A.P. United States History

Review Packet

Name : ______

Period: ______Time Period 1: 1491 – 1607

On a North American continent controlled by American Indians, contact among the peoples of Europe, the Americas, and West Africa created a new world.

Key Concept 1.1: As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments.

Key Concept 1.2: Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.

Encomienda System Asiento System Land Bridge Adena-Hopewell Hohokam Anasazi Pueblos Woodland Mound Builders Lakota Sioux Maya Aztec Inca Conquistadores Hernan Cortes Francisco Pizzaro Roanoke Island Ferdinand and Isabella Protestant Reformation Henry the Navigator Christopher Columbus Treaty of Tordesillas Slave Trade Algonquian Iroquois Confederacy John Cabot Samuel de Champlain Henry Hudson Bartoleme de Las Casas Time Period 2: 1607 – 1754 Europeans and American Indians maneuvered and fought for dominance, control, and security in North America, and distinctive colonial and native societies emerged.

Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources.

Key Concept 2.2: The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain’s control.

Act of Toleration King Phillips War Mayflower Compact Virginia House of Burgesses Bacon’s Rebellion Fundamental Orders of Connecticut New England Confederation Corporate Colonies Royal Colonies Proprietary Colonies Mercantilism Navigation Acts Dominion of New England Benjamin West John Copley Benjamin Franklin Professions in Colonial America: Religion Medicine Law Religious Toleration Established Church The Great Awakening Jonathan Edwards George Whitefield Cotton Mather Colonial Families in the North Colonial Families in the South Germans Scots-Irish Hugenots Dutch Swedes Africans Immigrants Social Mobility John Peter Zenger Enlightenment Colonial Governors Colonial Legislatures Town Meetings Time Period 3: 1754 – 1800 British imperial attempts to reassert control over its colonies and the colonial reaction to these attempts produced a new American republic, along with struggles over the new nation’s social, political, and economic identity.

Key Concept 3.1: British attempts to assert tighter control over its North American colonies and the colonial resolve to pursue self-government led to a colonial independence movement and the Revolutionary War.

Key Concept 3.2: The American Revolution’s democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government.

Key Concept 3.3: Migration within North America and competition over resources, boundaries, and trade intensified conflicts among peoples and nations.

Stamp Act Congress Sons and Daughters of Liberty Committees of Correspondence Intolerable Acts Salutary Neglect Proclamation of 1763 Seven Years’ War Albany Plan of Union Tea Act Coercive Acts Intolerable Acts First Continental Congress Second Continental Congress Declaration of Independence Land Ordinance of 1785 Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Articles of Confederation James Madison Alexander Hamilton Federalists Anti-Federalists The Federalist Papers The Bill of Rights Alien and Sedition Acts Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Slave Trade National Bank Tariffs Excise Taxes Treaty of Greenville Public Land Act (1796) Articles of Confederation Annapolis Convention Constitutional Convention Virginia Plan (Large State) New Jersey Plan (Small State) Connecticut Plan (The Great Compromise) Three-Fifths Compromise Electoral College Executive Legislative Judicial Whiskey Rebellion Federalist Era Democratic-Republican Era Two-Term Tradition Proclamation of Neutrality Jay Treaty Pinckney’s Treaty XYZ Affair George Washington John Adams Thomas Jefferson Time Period 4: 1800 – 1848 The new republic struggled to define and extend democratic ideals in the face of rapid economic, territorial, and demographic changes.

Key Concept 4.1: The United States began to develop a modern democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation’s democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to match them.

Key Concept 4.2: Innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce powerfully accelerated the American economy, precipitating profound changes to U.S. society and to national and regional identities.

Key Concept 4.3: The U.S. interest in increasing foreign trade and expanding its national borders shaped the nation’s foreign policy and spurred government and private initiatives.

Louisiana Purchase Henry Clay John C. Calhoun Strict Interpretation John Marshall Judicial Review Marbury v. Madison Neutrality Impressment Embargo Act of 1807 James Madison Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810) War of 1812 Andrew Jackson Era of Good Feelings Sectionalism Protective Tariff American System Second Bank of The United States Industrialization Market Revolution McCulloch v. Maryland Implied Powers Missouri Compromise (1820) Monroe Doctrine (1823) Nativists Know Nothing Party American Indian Removal Urbanization King Cotton “Peculiar Institution” Denmark Vesey Nat Turner Slave Codes Utopian Communities New Harmony Oneida Community Horace Mann American Temperance Society Women’s Christian Temperance Union Dorothea Dix Public School Movement American Colonization Society American Antislavery Society Abolitionism William Lloyd Garrison The Liberator Liberty Party Frederick Douglass Hariet Tubman Sojourner Truth Nat Turner Antebellum Period Romantic Movement Transcendentalists Henry David Thoreau Ralph Waldo Emerson Washington Irving James Fenimore Cooper Nathaniel Hawthorne Second Great Awakening Revival Meetings Church of Latter Day Saints Joseph Smith Brigham Young Women’s Rights Movement Cult of Domesticity Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton Seneca Falls Convention Susan B. Anthony Time Period 5: 1848 – 1877 As the nation expanded and its population grew, regional tensions, especially over slavery, led to a civil war — the course and aftermath of which transformed American society.

Key Concept 5.1: The United States became more connected with the world, pursued an expansionist foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere, and emerged as the destination for many migrants from other countries.

Key Concept 5.2: Intensified by expansion and deepening regional divisions, debates over slavery and other economic, cultural, and political issues led the nation into civil war.

Key Concept 5.3: The Union victory in the Civil War and the contested reconstruction of the South settled the issues of slavery and secession, but left unresolved many questions about the power of the federal government and citizenship rights.

Manifest Destiny Railroads Wilmot Proviso Ostend Manifesto Mexican-American War Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Mexican Cession Gadsden Purchase Free Soil Party “Bleeding Kansas” Compromise of 1850 Republican party Secession Dred Scott v. Sanford Abraham Lincoln Uncle Tom’s Cabin Impending Crisis of the South Border States Confederate States of America Jefferson Davis Morrill Tariff Act (1861) Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) Homestead Act (1862) Fort Sumter Anaconda Plan Robert E. Lee George McClellan Ulysses S. Grant Habeas Corpus Emancipation Proclamation 13th Amendment Copperheads Civil Rights Act of 1866 14th Amendment Civil Rights Act of 1875 Patronage Compromise of 1877 Presidential Reconstruction Freedmen’s Bureau Black Codes Congressional Reconstruction Ku Klux Klan Time Period 6: 1865 – 1898 The transformation of the United States from an agricultural to an increasingly industrialized and urbanized society brought about significant economic, political, diplomatic, social, environmental, and cultural changes.

Key Concept 6.1: Technological advances, large-scale production methods, and the opening of new markets encouraged the rise of industrial capitalism in the United States.

Key Concept 6.2: The migrations that accompanied industrialization transformed both urban and rural areas of the United States and caused dramatic social and cultural change.

Key Concept 6.3: The Gilded Age produced new cultural and intellectual movements, public reform efforts, and political debates over economic and social policies.

Cornelius Vanderbilt Andrew Carnegie John D. Rockefeller J.P. Morgan Vertical Integration Horizontal Integration Interlocking Directorates Interstate Commerce Act of 1886 American Federation of Labor Samuel Gompers Eugene Debs Social Darwinism Gospel of Wealth Homestead Act Causes of the Indian Wars Assimilationists Dawes Act of 1887 Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 Conservationists Preservationists “New South” Sharecropping White Supremacists Civil Rights Cases of 1883 Plessy v. Ferguson Jim Crow Laws Crop Price Deflation National Grange Movement Granger Laws Interstate Commerce Commission Turner Thesis and the Census of 1890 Laissez-Faire Economics Patronage Corrupt Politicians Hamiltonian Tradition Jeffersonian Tradition Social Reformers Temperance Former Confederacy States’ Rights Limited Government Political Machines Stalwarts Half Breeds Mugwumps Pendleton Act of 1881 Civil Service Reform McKinley Tariff of 1890 “Hard” Money “Soft” Money Greenback Party Populist Party Farmers Alliance Omaha Platform William Jennings Bryan “Cross of Gold” Speech Rise of Modern Urban-Industrial Society Decline of Traditional Rural-Agricultural Society Time Period 7: 1898 – 1945 An increasingly pluralistic United States faced profound domestic and global challenges, debated the proper degree of government activism, and sought to define its international role.

Key Concept 7.1: Growth expanded opportunity, while economic instability led to new efforts to reform U.S. society and its economic system.

Key Concept 7.2: Innovations in communications and technology contributed to the growth of mass culture, while significant changes occurred in internal and international migration patterns.

Key Concept 7.3: Participation in a series of global conflicts propelled the United States into a position of international power while renewing domestic debates over the nation’s proper role in the world.

Expansionism “Yellow Journalism” Teller Amendment Guam Philippines Annexation Insular Cases Platt Amendment Spheres of Influence Open Door Policy Panama Canal Roosevelt Corollary William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson Lincoln Steffens Ida Tarbell Jacob Riis Robert LaFollette Direct Election of Senators Initiative Referendum Recall Lochner v. New York Muller v. Oregon Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Trust Busting Woodrow Wilson Federal Reserve Act Clayton Anti-Trust Act Booker T. Washington W.E.B. DuBois NAACP Carrie Chapman Catt 19th Amendment Margaret Sanger Taxes and Bonds to Pay for WWI Committee on Public Information Espionage Act (1917) Sedition Act (1918) Schenck v. U.S. Fourteen Points League of Nations Red Scare Palmer Raids Xenophobia Race Riots Impact of the Car Lost Generation Harlem Renaissance Langston Hughes Back to Africa Movement Marcus Garvey Volstead Act Quota Acts of 1921 and 1924 Sacco and Vanzetti Disarmament Reparations Dawes Plan How do Debt and High Tariffs Lead to Depression Bank Failures Unemployment Hawley-Smoot Tariff New Deal FDIC PWA CCC TVA NRA Schechter v. U.S. WPA National Labor Relations Act Social Security Act Congress of Industrial Organizations Good Neighbor Policy Recognition of the Soviet Union Independence for the Philippines Reciprocal Trade Agreements Fascism Benito Mussolini Ethiopia Nazi Party Adolf Hitler Spanish Civil War Appeasement Isolationism Neutrality Acts Cash and Carry Destroyers – For – Bases Lend-Lease Act (1941) Atlantic Charter War Production Board Office of Price Administration Manhattan Project Wartime Migrations Civil Rights Bracero Program Japanese Internment Korematsu v. U.S. Harry S. Truman Dwight Eisenhower D-Day Island Hopping Campaign Casablanca Conference Tehran Conference Yalta Conference Potsdam Conference United Nations Time Period 8: 1945 – 1980 After World War II, the United States grappled with prosperity and unfamiliar international responsibilities, while struggling to live up to its ideals.

Key Concept 8.1: The United States responded to an uncertain and unstable postwar world by asserting and working to maintain a position of global leadership, with far-reaching domestic and international consequences.

Key Concept 8.2: New movements for civil rights and liberal efforts to expand the role of government generated a range of political and cultural responses.

Key Concept 8.3: Postwar economic and demographic changes had far- reaching consequences for American society, politics, and culture.

GI Bill Suburban Growth Sunbelt Cold War Security Council Communist Satellites Iron Curtain Containment Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan Korean War House Un-American Activities Committee Decolonization CIA and Covert Action Domino Theory State of Israel and Middle East Politics Arab Nationalism Eisenhower Doctrine Warsaw pact Civil Rights Movement in the 1950’s Desegregation Brown v. Board of Education Little Rock “9” Southern Christian Leadership Conference Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Operation Wetback Beatniks Bay of Pigs Cuban Missile Crisis Berlin Wall Great Society Medicare Medicaid Civil Rights Act of 1964 Voting Rights Act of 1965 MLK Jr. Black Muslims Malcolm X Stokely Carmichael Black Panthers Warren Court Miranda v. Arizona SDS New Left Counterculture Betty Friedan NOW Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Tet Offensive Henry Kissinger Nixon Doctrine Kent State My Lai Pentagon Papers Détente Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT) OPEC Oil Embargo New Federalism Stagflation Southern Strategy Title IX Roe v. Wade United States v. Nixon War Powers Act Nixon Impeachment Nixon Resignation Battle Over Inflation Jimmy Carter Human Rights Panama Canal Treaty Camp David Accords Iranian Hostage Crisis Cultural Pluralism Impact of the 1965 Immigration Law Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986) Cesar Chavez American Indian Movement Gay Liberation Movement Clean Air Act Environmental Protection Agency Clean Water Act Environmental Super - Fund Endangered Species Act Time Period 9: 1980 – Present As the United States transitioned to a new century filled with challenges and possibilities, it experienced renewed ideological and cultural debates, sought to redefine its foreign policy, and adapted to economic globalization and revolutionary changes in science and technology.

Key Concept 9.1: A newly ascendant conservative movement achieved several political and policy goals during the 1980s and continued to strongly influence public discourse in the following decades.

Key Concept 9.2: Moving into the 21st century, the nation experienced significant technological, economic, and demographic changes.

Key Concept 9.3: The end of the Cold War and new challenges to U.S. leadership forced the nation to redefine its foreign policy and role in the world.

Religious Fundamentalism Moral Majority Roe v. Wade Supply-Side Economics SDI Sandinistas Iran-Contra START I and II Persian Gulf War (1991) “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” Contract with America Oklahoma City Bombing Technology Boom Immigration Act of 1986 Political Polarization Gerrymandering George W. Bush Al Gore Bush v. Gore No Child Left Behind Act Campaign Finance Reform John Kerry Hurricane Katrina John Roberts Samuel Alito Islamic Roots of anti-Americanism Osama Bin Laden Asymmetric Warfare September 11th, 2001 Kyoto Accord Bush Doctrine Abu Gharib Prison Securitization Liquidity Crisis Fannie Mae Freddie Mac Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) Barack Obama John McCain 2009 Stimulus Bill Dodd-Frank Act Affordable Care Act Tea Party Debt Ceiling 2013 Government Shut Down Arab Spring Citizens United Case Skill 1: Historical Causation

Historical thinking involves the ability to identify, analyze, and evaluate the relationships among multiple historical causes and effects, distinguishing between those that are long- term and proximate, and among coincidence, causation, and correlation.

Skill 2: Patterns of Continuity and Change over Time

Historical thinking involves the ability to recognize, analyze, and evaluate the dynamics of historical continuity and change over periods of time of varying lengths, as well as the ability to relate these patterns to larger historical processes or themes.

Skill 3: Periodization

Historical thinking involves the ability to describe, analyze, evaluate, and construct models that historians use to organize history into discrete periods. To accomplishthis periodization of history, historians identify turning points and recognize that the choice of specific dates gives a higher value to one narrative, region, or group than to other narratives, regions, or groups. How a historian defines historical periods depends on what the historian considers most significant — political, economic, social, cultural, or environmental factors. Changing periodization can change a historical narrative. Moreover, historical thinking involves being aware of how the circumstances and contexts of a historian’s work might shape his or her choices about periodization.

Skill 4: Comparison

Historical thinking involves the ability to describe, compare, and evaluate multiple historical developments within one society, one or more developments across or between different societies, and in various chronological and geographical contexts. It also involves the ability to identify, compare, and evaluate multiple perspectives on a given historical experience.

Skill 5: Contextualization

Historical thinking involves the ability to connect historical events and processes to specific circumstances of time and place and to broader regional, national, or global processes.

Skill 6: Historical Argumentation

Historical thinking involves the ability to define and frame a question about the past and to address that question through the construction of an argument. A plausible and persuasive argument requires a clear, comprehensive, and analytical thesis, supported by relevant historical evidence — not simply evidence that supports a preferred or preconceived position. In addition, argumentation involves the capacity to describe, analyze, and evaluate the arguments of others in light of available evidence.

Skill 7: Appropriate Use of Relevant Historical Evidence

Historical thinking involves the ability to describe and evaluate evidence about the past from diverse sources (including written documents, works of art, archaeological artifacts, oral traditions, and other primary sources) and requires the students to pay attentionto the content, authorship, purpose, format, and audience of such sources. It involves the capacity to extract useful information, make supportable inferences, and draw appropriate conclusions from historical evidence, while also noting the context in which the evidence was produced and used, recognizing its limitations and assessing the points of view it reflects.

Skill 8: Interpretation

Historical thinking involves the ability to describe, analyze, evaluate, and construct diverse interpretations of the past, and being aware of how particular circumstances and contexts in which individual historians work and write also shape their interpretation of past events. Historical interpretation requires analyzing evidence, reasoning, determining the context, and evaluating points of view found in both primary and secondary sources.

Skill 9: Synthesis

Historical thinking involves the ability to develop meaningful and persuasive new understandings of the past by applying all of the other historical thinking skills,by drawing appropriately on ideas and methods from different fields of inquiry or disciplines, and by creatively fusing disparate, relevant, and sometimes contradictory evidence from primary sources and secondary works. Additionally, synthesis may involve applying insights about the past to other historical contexts or circumstances, including the present. II. Thematic Learning Objectives

The thematic learning objectives describe, at a high level, the knowledge colleges expect students to develop in the AP U.S. History course in order to be qualified for credit and placement. In order to help students develop this knowledge, teachers will need to anchor their locally developed AP syllabus in historical content and historical thinking skills. The 19 learning objectives are grouped into seven themes typically included in college-level U.S. history courses:

▶ American and National Identity

▶ Politics and Power

▶ Work, Exchange, and Technology

▶ Culture and Society

▶ Migration and Settlement

▶ Geography and the Environment

▶ America in the World American and National Identity (NAT)

This theme focuses on how and why definitions of American and national identity and values have developed, as well as on related topics such as citizenship, constitutionalism, foreign policy, assimilation, and American exceptionalism.

NAT-1.0 Explain how ideas about democracy, freedom, and individualism found expression in the development of cultural values, political institutions, and American identity.

NAT-2.0 Explain how interpretations of the Constitution and debates over rights, liberties, and de nitions of citizenship have affected American values, politics, and society.

NAT-3.0 Analyze how ideas about national identity changed in response to U.S. involvement in international con icts and the growth of the United States.

NAT-4.0 Analyze relationships among different regional, social, ethnic, and racial groups, and explain how these groups’ experiences have related to U.S. national identity. Politics and Power (POL)

This theme focuses on how different social and political groups have influenced society and government in the United States, as well as how political beliefs and institutions have changed over time.

POL-1.0 Explain how and why political ideas, beliefs, institutions, party systems, and alignments have developed and changed.

POL-2.0 Explain how popular movements, reform efforts, and activist groups have sought to change American society and institutions.

POL-3.0 Explain how different beliefs about the federal government’s role in U.S. social and economic life have affected political debates and policies. Work, Exchange, andTechnology (WXT)

This theme focuses on the factors behind the development of systems of economic exchange, particularly the role of technology, economic markets, and government.

WXT-1.0 Explain how different labor systems developed in North America and the United States, and explain their effects on workers’ lives and U.S. society.

WXT-2.0 Explain how patterns of exchange, markets, and private enterprise have developed, and analyze ways that governments have responded to economic issues.

WXT-3.0 Analyze how technological innovation has affected economic development and society. Culture and Society (CUL)

This theme focuses on the roles that ideas, beliefs, social mores, and creative expression have played in shaping the United States, as well as how various identities, cultures, and values have been preserved or changed in different contexts of U.S. history.

CUL-1.0 Explain how religious groups and ideas have affected American society and political life.

CUL-2.0 Explain how artistic, philosophical, and scienti c ideas have developed and shaped society and institutions.

CUL-3.0 Explain how ideas about women’s rights and gender roles have affected society and politics.

CUL-4.0 Explain how different group identities, including racial, ethnic, class, and regional identities, have emerged and changed over time. Migration and Settlement (MIG) This theme focuses on why and how the various people who moved to and within the United States both adapted to and transformed their new social and physical environments.

MIG-1.0 Explain the causes of migration to colonial North America and, later, the United States, and analyze immigration’s effects on U.S. society.

MIG-2.0 Analyze causes of internal migration and patterns of settlement in what would become the United States, and explain how migration has affected American life. Geography and the Environment (GEO)

This theme focuses on the role of geography and both the natural and human-made environments on social and political developments in what would become the United States.

GEO-1.0 Explain how geographic and environmental factors shaped the development of various communities, and analyze how competition for and debates over natural resources have affected both interactions among different groups and the development of government policies. America in the World (WOR)

This theme focuses on the interactions between nations that affected North American history in the colonial period, and on the influence of the United States on world affairs.

WOR-1.0 Explain how cultural interaction, cooperation, competition, and conflict between empires, nations, and peoples have influenced political, economic, and social developments in North America.

WOR-2.0 Analyze the reasons for and results of U.S. diplomatic, economic, and military initiatives in North America and overseas.