Class I. Data Set Descriptors

1 METADATA

3 CLASS I. DATA SET DESCRIPTORS

5 A. Data set identity

7 A 20-year data set of species replacement patterns in the middle-intertidal zone of Tatoosh

8 Island, Washington, USA.

10 B. Data set identification code

12 Two data files:

13 Tatoosh_Intertidal_Transitions_Transects.txt

14 Tatoosh_Intertidal_Transitions_Quadrats.txt.

15 Three metadata files:

16 QuadratGPSLocationsTH.txt.

17 TransectGPSLocations.txt.

18 SpeciesCodes.txt.

20 C. Data set description

22 1. Originator

23 24 J. Timothy Wootton. The University of Chicago, Department of Ecology and Evolution, 1101

25 East 57th St., Chicago, IL 60637, USA.

27 2. Abstract: This data set documents changes in the sessile species occupying several rock

28 benches on wave-exposed shores of Tatoosh Island, Washington, USA from 1993-2012. Plots

29 and transects were located within the middle intertidal zone dominated by the mussel Mytilus

30 californianus. Data were taken in 14 60 x 60 cm quadrats positioned at two corners with

31 permanent marking screws. A 10 x 10 grid defined by the intersection of equally-spaced

32 monofilament lines yielded a set of 100 fixed points per quadrat per census. Plots were

33 generally located initially in sites that had undergone natural wave disturbance in the past 0-3

34 years, to better document transient successional dynamics, and most plots have experienced 1-2

35 disturbance/succession cycles over the course of the data collection.

36 A further set of points was monitored on 11 permanent transects 9.1 m long with 30 initially

37 randomly placed points, which cover a broader span of shoreline than the quadrats. The data

38 collection was implemented to parameterize Markov Chain models and use these to make

39 predictions about the effects of local species extinction that could subsequently be tested in an

40 experimentally tractable ecosystem. To date, the data have been used in 1) a parameterization

41 and analysis of a basic multi-species Markov Chain model, 2) a spatially-explicit cellular

42 automata, 3) a reformulation, parameterization and experimental test of the Neutral Theory of

43 Biodiversity, 4) a comparative analysis of Markov Chain models across different marine habitats,

44 5) development of an approach to link global change to multi-species interactions using an

45 environment-dependent (ocean acidification) series of Markov Chain models, 6) analysis of

46 changes in system dynamics following experimental species extinction, 7) parameterization of 47 population dynamic models of mussels revealing density-linked stochastic patterns. The Markov

48 Chain and Neutral models have subsequently been tested in independent experiments. These

49 data may be of further use in analyzing detailed patterns of species transitions, as well as more

50 standard analyses of spatial and temporal patterns of species abundance and richness.

52 D. Key words: abundance; algae; barnacles; competition; community dynamics; disturbance;

53 marine invertebrates; mussels; population dynamics; rocky intertidal; seaweed; space; species

54 transitions; Tatoosh Island.

57 CLASS II. RESEARCH ORIGIN DESCRIPTORS

59 A. Overall project description

61 1. Identity

62 A 20-year data set of species replacement patterns in the middle-intertidal zone of Tatoosh

63 Island, Washington, USA.

65 2. Originator

66 J. Timothy Wootton. The University of Chicago, Department of Ecology and Evolution, 1101

67 East 57th St., Chicago, IL 60637, USA.

69 3. Period of Study 70 1993-2012 in these (data collection ongoing).

72 4. Objective

74 The main objective of the study was to generate a dataset of community dynamics at fixed points

75 in space suitable for parameterizing multi-species models using state (e.g. species) transitions.

76 Multi-species Markov Chain models, which are based on state transitions, were first applied in

77 ecology to forested ecosystems (Waggoner and Stevens 1970, Horn 1975), but these ecosystems

78 are not readily amenable to experimental test so the reliability of the model predictions was not

79 known. By collecting data in an experimentally tractable ecosystem to apply to these models, I

80 expected to be able to apply a rigorous evaluation of this approach. Subsequent experiments

81 showed good quantitative predictive ability for the effects of species manipulations, lending

82 confidence to application of these models in other situations. Furthermore, as the data series has

83 accumulated, transition-based data has proven unexpectedly useful for several other modeling

84 frameworks.

86 5. Abstract

87 See section I.C.2.

89 6. Sources of funding

90 Personal funds

91 Grants awarded to J. T. Wootton and C. A. Pfister from: 92 The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation

93 The National Science Foundation (OCE 0117801, OCE 0452687, OCE 0928232, and DEB

94 0919420)

95 The Olympic Natural Resources Center

96 The University of Chicago

98 B. Specific project description

100 1. Site description

101 a. Site type

102 Rocky intertidal habitats

104 b. Geography

105 The censuses were conducted on the rocky benches of Tatoosh Island, Clallam County,

106 Washington, USA. Quadrats were located at four sites, denoted in prior publications (see Fig. 1

107 in Paine 1988) as South Strawberry Island, The Finger, Simon's Landing, and Toad Point (see

108 attached aerial map). Transects were located at the first three sites plus a site known as Ladd's

109 Fingers (see attached map). GPS locations were taken for each quadrat and transect suspension

110 point, and are provided in the table of site metadata (Section II.B.2.b).

111 112

114 c. Habitat

115 The data were derived from rocky intertidal habitats between elevations of 0.8 and 1.9 m above

116 mean low low water (MLLW). These elevations correspond to habitat usually referred to on the

117 Pacific coast of North America as the middle intertidal zone (Ricketts et al. 1992), which is

118 characteristically dominated in wave exposed areas by the California mussel Mytilus

119 californianus, with scattered patches of disturbed habitat generated by waves or floating debris

120 such as logs (Dayton 1971, Paine and Levin 1981) that are dominated by bare rock or other

121 species.

123 d. Geology, landform 124 Tatoosh Island is comprised of a 8.5 ha main island with 15-35 m tall cliffs along its edges that

125 sometimes terminate in flat rock benches, and a complex of small associated islets three of which

126 rise 15 m or more and cover more than 1 ha. The shorelines of Tatoosh are comprised of

127 conglomerate rock, and at the study sites are typified by rock benches that span 20-30 m from

128 upper water line to lower low tide line, and slope toward the water with a moderate incline (10-

129 30o). Benches are delineated by surge channels created by fractures through the island that are

130 typically in either a E-W or SE-NW orientation as a result of stresses arising from the subduction

131 of the Juan de Fuca Plate beneath the North American Plate.

133 e. Watersheds, hydrology

134 The study site is located in the Pacific Ocean at the mouth of the Strait of Juan de Fuca. It is

135 predominantly influenced by tidally-driven changes in water height and currents and by large

136 ocean waves. Tatoosh Island is perched on a narrow shelf adjacent to the submarine Juan de

137 Fuca Canyon, with water depths of 200 m within 5 km, so ocean swells lose little energy to

138 friction with the ocean bottom before they impact the island. During winter storms, waves often

139 reach 10 m or more in height. Prevailing ocean swells are from the southwest, but swells from

140 major storms generated in the Gulf of Alaska tend to be from the northwest. Although

141 essentially marine, salinity of surface waters at Tatoosh Island, like the bulk of the northeastern

142 Pacific, tends to be lower (32-33 ppt) than other oceans of the world because of extensive

143 regional rainfall. There are no major rivers that immediately influence the waters around

144 Tatoosh Island, but the Fraser River 210 km to the northeast has noticeable impacts on the

145 interior waters of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the Columbia River plume affects coastal waters

146 250 km to the south. Diminished signals of these influences may reach Tatoosh Island under 147 favorable seasonal (spring runoff) and current conditions. The site receives nearly 2 m of

148 precipitation per year, and during extremely heavy events, especially at low tide, freshwater can

149 have an influence. The coastal waters experience regular upwelling during summer months, but

150 strong downwelling during portions of the winter. The surrounding waters occur in the area

151 where the West Wind Drift splits into the California (southerly flow) and Alaska Currents

152 (northerly flow). The degree of influence from each varies somewhat seasonally based on the

153 position of the West Wind Drift, and they create, in concert with currents in the Strait of Juan de

154 Fuca, the persistent Juan de Fuca Eddy.

156 f. Site history

157 Tatoosh Island was used by the Makah Tribe as a summer fishing, sealing, and whaling village,

158 with shells contained in middens on the island dating back at least 1500 years. The middens

159 indicate that harvesting organisms from the shoreline was a regular part of the Makah activities.

160 The Cape Flattery Lighthouse was constructed on the island in 1857 and manned by the U. S.

161 Lifesaving Service/U. S. Coast Guard until 1976. The U. S. Signal Corp/U. S. Weather Bureau

162 established a weather station on the island in 1883, which operated until 1966. The U. S. Navy

163 maintained a radio station on the island between 1919 and 1941. During this time, some two-

164 thirds of the main island was cleared for human activities and buildings. The islands were

165 returned to the Makah Tribe from federal control in 1977, and written permission from the

166 Makah Tribal Council is required to access the island. The tribe is actively carrying out

167 environmental restoration of the main island in the wake of federal activities, which includes

168 removal of fuel residues, structural remnants, and lead paint.

169 170 Weather data collection was a central mission of the Weather Bureau, and sporadic visits

171 documented some of the bird and marine mammal life on the island. Sustained research began

172 with a visit by Robert T. Paine and Paul K. Dayton of the University of Washington in the

173 summer of 1967, and continues to present.

175 Aside from human activities based on the main island, occasional shipwrecks and two known oil

176 spills have impacted the site from the ocean: the rupture of the barge Nestucca in 1988 released

177 some 800,000 l of bunker oil to the south, and the sinking of the Tenyo Maru released 400,000 l

178 of fuel to the north in 1991. Some of this oil reached Tatoosh Island, largely impacting birds and

179 marine mammals associated with the island.

181 g. Climate

182 The site is highly controlled by the Northeastern Pacific Ocean. Water in the ocean is cold

183 throughout the year, typically ranging from 7oC to 12oC from winter to summer except in

184 extreme El Niño years such as 1983 and 1997-1998, when water temperatures can reach 16-

185 18oC. Average air temperatures range from 3.7oC lows in winter to 15.4oC highs in summer; the

186 record high is 28oC and the record low is -10oC. Precipitation averages nearly 2 m per year with

187 a distinct dry season in July-August. Coastal fog regularly impacts the island, particularly in

188 summer months, which usually maintains high humidity when tides are out. Tides are

189 asymmetrically semi-diurnal, with a maximum span of 4 m, although wave splash creates an

190 effective tidal range (span of marine-adapted organisms) of at least 6 m. Large low tides occur

191 during mid-summer and mid-winter seasons, and their timing shifts seasonally: the lowest tides

192 occur during early morning in summer and early evening in winter. The timing of the tides 193 minimizes temperature stress on intertidal organisms during the lowest tides, as it occurs during

194 the lowest temperatures and highest fog cover of the day in the summer, and at relatively high

195 end-of-day temperatures during the winter.

197 2. Sampling design

199 a. Design characteristics

200 15 Plots were established within the mussel zone at four relatively wave exposed sites, with few

201 offshore rocks to diminish wave energy (see map in Section I.B.1.b for locations of specific

202 quadrats). Within this zone plots were established in recently disturbed areas to facilitate

203 implementation of markers and to maximize data collected on the dynamics of sub-dominant

204 species. Plots were demarcated with two stainless steel screws, one of which was designated as

205 the index screw, which corresponded to an X marked on one corner of the sampling quadrat.

206 Initially, stainless steel bolts were deployed by setting them upside down in quick-drying cement

207 to align with the quadrat corners. Eventually these were replaced with screws set in wall anchors

208 placed in holes drilled into the rock with a rotary hammer drill. The plots were 60 x 60 cm

209 constructed out of threaded PVC pipes and couplings, and were subdivided with 10

210 monofilament lines running in each direction at 6 cm intervals. The lines were labeled with a

211 coordinate system consisting of numbers in one direction and letters in the other to create unique

212 designations of each sampling point. Points were sampled with aid of a handheld laser level to

213 minimize parallax error, with the species apparently occupying the primary space (rock)

214 recorded. Because sampling was non-destructive, and the mussel beds can be multilayered and

215 attain a thickness of up to nearly 30 cm, it was not always possible to determine which organism 216 at a point was attached directly to the rock. In these cases, the taxon of the individual organism

217 visibly observed and deemed to be "dominating" the space was recorded. In most cases, this

218 would involve mussels on top of the mussel that was attached to the rock, which would not affect

219 the state assigned to a point.

221 11 transects were established around the island, based on a 20 m long wire clothesline encased in

222 plastic (see map in Section I.B.1.b for locations of specific transects). Two turnbuckles were

223 attached at each end to adjust tension. At randomly selected points on the transect line, 30

224 numbered points were designated for sampling and marked by crimping aluminum sleeves

225 around the clothesline. Once selected, these points were permanently used in all eleven transects

226 for all subsequent sample intervals. Transects were employed with large (15 cm long) eye-

227 screws (screwed into wall anchors installed in the rock) or eye-bolts (screwed into a series of

228 four stainless steel nuts imbedded within a paddy of cement) at either end, with 1-2 additional

229 ones located along the transect to avoid surface irregularities or to allow changes in transect

230 direction to stay within the mussel zone. One marker of each transect was designated as the

231 start. Each transect was attached at each end with the turnbuckles, with the turnbuckle at the

232 terminal end used for tightening or loosening the transect tension as needed. The entire transect

233 was suspended above the rock, and ran through stainless steel carabineers when passing by

234 intermediate eye-screws/bolts. When not being censused, all eye-screws/bolts were replaced by

235 low-stature hex-head screws/bolts so that markers would not be bent or knocked off the rocks by

236 waves and floating debris. Markers were tagged with fluorescent cable ties to aid in relocation in

237 subsequent years. If a point fell over a crevice, tide pool, or hardware used to suspend the

238 transect wire, it was marked as missing (entered as X). 239

240 b. Permanent plots

241 Permanent plots and transects were established as described above. The markers of one plot

242 (Q7) were lost a year after establishment, so the plot was abandoned. Markers of a second plot

243 (Q9) were lost for a year in 1995. The data in the files QuadratGPSLocationsTH.txt and

244 TransectGPSLocations.txt identify the GPS locations (with tide heights) of quadrats and the

245 suspension points of transects, respectively.

247 c. Data collection period, frequency, etc.

248 Data were collected annually over the record period during the late spring/early summer (late

249 May-early June, depending on the tidal cycle). Between 1993 and 2000, a fall sampling was also

250 done in late August or early September.

252 3: Research methods

254 a. Field work

255 The island was visited typically 8-10 times per year to census and maintain plots, and carry out

256 ancillary research. Trips generally last 5 days, corresponding to the best spring tides of each

257 month. Most trips were made between late March and early September. Details of field methods

258 are described in section 2a.

260 b. Instrumentation

261 CST Berger Lasermark Tracer laser level 262 Garmin GPSMap 76

264 c. Taxonomy and systematics

265 I identified each organism to species whenever possible, but this was limited by the need for

266 non-destructive sampling and some notoriously enigmatic groups. Invertebrate taxonomy was

267 based on the keys of Kozloff (1987) with supplementary reference to Kozloff (1993), Morris et

268 al. (1980), Ricketts et al. (1992) and Light et al. (1975). Algal taxonomy was based on

269 Gabrielson et al. (1987) with supplementary reference to Scagel (1971) and Abbott and

270 Hollenberg (1976).

272 d. Permit history

273 Permits for access to Tatoosh Island were obtained from the Makah Tribal Council to allow

274 continuous collection of the data.

276 4. Project personnel

277 All data were collected by J. Timothy Wootton. In earlier surveys, field assistants would log

278 data codes as points were assessed by JTW, and would help in setting up transects.

281 Class III. Data set status and accessibility

282 A. Status

283 1. Latest update: July 2015

284 2. Latest Archive update: July 2015 285 3. Metadata status: Compiled in November 2015.

286 4. Data verification: Taxonomic and abundance data were checked by the author, and compared

287 to keys as described in II.3.c. above.

288 B. Accessibility

289 1. Storage location and medium

290 Original data are in field data books of J. T. Wootton. Data are saved in electronic spreadsheets

291 in laboratory and field computers maintained by J. T. Wootton, and are also posted under the

292 Products tab of the lab website of J. T. Wootton (http://woottonlab.uchicago.edu).

293 2. Contact persons

294 J. Timothy Wootton. University of Chicago, Department of Ecology & Evolution, 1101 East

295 57th St., Chicago, IL 60637, USA. Phone: 1-773-702-2773. E-mail: [email protected]

296 3. Copyright restrictions

297 Use of this data set for academic or educational purposes is allowed as long as the data source is

298 cited.

299 4. Proprietary restrictions

300 a. Release date

301 Not applicable.

302 b. Citation

303 When used for academic or educational purposes, this data set should be cited using the

304 corresponding Ecological Archives number, names of the author of the data set, and the title of

305 this paper. Acknowledgement of the Makah Tribal Council for permission to allow these data to 306 be collected on their lands should be made where possible when the data are an essential part of

307 the publication.

308 c. Disclaimer

309 These data series are being actively extended and analyzed by the author, and interested

310 investigators may wish to contact the author regarding these data, the ecological context under

311 which these data were collected, whether planned use of these data represents redundant efforts,

312 and any details of the data collection process the author may have inadvertently neglected to

313 include here. As a rule of thumb for any data made publicly available, including these,

314 investigators intending to use these data for publication should consider the considerable effort

315 made to gather and organize them, and whether publication would reasonably be possible

316 without including these data. If not, then it may be appropriate to explore involving the author in

317 the publication process.

318 5. Costs

319 None.

320 Class IV. Data structural descriptors

321 A. Data Set Files

322 1. Identity

323 Two data files and three metadata files:

324 Tatoosh_Intertidal_Transitions_Transects.txt: (data from repeated transect censuses)

325 Tatoosh_Intertidal_Transitions_Quadrats.txt: (data from repeated quadrat censuses)

326 QuadratGPSLocationsTH.txt: (GPS coordinates, tide heights and site location names of quadrats) 327 TransectGPSLocations.txt: (GPS coordinates and site location names of points where transects

328 were suspended, indicating starting and ending orientations).

329 SpeciesCodes.txt: (Taxon names corresponding to the codes in the data files, plus notes on a few

330 changes in coding methods over the series and how prior publications aggregated taxa for

331 analysis).

332 2. Size

333 Tatoosh_Intertidal_Transitions_Transects.txt: 26,672 bytes in total, representing 9930 cells (331

334 rows × 30 columns).

335 Tatoosh_Intertidal_Transitions_Quadrats.txt: 126,658 bytes in total, representing 46,531 cells

336 (1501 rows × 31 columns).

337 QuadratGPSLocationsTH.txt: 998 bytes in total, representing 90 cells (15 rows x 6 columns).

338 TransectGPSLocations.txt: 2,142 bytes in total, representing 198 cells (33 rows x 6 columns).

339 SpeciesCodes.txt: 1,650 bytes in totoal, representing 164 cells (41 rows x 4 columns).

340 3. Format and storage mode

341 File type: tab-separated values (.txt) for all files.

342 For Tatoosh_Intertidal_Transitions_Transects.txt , the first two columns indicate the transect

343 code and the point number on that transect being reported in each row. The remaining columns

344 indicate the identity codes of each ecological state (species, size class or bare rock) found under

345 each transect point at each census. Censuses are presented in chronological order from left to

346 right in the remaining columns with the abbreviation for the month and the last two digits of the

347 year provided in the header columns. 348 For Tatoosh_Intertidal_Transitions_Quadrats.txt, the first column indicates, the quadrat code,

349 and the second and third columns indicate the point number and the point letter of the quadrat

350 coordinate system, respectively. The remaining columns indicate the identity codes of each

351 ecological state (species, size class or bare rock) found under each transect point at each census.

352 Censuses are presented in chronological order from left to right in the remaining columns with

353 the abbreviation for the month and the last two digits of the year provided in the header columns.

354 For QuadratsGPSLocationsTH.txt, the first column identifies the quadrat code, the second

355 reports the tide height of the quadrat (m above mean low low water), the third gives the GPS

356 latitude coordinates, the fourth gives the GPS longitude coordinates, the fifth indicates the

357 general site name (Fig. 1), and the sixth provides the subarea within the site.

358 For TransectsGPSLocations.txt, the first column identifies the transect code, the second provides

359 the position on the transect of the transect support (transect start, transect end, and any

360 intervening support point(s)), the third and fourth give the GPS latitude and longitude

361 coordinates, respectively, the fifth identifies the general site name, and the sixth indicates the

362 subarea within the site.

363 For the SpeciesCodes.txt file: The first column gives the codes used in the

364 Tatoosh_Intertidal_Transitions_Quadrats.txt and Tatoosh_Intertidal_Transitions_Transects.txt

365 files, the second column gives the aggregated codes used in prior publications using these data

366 by Wootton (Section F), the third column provides the taxon name corresponding with the codes,

367 and the fourth column provides notes on changes in coding made during the course of the data

368 series, which affects treatment of filamentous and fleshy red algae. Note that the fourth column

369 contains many empty entries, which may affect how some programs load the file.

370 4. Header information 371 For the Tatoosh_Intertidal_Transitions_Transects.txt file: The first row gives the headers, with

372 the first one being the transect code, the second being the point number on the transect, and the

373 remaining codes indicating the month and year of the census, as (month abbreviation)-(last two

374 digits on the census year). For example, Sep-99 would be September 1999, and Jun-07 would be

375 June 2007.

376 For the Tatoosh_Intertidal_Transitions_Quadrats.txt file: The first row gives the headers, with

377 the first one being the quadrat code, the second and third being the point number and point letter

378 in the quadrat coordinate system, and the remaining codes indicating the month and year of the

379 census, as (month abbreviation)-(last two digits on the census year). For example, Sep-99 would

380 be September 1999, and Jun-07 would be June 2007.

381 For the QuadratsGPSLocationsTH.txt file: The first row gives the headers of the columns, which

382 are Quadrat, Tide Height, GPS Latitude, GPS Longitude, Site and Sub-site.

383 For the TransectsGPSLocations.txt file: The first row gives the headers of the columns, which

384 are Transect, Attachment, GPS Latitude, GPS Longitude, Site and Sub-site.

385 For the SpeciesCodes.txt file: The first row gives the code used in the headers of the columns,

386 which are CODE, AGGREGATED GROUP, TAXON/ECOLOGICAL STATE, and Notes.

387 5. Alphanumeric attributes

388 Mixed.

389 6. Special characters/fields

390 None.

391 7. Authentication procedures

392 For data files, I used pivot tables to check for invalid codes and correct summation of data cells. 393 B. Variable information

394 1. Variable identity

395 See SpeciesCodes.txt, section IV.A.3, and section IV.B.4.b.

396 2. Variable definition

397 See section IV.A.4.

398 3. Units of measurement

399 The ecological state (species, size class (big: >2 cm wide; small: < 2 cm wide) of Mytilus

400 californianus, bare rock) under each point.

401 4. Data type

402 a. Storage type

403 Data are text codes for particular taxa (for an explanation, see section 4.b next).

404 b. List and definition of variable codes

405 The variable codes are also available in the file SpeciesCodes.txt

CODE TAXON/ECOLOGICAL STATE ALARIA Alaria nana ACRO Acrosiphonia coalita ANALIPUS Analipus japonica ANTHOE Anthopleura elegantissima ANTHOX Anthopleura xanthogrammica B Large (> 2 cm wide) Mytilus californianus BG Balanus glandula BNUB Balanus nubilis CAL Callithamnion pikeanum CHTH Chthamalus dalli COST Costaria costata CV Articulated corallines, mostly Corallina vancouveriensis DIAT Benthic diatoms ENDO Endocladia muricatum ENTMOR Enteromorpha spp. FUCUS Fucus distichus (gardneri) HAL Hallosaccion glandiforme HALICHOND Halichondria spp. HALICLONA Haliclona spp, mostly panicea HEDO Saccharina sessilis (Hedophyllum sessile) IRR Mazzaella (Iridaea) spp. LEATHESIA Leathesia marina MASTO Mastocarpus spp., mostly papillatus MICRO Microcladia borealis MT Mytilus trossulus PETAL Petalonia fascia PETRO "Petrocelis" morph of Mastocarpus POLY Filamentous red algae (mostly Polysiphonia--see notes) PORPH Porphyra spp. POST Postelsia palmaeformis PP Pollicipes polymerus PRIONITIS Prionitis sternbergii R Bare rock RALF Fleshy crustose algae (Ralfsia, Hildenbrandia) SC Semibalanus cariosus SCYTO Scytosiphon lomentaria SMC small (<2 cm wide) Mytilus californianus UGLY Entodesma navicula ULVA Ulva spp. X Missing 406

407 Notes:

408 Polysiphonia and Endocladia lumped before Aug. 1996

409 Callithamnion lumped with Polysiphonia until 2002

410 Iridea (Mazaella) lumped with Mastocarpus before Aug 1995

413 Aggregated Groups: To have sufficient sample sizes, and deal with taxonomic issues, some

414 aggregation of states is desirable. For papers of Wootton, the following aggregations were used:

Group Aggregated Taxa B B BG BG CV CV HAL HAL MT MT PP PP SC SC SMC SMC FILR CAL, ENDO, MICRO, POLY FLR MASTO, IRR FLC PETRO, RALF R R, DIAT EPH ULVA, PORPH, ENTMOR OTHER all other Codes 416

417 c. Range for numeric values

418 In Tatoosh_Intertidal_Transitions_Quadrats.txt and Tatoosh_Intertidal_Transitions_Transects.txt

419 are no numeric values except for quadrat coordinate identifiers, which range from 1-10, and the

420 transect point identifiers, which range from 1-30. In QuadratGPSLocationsTH.txt, numeric

421 values are present in column 2 (tide heights), which range from 0.837-1.852 m above mean low

422 low water.

423 d. Missing value codes

424 There are missing values, designated by an "X" at points where transects crossed crevices, where

425 hardware suspending the transect was present, or where transects crossed tide pools, and when a

426 quadrat was temporarily lost in a particular year (Q9 in 1995 and Q7 in all years after 1993).

427 e. Precision

428 5. Data format

429 a. Fixed length

430 b. Columns 431 Tatoosh_Intertidal_Transitions_Transects.txt has 331 rows and 30 columns. Checksum for file

432 (MDF) is F7EDE7C12A8C21C61F7B7B184A440FCE.

433 Tatoosh_Intertidal_Transitions_Quadrats.txt has 1501 rows and 31 columns. Checksum for file

434 (MD5) is BA9466360EB0D125C892FB3B222CD774.

435 QuadratsGPSLocationsTH.txt has 15 rows and 6 columns. Checksum for file (MD5) is

436 8E57B71E2AB0929E68375AA6A074C17E.

437 TransectsGPSLocations.txt has 33 rows and 6 columns. Checksum for file (MD5) is

438 A7FC71979EEE326B649E51B4320C70F3.

439 SpeciesCodes.txt has 41 rows and 4 columns. Checksum for file (MD5) is

440 934F77AEFC03379702EE18E24AF0F407.

441 C. Data anomalies

442 SP4 was disturbed while trying to find the marker to Q11 during spring 1996. As noted in

443 Section IV.B.4.b and in SpeciesCodes.txt, there were a few changes in species coding during the

444 course of the time series involving treatment of filamentous and fleshy red algae species. There

445 are no other detected anomalies in the data. See also IV.B.4.d.

446 Class V. Supplemental descriptors

447 A. Data acquisition

448 1. Data forms or acquisition methods

449 I identified the state (species identity, size class (big, small) of Mytilus californianus, bare rock)

450 found at each point in each of the quadrats and transects as explained in section B.3 (Research

451 methods), recording such values in a field notebook. In the laboratory, I saved those values in

452 electronic spreadsheets, ensuring that each value was accurately copied. 453 2. Location of completed data forms

454 Located in field notebooks in the Wootton Lab, Department of Ecology & Evolution, The

455 University of Chicago.

456 3. Data entry verification procedures

457 I checked all values to ensure their accurate registration in electronic format with the aid of pivot

458 tables.

459 B. Quality assurance/quality control procedures

460 I aligned quadrats carefully with permanent corner pins and used a laser level to identify the

461 point on the surface directly below each quadrat or transect point (see Research methods for

462 further details).

463 C. Related materials

464 The field notebook is stored at the Wootton Lab, Department of Ecology & Evolution, The

465 University of Chicago.

466 D. Computer programs and data-processing algorithms

467 The attached data set contains the raw data (state identity at each sampling point) without any

468 transformations.

469 E. Archiving

470 1. Archival procedures

471 In addition to being stored in my computers (see section III.B.1), the data set will be permanently

472 stored by the Ecological Society of America for long-term online access and is also posted on the

473 author's laboratory website (http://woottonlab.uchicago.edu). 474 2. Redundant archival sites

475 The electronic spreadsheets containing the abundance data were copied from one computer to

476 another following standard procedures.

477 F. Publications and results

478 2001. J. T. Wootton. Prediction in complex communities: analysis of empirically-derived

479 Markov models. Ecology 82:580-598.

481 2001. J. T. Wootton. Causes of species diversity differences: a comparative analysis of Markov

482 models. Ecology Letters 4:46-56.

484 2001. J. T. Wootton. Local interactions predict large-scale pattern in an empirically-derived

485 cellular automata. Nature 413:841-843.

487 2004. J. T. Wootton. Markov chain models predict the consequences of experimental

488 extinctions. Ecology Letters 7:653-660.

490 2005. J. T. Wootton. Field-parameterization and experimental test of the Neutral Theory of

491 Biodiversity. Nature 433:309-312.

493 2008. J. T. Wootton, C. A. Pfister and J. D. Forester. Dynamical patterns and ecological

494 impacts of ocean pH in a high-resolution, multi-year dataset. Proceedings of the National

495 Academy of Science 105:18848-18853.

496 497 2010. J. T. Wootton. Experimental species extinction alters ecological dynamics in a natural

498 ecosystem. Ecology 91:42-48.

500 2013. J. T. Wootton. An experimental test of multi-species Markov models: Are barnacles long-

501 term facilitators of mussel bed recovery? Bulletin of Marine Science 89:337-346.

503 2013. J. T. Wootton and J. D. Forester. Density-linked stochasticity. PLoS ONE 8(9): e75700.

504 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075700.

505 G. History of data set usage

506 1. Data request history

507 No history for the moment.

508 2. Data set update history

509 The attached data set is the original set.

510 3. Review history

511 I conducted a full review of the data set (to check for its accuracy) during each publishing

512 iteration.

513 4. Questions and comments from secondary users

514 No questions or comments from secondary users are available for the moment.

515 Acknowledgments

516 I thank the Makah tribe for permitting past and ongoing access to Tatoosh Island. Field,

517 laboratory, and logistical assistance was provided by A. Barner, K. Barnes, S. Betcher, B. 518 Coulson, P. Dospoy, J. Duke, K. Edwards, J. Forester, A. Gehman, A. Kandur, M. Kanichy, R.

519 Kordas, B. Linsay, H. Lutz, D. Maddox, A. Miller, C. Neufeld, A. Norman, M. Novak, A. Olson,

520 J. Orcutt, R. Paine, C. Pfister, K. Rose, J. Sheridan, J. Salamunovich, B. Scott, F. Stevens, K.

521 Weersing, A. Weintraub, L. Weis, B. Wootton, A. Wootton and P. Zaykoski.

522 Literature cited

523 Abbott, I. A., and G. J. Hollenberg. 1976. Marine Algae of California. Stanford University

524 Press, Stanford, California.

526 Dayton, P. K. 1971. Competition, disturbance, and community organization: the provision and

527 subsequent utilization of space in a rocky intertidal community. Ecological Monographs 41:351–

528 389.

530 Gabrielson, P. W., T. B. Widdowson, S. C. Lindstrom, M. W. Hawkes, and R. F. Scagel. 2000.

531 Keys to the Benthic Marine Algae and Seagresses of British Columbia, Southeast Alaska,

532 Washington and Oregon. Phycological Contribution No. 5, Department of Botany, University of

533 British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia.

535 Horn, H. S. 1975. Markovian properties of forest succession. Pages 196–211 in M. Cody and J.

536 Diamond, editors. Ecology and Evolution of Communities. Harvard University

537 Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

539 Kozloff, E. N, 1987. Marine Invertebrates of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington

540 Press, Seattle, Washington. 541

542 Kozloff, E. N. 1993. Seashore Life of the Northern Pacific Coast. 3rd Edition. University of

543 Washington Press, Seattle, Washington.

545 Light, S. F., R. I. Smith, and J. T. Carlton. 1975. Light's Manual: Intertidal Invertebrates of the

546 Central California Coast. 3rd Edition. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.

548 Morris, R. H., D. P. Abbott, and E. C. Haderlie. 1980. Intertidal Invertebrates of California.

549 Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.

551 Paine, R. T. 1988. Habitat suitability and local population persistence of the sea palm Postelsia

552 palmaeformis. Ecology 69:1787-1794.

554 Paine, R. T., and S. A. Levin. 1981. Intertidal landscapes: disturbance and the dynamics of

555 pattern. Ecological Monographs 51:145–178.

557 Ricketts, E. W., and J. Calvin. 1992. Between Pacific Tides. 5th Edition, Revised by J. W.

558 Hedgepeth and D. W. Phillips. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.

560 Scagel, R. F. 1971. Guide to the Common Seaweeds of British Columbia. Handbook 27, British

561 Columbia Provincial Museum, Victoria, British Columbia.

562 563 Waggoner, P. E., and G. R. Stephens. 1970. Transition probabilities for a forest. Nature

564 225:1160–1161.