Physiology Midterm Study Guide

Introduction Definitions Anatomy Physiology Dissection

Concepts Know the levels of body organization Know the primary components and functions of the systems of the body What are the non-invasive techniques utilized to study the body? What are the basic life processes?

Cell Structure Definitions Endocytosis Exocytosis Concepts Be able to identify the parts of a cell and know their function. Plasma membrane – how do gradients, osmosis, diffusion, and active transport operate across the membrane? Properties of the phospholipid bilayer Membrane proteins – types and functions How does the tonicity of a solution affect a cell

Membrane Potentials Definitions Action potential / impulse Stimulus Synapse Neurolemma Nodes of Ranvier decremental conduction summation Refractory period Propagation / conduction Wallerian degeneration

Concepts Parts of a neuron – identify and know function Myelination / types of cells that produce myelin How is a resting membrane potential formed Know the types of ion channels Concetration gradient vs. electrochemical gradient Graded potentials vs. action potentials Depolarizing phase (what channels are open) Repolarizing phase (what channels are open) Sodium Potassium pumps (purpose) Threshold / level of stimulus Continuous vs. salutatory conduction Factors that affect the speed of propagation Differences between A, B, and C nerve fibers (size, myelin, speed of conduction, tissues innervated) Electrical vs. chemical synapses How are neurotransmitters removed from the synaptic cleft? Types of neural circuits

Muscle Tissue Definitions Sarcolemma Sacroplasm Myoglobin Myofibril Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Concepts 3 Types of muscle tissue – Basic histological differences, where found, voluntary or involuntary Functions of muscle tissue Properties – electrical excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity Isometric vs. Isotonic Contraction Concentric vs. eccentric contraction Connective Tissue – layers (epimysium, perimysium [fascicles], endomysium), tendon, aponeurosis Atrophy vs. hypertrophy Understand how the sliding filament mechanism works What causes rigor mortis? Neuromuscular junction – what is it?, what is the neurotransmitter?, what enzyme degrades the neurotransmitter? Aerobic Vs. anaerobic respiration in muscle tissue Muscle fatigue vs. central fatigue Oxygen Debt What is a motor unit? How do we recruit them? Flaccid vs. spastic Types of skeletal muscle fibers (slow oxidative, fast oxidative glycolytic, fast glycolitic) – Size, strength, resitance to fatigue, amount of myoglobin and capillaries, where found)

Sensory, Motor, and Integrative Systems Definitions Sensory modality Sensory receptor stimulus Selectivity mechanoreceptors thermoreceptor Nociceptor photoreceptor chemoreceptor Osmoreceptor somatic sensations cutaneous sensations Meissner corpuscles hair root plexuses merkel discs Ruffini corpuscles pacinian corpuscles phantom limb sensation Referred pain analgesia proprioception

Concepts Sensation vs. perception (conscious vs. subconscious sensation) General senses (somatic and visceral) vs. special senses 3 sensory receptor types 4 events in sensation Microscopic structural characteristics (provide examples of each type) Generator potential vs. receptor potential Exteroreceptor vs. interoreceptor Types of stimuli detected / 4 modes of somatic sensation muscle spindles, tendon organs, joint kinesthetic receptors First-order, second-order and third-order neurons Relay Stations Lower motor neurons / upper motor neurons

Nervous Tissue Definitions Afferent Neurons Efferent Neurons Interneurons Effectors Action Potential Stimulus Synapse Synaptic End Bulbs Myelin Neurolemma Nodes of Ranvier Membrane Potential Graded Potential Action Potential Decremental Conduction Summation Threshold Refractory Period Propagation

Concepts Know the primary structures that make up both the CNS and PNS Know the somatic and autonomic divisions of the PNS. Know the subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system. Know the primary functions of the nervous system. Understand the relationship of the enteric nervous system to the body. Know the types of nervous tissue cells (neurons and neuroglia). Know the parts of a neuron. Know the types of axonal transport Know the 3 structural classes of neurons Cluster vs. bundle Ganglion vs. nucleus Nerve vs. Tract What make gray matter gray and white matter white? Understand how a resting membrane potential is formed. Know the 4 types of ion channels Concentration gradient vs. electrochemical gradient Passive Vs. Active transport Continuous vs. salutatory conduction Class A, B, and C nerve fibers

Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves Definitions Cerebrospinal Fluid Spinal Tap Rami Meningitis Neuralgia Neuritis Paresthesia Concepts Know the layers of the meninges, epidural space, subarachnoid space Cervical and lumbar enlargement, conus medullaris, filum terminale,. Cauda equina Anatomy of a spinal nerve (dorsal root, ventral root) Anatomy of the spinal cord (anterior median fissure, posterior median sulcus, gray commisure, central canal) Tracts (corticospinal, spinocerebellar, posterior columns, spintothalamic) location and information conveyed (type and direction) Know the types of reflex arcs Know the 5 functional components of a reflex arc Know the somatic spinal reflexes discussed in class (stretch, tendon, flexor, extensor) Know the plantar flexion reflex and Babinski sign Connective tissue coverings of spinal nerves (endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium) Know the major plexuses and the regions they supply (cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal) Know the following major nerves and the regions they supply (radial, median, ulnar, femoral, sciatic) Know the dermatomes for the upper and lower extremities