Detours: Binary Interception of Win32 Functions
Galen Hunt and Doug Brubacher Microsoft Research One Microsoft Way Redmond, WA 98052 [email protected] http://research.microsoft.com/sn/detours
Abstract 1. Introduction Innovative systems research hinges on the ability to easily instrument and extend existing Innovative systems research hinges on the operating system and application functionality. ability to easily instrument and extend existing With access to appropriate source code, it is often operating system and application functionality trivial to insert new instrumentation or extensions whether in an application, a library, or the by rebuilding the OS or application. However, in operating system DLLs. Typical reasons to today’s world of commercial software, intercept functions are to add functionality, researchers seldom have access to all relevant modify returned results, or insert instrumentation source code. for debugging or profiling. With access to We present Detours, a library for appropriate source code, it is often trivial to insert instrumenting arbitrary Win32 functions on x86 new instrumentation or extensions by rebuilding machines. Detours intercepts Win32 functions by the OS or application. However, in today’s world re-writing target function images. The Detours of commercial development and binary-only package also contains utilities to attach arbitrary releases, researchers seldom have access to all DLLs and data segments (called payloads) to any relevant source code. Win32 binary. Detours is a library for intercepting arbitrary While prior researchers have used binary Win32 binary functions on x86 machines. rewriting to insert debugging and profiling Interception code is applied dynamically at instrumentation, to our knowledge, Detours is the runtime. Detours replaces the first few first package on any platform to logically instructions of the target function with an preserve the un-instrumented target function unconditional jump to the user-provided detour (callable through a trampoline) as a subroutine function. Instructions from the target function are for use by the instrumentation. Our unique preserved in a trampoline function. The trampoline design is crucial for extending trampoline function consists of the instructions existing binary software. removed from the target function and an We describe our experiences using Detours to unconditional branch to the remainder of the create an automatic distributed partitioning target function. The detour function can either system, to instrument and analyze the DCOM replace the target function or extend its semantics protocol stack, and to create a thunking layer for by invoking the target function as a subroutine a COM-based OS API. Micro-benchmarks through the trampoline. demonstrate the efficiency of the Detours library. Detours are inserted at execution time. The code of the target function is modified in memory, not on disk, thus facilitating interception of binary The original publication of this paper was granted to functions at a very fine granularity. For example, USENIX. Copyright to this work is retained by the authors. Permission is granted for the noncommercial reproduction the procedures in a DLL can be detoured in one of the complete work for educational or research purposes. execution of an application, while the original Published in Proceedings of the 3rd USENIX Windows NT procedures are not detoured in another execution Symposium. Seattle, WA, July 1999. running at the same time. Unlike DLL re-linking
1 or static redirection, the interception techniques few instructions of the target function with an used in the Detours library are guaranteed to work unconditional jump to the user-provided detour regardless of the method used by application or function. Instructions from the target function are system code to locate the target function. preserved in a trampoline function. The While others have used binary rewriting for trampoline consists of the instructions removed debugging and to inline instrumentation, Detours from the target function and an unconditional is a general-purpose package. To our knowledge, branch to the remainder of the target function. Detours is the first package on any platform to When execution reaches the target function, logically preserve the un-instrumented target control jumps directly to the user-supplied detour function as a subroutine callable through the function. The detour function performs whatever trampoline. Prior systems logically prepended the interception preprocessing is appropriate. The instrumentation to the target, but did not make the detour function can return control to the source original target’s functionality available as a function or it can call the trampoline function, general subroutine. Our unique trampoline design which invokes the target function without is crucial for extending existing binary software. interception. When the target function completes, In addition to basic detour functionality, it returns control to the detour function. The Detours also includes functions to edit the DLL detour function performs appropriate import table of any binary, to attach arbitrary data postprocessing and returns control to the source segments to existing binaries, and to inject a DLL function. Figure 1 shows the logical flow of into either a new or an existing process. Once control for function invocation with and without injected into a process, the instrumentation DLL interception. can detour any Win32 function, whether in the Invocation without interception: application or the system libraries. The following section describes how Detours 1 works. Section ?? outlines the usage of the Source Target Detours library. Section 4 describes alternative Function Function function-interception techniques and presents a micro-benchmark evaluation of Detours. Section 2 5 details the usage of Detours to produce distributed applications from local applications, to Invocation with interception: 1 2 3 quantify DCOM overheads, to create a thunking layer for a new COM-based Win32 API, and to Source Detour Trampoline Target implement first chance exception handling. We Function Function Function Function compare Detours with related work in Section 6 and summarize our contributions in Section 7. 5 4
2. Implementation Figure 1. Invocation with and without interception. Detours provides three important sets of functionality: the ability to intercept arbitrary The Detours library intercepts target functions Win32 binary functions on x86 machines, the by rewriting their in-process binary image. For ability to edit the import tables of binary files, and each target function, Detours actual rewrites two the ability to attach arbitrary data segments to functions: the target function and the matching binary files. We will describe the implementation trampoline function. The trampoline function can of each of these functionalities. be allocated either dynamically or statically. A statically allocated trampoline always invokes the 2.1. Interception of Binary Functions target function without the detour. Prior to insertion of a detour, the static trampoline The Detours library facilitates the interception contains a single jump to the target. After of function calls. Interception code is applied insertion, the trampoline contains the initial dynamically at runtime. Detours replaces the first
2 instructions from the target function and a jump to trampoline functions and flushes the CPU the remainder of the target function. instruction cache with a call to Flush- Statically allocated trampolines are extremely InstructionCache. useful for instrumentation programmers. For example, in Coign [7], invoking the Coign_Co- 2.2. Payloads and DLL Import Editing CreateInstance trampoline is equivalent to While a number of tools exist for editing binary invoking the original CoCreateInstance files [10, 12, 13, 17], most systems research function without instrumentation. Coign internal doesn’t require such heavy-handed access to functions can call Coign_CoCreate- binary files. Instead, it is often sufficient to add at any time to create a new Instance an extra DLL or data segment to an application or component instance without concern for whether system binary file. In addition to detour or not the original function has been rerouted with functions, the Detours library also contains fully a detour. reversible support for attaching arbitrary data ;; Target Function ;; Target Function segments, called payloads, to Win32 binary files … … and for editing DLL import tables. TargetFunction: TargetFunction: Figure 3 shows the basic structure of a Win32 push ebp jmp DetourFunction mov ebp,esp Portable Executable (PE) binary file. The PE push ebx format for Win32 binaries is an extension of push esi TargetFunction+5: push edi push edi COFF (the Common Object File Format). A … … Win32 binary consists of a DOS compatible
;; Trampoline ;; Trampoline header, a PE header, a text section containing … … program code, a data section containing initialized TrampolineFunction: TrampolineFunction: data, an import table listing any imported DLLS jmp TargetFunction push ebp … mov ebp,esp and functions, an export table listing functions push ebx exported by the code, and debug symbols. With push esi jmp TargetFunction+5 the exception of the two headers, each of the other … sections of the file is optional and may not exist in a given binary. Figure 2. Trampoline and target functions, before and after insertion of the detour (left and right). Start of File DOS Header
Figure 2 shows the insertion of a detour. To PE (w/COFF) Header .text Section detour a target function, Detours first allocates Program Code memory for the dynamic trampoline function (if .data Section no static trampoline is provided) and then enables Initialized Data write access to both the target and the trampoline. Starting with the first instruction, Detours copies .idata Section Import Table instructions from the target to the trampoline until at least 5 bytes have been copied (enough for an .edata Section Export Table unconditional jump instruction). If the target function is fewer than 5 bytes, Detours aborts and Debug Symbols returns an error code. To copy instructions, Detours uses a simple table-driven disassembler. End of File Detours adds a jump instruction from the end of Figure 3. Format of a Win32 PE binary file. the trampoline to the first non-copied instruction of the target function. Detours writes an To modify a Win32 binary, Detours creates a unconditional jump instruction to the detour new .detours section between the export table function as the first instruction of the target and the debug symbols. Note that debug symbols function. To finish, Detours restores the original must always reside last in a Win32 binary. The page permissions on both the target and new section contains a detours header record and
3 a copy of the original PE header. If modifying the locating payloads within those mapped binaries. import table, Detours creates the new import Each payload is identified by a 128-bit globally table, appends it to the copied PE header, then unique identifier (GUID). Coign uses Detours to modifies the original PE header to point to the attach per-application configuration data to new import table. Finally, Detours writes any application binaries. user payloads at the end of the .detours In cases where instrumentation need be section and appends the debug symbols to finish inserted into an application without modifying the file. Detours can reverse modifications to the binary files, Detours provides functions to inject a Win32 binary by restoring the original PE header DLL into either a new or an existing process. To from the .detours section and removing the inject a DLL, Detours writes a LoadLibrary .detours section. Figure 4 shows the format of call into the target process with the Virtual- a Detours-modified Win32 binary. AllocEx and WriteProcessMemory APIs Creating a new import table serves two then invokes the call with the CreateRemote- purposes. First, it preserves the original import Thread API. table in case the programmer needs to reverse all modifications to the Win32 file. Second, the new 3. Using Detours import table can contain renamed import DLLs and functions or entirely new DLLs and functions. The code fragment in Figure 5 illustrates the For example, Coign [7] uses Detours to insert an usage of the Detours library. User code must initial entry for coignrte.dll into each include the detours.h header file and link with instrumented application. As the first entry in the the detours.lib library. applications import table, coignrte.dll #include
Start of File DETOUR_TRAMPOLINE( DOS Header VOID WINAPI SleepTrampoline(DWORD), PE (w/COFF) Header Sleep ); .text Section Program Code VOID WINAPI SleepDetour(DWORD dw) { .data Section return SleepTrampoline(dw); Initialized Data }
VOID DynamicDetour(VOID) .idata Section { unused Import Table return DynamicTrampoline(); } .edata Section Export Table void main(void) { .detours Section VOID (*DynamicTarget)(VOID) = SomeFunction; detour header original PE header DynamicTrampoline new import table =(FUNCPTR)DetourFunction( user payloads (PBYTE)DynamicTarget, (PBYTE)DynamicDetour); Debug Symbols DetourFunctionWithTrampoline( End of File (PBYTE)SleepTrampoline, (PBYTE)SleepDetour); Figure 4. Format of a Detours-modified binary file. // Execute the remainder of program.
DetourRemoveTrampoline(SleepTrampoline); Detours provides functions for editing import DetourRemoveTrampoline(DynamicTrampoline); tables, adding payloads, enumerating payloads, } removing payloads, and rebinding binary files. Figure 5. Sample Instrumentation Program. Detours also provides routines for enumerating the binary files mapped into an address space and
4 Trampolines may be created either statically or of the function. DetourFindFunction returns dynamically. To intercept a target function with a either a valid pointer to the function or NULL if static trampoline, the application must create the the symbol for the function could not be found. trampoline with the DETOUR_TRAMPOLINE DetourFindFunction first attempts to locate macro. DETOUR_TRAMPOLINE takes two the function using the Win32 LoadLibrary and arguments: the prototype for the static trampoline GetProcAddress APIs. If the function is not and the name of the target function. found in the export table of the DLL, Detour- Note that for proper interception the prototype, FindFunction uses the ImageHlp library to target, trampoline, and detour functions must all search available debugging symbols. The have exactly the same call signature including function pointer returned by DetourFind- number of arguments and calling convention. It is Function can be given to DetourFunction the responsibility of the detour function to copy to create a dynamic trampoline. arguments when invoking the target function Interception of a target function can be through the trampoline. This is intuitive as the removed by invoking the target function is just a subroutine callable by the DetourRemove- detour function. Trampoline function. Using the same calling convention insures that Note that because the functions in the Detours registers will be properly preserved and that the library modify code in the application address stack will be properly aligned between detour and space, it is the programmer’s responsibility to target functions. ensure that no other threads are executing in the Interception of the target function is enabled by address space while a detour is inserted or invoking the DetourFunctionWith- removed. An easy way to insure single-threaded execution is to call functions in the Detours Trampoline function with two arguments: the library from a routine. trampoline and the pointer to the detour function. DllMain The target function is not given as an argument because it is already encoded in the trampoline. 4. Evaluation A dynamic trampoline is created by calling Several alternative techniques exist for DetourFunction with two arguments: a intercepting function calls. Alternative pointer to the target function and a pointer to the interception techniques include: detour function. allocates a DetourFunction Call replacement in application source code. new trampoline and inserts the appropriate Calls to the target function are replaced with calls interception code in the target function. to the detour function by modifying application Static trampolines are extremely easy to use source code. The major drawback of this when the target function is available as a link technique is that it requires access to source code. symbol. When the target function is not available Call replacement in application binary code. for linking, a dynamic trampoline can be used. Calls to the target function are replaced with calls Often a function pointer to the target function can to the detour function by modifying application be acquired from a second function. For those binaries. While this technique does not require times, when a pointer to the target function is not source code, replacement in the application binary readily available, DetourFindFunction can does require the ability to identify all applicable find the pointer to a function when it is either call sites. This requires substantial symbolic exported from a known DLL, or if debugging information that is not generally available for symbols are available for the target function’s 1 binary software. binary . DLL redirection. If the target function resides DetourFindFunction accepts two in a DLL, the DLL import entries in the binary arguments, the name of the binary and the name can be modified to point to a detour DLL. Redirection to the detour DLL can be achieved by 1 Microsoft ships debugging symbols for the entire Windows either replacing the name of the original DLL in NT operation system as part of the retail release. These the import table before load time or replacing the symbols can be found in the \support\symbols function addresses in the indirect import jump directory on the OS distribution media.
5 table after load [2]. Unfortunately, redirecting to server applications. During profiling, Coign uses the detour DLL through the import table fails to Detours to intercept calls to COM instantiation intercept DLL internal calls and calls on pointers functions such as CoCreateInstance. The obtained from the LoadLibrary and detour functions invoke the original library GetProcAddress APIs early in an applications functions through trampolines, then wrap output execution. interface pointers in an additional instrumentation Breakpoint trapping. Rather than replace the layer (for more details see [8]). The DLL, the target function can be intercepted by instrumentation layer measures inter-component inserting a debugging breakpoint into the target communication to determine how application function. The debugging exception handler can components should be partitioned across a then invoke the detour function. The major network. During distributed executions, new drawback to breakpoint trapping is that debugging Coign detour functions intercept calls to COM exceptions suspend all application threads. In instantiation functions and re-route those calls to addition, the debug exception must be caught in a distributed machines. In essence, Coign extends second operating-system process. Interception via the COM library to support intelligent remote break-point trapping has a high performance invocation. Whereas DCOM supports remote penalty. invocation of a few COM instantiation functions, Table 1 lists times for intercepting either an Coign supports remote invocation for empty function or the CoCreateInstance approximately 50 COM functions through detour API. Times are on a 200 MHz Pentium Pro. extensions. Coign uses Detours’ DLL redirection Rows list the time to invoke the functions without functions to attach a runtime loader and the interception, with interception through call payload functions to attach profiling data to replacement, with interception through DLL application binaries. redirection, with interception using the Detours Our colleagues have used Detours to library, or with interception through breakpoint instrument the user-mode portion of the DCOM trapping. As can be seen, function interception protocol stack including marshaling proxies, with Detours library has only minimal overhead DCOM runtime, RPC runtime, WinSock runtime, (less than 400 ns in either case). and marshaling stubs [11]. The resultant detailed
analysis was then used to drive a re-architecture I n t e r c e p t e d F u n c t i o n Interception of DCOM for fast user-mode networks. While Empty CoCreate- Technique they could have used source code modifications to Function Instance produce a special profiling version of DCOM, the Direct 0.113s 14.836s source-based instrumentation would have been Call Replacement 0.143s 15.193s version dependent and shared by all DCOM DLL Redirection 0.143s 15.193s applications on the profiling machine. With Detours Library 0.145s 15.194s binary instrumentation based on Detours, the Breakpoint Trap 229.564s 265.851s profiling tool can be attached to any Windows NT 4 build of DCOM and only effects the process Table 1. Comparison of Interception Techniques. being profiled. In another extension exercise, Detours was 5. Experience used to create a thunking layer for COP (the Component-based Operating System Proxy) [14]. The Detours package has been used extensively COP is a COM-based version of the Win32 API. in Microsoft Research over the last two years to COP aware applications access operating system instrument and extend Win32 applications and the functionality through COM interfaces, such as Windows NT operating system. IWin32FileHandle. Because the COP Detours was originally developed for the Coign interfaces are distributable with DCOM, a COP Automatic Distributed Partition System [7]. application can use OS resources, including file Coign converts local desktop applications built systems, keyboards, mice, displays, registries, from COM components into distributed client- etc., from any machine in a network. To provide support for legacy applications, COP uses detour
6 functions to intercept all application calls to the function, inserted at some arbitrary point in a Win32 APIs. Native application API calls are function, or appended to the end of a function. converted to calls on COP interfaces. At the Whereas a code patch invokes instrumentation bottom, the COP implementation communicates then continues the target function, our technique with the underlying operating system through transfers control completely to the detour function trampoline functions. COP requires no which can invoke the original target function modifications to application binaries. At load through the trampoline at its leisure. The time, the COP DLL is injected into the trampoline gives instrumentation complete application’s address space with Detours’ freedom to invoke the semantics of the original injection functions. Through its simple function as a callable subroutine at any time. interception, Detours has facilitated this massive Techniques for code patching have existed extension of the Win32 API. since the dawn of digital computing [3-5, 9, 15]. Finally, to support Software Distributed Shared Code patching has been applied to insert Memory (SDSM) systems, we have implemented debugging or profiling code. In the distant past, a first chance exception filter for Win32 code patching was generally considered to be a structured exception handling. The Win32 API much more practical update method than re- contains an API, SetUnhandledException- compiling the entire application. In addition to Filter, through which an application can debugging and profiling, Detours has also been specify an exception filter to execute should no used to resourcefully extend the functionality of other filter handle an application exception. For existing systems [7, 14]. applications such as SDSM systems, the While recent systems have extended code programmer would like to insert a first-chance patching to parallel applications [1] and system exception filter to remove page faults caused by kernels [16], Detours is to our knowledge the only the SDSM’s manipulation of VM page code patching system that preserves the semantics permissions. Windows NT does not provide such of the target function as a callable subroutine. a first-chance exception filter mechanism. A The detour function replaces the target function, simple detour intercepts the exception entry point but can invoke its functionality at any point from kernel mode to user mode (KiUser- through the trampoline. Our unique trampoline ExceptionDispatcher). With only a few design makes it trivial to extend the functionality lines of code, the detour function calls a user- of existing binary functions. provided first-chance exception filter and then Recent research has produced a class of forwards the exception, if unhandled, to the detailed binary rewriting tools including Atom default exception mechanism through a [13], Etch [12], EEL [10], and Morph [17]. In trampoline. general, these tools take as input an application binary and an instrumentation script. The 6. Related Work instrumentation script passes over the binary inserting code between instructions, basic blocks, Detours are an extension of the general or functions. The output of the script is a new, technique of code patching. To intercept instrumented binary. In a departure for earlier execution, an unconditional branch or jump is systems, DyninstAPI [6] can modify applications inserted into the desired point of interception in dynamically. the target function. Code overwritten by the Detours’ primary advantage over detailed unconditional branch is moved to a code patch. binary rewriters is its size. Detours adds less than The code patch consists of either the 18KB to an instrumentation package whereas instrumentation code or a call to the detailed binary rewriters add at least a few instrumentation code followed by the instructions hundred KB. The cost of Detours small size is an moved to insert the unconditional branch and a inability to insert code between instructions or jump to the first instruction in the target function basic blocks. Detailed binary rewriters can insert after the unconditional branch. Logically, a code instrumentation around any instruction through patch can be prepended to the beginning of a sophisticated features such as free register discovery. Detours relies on adherence to calling
7 conventions in order to preserve register values. Bibliography While detailed binary rewriters support insertion of code before or after any basic instruction unit, [1] Aral, Ziya, Illya Gertner, and Greg Schaffer. Efficient they do not preserve the semantics of the Debugging Primitives for Multiprocessors. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on uninstrumented target function as a callable Architectural Support for Programming Languages subroutine. and Operating Systems, pp. 87-95. Boston, MA, April 1989. 7. Conclusions [2] Balzer, Robert and Neil Goldman. Mediating Connectors. Proceedings of the 19th IEEE The Detours library provides an import set of International Conference on Distributed Computing tools to the arsenal of the systems researcher. Systems Workshop, pp. 73-77. Austin, TX, June 1999. Detour functions are fast, flexible, and friendly. [3] Digital Equipment Corporation. DDT Reference A detour of CoCreateInstance function has Manual, 1972. less than a 3% overhead, which is an order of [4] Evans, Thomas G. and D. Lucille Darley. DEBUG - magnitude smaller than the penalty for breakpoint An Extension to Current Online Debugging trapping. The Detours library is very small. The Techniques. Communications of the ACM, 8(5), pp. runtime consists of less than 40KB of compiled 321-326, May 1965. code although typically less than 18KB of code is [5] Gill, S. The Diagnosis of Mistakes in Programmes on added to the users instrumentation. the EDSAC. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series We are currently working on versions of A, 206, pp. 538-554, May 1951. Detours for Windows 98 and the Alpha [6] Hollingsworth, Jeffrey K. and Bryan Buck. processors. The Alpha port should be trivial due DyninstAPI Programmer's Guide, Release 1.2. to the uniform size of instructions in the Alpha’s Computer Science Department, University of RISC architecture. Maryland, College Park, MD, September 1998. Unlike DLL redirection, the Detours library [7] Hunt, Galen C. and Michael L. Scott. The Coign intercepts both statically and dynamically bound Automatic Distributed Partitioning System. invocations. Finally, the Detours library is much Proceedings of the Third Symposium on Operating more flexible than DLL redirection or application System Design and Implementation (OSDI '99), pp. code modification. Interception of any function 187-200. New Orleans, LA, February 1999. USENIX. can be selectively enabled or disabled for each [8] Hunt, Galen C. and Michael L. Scott. Intercepting and process individually at execution time. Instrumenting COM Applications. Proceedings of the Our unique trampoline preserves the semantics Fifth Conference on Object-Oriented Technologies and of the original, uninstrumented target function for Systems (COOTS'99), pp. 45-56. San Diego, CA, May 1999. USENIX. use as a subroutine of the detour function. Using detour functions and trampolines, it is trivial to [9] Kessler, Peter. Fast Breakpoints: Design and produce compelling system extensions without Implementation. Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN '90 Conference on Programming Language Design access to system source code and without and Implementation, pp. 78-84. White Plains, NY, June recompiling the underlying binary files. Detours 1990. makes possible a whole new generation of innovative systems research on the Windows NT [10] Larus, James R. and Eric Schnarr. EEL: Machine- Independent Executable Editing. Proceedings of the platform. ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation, pp. 291-300. La Availability Jolla, CA, June 1995. [11] Li, Li, Alessandro Forin, Galen Hunt, and Yi-Min The Detours library is freely available for Wang. High-Performance Distributed Objects over a research purposes. It can be found in either System Area Network. Proceedings of the Third source form or as a compiled library at USENIX NT Symposium. Seattle, WA, July 1999. http://research.microsoft.com/sn/detours. [12] Romer, Ted, Geoff Voelker, Dennis Lee, Alec Wolman, Wayne Wong, Hank Levy, Brian Bershad, and J. Bradley Chen. Instrumentation and Optimization of Win32/Intel Executables Using Etch.
8 Proceedings of the USENIX Windows NT Workshop TX-0. Department of Electical Engineering, MIT, 1997, pp. 1-7. Seattle, WA, August 1997. USENIX. Cambridge, MA, Memo 5001-23, July 1960.
[13] Srivastava, Amitabh and Alan Eustace. ATOM: A [16] Tamches, Ariel and Barton P. Miller. Fine-Grained System for Building Customized Program Analysis Dynamic Instrumentation of Commodity Operating Tools. Proceedings of the SIGPLAN '94 Conference System Kernels. Proceedings of the Third Symposium on Programming Language Design and on Operating Systems Design and Implementation Implementation, pp. 196-205. Orlando, FL, June 1994. (OSDI '99), pp. 117-130. New Orleans, LA, February 1999. USENIX. [14] Stets, Robert J., Galen C. Hunt, and Michael L. Scott. Component-based Operating System APIs: A [17] Zhang, Xiaolan, Zheng Wang, Nicholas Gloy, J. Versioning and Distributed Resource Solution. IEEE Bradley Chen, and Michael D. Smith. System Support Computer, 32(7), July 1999. for Automated Profiling and Optimization. Proceedings of the Sixteenth ACM Symposium on [15] Stockham, T.G. and J.B. Dennis. FLIT- Flexowriter Operating System Principles. Saint-Malo, France, Interrogation Tape: A Symbolic Utility Program for the October 1997.
9