Life Science Final Exam Study Guide

Life Science Final Exam Study Guide 1)What three things does the cell theory state? All cells come from pre-existing cells All living organisms are composed of cells The smallest unit of life is the cell 2)Who wrote the cell theory? Virchow 3)List the stages of mitosis in order and describe what happens in each stage. Prophase-Pile of worms nuclear membrane disappears, chromosomes become visible Metaphase-Chromosomes line up in the middle, spindle fibers attach to the centromere Anaphase-Chromosomes are pulled apart by the spindle fibers Telophase-Two new nuclei are formed, cytokinesis begins 4)List 5 examples of organs. Heart, liver, lung, brain, stomach 5)What is the pattern of organization found in all living organisms starting with the most complex? Organism, organ system, organs, tissue, cell 6)What is the function of the respiratory and circulatory systems? Respiratory-gas exchange Circulatory-move materials around the body 7)Which body system is responsible for the removal of waste? Excretory 8)What kingdom of life has organisms that are solely decomposers? Fungi 9)Which kingdom(s) has (have) only prokaryotes in it? Archaebacteria and Eubacteria 10)List the eight levels of the classification hierarchy. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family Genus Species 11)To produce fertile offspring, animals must be from the same _____ Species 12)What process is used when a cell captures the energy in sunlight and uses it to make food? Photosynthesis 13)What is the photosynthesis equation? 6H2O + 6CO2 + Light energyC6H12O6 + 6H2O 14)Ecosystems around the Earth get their energy from the ______Sun 15)What is the process called by which water vapor cools in the air to form clouds? Condensation 16)How does the rapid growth of algae in a pond affect other organisms? Eutrophication and removing of oxygen from the water 17)What does an energy pyramid show? How energy is transferred in a food chain and how the number of organisms decrease 18)An area that is occupied and defended by an animal or group of animals is called a Territory 19)A plant eater is also called a Herbivore 20)What are the types of symbiotic relationships and give an example of each. Commensalism-barnacles and a whale Parasitism-tick and human Mutualism-lichen 21)What type of relationship occurs when one organism kills and eats another? Predator/Prey 22)Due to competition, two similar species cannot occupy the same ______? Niche 23)Mutualism is a type of symbiotic relationship in which what happens between two organisms? Both benefits 24)What is a niche? The role an organism has in an ecosystem 25)What is a biome?Land area with similar ecosystems 26)What type of biome has trees that lose their leaves each year? Deciduous forest 27)How have animals adapted to live in the desert? Nocturnal, store water, burrow into the ground 28)What kind of trait helps organisms survive and reproduce? Adaptations 29)A plant growing towards the sunlight is a type of what? Phototropism 30)People moving into a population are considered what? Immigration 31)The series of changes that take place after a disturbance occurs in an existing ecosystem is called? Succession 32)How can we prevent overfishing? Catch limits and aquaculture 33)Building a road through a forest would most likely cause Habitat fragmentation 34)A species carried into a new area by people is called a what? Exotic Species 35)What is captive breeding and what effect is it likely to have on a species? Breed threatened or endangered species in captive in an effort to save the species from extinction 36)The interactions between humans and the environment is called Ecology 37)The genetic material that is passed from parent to offspring is called what? DNA 38)Where are genes located? On a Chromosomes 39)An organism’s genetic makeup is its DNA 40)What kinds of things has genetic engineering produced? Medicines, gene therapy, clones 41)Gregor Mendel is known as the Father of what? Genetics 42)What does it mean to become extinct? No more members of the species exist 43)Similar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor are known as what? Homologous structures 44)What is biodiversity? The variety of organism found in a given area 45)Should you use grams, liters, or meters to measure water? Liters 46)What is the variable that changes as a result of the scientist changing a variable? Dependent 47)What organelle transports proteins, and where in the cell is it located? Golgi bodies and the cytoplasm 48)What is the endoplasmic reticulum and where in the cell is it located? ER transports protein and is in the cytoplasm 49)During photosynthesis, plants take in energy in the form of Sunlight 50)In terms of classification, what is the broadest most inclusive level? Domain 51)What characteristics are considered when placing organisms into kingdoms? Similar structures 52)What are the differences between angiosperms and gymnosperms? Angiosperms produce flowers and a fruit around the seeds, Gymnosperms produce cones and no fruit around the seeds called naked seeds. 53)What type of plant are monocots and how are the different from dicots? Both are angiosperms-monocots have one seed leaf and fibrous roots and leaf veins that are parallel 54)What is the waxy covering on a leaf that prevents water from evaporating? Cuticle 55)What is the opening on the underside of a leaf that allows gases to move in and out of a plant? Stomata 56)What common characteristic do all plants share? Autotrophic, chloroplasts, cell walls 57)What are the raw materials of photosynthesis? Water, carbon dioxide and sunlight 58)The green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants is called Chlorophyll 59)What process is used to produce most of the oxygen in the atmosphere? Photosynthesis 60)Population density is one way to state the size of a population 61)Give 3 examples of limiting factors: Shelter, food, water 62)Raising fish for food is called Aquaculture 63)What is the difference between non-point and point source pollution? Point source we know the location of the source, Non-point we do not know the source 64)What is eutrophication? Excess nutrient into a water way cause an algal bloom which use up all the dissolved oxygen during decomposition 65)Evaporation, condensation, and precipitation make up what cycle? Water cycle

66)Draw and explain the nitrogen cycle Atmospheric nitrogen falls to the soil where it is fixed by bacteria into a usable form for plants. Plants take up the nitrogen make proteins and DNA with it. Then herbivores eat the plants and get the nitrogen. When they die the nitrogen is released back into the atmosphere 67)What is another term for hybrid? (not the car…) Heterozygous 68)What does phenotype refer to? The physical appearance of a trait 69)What biome is very cold and received very little precipitation? Tundra 70)What are five biotic factors found in the garden? Anything living 71)What biome would you most likely find a monkey? Rainforest 72)What is an adaptation? A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce 73)Explain the process of natural selection and how it has led to evolution. Those organisms that have an adaptation that will allow them to survive in their environment will be able to reproduce 74)List the five pieces of evidence used to support the Theory of Evolution? Geographic distribution, fossils, homologous structures, DNA and embryology 75)Describe the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and eukaryotic cells have a nucleus 76)What is the movement of materials across the cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration? Diffusion 77)What piece of equipment is used to determine the mass of an object? Triple beam balance, electronic scale 78)What piece of equipment is used to determine the volume of an object? Graduated cylinder 79)What are the functions of the following organelles? Ribosomes, vacuoles, cytoplasm, cell membrane. Ribosomes make proteins Vacuoles store water Cytoplasm holds the other organelles in place Cell membrane picks and chooses what goes in and out of the cell 80)What is the difference between a control and a constant in an experiment? Control group is used as a comparison and the constants are the variables that are kept the same 81)What is the type of data that involves numbers? quantitative 82)What are the steps of the scientific method Make an observation Make an Inference Ask a Question Do Background research Form a Hypothesis Conduct a controlled Experiment Collect and analyze data Write a Conclusion Publish your results 83)Who was the scientist who invented the microscope? Jannsen 84)What is the definition of osmosis? Movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration 85)Who was the first scientist to observe living organisms with a microscope? Leeuwenhoek 86)Who developed the 3-D model of DNA? Watson and Crick 87)Describe the function of the following plant structures: roots, stem, leaves, stomata, xylem and phloem. Roots take up water Stem movement of materials and support of leaves Leaves-gas exchange and photosynthesis Stomata gas exchange Xylem carries water from roots to the leaves Phloem carries sugar from leaves to the roots 88)Who said that all animals were made up of cells Schwann 89)Who said all plants were made up of cells? Schleiden 90)What sugar makes up the cell wall? Cellulose 91)What is the function of the cell wall? Provide support and protection to the plant cell 92)Who was the scientist who took the first x-ray picture of DNA? Franklin 93)What is the term that means a variation of a trait? Allele 94)What process creates gametes? Meiosis 95)What is a gamete? Sex cell 96)What is cooperation between organisms of the same species? Give at least two examples. Help each other out to obtain base resources-ants, termites, meerkats, elephants, lions wolves 97)What are components of a scientific name? (hint: what are the levels of the hierarchy used). Give an example of a scientific name. Genus species: Homo sapiens 98)What are two things found in a plant cell, but not an animal? Cell wall and chloroplasts 99)Give three reasons why organism of the same species would compete? Mates, food, shelter or territory 100)What are the stages of the cell cycle? Interphase, mitosis/meiosis, cytokinesis 101) Which stage of the cell cycle lasts the longest? Interphase 102)What is DNA replication? Ensures that the daughter cells have the same amount of DNA as the parent cell 103)A genetically identical organism is called a what? Clone 104)Mendel experimented on what type of organism? Pea plants 105)What is a nematocyst and what type of organism has it? A stinging cell found on tentacles of jellyfish 106)What is an ecological pyramid and what information does it provide? Draw an example. It shows a food chain and how the number of organisms in a food chain decreases. 107)What is another term for producer? Autotroph 108)What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction? Asexual-two parents produces a Genetically identical cell, sexual=two parents and offspring has a combination of DNA 109)What is the term that describes an organism that eats dead organisms? scavenger 110)Describe the following body symmetries and give examples of organism for each: asymmetrical, bilateral and radial. Asymmetrical has not symmetry like a sponge. Bilateral=can divide organism into two halves which are mirror images example is human Radial=circular body plan example is a jellyfish 111)Which animal phylum would you classify squid? Mollusk 112)Which animal phylum has jointed appendages and an exoskeleton? Arthropods 113)What is phototropism? When a plant grows toward the sun or light source 114)What organelle contains DNA? Nucleus 115)What is another term for endotherm? warm blooded 116)What phylum contains segmented worms and leeches? Annelids 117)What kingdom of life would you classify halophiles? Archaebacteria 118)How many trials should be conducted to obtain accurate data? A minimum of three 119)What is the main difference between the Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Kingdom? Where they live. Archaebacteria live in extreme environments and Eubacteria can be find everywhere else. 120)What is the structure that makes up a fungus? hyphae 121)What are the four groups of fungi discussed in class? Sac, Club, imperfect and thread-like 122)Give three ways to describe the shape of DNA? Double helix, spiral staircase, twisted ladder 123)What phylum would you classify sea urchins? Echinoderms 124)Which biome has the least biodiversity? Tundra 125)Which biome is dominated by herbivores? Grasslands 126)What is an inference? A statement about an observation based on prior knowledge 127)What is the term that describes a plants ability to grow roots downward and the stem upward? gravitropism 128)What type of habitat must a moss or liverwort live in? moist because they rely on osmosis to move water 129)What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus 130)Which kingdoms of life are made up of prokaryotic cells? Archaebacteria and Eubacteria 131)If black hair is dominate to purple hair cross a heterozygous male with a homozygous recessive female? Bb with a bb 132)What are the preserved remains of an organism called? Fossils 133)What do we call the timeline of Earth’s history: Geologic time scale 134)What type of chart shows the chromosomes present in a cell? karyotype 135)What is the genotype for a male? XY 136)What are the short hair-like extensions of the cell membrane that aid in movement? Cillia 137)What type of environment does members of the protist kingdom live? Aquatic 138)How many chromosomes are in a human body cell? 46 chromosomes 23 pairs 139)What do scientists use to determine the outcome of a genetic cross? Punnett square 140)Which science field is genetic engineering applied to the most? Agriculture 141)What is the phrase that describes the altering on DNA in order to improve the organism? Genetic engineering 142)What is a naturally occurring mistake in DNA called? mutation 143)What are the nitrogenous bases found in DNA? Adenine, cytosine, thymine, guanine 144)How do the nitrogenous bases pair up? Adenine and Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine 145)Who developed binomial nomenclature? Linnaeus 146)What language is used when classifying organisms? Latin 147)What ship did Darwin sail on? HMS Beagle 148)Which biome is located on land around the equator? Rainforest 149)Which biome is the windiest? Tundra 150)What is permafrost? Frozen soil found in the tundra 151)Which biome would you find permafrost? Tundra 152)What biome do we live in? Deciduous Forest 153)Which biome has plants that can store water and most animals are nocturnal? Desert 154)Describes the stages of secondary succession? Grasse, shrubs, pine trees then oaks 155)What is the process that converts free nitrogen into a usable form? Nitrogen fixation 156)What organism found in the roots of plants can convert nitrogen into a usable form? Bacteria 157)What is the cell plate and when does it occur? What does it become? Structure formed during cytokinesis in a plant cell that becomes the new cell wall between the cells. 158)What do we use to represent a dominate allele? A capital letter. 159)What is the whip like extension of the cell membrane that is used for locomotion? Flagella 160)What type of structure help amoebas move? pseudopod 161)What do we call all the populations that live in an area? Community 162)Where does cellular respiration occur? Mitochondria 163)What are the products of cellular respiration? Carbon dioxide and water 164)What are the materials of cellular respiration? Oxygen and glucose 165)What is the equation for cellular respiration? 6O2 + C6H12O6  6H2O + 6CO2 166)What are the components of DNA? A phosphate, nitrogenous bases and deoxyribose 167)What does abiotic mean? Non-living factor in the ecosystem 168)About how much energy is passed on to the next trophic level in a food chain? 10 percent 169)In the food chain below which organism is the 3rd order consumer? Kelpsea urchinsealshark . Shark 170)In the food chain above which organisms are carnivores? Seal and shark 171)What is a food web? Interconnecting food chains 172)What are the three shapes of bacteria? Baccili (rod), spiral, and coccus (sphere) 173)What is a close and permanent relationship between two species called? symbiosis 174)Slime molds are found in which kingdom of life? protists 175)What is the term that describes each link in a food chain? Trophic level 176)What is the study of how humans interact with the environment? ecology 177)What is a dichotomous key? A tool used to identify organism based on their characteristics 178)What is the layer surrounding Earth that supports life called? biosphere 179)List four traits that are inheritable and four that are not. Hair color, eye color, skin color, height are inheritable. Intelligence, the ability to speak a language, a broken leg, limb removed from an accident. 180)What is the term that describes all the abiotic and biotic factors in an area? Ecosystem 181)What is a group of the same species living in the same area called? population 182)The illegal killing of wildlife is called what? poaching 183)Which cell cycle produces two daughter cells with the same amount of DNA as the parent cell? Mitosis

 Bonus questions 1)What is the driest place on the planet? Atacama Desert 2)What is the energy molecule that is created during photosynthesis? ATP 3)What organelle is located inside then nucleus that makes ribosomes? Nucleolus 4)What are the two stages of photosynthesis? Light independent and light dependent 5)What type of molecule is lactose? A sugar 6)What type of genetic cross involves two traits? Dihybrid cross 7)Sponge belongs in which phylum in the animal kingdom? Porifera 8)Which class in the animal kingdom are birds placed? Aves 9)What do we call the Archaebacteria found in cow stomachs? Methanogens 10)On what continent is the country Austria found? Europe 11)What biome covers the most land area? tundra 12)What does DNA stand for? Deoxyribose nucleic acid 13)Which Protist causes malaria? plasmodium 14)What do we call grasslands that are found in Africa? Asia? Savanna ---- Steppe Keep in mind these questions cover the content that will be tested and are not the questions on the test.

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