A Text Analysis of Job Advertisements in the JAKARTA POST Anneke H. [email protected] English Department-Faculty of Letters -Petra Christian University Jl. Siwalankerto 121-131, Surabaya

ABSTRACT: This is a study about text structure in job advertisements genre. The writer observes some job advertisements taken from the Jakarta Post on February 2008, Saturday edition. The data are analyzed by using text structure theory proposed by Halliday and Hasan (1989). After analyzing the data, the writer finds that the texts have different actual structures. However, all of the texts share some obligatory elements such as CN (Company Name), P (Position), RQ (Requirements), AP (Application Process) and CA (Contact Address). After comparing the actual structures of every text, the writer concludes that the General Structure Potential (GSP) of job advertisements in the Jakarta Post is ↶ ↶ ↶ [(AI)^]CN.^(S.)^(CpD.)^P.^[(L.)^(PD.)^(JD.)^RQ.^(SD.)^(WP.)^][(F.)^AP.^] [(CD.)^(PP.)^CA.]^(SN.)^(FI.) On the other hand, the optional elements in the job advertisements are AI (Additional Information), S (Slogan), CpD (Company Description), L (Location), PD (Position Description), JD (Job Description), SD (Starting Date), WP (Working Period), F (Facilities), CD (Closing Date), PP (Probation Period), SN (Special Notification) and FI (Further Information) while the iterative elements are P (Position), RQ (Requirements), and WP (Working Period).

Keywords: Text Structure, Actual Structure, Generic Structure Potential, Iterative

Halliday and Hasan (1989) say that text is defined as language that is functional, which is doing some jobs in some contexts of situation. Text gives some information either from the writer to the reader or from the speaker to the hearer. There are two forms of text that is, spoken text such as monologue, dialogue or conversation and written text such as a letter, a poem, an advertisement, a newspaper, a magazine et cetera. In this study, the writer is interested in analyzing text as a written language because “many benefits of language to human beings have been increased by the invention and development of writing” (Fasold & Connor, 2006, p. 402). There are some benefits that we can get from written language. With written language, people can record their lives, opinion then share them with other people they have never met. Besides, writing is a very practical tool to deliver our messages to many people. By using a written language, someone can communicate their ideas with many people and inform them about many different things at the same time. Written language or text also allows people to search huge stores of information, for example through newspaper, magazine, book, and others. However, written text must have a good structure to deliver its message clearly to other people. Newspaper, as a printed media, has a very important role in giving up-to-date information. At the present time, there are some newspapers such as Jawa Pos, Kompas, Surya, Radar, which are written in Indonesian, and The Jakarta Post, which is written in English. The writer chooses The Jakarta Post (JP) as the object of research. It is because the Jakarta Post has provided the expatriate and English-reading Indonesian communities an excellent coverage of local, national and international events. JP is daily issued and distributed to all over Indonesia from Monday to Sunday with many sections such as opinion, sports, business, advertisement, et cetera. From the many sections which are presented in JP, she chooses job advertisements to be analyzed focusing on its text structure.

1 2

A job advertisement is not only very important for many people but also for the company itself. The company can get its qualified employees by following a good structure of adverticement. For example, a company must provide the requirements of the employees they are looking for, so that they can find employees who meet their criteria. The companies which advertise their job vacancies in JP will probably get more qualified employees than others, which advertise their job vacancies in other newspapers. It is because the readers of JP will at least master the English language compared to the readers of other local newspapers, especially written in Indonesian. Therefore the writer observes the actual structures and the Generic Structure Potential (GSP) of the job advertisements in The Jakarta Post by using February 2008 edition.

Text Halliday and Hasan (1989, p.10) define ‘text’ in the simplest way as “language that is functional.” By functional, they mean “language that is doing some job in some context.” In other words, language, which is used to communicate with others in society, is doing a job that is to inform something from either the writer to the reader or from the speaker to the hearer. We can find that there are two forms of text namely spoken text such as monologue, dialogue or conversation and written text such as a letter, an article, an advertisement, and etcetera. Halliday and Hasan (1989, p.10) also add “a text has to be seen from two perspectives at once, both as a product and as a process”. By seeing the text as a product, it means that we see a text as an output, something that can be recorded and studied, having a certain construction that can be represented in systematic terms. In addition, the text is seen as a process when each set of choices constitutes the environment for a further set. Every kind of text must be meaningful for the function of a text is to deliver our messages to other people. There are some examples of text such as conversation between doctor and patient, advertisements, articles, and others. From those examples, we can see that one text in one genre is different from other text from other genre. The text in conversation is very different from the text in advertisement. It is because one can have some features that the others do not have and vice versa.

Structure of the Text According to Halliday and Hasan (1989, p. 53), text structure refers to “the overall structure or the global structure of the message form”. They also assert that the structure of text is made up from some elements such as obligatory, optional, and iterative elements. They give an example of analysis of the elements in the shop transaction genre. The writer also quotes an example from Halliday and Hasan (1989, p 61) to show the occurrence of other elements besides the obligatory elements that is optional and iterative elements. For example:

V: Who’s next? (1) SI C: I think I am (2) I’ll have ten oranges and a kilo of bananas please (3) SR V: Yes, anything else? (4) C: Yes SC I wanted some strawberries (5) but these don’t look very ripe. (6) V: O they’re ripe all right. They’re just that color kind a greeny pink (7) SE1 C: Mm I see (9) Will they be OK for this evening? (10) V: O yeah, they’ll be fine; (11) I had some yesterday (12) SE2 And they’re good very sweet and fresh (13) C: O all right then, I’ll take two (14) SR2 V: You’ll like them cos they’re good.(16) SE3 3

Will that be all? (17) SC2 C: Yeah, thank you (18) V: That’ll be two dollars sixtynine please (19) S C: I can give you nine cents (20) P V: Yeah OK thanks (21) eighty, three dollars (22) and two is five. (23) Thank you (24) PC Have a nice day (25) C: See ya (26) F

The key to symbols SI = sale initiation SR = sale request SC = sale compliance SE = sale enquiry S = sale P = purchase PC = purchase closure F = finish

The text above begins with sale initiation (SI) realized by messages (1) and (2). Halliday and Hasan assert that SI is an optional element. It is because in the absence of SI, a text would still be interpreted as shop transaction genre as long as it contains obligatory elements. Other optional elements from the text are SE or sale enquiry as realized in sentence (6-9) and Finish (F) as realized in sentence (25-26). SE can be raised by the customer and the vendor because its function is to determine some attribute of the goods contemplated for purchase whereas F shows the continuity of personal relation. Following a similar theoretical model which is proposed by Halliday and Hasan (1989), other genres also have some obligatory and optional elements. For example, in drug leaflets genre, dosage instructions and account of side-effects are considered as obligatory elements. We could also find that a list of ingredients, method, and serving suggestions were also obliged to occur in food recipe genre Halliday & Hasan, (1989, p. 62) stated further that “the obligatory elements define the genre to which a text belongs”. The occurrence of obligatory element can be predicted from the field values and without one of the obligatory elements, the text was considered as incomplete text. On the other hand, an optional element was one which could occur but was not obliged to occur. One optional element that did not appear in text B is GREETING (G). G is like F that it indicated continuity of personal relation. They also mentioned further about another element called iterative element because it occurred more than once. In addition, text had a lot of combination of the elements. What was appropriate in one environment may not be appropriate in others. Thus, a structure of text in one genre was different from a structure of text in other genre. For example, the composition elements in newspaper editorial were different from composition elements in newspaper advertisement.

The Actual Structure and the Generic Structure Potential (GSP) Some structures of text in the same genre may have some similarities in the occurrence of the elements. Thus, the writer can construct the actual structure and the Generic Structure Potential (GSP) of the text by using Halliday and Hasan’s theory (1989). The actual structure is the structure that is realized after we recognize the elements in the text. Each of the texts may have a different actual structure, depending on its form. From the example of the text in shop transaction genre, the actual structure is as follows: SI ^ SR1 ^ SC1 ^ SE1 ^ SE2 ^ SR2 ^ SE3 ^ SC2 ^ S ^ P ^ PC ^ F After we find the actual structure of each text, we must categorize whether the elements are considered as obligatory, optional or iterative elements before we can generate the GSP. It was constructed by analyzing and combining the outcomes of the actual structures and all the obligatory, optional and iterative elements. Generic Structure Potential is a formula that expresses all the possible combinations of the different functional elements as far as their presence and sequence are concerned. The value of the GSP lies in the fact that, it provides a generalization of all the possible text structure variations that can be registered in different texts. Here is an example of GSP in shop transaction genre: 4

  [(G) . (SI)^] [(SE.) {SR^SC^} ^ S ^] P ^ PC( ^F)

The key to symbols G = Greeting SR = sale request SE = sale enquiry SI = sale initiation SC = sale compliance S = sale P = purchase PC = purchase closure F = finish

The round brackets ( ) above GSP indicate optionality of the elements. Therefore G, SI, SE, and F are optional elements and SR, SC, S, P and PC are obligatory elements. The dot between elements indicates more than one option in sequence. It means that G may precede SI or follow it. However, optionality of sequence is never equal to complete freedom. The restraint is indicated by the square brackets [ ]. It means that the elements in one square bracket (G, SI) cannot occur in other square bracket (SE, SR, SC, S).The curved arrow shows iteration and the braces with a curved arrow  { } indicate that the degree of iteration for elements within the braces is equal; if SR occurs twice, then SC must also occur twice; and so on. Finally, the caret sign (^) shows sequence. Although Halliday and Hasan give an example in spoken text to demonstrate their theory, but it is also applicable in written text since it can be used to describe the structure of every text in all genre.

Methodology In conducting the research, the writer used descriptive text analysis approach dealing with mostly words of written text as its main concern to find out the elements of the text, the actual structures and the generic structure potential of the text. The source of data in this research was the job advertisements in the Jakarta Post on February 2008 edition. The job advertisements in the Jakarta Post were published on Fridays, Saturdays, and Sundays. However, the writer only chose the job advertisements published on Saturday as her data because Saturday edition had the most data than the others.

Data Collection and Data Analysis The data were collected by identifying each element on the job advertisements, labelling them by using several terms and put them in a list. Each of the job advertisements named as text 1, text 2, until text 20. After that, the writer generated the actual structure of each text and put them in one table to compare the structure in one text to the structure of the other texts. Later, she categorized all elements into obligatory, optional or iterative. Some elements were obligatory because they were always present from text to text and if they were absent, they would influence the text. Some other elements were optional because they could occur in one text but they did not always occur in other texts while iterative elements were those which occurred more than one time in a text. After categorizing all elements, she constructed the Generic Structure Potential, which is a generalization of all the possible text structure variations that can be registered in different texts of the same genre.

Findings and Discussion No. THE ACTUAL STRUCTURE OF TEXT 1 TO 20 1. CN^P^SRQ^GRQ^DRQ^PP^CA 2. CN^P1^SRQ1^P2^SRQ2^P3^SRQ3^P4^SRQ4^P5^SRQ5^GRQ^F^AP^CD^CA^SN 3. CN^S^P1^SRQ1^P2^SRQ2^P3^SRQ3^P4^SRQ4^P5^SRQ5^P6^SRQ6^P7^ SRQ7^P8^ SRQ8^P9^SRQ9^GRQ^AP^CA^CD^SN 4. AI^CN^CpD^P^L^JD^SRQ^AP^CD^CA 5. CN^P^SRQ^AP^CA 6. CN^S^P^CpD^P1^SRQ1^P2^SRQ2^P3^DRQ3^P4^P5^P6^SRQ6^GRQ^F^AP^CA 7. AI^CpD^P1^SRQ1^P2^SRQ2^P3^SRQ3^L^SRQ1^SRQ2^GRQ^F^AP^CN^CA 5

8. CN^P^L^PD^SRQ^JD^AP^CD^CA^SN 9. CN^P^CpD^P^L^WP^AP^SRQ^DRQ^CA^CD^FI 10. CN^CpD^P1^P2^P3^P4^GRQ^SD^AP^CA^CD^SN 11. P^JD^SRQ^FI^AP^CD^CN^CA 12. CN^FI^CpD^P^SRQ^F^AP^CA^SN 13. CN^CpD^P1^P2^P3^P4^P5^P6^GRQ^F^AP^CA 14. CN^P^CpD^P^L^JD^SRQ^AP^CA^CD^SN^FI 15. P^CN^WP^SRQ^ SD^WP^SN^F^AP^CA^CD 16. P^CN^CpD^SRQ^JD^L^F^AP^CA 17. CN^CpD^P1^L1^JD1^SRQ1^P2^L2^SRQ2^JD2^P3^L3^SRQ3^JD3^P4^ L4^SRQ4^F^ AP^CD^CA 18. P^CN^P^SRQ^F^SRQ ^AP^CA 19. CN^CpD^P1^SRQ1^JD1^P2^SRQ2^JD2^AP^CA^F^CD^FI^S 20. CN^CpD^P1^L1^SRQ1^P2^L2^SRQ2^P3^L3^SRQ3^GRQ^AP^CD^CA^SN

The key to symbol: CN : Company Name P : Position SRQ : Specific Requirements GRQ : General Requirements DRQ : Desired Requirements S : Slogan AI : Additional Information CpD : Company Description JD : Job Description L : Location PD : Position Description WP : Working Period F : Facilities PP : Probation Period AP : Application Process CD : Closing Date CA : Contact Address SN : Special Notification FI : Further Information

Based on table 1, the obligatory elements were CN, P, RQ, CA, AP; the optional elements were PP, F, CD, SN, AI, CpD, L, S, JD, WP, FI, SD; and the iterative elements were P, RQ, WP. Based on the three elements, the writer constructed the Generic Structure Potential, that is    [(AI)^]CN.^(S.)^(CpD.)^P.^[(L.)^(PD.)^(JD.)^RQ.^(SD.)^(WP.)^][(F.)^ AP.^] [(CD.)^(PP.)^CA.]^(SN.)^(FI.)

The round brackets in the above GSP indicate optionality of enclosed elements. The dot between elements means ‘more than one’ option in sequence. The restraint is indicated by the square brackets. It means that the element in one square bracket cannot occur in other square brackets. The curved arrows (↶) indicate the degree of iteration. Finally, the caret sign (^) shows sequence.  [(AI)^] indicates that it is an optional element, must appear in the beginning of the text and cannot occur in other square brackets.  CN.^ indicates that it is an obligatory element, can occur anywhere as long as it does not precede AI and it does not follow SN and CN cannot occur inside the square brackets  (S.)^ indicates that it is an optional element, can occur anywhere as long as it does not precede AI and it does not follow SN and cannot occur inside the square brackets  (CpD.)^ indicates that it is an optional element, can occur anywhere as long as it does not precede AI and it does not follow SN and cannot occur inside the square brackets   P.^ indicates that it is an obligatory and also an iterative elements, can occur anywhere as long as it does not precede AI and it does not follow SN and cannot occur inside the square brackets  [(L.)^ indicates that it s an optional element, can occur anywhere as long as it does not occur outside the square brackets  (PD.)^ indicates that it is an optional element, can occur anywhere as long as it does not occur outside the square brackets  (JD.)^ indicates that it is an optional element, can occur anywhere as long as it does not occur outside the square bracket  6

 RQ.^ indicates that it is an obligatory and iterative elements, can occur anywhere as long as it does not occur outside the square bracket  ( SD.)^ indicates that it is an optional element, can occur anywhere as long as it does not occur outside the square bracket   (WP.)^] indicates that it is an optional element, can occur anywhere as long as it does not occur outside the square bracket  [(F.)^AP.^] indicates that F is an optional element, AP is an obligatory element, F and AP can occur anywhere as long as it does not occur outside the square bracket  [(CD.)^ indicates that it is an optional element, can occur anywhere as long as it does not occur outside the square bracket  (PP.)^ indicates that it is an optional element, can occur anywhere as long as it does not occur outside the square bracket  CA.^] indicates that it is an obligatory element, can occur anywhere as long as it does not occur outside the square bracket  (SN.)^ indicates that it is optional element, can occur anywhere as long as does not precede AI , and SN cannot occur inside the square brackets. (FI.) indicates that it is an optional element, can occur anywhere as long as does not precede AI , and cannot occur inside the square brackets.

A. The Obligatory Elements of Job Advertisement Genre Company Name (CN) It was an obligatory element that was always present in job advertisement genre. It was because one of the elements that applicants will consider at the first time was the company name. Without it, most applicants will not be interested. CN was written in direct and indirect ways. The direct way meant it was stated directly as the heading of the advertisements. For example: Text 1: UPI-PENABUR BUSINESS SCHOOL The writer found 14 job advertisements stating CN directly, that is in text 1, text 2, text 3, text 4, text 5, text 6, text 8, text 9, text 10, text 12, text 13, text 14, text 18 and text 19. While the indirect ones such as in the contact address (CA) were found in text 7 and text 11. Text 7 Email: [email protected] PT. Sinergi Agro Industry Jl. Gardenia no.150 Panorama Sangatta Kutai Timur- Kalimantan timur 7538 CN sometimes can also be seen through the company description (CpD) such as in text 16, text 17 and text 20. Text 16: Atlas South Sea Pearl is an expanding pearl jewellery retail company operating in Bali that prides its self on its international standard of quality Another way to express CN indirectly is through position (P) as stated in text 15. Text 15: THE British Consulate General needs to recruit a full-time Visa Assistant (LE4grade) Position (P) The second obligatory element that always existed in job advertisements was position (P). There must be official position title in a job advertisement otherwise the texts could not be interpreted as a job advertisement genre. P may consist of one or more positions. The job advertisements which offer one position can be seen in text 4, text 5, text 8, text 9, text 11, text 12, text 13, text 15, text 16 and text 18. For example: Text 11: P / T or Home office Copy Writer / Catalogue Editor (HCW) There were also many employers, which offered more than one positions in their job advertisements. They could be seen in text 1, text 2, text 3, text 6, text 7, text 10, text 13, text 17, text 19, and text 20. For example: 7

Text 3: Sekolah Ichthus Jakarta, a National Plus Christian School, is looking for dynamic people to fill the following position: P1 Kepala Sekolah (KS), P2 Math Teacher (MT), P3 Drama Teacher (DT), P4 English Teacher (ET), P5 Music Teacher (MT), P6 Assistant Teacher (AT), P7 Accounting Staff (AS), P8 Secretary (S) and P9 Librarian (L). Requirements (RQ) The third obligatory element was Requirements (RQ) because without certain requirements, companies would find difficulties to get qualified employees. Requirements could be realized into 3 types: general requirement (GRQ), specific requirements (SRQ) and desired requirements (DRQ). GRQ were criteria that must be fulfilled by some or all applicants depending on what position he or she wanted to apply and it could be found in job advertisements, which offered many positions. SRQ were the criteria given in each position in the job vacancy advertisements. DRQ was the additional requirement as the bonus value for the applicants who could fulfil it besides the SRQ and/ or GRQ. The examples of SRQ can be seen in text 4, text 5, text 8, text 9, text 10, text 11, text12, text 14, text 15, text16, text 17, text 18, and text 19. For example: Text 8: Requirements: - Bachelor degree from reputable university, preferably in Marketing or Business Administration. - Candidates with more experience will be considered as Senior Sales and Marketing Executive. - Good command of written and spoken English, etc Some advertisements contain SRQ and GRQ such as in text 1, text 2, text 3, text 6, text 7 and text 20. For example: Text 2 HUSKY Indonesia requires a number of personnel to assist in planning and startup of operations at its offshore Madura Straits and East Bawean II PSCs. Opening, and experience level/ specialty area are as follows: 1. IT Support/ Data Administrator P1 5 years experience SRQ1 2. Drilling Engineer P2 10 years experience SRQ2 3. Petroleum Engineer P3 10 years experience SRQ3 4. HSE Superintendent P4 10 years experience SRQ4 5. Logistics Superintendent P5 10 years experience SRQ5 General Qualifications: 1. Indonesian citizen 2. Engineer Degree for engineering position 3. High school diploma and relevant experience for remaining positions GRQ 4. Excellent English Language skills, both verbal and written 5. Candidates must be enthusiastic, team-work and result-oriented 6. Demonstrated History of high performance and achievement There were also some employers who wrote the desired requirements (DRQ) to tell the readers that applicants with the DRQ had a better chance to work there than those who did not. For example: Text 1: Teaching and Industrial Experience is desirable Application Process (AP) AP was also the obligatory element, which helped the jobseekers to know how to apply for the job and what kind of data that the company needed. Without AP, companies would find difficulties to check whether the jobseekers meet their qualification or not. The writer found that only text 1, which did not have AP. Thus, the writer considered AP as obligatory. For example: Text 3: Please e-mail (with the initial of position in the subject line – example: MT), your resume (CV), certificate, transcript, and recent photograph In text 3, the company informed how to send the application by email with the initial of position in the subject line. Besides, the company also mentioned CV, certificate, transcript and 8 photograph that must be submitted by the applicants. The data would show the applicants’ general experience, education, activities and other accomplishments.

Contact Address (CA) The next obligatory element was Contact Address (CA) since without this element; the jobseekers would find difficulties to send their application letter. CA always appeared in every job advertisement. There were several forms in writing the contact address (CA) such as company address, telephone number, fax number, post address, and email address such as in text 5, text 15, text 18 and text 19. For example: Text 18 to the following address: Representative of the Sultanate of Oman Indonesia Jl.Mega Kuningan Barat I no.7, Kawasan Mega Kuningan Jakarta Selatan 12950. Indonesia Phone +6221-2510757 Fax:+6221-5764334 Some other companies mentioned both their company address and their email address as stated in text 1, text 7, text 8, text 11, text 12, and text 17.For example: Text 17 PT. SANDVIK MINING & CONSTRUCTION INDONESIA Mugi Griya Building 3rd floor Jl. MT Haryono Kav 10 Jakatrta 12810 Email : [email protected] Sometimes some companies did not give their company address or telephone number to the applicant but their post address or email address as stated in text 2, text 4 and text 6. For example: Text 2: Personnel Department PO BOX no.7939/ JKSKM 12079 or email to: [email protected]

While several companies just gave their email address as stated in text 3, text 9, text 10, text 13, text 14, text 16, and text 20.For example: Text 9: Applications can be sent to [email protected]

B. The Optional Elements of Job Vacancy Genre Additional Information (AI) Several job advertisements started with AI such as “urgently required” or “urgent vacant”. AI is an optional element because it did not influence the text much. Although some job advertisements used AI as their headings, it is an optional element because it can be absent. The job advertisements which contain AI were text 4 and text 7. For example: Text 4: URGENTLY REQUIRED Slogan (S) Some companies included slogan (S) in their job advertisements. It is used to attract people’s attention. S is optional element because S may be absent. The example of S can be found in text 3 and text 19. Text 3: Nurturing Excellence Company Description (CpD) CpD was an optional element informing the applicants about the company to help them imagine their future prospect. CpD was found in text 4, text 6, text 7, text 9, text 10, text 12, text 13, text 14, text 16, text 17, text 19, and text 20. For example: Text 4: Catholic Relief Services is an international NGO that has been operating in Indonesia since 1957 Location 9

Location (L) was an optional element. Many companies did not mention it in their job advertisements. L was found in text 4, text 7, text 8, text 9, text 14, text 16, text 17 and text 20. For example: Text 7: to be based on Sangatta – Kaltim Position Description (PD) It was an optional element because most job advertisements did not mention PD. There was only one company, text 8, mentioning PD as an explanation of the position being advertised. Text 8: This is an exciting opportunity to work as a Sales and Marketing Executive with a highly successful consumer product line serving the young urban lifestyle/ fashion markets. Job Description (JD) It was an optional element describing the duties and the responsibilities of the employees to help the jobseekers know their responsibilities when they work there. JD was found in text 4, text 8, text 11, text 14, text 16, text 17 and text 19.For example: Text 8 Responsibilities: - reporting to the CEO and CFO - Responsible for marketing budget planning and control, etc Starting Date (SD) It was an optional element telling the applicants about when they could start working if they were employed by the company. SD could be seen in text 10 and text 15 below Text 10: Expected start date is mid 2008 Working Period (WP) It was an optional element indicating whether the position was a permanent or temporary one. WP could be seen in text 9 and text 15. Text 9: The role is for 12 month period Facilities (F) The next optional element was facilities (F), an additional advantage provided by the companies for the applicants. F could be found in text2, text 6, text 7, text 12, text 13, text 15, text 16, text 17, text 18, and text 19. For example: Text 12: We offer attractive package to the right candidate. Closing Date (CD) It was also considered as an optional element given by the company to predict that there would be many applicants applying for the vacancy. CD was found in text 2, text 3, text 4, text 8, text 9, text 10, text 11, text 14, text 15, text 17, text 19 and text 20. For example: Text 2: no later than 25 February 2008 Probation Period (PP) It was an optional element that could be found in text 1 where the employer included probation period functioning as an evaluation period. Text 1: Initial teaching period: 25 February to 30 May 2008 Special Notification (SN) It was an optional element to inform the applicants that only few people would be chosen for the position in the company. The employer also wanted to inform the jobseekers that they must prove as the suitable candidates by fulfilling the requirements. SN was found in text 8, text 10 and text 12 below: Text 8: (only short-listed qualified candidates will be notified) Further Information (FI) It was also an optional element to give more detail information about the job being advertised. The examples of FI could be seen in text 9, text 11, text 12, text 14, and text 19. For example: Text 11: Detail requirement, connect our website: www.sophiemartin.com

C. The Iterative Element of Job Vacancy Genre There were some elements which occurred more than one time in a text. The first element was Requirements (RQ) as stated in text 7 below. 10

Text 7 looking for highly motivated, committed, individuals for the following positions: 1. Accountants P1 min 5 years experience SRQ1 2. Office administration P2 2-5 years experience SRQ2 3. Payroll staff P3 2-5 years experience SRQ3 Requirements: 1. For position 1: - S1- accounting/ equivalent of higher SRQ1 - Able to work independently and under pressure, etc 2. For position 2 & 3: SRQ2 - General degrees will be considered with relevant working experience The second iterative element was Position (P), which could be seen in text 18. Text 18: Landscape Engineer Sultanate of Oman A prestigious Government Organizations is the Sultanate of Oman invites applications from suitable candidates to fill the post of Landscape Engineer. The third iterative element was WP (Working Period). WP was optional and iterative elements as stated in text 15 below: Text 15 THE British Consulate General needs to recruit a full-time Visa Assistant (LE4grade) for a WP one year contract. Requirements: - excellent spoken and written English (IELTS level 6,5 or equivalent) SRQ - Typing speed at least 30 WPM - Expertise in Microsoft applications including Word, Excel and Databases - Experience in office administration and accounts is essential - Experience in monitoring service levels and producing performance spreadsheets. You will need to be adaptable, accurate, motivated and a proven team-worker. The successful candidate will be required to start as soon as possible, from the beginning of SD March 2008. The position is offered for 12months. It may be extended for one further year. WP

Conclusion: Although Halliday and Hasan proposed their theory in the form of spoken language, it was also applicable in written language. The writer found that every text had its own structure (actual structure). The structure in one text could be different from the other texts. However, texts in the same genre may have some similarities in the occurrence of the element. In Job advertisement, we could find that every text shared some elements such as CN, P, RQ, CA, AP, PP, F, CD, SN, AI, CpD, L, S, JD, WP, FI and SD. Furthermore, there was one general pattern for all structures found in the texts which have the same Generic Structure Potential (GSP). After comparing the actual structures of every text, the writer concludes that the GSP of job advertisements on February 2008 edition in the Jakarta Post was:    [(AI)^]CN.^(S.)^(CpD.)^P.^[(L.)^(PD.)^(JD.)^RQ.^(SD.)^(WP.)^][(F.)^ AP.^] [(CD.)^(PP.)^CA.]^(SN.)^(FI.) Besides, the writer also found out that in job advertisements, only some elements were considered as obligatory elements, that is CN, P, RQ, AP, and CA. The iterative elements of the text are P, RQ, and WP. Finally, the writer hoped that this study could be a good contribution and reference for the readers who wanted to do further research on the text structure. 11

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ansary, H., & Babaii, E. (2004). The generic integrity of newspaper editorials: a systemic functional perspective. Asian EFL Journal. Retrieved March 2007 from www.asian-efl- journal.com/Sept_04_ha&.doc Fasold, R.W., & Connor, J. (Editor). (2006). An introduction to language and linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Halliday, M. A. K., & Hasan, R. (1989). Language, context, and text: Aspects of language in a social-semiotic perspective (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. How to read a job advertisement. (n.d.). Retrieved March 15, 2008 from http://www.jobs.ac.uk/careers/articles/1012/How_to_read_a_job_advertisement Newspaper. (n.d.). The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved June 05, 2008, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/newspaper Tips on interpreting job postings (n.d.). Retrieved March 15, 2008 from http://www.worktree.com/newsletter/interpreting-job-postings.html Writing and placing job advertisements. (n.d.). Retrieved March 15, 2008 from http://www.thejobmarker.org/employers/writing_ads.asp