Mustang Style

Mustang Style:

A Guide for Research and Publication Second Edition

Lisa G. Wilson, Library Media Teacher Revised for MLA 7 By Jeane Beno, Library Media Teacher March 2007

Rodriguez High School

5000 Red Top Road Fairfield, CA 94534 707-863-7950 Last update 11/19/13 Page 2

Table of Contents

Sample Bibliographic Citations...... 3

General rules...... 3 Annotated Bibliography...... 4 Citation Machine...... 4 Print Sources: Books, Encyclopedias, and Magazines...... 4 Online Resources: Subscription Databases and Websites...... 6 Online Databases ...... 6 Internet Sites (not subscription databases)...... 6

Parenthetical Documentation...... 7

General Rules...... 7 Placing a Parenthetical Reference...... 7 Documenting a Direct Quotation...... 8 Documenting a Paraphrase or Summary...... 8

Research Paper Format...... 8

Typing and Printing...... 8 Heading...... 8 Sample Research Paper, first page...... 9 Sample Works Cited Page...... 9 Sample “Works Cited” page...... 9 Plagiarism...... 10

Evaluating Sources...... 11

Reliability: Authority and Authorship...... 11 Currency...... 11 Motivation...... 11 Opinion and Point of View...... 11 Accuracy...... 11 Coverage...... 11 Final Analysis...... 11 Page 3

Bibliographic and Parenthetical Citations

At Rodriguez High School, students will use the Modern Language Association (MLA) 7th Edition writing style guidelines for all writing assignments.

In academic research, students must fully document or cite all the sources they use (books, magazines, webpages, etc.) in two ways: Parenthetical citations and Bibliographic citations.

Parenthetical Citations Parenthetical citations are used within the body of the research paper to give credit to the source of information. See pages 7 and 8 for details.

Bibliographic Citations A full listing of all sources used in research on the last page of a paper is called a “Works Cited” or “Bibliography”. The “Works Cited” lists only the sources you actually use in your paper. A “Bibliography” lists all sources you may have referred to, but did not necessarily used in your paper.

To fully document each source used in research, include the following elements in proper MLA 7 style: Author(s) Title of Article Title of overall work (book, encyclopedia, website…) City of Publication Publisher or Sponsor Copyright year or the date a webpage is created or last updated Access date (for database and Internet) Website address (url) is no longer required by MLA 7. However, if it is difficult to find the webpage using a Google search, then include the web address.

General rules 1. Give the author’s name exactly as it appears on the title page, but list the last name first. Put a period after the complete name. Ellis, Sarah.

2. Provide the full title of the book, including any subtitle. If the book has a subtitle, put a colon directly after the main title. Place a period at the end of the title and italicize the font of the entire title. Back of Beyond: Stories of the Supernatural.

3. Provide the following publication information in this order: the city of publication, publisher’s name, and year of publication (copyright date). All of this information can be found on the title page or the copyright page, which is generally found on the back of the title page. Place a colon after the city, a comma after the publisher, and a period at the end. New York: Margaret K. McElderry Books,1996. Page 4

4. The entire citation should be double spaced with the first line at the left margin and all other lines indented (hanging indent). 5. Alphabetize the list by the first word in the citation. 6. Sample basic book citation:

Ellis, Sarah. Back of Beyond: Stories of the Supernaturnal. New York: Margaret K.

McElderry Books. 1996. Print.

Annotated Bibliography An annotated bibliography or works cited page includes not only the full citation, but also some information about the content of the book, article, or website. For example:

Bates, J.D. Writing with Precision: How to Write So That You Cannot Possibly be

Misunderstood. New York: Penguin Books, 2001. Print. Discusses the principles of clear,

effective writing; offers help on preparing and writing specific kinds of material, such as

letters, memoranda, and reports.

EasyBib School Edition EasyBib School Edition is a web-based tool that keeps you organized throughout the research process and helps you avoid plagiarism. It will create citations for 64 different kinds of sources and builds your Works Cited page in the style your teacher requires. You may also annotate your bibliography and EasyBib will show you the correct way to add intext citations and footnotes. Additionally, you may create virtual notes and outlines, evaluate websites for credibility, search for more credible sources, and get valuable help through writing and citation guides and tutorials. See a Librarian to register for EasyBib.

SAMPLE BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS

The following examples will help guide you in creating your own citations.

Print Sources - BOOKS

Books Parenthetical Bibliographic

1 Author (Hellman 202) Hellman, Hal. Great Feuds in Medicine: Ten of the Liveliest Disputes Ever.

New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2001. Print. 2 or 3 Authors (McNab and McNab, David, and James Younger. The Planets. London: Yale University Younger 157) Press, 1999. Print. 4 or more (Hine 78) Hine, Darlene Clark, et al. Black Women in America: An Historical Authors Page 5

Encyclopedia. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1993. Print. Corporate (American American Medical Association. American Medical Association Handbook of Author or Medical Assoc. Group 15-20) First Aid and Emergency Care. New York: Random House, 2005. Print. Editor or (Monk 71) Monk, Linda R., ed. Ordinary Americans. Virginia: Close Up Publishing, compiler 1994. Print. A work within (Lerman 74) Lerman, Leo. “Some People and Places.” The New York Times book a work Review 31 Dec. 1950:5+. Reprinted in Contemporary Literary

Criticism Vol. 25 Ed. Jean C. Stine. Detroit: Gale Research,

1983. 74. Print.

ENCYCLOPEDIAS

Place quotation marks around the article title and italicize the encyclopedia title. When citing a very familiar encyclopedia, like World Book, do not give the full publication information. You only need to include the year published and the edition number, if provided.

Encyclopedia Parenthetical Bibliographic Citation Familiar (“Dinosaur” 277) “Dinosaur.” World Book Encyclopedia. 2007. Print. Encyclopedia, No Author Article with (Peterson 126) Peterson, Barbara Bennett. “Rita Hayworth.” The Scribner Encyclopedia of signed Author American Lives. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1999. Print.

MAGAZINES AND NEWSPAPERS (in print)

General Rules 1. Give the author’s name just as you do for books. 2. The title of the article is placed in quotation marks with a period at the end of the title. 3. The magazine title is italicized followed by the date. 4. Provide the complete date beginning with the day and abbreviating the month, followed by a colon and the page numbers of the article.

Magazine (Beschloss) Beschloss, Michael. “The Ford Effect.” Newsweek 8 Jan. 2007: 30-33. Article Print. Newspaper (Farmer) Farmer, Paul. “A Family Affair.” Daily Republic 19 Dec. 2006: D:1. Article Print. Page 6

Online Resources: Subscription Databases and Websites

Online Databases (InfoTrac, ABC-CLIO, etc.)

General Rules 1. These citations work very much like print citations. Most of the articles you will find in InfoTrac and ABC-CLIO are simply reproduced from print resources and placed online. 2. You must include the article title in quotes, the title of the book, newspaper, magazine, and database italicized, the date the article was published (if available), and the date you accessed the information. The Web address (url) is optional.

Examples

Databases Parenthetical Bibliographic Citation

InfoTrac (Downs) Downs, David. "Music Mix Maestro." Wired Jan. 2009: 50.

Student Edition. Web. 22 Mar. 2010. InfoTrac “The case of the "The case of the teen brain." New York Times Upfront 8 Feb. teen brain.” 2010. Student Edition. Web. 22 Mar. 2010. World Book (Hartman) Hartman, John. "Argentina." World Book Online Reference Online Center. 2007. Web. 12 Feb. 2007.

Internet Sites (not subscription databases)

General Rules: 1. To cite a webpage, at the minimum you must include the title of the work or web article, the main web site if different from the title of the work, and the date you accessed the page. The web address (URL) is now optional, however include it if the web page is difficult to find using a Google search. 2. Also include the following information if available: author, name of sponsoring organization or company – use N.p. if not available, and the date the web page was last updated – use n.d. if no date is available.

Examples:

“Obama Follows Clinton's Path But Hopes for a Different Ending.” CNN.com. Cable News

Network, 18 Aug. 2009. Web. 18 Aug. 2009.

“Taking Part in the Active Lifestyle Program.” The President’s Challenge. N.p. 25 Mar. 2007.

Web. 11 Jan. 2010. Page 7

Parenthetical Documentation

The term “parenthetical documentation” sounds much more complicated than it is. This

style allows your reader to easily recognize the experts or authorities cited in the paper.

According to Write It: A Guide for Research, “sources used in research are documented in two

ways. First, a parenthetical note acknowledges the source of information within the text of the

paper. Second, a complete citation is listed on the final page of a research paper under the title

“Works Cited” or “Bibliography” (Bankhead, Nichols and Vaughn 17). The whole point of

citing sources is to allow the reader to quickly and easily locate the original source of

information.

General Rules

1. The parenthetical reference contains the author’s last name and the page number where the material can be found. For example: (Taylor 128) 2. The parenthetical reference comes before the punctuation mark that ends the sentence, clause, or phrase containing the quoted or paraphrased material. 3. If the author is referred to in the sentence, you do not need to repeat the author’s name in the parenthetical reference. For example: According to Encalada, long distance runners are the most fit of all athletes (38). 4. If the quotation is long—taking up more than four lines of your paper—set the quotation off from the rest of the paper by beginning a new line and indenting the whole quote one inch from the left margin. For these long quotes, double space but do not use quotation marks.

Placing a Parenthetical Reference

To keep your writing flowing smoothly, place the parenthetical reference at the first natural pause in the sentence. Often this is at the end of the sentence, but it might also be placed at the end of a clause or phrase containing the cited material. For example: “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times,” Charles Dickens wrote of the eighteenth century (22).

The following examples will help you format your paper. Page 8

Documenting a Direct Quotation “Many teenage boys now drink five or more cans of soda a day. Each can contains the equivalent of about ten teaspoons of sugar” (Schlosser and Wilson 143).

Documenting a Paraphrase or Summary Contrary to commonly held beliefs, the people of the American colonies had an advanced understanding of the technology of farming, surveying land, and building construction (Burns).

Research Paper Format

Typing and Printing  Choose Times New Roman font with a type size of 12 point.  Print on one side of the paper only.  Justify the lines of your paper at the left margin  Double-space the entire paper, including the heading, quotations, and the list of works cited.  Indent the first word of a paragraph one-half inch or five spaces.  All margins (top, bottom, left, and right) should be one inch.

Heading  The heading should be placed in the upper left corner and must include the following information, all on separate lines, with a double-space between the lines: o Your name o Your teacher’s name o Class name o Date Page 9

Sample Research Paper, first page

Smith 1

Johnny B. Good

Mrs. Adams

American Government

January 16, 2007

Free Speech in Public Schools

Sample WorksThe United Cited States Page Supreme Court has addressed the issue of free speech in

America’s public schools on numerous occasions. Perhaps the most well known

Sample “Works Cited” page

Works Cited

Hellman, Hal. Great Feuds in Medicine: Ten of the Liveliest Disputes Ever. New

York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2001. Print.

Hine, Darlene Clark, et al. Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia.

Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1993. Print. Page 10

Plagiarism

According to the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers:

The purpose of a research paper is to synthesize previous research and scholarship with your ideas on the subject. Therefore, you should feel free to use other persons’ words, facts, and thoughts in your research paper, but the material you borrow must not be presented as if it were your own creation. When you write your research paper, remember that you must document everything that you borrow—not only direct quotations and paraphrases but also information and ideas. (Gibaldi 69)

Any of the following would constitute plagiarism:  Submitting another writer’s paper as your own  Copying a part of another writer’s paper and incorporating it into your paper  Quoting a source word for word without using quotation marks and a citation  Paraphrasing and/or summarizing another’s ideas without giving a citation  “Cutting and pasting” from electronic sources without crediting the source (Giles and Richards 16).

Public Domain Some information is commonly known by many, many people and is accepted as common knowledge or public domain. This kind of information does not need to be cited. For example, every high school student knows that George Washington was the first President of the United States. You would not need to cite that fact in a paper. However, if you include in your paper that the electors of the Federal Convention unanimously elected him President, you must cite your source.

Plagiarism is the theft of the ideas or intellectual property of another and is therefore a very serious offense. Be very careful to give credit in your paper to all information, ideas, and concepts that are not your own. Page 11

Evaluating Sources

An information literate person knows how to access, evaluate and use information. How do you decide if information is accurate? A great starting place for reliable information is our Rodriguez High School Library. All of the books at the RHS library were picked by a professional librarian to support our students. Likewise, the online databases and Internet pathfinders on our webpage have also been evaluated for quality and reliability.

The following are some things to consider when evaluating websites (Irwin):

Reliability: Authority and Authorship 1. Who is the author? 2. Have you heard of this author before? 3. What are the author’s credentials and/or education? 4. What is the sponsoring institution or organization? 5. Have you heard of this institution before?

Currency 1. When was the page first published? 2. When was it last updated? 3. Does the date matter? If you are researching Shakespeare, it probably doesn’t matter that the webpage is five years old. However, if you are looking for new cancer treatments, then five years is far too outdated to be useful.

Motivation 1. Is the author’s motivation in making the page stated or unstated? 2. How does the author describe his or her motivation? 3. Why do you think the author created this page?

Opinion and Point of View 1. What point of view is expressed in this site? 2. How does the opinion affect the trustworthiness of the information? 3. Does the opinion invalidate the argument being made? 4. What information might have been left out because of the author’s opinion?

Accuracy 1. Does the page present consistent information? 2. Has the author edited the page for spelling and grammar?

Coverage 1. Is this page: Scholarly or academic? Popular? A Joke? Written by a lunatic? 2. Does the information seem complete? Why or why not? 3. What, if anything is left unmentioned or ignored?

Final Analysis Do you think your teacher would want you to use this page? Why or why not? Page 12

Works Cited

Bankhead, Betty, Janet Nichols and Dawn Vaughn. Write It: A Guide for Research. Englewood,

CO: Libraries Unlimited, 1999. Print

MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th ed. New York: The Modern Language

Association of America, 2009. Print.

Giles, Beth, and Ann Richards. In Grand Style: A Guide for Research, 4th ed. Available at

Grandview High School, 20500 E. Arapahoe Road, Aurora, CO. Print.

Irwin, Ken. Criteria for Website Evaluation. University of Michigan Shapiro Undergraduate

Library, 25 Jan. 2007 < http://www.lib.umich.edu/ugl/guides/evaluation/>.