (1989) show Visual search There is evidence Search top-down information about relevant attention can be limited on the show that top-down that the spontaneous use tasks involving that this specific task features is used to guide attention to basis of top-down information control may be of top-down control in top-down control elicits deficits in likely targets (i.e., those that contain to task-relevant items, and implemented by visual search develops have been used in schizophrenia. features that are present in the target). others show that bottom-up means of working over the course of a monkeys. They The number of items that contain vs. do sensory signals compete with memory session (in college are not quite the (Gold, Fuller, not contain the relevant features is top-down control signals for representations of the students). However, same as those Robinson, Braun, & varied, and reaction time methods are control over attention. target (a target practice effects have not used in humans, Luck, 2007) used to determine whether subjects (Egeth et al., 1984; Folk et al., "template") that are been documented when but it should be can limit their search to the items 1992; Wolfe et al., 1989). active in visual cortex the top-down control is possible to use containing the relevant features. For and PFC. When top- explicit in the task (Wolfe similar tasks example, a typical experiment would down control is et al., 1989). across species contain two conditions, and the target in necessary to find a (Buschman & both conditions would be a red item. target, PFC appears to Miller, 2007; The number of items in each stimulus detect the target first. Chelazzi et al., array would be 6, 12, or 18. Subjects When bottom-up 2001). respond when they find the target (e.g., signals are used, a red item of a particular shape). In posterior parietal one condition, half of the items in each cortex appears to array are red; in the other condition, 3 detect the target first. of the items in each array are red Neuroimaging studies (regardless of the total number of also show that items). If subjects can restrict attention changes in top-down to the red items, then their reaction control of search are times should be constant as the total accompanied by PFC number of items increases when each activation. array contains 3 red items. This (Buschman & Miller, requires the use of a top-down signal, 2007; Chelazzi et al., presumably from prefrontal cortex, that 2001). controls the operation of posterior attentional selection mechanisms to limit search to the red items. The condition in which half of the items are red is used to detect differences in overall search rate.

MANUSCRIPTS ON THE WEBSITE:

Egeth, H. E., Virzi, R. A., & Garbart, H. (1984). Searching for conjunctively defined targets. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 10(1), 32-39.

Gold, J. M., Fuller, R. L., Robinson, B. M., Braun, E. L., & Luck, S. J. (2007). Impaired top-down control of visual search in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res, 94(1-3), 148-155.

Attention A fixation cross is visible in the centre The experimental task was In functional magnetic (Fan et al., 2002) Fan et al., 2002. Unknown There is evidence Networks of the screen during the whole designed by Posner and resonance imaging that this specific task Task experiment. Cue stimuli appear above Petersen (Posner & Petersen, (fMRI) experiments Fan et al., 2002: elicits deficits in REFERENCES:

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