Riboflavin, Riboflavin-5'-Phosphate

Number Name Comment

orange-yellow color; stemmed from the root of the curcuma (turmeric) plant, but can be artificially E100@ Curcumin produced; used in cheese, margarine, baked sweets and fish fingers

Riboflavin, 'vitamin B2' and color; occurs naturally in green E101@ Riboflavin-5'- vegetables, eggs, milk, liver and kidney; used in phosphate margarine and cheese

FD&C Yellow No.5; known to provoke asthma attacks (though the US FDA¹ do not recognize this) and urticaria (nettle rash) in children (the US FDA¹ estimates 1:10 000); also linked to thyroid tumors, E102 Tartrazine chromosomal damage, urticaria (hives) and hyperactivity; tartrazine sensitivity is also linked to aspirin sensitivity; used to color drinks, sweets, jams, cereals, snack foods, canned fish, packaged soups; banned in Norway and Austria

FD&C Yellow No.10; used in lipsticks hair products, E104 Quinoline Yellow colognes; also in a wide range of medications; cause dermatitis; banned in Australia, USA and Norway

yellow color; the HACSG² recommends to avoid it; people who suffer Asthma may also show an allergic E107 Yellow 7G reaction to it; typical products are soft drinks; banned in Australia and USA

FD&C Yellow No.6; used in cereals, bakery, sweets, snack foods, ice cream, drinks and canned fish; synthetic; also in many medications including Berocca, Polaramine, Ventolin syrup; side effects are urticaria Sunset Yellow FCF, E110@ (hives), rhinitis (runny nose), nasal congestion, Orange Yellow S allergies, hyperactivity, kidney tumors, chromosomal damage, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, indigestion, distaste for food; seen increased incidence of tumors in animals; banned in Norway

Cochineal, red color; made from insects; rarely used; the E120@ Carminic acid, HASCG² recommends to avoid it Carmines

red color; coal tar derivative; can produce bad Azorubine, reactions in asthmatics and people allergic to aspirin; E122 Carmoisine typical products are confectionery, marzipan, jelly crystals; banned in Sweden, USA, Austria and Norway

FD&C Red No.2; stemmed from the small herbaceous plant of the same name; used in cake mixes, fruit- flavored fillings, jelly crystals; can provoke asthma, E123 Amaranth eczema and hyperactivity; it caused birth defects and foetal deaths in some animal tests, possibly also cancer; banned in the USA, Russia, Austria and Norway and other countries

E124 Ponceau 4R, FD&C Red No.4; synthetic coal tar and azo dye, Cochineal Red A carcinogen in animals, can produce bad reactions in asthmatics and people allergic to aspirin; banned in USA & Norway

FD&C Red No.3; red color used in cherries, canned fruit, custard mix, sweets, bakery, snack foods; can cause sensitivity to light; can increase thyroid E127 Erythrosine hormone levels and lead to hyperthyroidism, was shown to cause thyroid cancer in rats in a study in 1990; banned in January 1990, but not recalled by the US FDA¹; banned in Norway

E128 Red 2G banned in Australia and many other places except UK

FD&C Red No.40; Orange-red color used in sweets, drinks and condiments, medications and cosmetics, synthetic; introduced in the early eighties to replace amaranth which was considered not safe because of E129 Allura red AC conflicting test results; allura red has also been connected with cancer in mice; banned in Denmark, Belgium, France, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Austria and Norway

E131 Patent blue V banned in Australia, USA and Norway

FD&C Blue No.2, commonly added to tablets and capsules; also used in ice cream, sweets, baked Indigotine, Indigo goods, confectionery, biscuits, synthetic coal tar E132@ carmine derivative; may cause nausea, vomiting, high blood pressure, skin rashes, breathing problems and other allergic reactions. banned in Norway

FD&C Blue Dye No.1; used in dairy products, sweets and drinks, synthetic usually occurring as aluminum E133 Brilliant blue FCF lake (solution) or ammonium salt; banned in Belgium, France, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Austria, Norway

green color occurs naturally in all plants; used for Chlorophyll, E140 dyeing waxes and oils, used in medicines and Chlorophyllins cosmetics

Copper complexes E141 of chlorophyll and olive color, no adverse effects are known chlorophyllins

green color; synthetic coal tar derivative; used in canned peas, mint jelly and sauce, packet bread E142 Green S crumbs and cake mixes; banned in Sweden, USA and Norway

dark brown color made from sucrose; the HACSG² E150(a) Plain caramel recommends to avoid it. used in oyster, soy, fruit and canned sauces, beer, whiskey, biscuits, pickles

Caustic sulphite E150(b) see E150(a) caramel

E150(c) Ammonia caramel see E150(a) Sulphite ammonia E150(d) see E150(a) caramel

color; coal tar derivative; used in brown sauces, Brilliant Black BN, blackcurrant cake mixes; banned in Denmark, E151 Black PN Australia, Belgium, France, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Austria, USA, Norway

black color, charcoal pigment; used in jams, jelly crystals, liquorice; only the vegetable stemmed E153@ Vegetable carbon variety permitted in Australia, banned in the United States

E154 Brown FK banned in USA

brown color, coal tar and azo dye; used in chocolate cake mixes; can produce bad reactions in asthmatics Brown HT E155 and people allergic to aspirin; also known to induce (Chocolate) skin sensitivity; banned in Denmark, Belgium, France, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Austria, USA, Norway

orange-yellow color; human body converts it to Carotene, alpha-, E160(a)@ 'Vitamin A' in the liver, found in carrots and other beta-, gamma- yellow or orange fruits and vegetables

red color; stemmed from a tree (Bixa orellana); used as a body paint, fabric dye, digestive aid and Annatto (Arnatto, expectorant; used to dye cheese, butter, margarine, E160(b)@ Annato), bixin, cereals, snack foods, soaps, textiles and varnishes; norbixin known to cause urticaria (nettle rash), the HACSG² recommends to avoid it

Paprika extract, E160(c)@ capsanthin, avoid it, banned in some countries capsorubin

red colored carotenoid found in tomatoes and pink E160(d)@ Lycopene grapefruit, can cause decreasing risk of cancer

Beta-apo-8'- E160(e)@ orange color, no adverse effects are known carotenal (C 30)

Ethyl ester of beta-apo-8'- E160(f)@ orange color, no adverse effects are known carotenic acid (C 30)

Xanthophylls - yellow color stemmed from plants, naturally found in E161(b) Lutein green leaves, marigolds and egg yolks

E161(g)@ Xanthophylls - yellow color possibly stemmed from animal sources Canthaxanthin (retinol); the pigment is found in some mushrooms, crustacea, fish, flamingo feathers; in January 2003, the European Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health voted to reduce the permitted levels of canthaxanthin in animal feeds due to the health risk to human consumers of the animal products; canthaxanthin pigment has been found to accumulate on the retina, having a detrimental effect on eyesight

Beetroot Red, purple color stemmed from beets; no adverse effects E162 Betanin are known

E163 Anthocyanins violet color matter of flowers and plants; seems safe

mineral salt, used in toothpastes, white paint and cleaning powders; may be stemmed from rock mineral E170@ Calcium carbonate or animal bones; sometimes used to deacidify wines and firm canned fruit and veg.; toxic at 'high doses'

white color used in toothpaste and white paint, E171 Titanium dioxide pollutes waterways; no adverse effects are known

Iron oxides and black, yellow, red color used in salmon and shrimp E172 hydroxides pastes; toxic at 'high doses'

E173 Aluminium avoid it, banned in some countries

E174 Silver avoid it, banned in some countries

E175 Gold avoid it, banned in some countries

E180 Latolrubine BK avoid it, banned in some countries

Tannic acid, clarifying agent in alcohol; stemmed from the nutgalls E181 tannins and twigs of oak trees; occurs naturally in tea

¹ Food and Drug Administration ² Hyperactive Children Support Group (HACSG) Red E numbers mark dangerous additives for health. @ Signs mark additives which probably or surely stemmed from animals (mostly pig).

either obtained from berries or synthesized E200 Sorbic acid from ketene; possible skin irritant

E201 Sodium sorbate no known adverse effects

E202 Potassium sorbate no known adverse effects

E203 Calcium sorbate no known adverse effects

E210@ Benzoic acid also known as flowers of benzoin, phenlycarboxylic acid, carboxybenzene; added to alcoholic beverages, baked goods, cheeses, gum, condiments, frozen dairy, relishes, soft sweets, cordials and sugar substitutes; used in cosmetics, as an antiseptic in many cough medications and an antifungal in ointments; can cause asthma, especially in those dependents on steroid asthma medications, is also reputed to cause neurological disorders and to react with sulphur bisulphite (222), shown to provoke hyperactivity in children; obtained from Benzoin, a resin exuded by trees native to Asia

used as antiseptic, as a food preservative and to disguise taste, as of poor-quality food; orange soft drinks contain a high amount of it, up to 25mg per 250ml; also in milk and meat E211 Sodium benzoate products, relishes and condiments, baked goods and lollipops; used in many oral medications including Actifed, Phenergan and Tylenol; known to causes nettle rash and aggravate asthma

people with a history of allergies may show E212 Potassium benzoate allergic reactions. for using see 210

E213 Calcium benzoate see 212

E214 Ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate avoid it, banned in some countries

E215 Sodium ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate avoid it, banned in some countries

E216 Propyl p-hydroxybenzoate possible contact allergen

E217 Sodium propyl p-hydroxybenzoate avoid it, banned in some countries

allergic reactions possible, mainly effecting the E218 Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate skin

E219 Sodium methyl p-hydroxybenzoate avoid it, banned in some countries

stemmed from coal tar; all sulphur drugs are toxic and restricted in use (in USA, FDA¹ prohibits their use on raw fruits and vegetables), produced by combustion of sulphur or gypsum; known to provoke asthma E220 Sulphur dioxide attacks and difficult to metabolize for those with impaired kidney function, also destroys vitamin B1; typical products are beer, soft drinks, dried fruit, juices, cordials, wine, vinegar, potato products

decontaminating agent used in fresh orange E221 Sodium sulphite juice; see 220

E222 Sodium hydrogen sulphite see 220

E223 Sodium metabisulphite treating agent, see 220

E224 Potassium metabisulphite see 220

E225 Potassium sulphite see 220

E226 Calcium sulphite avoid it, banned in some countries

E227 Calcium hydrogen sulphite avoid it, banned in some countries

E228 Potassium hydrogen sulphite see 220

banned in some countries; can be used for E230 Biphenyl, Diphenyl agricultural purposes; typical products are citrus fruit banned in some countries; can be used for agricultural purposes; typical products are E231 Orthophenyl phenol pears, carrots, peaches, plums, prunes, sweet potato, citrus fruit, pineapples, tomatoes, peppers, cherries, nectarines

E232 Sodium orthophenyl phenol see 231

banned in some countries, can be used for agricultural purposes, typical products are E233 Thiabendazole citrus fruits, apples, pears, potatoes, bananas, mushrooms, meat, milk

antibiotic stemmed from bacteria; found in E234 Nisin beer, processed cheese products, tomato paste

mould inhibitor stemmed from bacteria; sometimes used medically to treat candidiasis; E235 Natamycin can cause nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea and skin irritation; typical products are meat, cheese

E236 Formic acid avoid it, banned in some countries

E237 Sodium formate avoid it, banned in some countries

E238 Calcium formate avoid it, banned in some countries

E239 Hexamethylene tetramine avoid it, banned in some countries

an antimicrobial that is added to juices and acts on microbes contained in the juice, it is E242 Dimethyl dicarbonate also listed as an approved food-contact substance on the FDA¹ inventory for use in non-carbonated juice beverages

color fixative and curing agent for meat; nitrites can effect the body's ability to carry oxygen, resulting in shortness of breath, E249 Potassium nitrite dizziness and headaches; potential carcinogen; not permitted in foods for infant and young children

may provoke hyperactivity and other adverse reactions, potentially carcinogenic, restricted in E250 Sodium nitrite many countries, can combine with chemicals in stomach to form nitrosamine, the HACSG² recommends to avoid it

also used in the manufacture of nitric acid, as a E251 Sodium nitrate fertilizer and in fermented meat products (see 250)

may be stemmed from waste animal or vegetable matter; used in gunpowder, explosives and fertilizers, and in the E252@ Potassium nitrate preservation of meat; may provoke hyperactivity and other adverse reactions; potentially carcinogenic; restricted in many countries (see 249) main component of vinegar, synthetically E260 Acetic acid produced from wood fibres; used in pickles, chutneys, and sauces

food acid; should be avoided by people with E261 Potassium acetate impaired kidney function; typical products are sauces, pickles

food acid, acidity regulator; no known adverse E262 Sodium acetate, Sodium diacetate effects

food acid, acidity regulator; by product in the manufacture of wood alcohol; used to make E263 Calcium acetate acetic acid (vinegar) and in the production of dyers mordants

E264 Ammonium acetate can cause nausea and vomiting

food acid, acidity regulator; produced by heating and fermenting carbohydrates in milk whey, potatoes, cornstarch or molasses; E270@ Lactic acid difficult for babies to metabolize; used in sweets, dressings, soft drinks (sometimes beer) infant formulas and confectionery

all propionates are thought to be linked with migraine headaches; propionates occur naturally in fermented foods, human perspiration and ruminants digestive tract, also E280 Propionic acid can be stemmed commercially from ethylene and carbon monoxide or propionaldehyde or natural gas or fermented wood pulp; produced when bacteria decompose fibre; commonly used in bread and flour products;

may be linked to migraines, typical products E281 Sodium propionate are flour products

E282 Calcium propionate see 281

E283 Potassium propionate see 281

propellant, coolant, stemmed from lime manufacture; may increase the effect of E290 Carbon dioxide alcohol; typical products are wine, soft drinks, confectionery

stemmed from fruit or synthetic; infants and E296 Malic acid young children should avoid it

stemmed from plants of the genus Fumaria esp. F.officianalis or from the fermentation of E297 Fumaric acid glucose with fungi; flavor, acidify, as an antioxidant or raising agent used in soft drinks and cake mixes

Number Name Comment

E300 Ascorbic acid flour treating agent, "vitamin C"; may be made synthetically from glucose, naturally occurs in fruit and vegetables; added to products as diverse as cured meat, breakfast cereals, frozen fish and wine

E301 Sodium ascorbate sodium salt of vitamin C

vitamin C, may increase the formation of E302 Calcium ascorbate calcium oxalate stones

E303 Potassium ascorbate potassium salt of vitamin C

Ascorbyl palmitate, fatty acid esters of ascorbic acid, same function E304 Ascorbyl stearate as E300

"vitamin E"; found in many oils vegetable, including soy, wheat germ, rice germ, E306, E307, Tocopherols, cottonseed, maize; works as an antioxidant for E308, E309 alpha-,gamma-,delta- fatty acids and tissue fats, preventing vitamin A from oxidation; used in margarine and salad dressings

used to prevent rancidity in oily substances; stemmed from nutgalls; may cause gastric or skin irritation, gallates are not permitted in foods for infants and small children because of E310 Propyl gallate their known tendency to cause the blood disorder, methemoglobinemia; used in oils, margarine, lard and salad dressings, sometimes used in packaging

E311 Octyl gallate see 310

E312 Dodecyl gallate see 310

E317 Erythorbic acid produced from sucrose

E318 Sodium erythorbate produced from E317

petroleum based; the HACSG¹ recommends to Tert-ButylHydroQuinone avoid it. May cause nausea, vomiting, delirium. E319 (TBHQ) A dose of 5g is considered fatal. Typical products are fats, oils, margarine

petroleum derivative, retards spoilage because of oxidation; used in edible oils, chewing gum, fats, margarine, nuts, instant potato products, polyethylene food wraps; not permitted in infant foods, can provoke an allergic reaction in some people, may trigger hyperactivity and other intolerance; serious concerns over Butylated hydroxy-anisole E320 carcinogenicity and estrogenic effects, in large (BHA) doses caused tumors in lab animals, banned in Japan in 1958, official committees of experts recommended that it be banned in the UK, however because of industry pressure it was not banned, McDonald's eliminated BHT from their US products by 1986, see also Butyl compounds

Butylated hydroxy-toluene E321 petroleum derivative; see E320 (BHT) emulsifier stemmed from soy beans, egg yolks, peanuts, corn or animal resources; non toxic but overdose can upset the stomach, kill the E322@ Lecithin appetite and cause profuse sweating; used to allow combination of oils in margarine, chocolate, mayonnaise, milk powder; must be chosen vegetable type

stemmed from milk (lactic acid); may contain pork rennin or whey in process, E325@ Sodium lactate young children with lactose intolerance may show adverse reactions

E326@ Potassium lactate see 325

E327@ Calcium lactate see 325

E328@ Ammonium lactate see 325

E329@ Magnesium lactate see 325

food acid, naturally stemmed from citrus fruit, used in biscuits, canned fish, cheese and E330 Citric acid processed cheese products, infant formulas, cake and soup mixes, rye bread, soft drinks, fermented meat products

E331 Sodium citrates food acid; no known adverse effects

E332 Potassium citrates food acid; no known adverse effects

food acid; no known adverse effects in small E333 Calcium citrates quantities

food acid, obtained from unripe fruit, grape E334 Tartaric acid juice; no known adverse effects in small quantities

E335 Sodium tartrates food acid; no known adverse effects

E336 Potassium tartrates food acid; no known adverse effects

Sodium potassium E337 food acid; no known adverse effects tartrate

food acid, stemmed from phosphate ore; used E338 Phosphoric acid in cheese products; no known adverse effects

mineral salt, used as a laxative and a fixing E339 Sodium phosphates agent in textile dyeing; high intakes may upset the calcium/phosphorus equilibrium

E340 Potassium phosphates see 339

mineral salt found in rocks and bones; used in E341@ Calcium phosphates medicines as an antacid and polishing agent in enamels

essential mineral, anti caking agent found in E343 Magnesium phosphates salt substitutes E350 Sodium malates no known adverse effects

E351 Potassium malate no known adverse effects

E352 Calcium malates no known adverse effects

E353 Metatartaric acid no known adverse effects

E354 Calcium tartrate seems safe

food acid from the root adipose (pertaining to E355 Adipic acid fat?)

E357 Potassium adipate no known adverse effects

E363 Succinic acid avoid it, banned in some countries

food acid, salt of fumaric acid (stemmed from E365 Sodium fumarate plants of the genus Fumaria esp. F.officianalis)

E366 Potassium fumarate no known adverse effects

E367 Calcium fumarate no known adverse effects

E370 1,4-Heptonolactone avoid it, banned in some countries

vitamin B3; naturally occurs in bean, pea and other legumes, milk, egg, meat, poultry, and fish; at doses in excess of 1,000 mg per day can cause liver damage, diabetes, gastritis, eye E375 Niacin damage, and elevated blood levels of uric acid (which can cause gout); at amounts as low as 50-100 mg may cause flushing (harmless but painful), headache, and stomachache especially if taken on an empty stomach

E380 Tri-ammonium citrate may interfere with liver and pancreas function

essential mineral, food acid stemmed from E381 Ammonium ferric citrates citric acid; used as a dietary iron supplement in breakfast cereals and dietary formulas

E385 Calcium disodium EDTA avoid it, banned in some countries

Number Name Comment

thickener and vegetable gum, stemmed from seaweed; used in custard mix, cordial, flavored milk, ice blocks, E400 Alginic acid thickened cream and yoghurt; no known adverse effects in small quantities, large quantities can inhibit the absorption of some nutrients

E401 Sodium alginate see 400

E402 Potassium alginate see 400

Ammonium E403 see 400 alginate

E404 Calcium alginate see 400

Propylene glycol thickener and vegetable gum, stemmed from petroleum; E405 alginate see separate entry thickener and vegetable gum stemmed from red E406 Agar seaweed; sometimes used as a laxative, found in manufactured meats and ice cream

a fibre extracted from seaweed, it has recently been linked with cancer because it may become contaminated when ethylene oxide is added to an inferior product, this results in ethylene chlorohydrin forming, a highly E407 Carrageenan carcinogenic compound; linked to toxic hazards, including ulcers and cancer; the most serious concerns relate to degraded carrageenan, which is not a permitted additive; however, native carrageenan, which is used, may become degraded in the gut

stemmed from Carob or Locust bean tree Ceratonia silique; used in lollipops, cordials, essences, some flour E410 Locust bean gum products, dressings, fruit juice drinks; frequently used as a caffeine-free chocolate substitute; may lower cholesterol levels

stemmed from the seeds of Cyamoposis tetragonolobus of E412 Guar gum Indian origin; fed to cattle in the US; can cause nausea, flatulence and cramps, may reduced cholesterol levels

resin form the tree Astragalus gummier; used in foods, E413 Tragacanth drugs including nasal solutions, elixirs and tablets; also used as a binder in cosmetics; possible contact allergy

stemmed from the sap of Acacia Senegal; easily broken E414 Acacia down by the human digestive system; possible allergen, soothes irritations of mucous membranes

stemmed from the fermentation of corn sugar with a E415 Xanthan gum bacterium

stemmed from the tree Sterculia urens; often used with Carob (E 410), in ice cream, custard and sweets, as a E416 Karaya gum filler for its capability to multiply its volume by 100 times with the addition of water; possible allergen

stemmed from the tara bush, Caesalpinia Spinosa is E417 Tara gum indigenous to Equator and Peru and is grown in Kenya

artificial sweetener and humectant; stemmed from glucose, either obtained from berries or synthesized; used in lollipops, dried fruit, pastries, confectionery, low calorie E420 Sorbitol foods, pharmaceutical syrups and ophthalmic preparations and is the seventh most widely used preservative in cosmetics; not permitted in foods for infants and young children, can cause gastric disturbance

artificial sweetener and humectant; stemmed from seaweed or the manna ash tree; possible allergen, not E421 Mannitol permitted in infant foods because of its ability to cause diarrhea and kidney dysfunction, also may cause nausea, vomiting; typical products are low calorie foods

E422@ Glycerol humectant and sweetener; oily colorless alcohol; stemmed by decomposition of natural fats with alkalis; usually as a by-product of soap making using animal fat or vegetable oil; can be obtained from petroleum products sometimes synthesized from propylene or fermented from sugar; used in flexible coatings on sausages and cheeses, also in crystallized and dried fruit, liqueurs and vodka. Glycerin has been shown to protect against DNA damage induced by tumor promoters, ultraviolet lights and radiation, presumably via free radical scavenging; large quantities can cause headaches, thirst, nausea and high blood sugar levels. typical products are liquors, confectionery, dried fruit, low calorie foods

Polyoxyethylene E431@ ? stearate

E432@ Polysorbate 20 avoid it, banned in some countries

emulsifiers stemmed from animal fatty acids; used as synthetic flavorings, surfactants, defoaming agents and E433@ Polysorbate 80 dough conditioners; may increase the absorption of fat- soluble substances

E434@ Polysorbate 40 avoid it, banned in some countries

E435@ Polysorbate 60 see 433

E436@ Polysorbate 65 see 433

naturally occurring in the skins of apples; used to thicken E440(a) Pectin jams, jellies and sauces; large quantities may cause temporary flatulence or intestinal discomfort

E440(b) Aminated pectin no known adverse effects

possible allergen, may contain 220, asthmatics and E441@ Gelatin people allergic to sulphites beware!

Ammonium E442 no known adverse effects phosphatides

phosphates in food are a great group of substances; are being used in foods such as powdered milk or cream, processed cheese, fish, dried fruit, jam, marmalade, sauce, jelly, soft drinks, chocolate, confections, and baby E450 Diphosphates food; also used for making detergent; they are not as dangerous as public opinion; the activity of phosphates in case of hiperactivity of children is still unknown; high intakes may upset the calcium/phosphate equilibrium

E451 Triphosphates see 450

can alter the metabolytical activity in humans; in addition to modified starch, they may cause calcification of the pelvic region in rats; they intensify the activity of heavy E452 Polyphosphates metals making them easier to cross the intestine wall; they may contain a lot of impurities; in Japan, a group of children were intoxicated with arsine as impurity of ortophosphate used in food

E460 Cellulose anti-caking agent; no adverse effects known

E461 Methyl cellulose can cause flatulence, distension, intestinal obstruction

E463 Hydroxypropyl avoid it, banned in some countries cellulose

Hydroxypropyl E464 no known adverse effects methyl cellulose

Ethyl methyl E465 no known adverse effects cellulose

Carboxy methyl cellulose, Sodium E466 no known adverse effects carboxy methyl cellulose

E469 Sodium caseinate no known adverse effects

E470@ Fatty acid salts avoid it, banned in some countries

Mono & di E471@ glycerides of fatty no known adverse effects acids

Fatty acid esters E472@ no known adverse effects of glycerides

Sucrose esters of E473@ no known adverse effects fatty acids

E474@ Sucroglycerides avoid it, banned in some countries

Polyglycerol esters E475@ no known adverse effects of fatty acids

Polyglycerol E476@ no known adverse effects polyricinoleate

Propylene glycol E477@ esters of fatty stemmed from petroleum; no known adverse effects acids

E478@ ? ?

Thermally oxidized soy bean oil interacted with E479(b)@ ? mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids

Dioctyl sodium E480 awaiting results of studies sulphosuccinate

Sodium stearoyl- E481@ no known adverse effects 2-lactylate

Calcium stearoyl- E482@ no known adverse effects 2-lactylate

E483@ Stearyl tartrate avoid it, banned in some countries

Sorbitan mono E491@ no known adverse effects stearate

E492@ Sorbitan may increase absorption of fat-soluble substances tristearate

Sorbitan E493@ avoid it, banned in some countries monolaurate

Sorbitan mono- E494@ avoid it, banned in some countries oleate

Sorbitan E495@ avoid it, banned in some countries monopalmitate

Number Name Comment

E500 Sodium carbonates no known adverse effects in small quantities

E501 Potassium carbonates no known adverse effects

E503 Ammonium carbonates irritant to mucous membranes

E504 Magnesium carbonate medically used as an antacid and laxative

E507 Hydrochloric acid safe in small quantities

E508 Potassium chloride large quantities can cause gastric ulceration

E509 Calcium chloride stemmed from brine

should be avoided by people with impaired liver or E510 Ammonium chloride kidney function. Typical products are flour products

E511 Magnesium chloride magnesium is an essential mineral

E513 Sulphuric acid avoid it, banned in some countries

E514 Sodium sulphates may upset the body's water balance

E515 Potassium sulphates no known adverse effects

E516 Calcium sulphate stemmed from limestone

E518 Magnesium sulphate a laxative

E519 Copper sulphate essential mineral

E524 Sodium hydroxide avoid it, banned in some countries

E525 Potassium hydroxide avoid it, banned in some countries

E526 Calcium hydroxide no adverse effects in small quantities

E527 Ammonium hydroxide avoid it, banned in some countries

E528 Magnesium hydroxide avoid it, banned in some countries

E529 Calcium oxide safe in small quantities

E530 Magnesium oxide avoid it, banned in some countries

E535 Sodium ferrocyanide no adverse effects known

E536 Potassium ferrocyanide by-product of coal gas production; low toxicity

E540 Dicalcium diphosphate avoid it, banned in some countries

E541 Sodium aluminium avoid it, banned in some countries phosphate, Acidic

stemmed from bones; used in dried milk for coffee E542@ Bone phosphate machines

E544 Calcium polyphosphates avoid it, banned in some countries

E545 Ammonium polyphosphates avoid it, banned in some countries

E551 Silicon dioxide no adverse effects are known in food use

stemmed from limestone and diatomaceous earth E552 Calcium silicate (the silicified skeletons of diatoms, a single celled plankton), antacid; no known adverse effects

E553(a) Magnesium silicates avoid it, banned in some countries

has been linked to stomach cancer, typical E553(b) Talc products are polished rice, chocolate, confectionery

used in salt, dried milk substitutes and flours; E554 Sodium aluminium silicate aluminium is known to cause placental problems in pregnancy and has been linked to Alzheimer's

stemmed from minerals; used in milk powders; E556 Calcium aluminium silicate see E554

E558 Bentonite no known adverse effects

E559 Aluminium silicate (Kaolin) no known adverse effects

E570@ Stearic acid possibly of animal origin; see stearates

E572@ Magnesium stearate no known adverse effects in food use

E575 Glucono delta-lactone no known adverse effects

E576 Sodium gluconate avoid it, banned in some countries

E577 Potassium gluconate no known adverse effects

E578 Calcium gluconate no known adverse effects

color-retention agent; stemmed from iron and E579 Ferrous gluconate glucose; used in olives, iron supplements; safe in small amounts

E585 Ferrous lactate ?

Number Name Comment

flavor enhancer, salt substitute; amino acid present in many animal and vegetable proteins, stemmed commercially from E620@ Glutamic acid bacteria; might cause similar problems as MSG(621), young children should avoid it

flavor enhancer stemmed from the fermentation of molasses, salt substitute; adverse effects appear in some asthmatic Monosodium E621 people, not permitted in foods for infants and young children; glutamate (MSG) typical products are canned vegetables, canned tuna, dressings, many frozen foods

E622 Monopotassium can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps; glutamate typical products are low sodium salt substitutes

Calcium E623 salt substitute, no known adverse effects diglutamate

Monoammonium E624 salt substitute, no known adverse effects glutamate

Magnesium E625 salt substitute, no known adverse effects diglutamate

E626 Guanylic acid may trigger gout

Disodium isolated from sardines or yeast extract; may trigger gout, not E627 guanylate permitted in foods for infants and young children

E629 Calcium guanylate may trigger gout

Disodium may be prepared from meat or sardines; may trigger gout, not E631@ inosinate permitted in foods for infants and young children

E633 Calcium inosinate may trigger gout

may be associated with itchy skin rashes up to 30 hours after ingestion; rashes may vary from mild to dramatic; the reaction Disodium 5'- is dose-related and cumulative, some individuals are more E635@ ribonucleotide sensitive than others; typical foods include flavored chips, instant noodles and party pies; avoid it, banned in some countries

stemmed from the bark of larch trees, pine needles, chicory E636 Maltol wood, oils and roasted malt; it may be produced synthetically

E637 Ethyl maltol stemmed from maltol

Glycine & its E640@ ? sodium salt

Number Name Comment

E900 Dimethyl polysiloxane silicone based

glazing agent, used to wax fruit; see bee products; E901@ Beeswaxes occasionally causes allergic reactions

stemmed from a South American palm; used in E903 Carnauba wax cosmetics and inks, and to wax fruit; occasionally causes allergic reactions

stemmed from insects; occasionally causes irritations E904@ Shellac of the skin

may inhibit absorption of fats and fat soluble vitamins, Paraffin, Microcrystalline mild laxative, there may be a link to bowel cancer; E905@ wax used on sweets, in processing yeast, vitamin tablets, dried fruit, confectionery, collagen

Refined microcrystalline E907@ avoid it, banned in some countries wax

E913@ Lanolin stemmed from sheep wool

E920@ L-Cystein flour treatment agent stemmed from animal hair and chicken feathers

E921@ L-Cystin see E920

large quantities can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, E924 Potassium bromate pain. Typical products are flour products

destroys nutrients, carcinogen, in some areas tab E925 Chlorine water is contaminated with it, to make it 'safer' to drink. Typical products are flour products

E926 Chlorine dioxide well.....basically see 925

E927 Azodicarbonamide avoid it, banned in some countries

approved by FDA¹ for bleaching the carotenoids in E928 Benzoyl peroxide refined flours; asthmatics and people with a history of allergies must beware, see 210

E931 Nitrogen used in freezing and vacuum packing; seems safe

E932 Nitrous oxide seems safe in small quantities

high-intensity, non-caloric sweetener; it is about 200 times sweeter than sugar; discovered in 1967 by Hoechst AG; also called Sunett as brand name; used for baked goods, frozen desserts, candies, dairy products, confectionery, pharmaceuticals, oral hygiene, and, most recently, beverages; has not been Acesulfame potassium E950 approved for use in such a wide range of foods; The (Acesulfame K) Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) includes the artificial sweeteners aspartame, saccharine, and acesulfame K as part of their list of the Ten Worst Additives; all three of these sweeteners have been found to cause cancer in animals and may increase your risk of cancer

artificial sweetener, too many adverse effects possible to list, some people are allergic to aspartame, E951@ Aspartame migraine headaches a common reaction in these people

calcium & sodium cyclamate, artificial sweetener; known to cause migraines and other reactions, can be E952 Cyclamic acid carcinogenic, caused damage to rats testicles and mouse embryos in tests, banned in the US and UK due its links with cancer

sugar-free sweetener; a mixture of two disaccharide alcohols gluco mannitol and gluco sorbitol; it is being used for several years in products such as hard candies, toffee, lollipops, fudge, wafers, cough drops and throat lozenges; extensive research has been E953 Isomalt conducted on the effect of isomalt on blood glucose and insulin levels; this research shows that, after ingestion of isomalt, blood glucose and insulin values do not differ significantly from baseline levels in people who have either Type I or Type II diabetes

E954 Saccharines calcium & sodium saccharin; artificial sweetener stemmed from toluene (a known carcinogen); banned in 1977 in the US, but reinstated subject to strict labelling starting: Use of this product may be hazardous to your health, this product contains saccharin which has been determined to cause cancer in laboratory animals

artificial sweetener; available for several years in many parts of the world, it was only approved for sale E955 Sucralose in the US in early 1998; it is now available in a few products, and is finally becoming generally available in stores as a sweetener for table and cooking

artificial sweetener, a protein stemmed from the E957 Thaumatin tropical plant Thaumococcus danielli; used to sweeten wines, bread and fruit

humectant, starch decomposed with digestive Maltitol, Hydrogenated E965 enzymes; used in confectionery, dried fruits, low-joule glucose syrup foods; laxative in high concentrations

Lactitol & Vegetable E966 ? Yellow

humectant, found in raspberries, plums, lettuce and endives, though produced for commercial purposes from wood pulp; caused kidney stones and a diuretic effect on test rats: a waste of time and the lives of the rats, for the JEFCA in 1983 ruled the tests invalid E967 Xylitol relative to humans, the symptoms caused by 'physiological disturbances' in the rats!, we can only imagine what conditions led to upset rats; used in low-joule foods and carbohydrate modified sweets, ice cream and jams

foaming agent, emulsifier, natural surfactant; stemmed from chilean soap bark tree (Quillaia E999 Quillaia extract Saponaria); used in beer and soda; known to promote healing and reduce excessive oiliness in the skin

E1100@ Amylase stemmed from mold mushroom or pig pancreas

E1200 Polydextrose seems safe in small doses

dispersing agent, coating for tablets; used in artificial E1201 Polyvinylpyrrolidone, PVP sweeteners

Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone, clarifying agent for wine and beer (for removing E1202 PVPP phenolic compounds), color and colloidal stabilizer

E1400- Starches no known adverse effects E1450

E1505 Triethyl acetate part becomes alcohol in the body

E1510 Ethanol alcohol

E1517, humectant and solvent stemmed from glycerol; used Glycerol acetates E1518@ to coat fresh fruit in the US

E1520 Propylene glycol humectant, wetting agent, dispersing agent, petroleum based; its glycerin like taste has made it popular for children's medications and other elixirs; used in many topical creams and ointments, cosmetics, hair products and deodorants; has been linked with fatal heart attacks (when given intravenously), central nervous system depression and cosmetic or pharmaceutical contact dermatitis

Name Comment

Albumin@

Ambergris@ stemmed from whale

Arachidonic acid@ stemmed from liver, brain, animal origin gland or oil

stemmed from aronia arbutifolia; used as a taste expander in jelly, pudding, powdered desserts, yogurt, milk desserts, creams, Aronia homogenized cheeses, confectionery products, crispy cakes, fruit creams, ice creams and instant beverages

Aspartic acid@ stemmed from aspartame (see E951)

Betaine@ stemmed from oil

colorless crystalline growth vitamin of the vitamin B complex found Biotin especially in yeast, liver, and egg yolk; no side effects are known, it is being tested

an alkaloid that exists naturally in tea, kola nut and coffee; clearly toxic in high doses, can cause heart palpitations, high blood pressure, vomiting, convulsions, headache, diarrhea, frequent urination, Caffeine dehydration, insomnia, stomach cramps, hand tremors, muscle twitches; acts as laxative, also saps the body's supply of calcium; used as a mild stimulant in moderation

phosphoprotein of milk, which has a molecular structure that is Casein extremely similar to that of gluten; celiac people have to avoid

Catalase@ stemmed from cattle liver

Cholesterin@

Cinnamon spice made from bark; may be allergic

Citrus Red No.2 cancer in animals; used for dying skins of oranges

Civet@ stemmed from cat

natural essential oil steamed-distilled from clove buds (syzygium Clove Bud Oil atmaticum); may be allergic

Colin bitartrate@ animal origin tissue

Collagen@

Enzyme@

produced through a fermentation process that begins with dextrose (a simple sugar stemmed from corn starch), also stemmed from calf Erythritol@ stomach; used as a sweetener for beverages and confectionery products

Ethyl Vanillin a perfume artificial vanilla flavoring, it is 3.5 times more powerful than the real thing and cheaper too, this explains why manufacturers like to use it in soft drinks, ice creams and baked goods; generally recognized as safe

Evans Blue CI Direct contact dermatitis Blue 53

FD&C Green No.3 Fast bladder tumors Green

FD&C Red No.102 New it is an allergen; not permitted to use for foods Coccine

FD&C Yellow No.11 contact dermatitis

this carbohydrate and simple sugar (monosaccharide) occurs Fructose naturally in honey and fresh fruits; commercial bakers use it in cakes, breads and cookies to make them brown better

Gentian Violet CI Basic contact dermatitis Violet No.3

a naturally occurring substance in the body, made in the liver from Glucuronolactone, glucose, helps to stimulate the metabolism and thus helps to detoxify Glucuronic acid@ the body; also occurs in plants, mainly in gums; also an important constituent of fibrous and connective tissues in all animals

components of fats; used to stabilize sausages, lard, vegetable oils, Glycerides margarine and shortenings, the most widely used of them are monoglyceride citrate, although the FDA¹ imposes strict limits

Glycogen@

wheat is the first consideration; it is a major ingredient in breads, rolls, pastry, cakes, cookies and most baked products; noodles Gliadin macaroni and spaghetti are typically made with wheat; celiac people have to avoid

has been used for decades in compounded products as an Guaiacol expectorant

Hormone@

cereal gluten; gluten is protein found in the plant kingdom subclass of monocotyledoneae (monocots); these plants are members of the grass family of wheat, oat, barley, rye and triticale and their derivatives, (derivatives include: malt, grain starches, hydrolyzed vegetable/plant proteins, textured vegetable proteins, grain vinegar, soy sauce, grain alcohol, flavorings and the binders and fillers found Hydrolyzed Vegetable in vitamins and medications.); celiac people have to avoid, celiac Protein (HVP) disease (also known as celiac sprue or gluten-sensitive enteropathy) is a chronic disease in which malabsorption of nutrients is caused by a characteristic lesion of the small intestine mucosa; used in small goods, packaged convenience foods, gravies and many canned products. It is also present in excipients in pharmaceutical preparations, particularly vitamin and mineral supplements

Hydrolyzed Plant same as HVP Protein (HPP)

Keratin@ stemmed from nail or hair

Lipid, Lipoid@ Lysine-L@ same as erythritol Lysine-DL@

natural, complex carbohydrate, it is not a simple sugar (dextrose, fructose, sucrose etc.); can be stemmed from potato or corn starch; used in food industry such as sweets, drink, beer, ice cream, Maltodextrin, Mdltrin preserved fruit, milk powder, malted mild, cake, biscuit and bread, as well as in medicine, textile, printing and dyeing, paper making, casting and petroleum drilling; generally recognized as safe

crystalline alcohol that occurs especially in mint oils, has the sharp Menthol fragrance and cooling properties of peppermint; may be allergic

Methionine@ stemmed from protein

Neutral Red contact dermatitis

Nucleic acid@ stemmed from cells

Oleamine, Oleic acid@

Rennet@ cheese yeast stemmed from calf stomach

Oxysterin@

Palmitic acid@

Panthenol@

Pepsin@

essential amino acid; the body uses it to produce some hormones (epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroxine, cholecystokinin) and melanin, (a brown skin pigment); cholecystokinin causes suppression of the appetite (this may be useful to sports people who need to Phenylalanine, reduce body fat or maintain a certain weight); pain relieving effects Phenylanine of phenylalanine may be of use to athletic people who experience pain because of muscle, ligament, joint and tendon injury, inflammation and spasms which commonly result from intense exercise

decongestant which helps relieve nasal congestion; used in pharmacy; side effects are nausea, stomach upset, loss of appetite, Phenylephrine nervousness, restlessness, dizziness, headache, chest pain, rapid heart rate, anxiety, fear, difficult or painful urination and sleeplessness

Phospholipid@ cheese yeast

Polypeptides@

Progesterone@

Salicylate salt of salicylic acid; used in candies, pies, soft drinks and sweet rolls

toxic alkaloid extracted from the bark of cinchona tree; used as Quinine flavorings in carbonated beverages (primarily bitter lemon and tonic dihydrochloride, water), bitters and as a treatment for malaria; side effects are Quinine sulfate headache, nausea, ringing in the ears and blurred vision; FDA strictly limits the amounts of it that can be used

Taurine nonessential amino acid; produced by synthesis of the amino acids methionine and cysteine in the liver, vitamin B6 helps the process; diabetic and hypoglycemic patients should use taurine under medical supervision as it may have an effect on insulin activity, excessive consumption of taurine may result in diarrhea and peptic ulcer formation

a source of vitamin B1; functions as a coenzyme in energy metabolism, keeps appetite, digestive tract and nervous system Thiamine healthy; adverse effects in high doses are headache, irritability, rapid pulse, trembling and weakness

very effective preservative that contains mercury and has been used in some vaccines and other products; FDA¹ estimates that it is used in more than 30 licensed vaccines and biologics; mercury is excreted from the body over time; nervous system is very sensitive to all forms of mercury, methyl mercury and metal vapors are more Thimerosal harmful than other forms, exposure to high levels of metallic, inorganic or organic mercury can permanently damage the brain, kidneys and developing fetus, effects on brain functioning may result in irritability, shyness, tremors, changes in vision or hearing and memory problems

high-protein stemmed from wood sugars as a by-product of the pulping process in paper making; type S is used in baby food and Torula cereals, type F is used in feed supplements for cattle, fish and chickens; allergen for hay fever and asthma

essential element for humans; naturally occurs in meat (especially liver), fish (especially shellfish), lentils, green leafy vegetables, whole cereals (including wheat germ), brewer's yeast, cheese, milk, nuts, Zinc sunflower and sesame seeds; toxic doses of zinc cause vomiting, diarrhea, restlessness, stomach irritation, depressed immune function and anemia; excessive zinc doses may decrease the level of HDL (good) cholesterol and increase the risk for heart disease