People and Terms : Identify Or Explain

Ch. 19 Notes: Complete the following set of Notes Dealing with Industrialization and Immigration. Some have been completed for you. Notice that page numbers are indicated.

People and Terms: Identify or Explain Gospel of Wealth – Andrew Carnegie’s belief that the rich have a responsibility to take care of the poor because the poor have a role that has been predetermined akin to a caste system approach Captains of Industry – Sometimes called Robber Barons they include the likes of Carnegie, Rockefeller and Morgan Gilded Age – Coined by Mark Twain to characterize a society that appears wealthy and affluent but below the surface is eroding like gold plating over a cheaper metal Standard Oil – The first large scale Trust/Monopoly began by John D. Rockefeller

1. Explain the effect of: a. Cincinnati Meat Production Line 1860’s: A destruction line instead of a production line in which live animals were brought to slaughter and systematically processed into consumable meat for the public greatly increasing the output of meat products

b. The Cigarette Making Machine 1881 – Mass production techniques applied to cigarette making. Machines doing the work previously performed by hand greatly increase the daily output of cigarettes and creating the blueprint for future manufacturing.

c. Mass Retailing: Sears and Montgomery Ward lead the way with their department stores and catalog sales allowing consumer products to be shipped throughout the country and allowing one stop shopping in department stores.

d. Vertical Integration: A business model in which the entire process from raw materials to finish good is controlled by one company allowing for a lower cost of production

e. Horizontal Combinations: a firm sought to gain control of an entire market for a single product thereby eliminating competition (Standard Oil)

f. The Sherman Anti Trust Act – 1890: Passed in 1890 it stated that “combinations operating in restraint of trade” are illegal. Unfortunately the law was misapplied being used instead against Unions during the Laissez Faire period. g. Production Quotas: Competition and piecework increased as workers were paid by the amount they produced - textile and clothing industry h. The Wage System: workers lost the ability to work for themselves and now worked in some form of manufacturing in which they were paid by a specific unit of time or piece. Resistance spawned the early union movements of the 1860’s-1890. Groups like the Eight Hours League and the Knights of Labor evolve to fight for workers Rights. In the end, they were largely unsuccessful.

i. The Haymarket Riot: May 4, 1886 Blame was placed on “Anarchists” for the bombing at the end of an otherwise peaceful demonstration in favor of the 10 hour day. The Knights of Labor fell into disfavor and disbanded.

j. Industrialization on Cities: Huge increases in population, caused by shifting work centers and immigration as a cheap source of labor.

2. Why were these people important? a. Jay Gould - Speculator and investor. Known as the “Meanest man in the world” for his ruthless tactics – i.e. he fed cows large amounts of salt prior to auction causing them to drink large amounts of water. It caused them to weigh more increasing their price.

b. Andrew Carnegie – Rags to riches story of a Scottish immigrant who became one of the wealthiest men in the world founding Carnegie Steel and then becoming a philanthropist vowing to give his money away before he died.

c. John D. Rockefeller - Founded Standard Oil and controlled 90% of the nation’s oil supply.

d. William Silvis: Founded the National Labor Union in 1866

e. Sam Gompers: founded the AF of L

f. Torstein Veblen: Coined the term “conspicuous consumption” describing the tendency of the wealthy to show off their wealth in clothing, housing, and jewelry

g. Booker T. Washington: Stressed the need for “practical instruction” in lieu more intellectual knowledge. Open Tuskegee Institute in 1881

3. Explain the effect of big business on: a. Self-employment: It reduced self-employment and made a nation of wage earners. By 1900 2/3 of all workers were wage earners.

b. Immigration: The huge influx of immigrants provided a source of easily replaceable, cheap labor

c. Skilled workers and craftsmen: It took away their authority and relegated them to the status of “workmen.” In many cases they would be replaced with “unskilled” immigrants who would work for less $ and simply operate machines.

d. African Americans and Immigrant Women: Created jobs requiring manual labor.

e. English Speaking White Women: Clerical positions caused by the typewriter and telephone

f. African Americans and Chinese Men: The Union Pacific employed many former slaves while the Central Pacific employed Chinese immigrants.

g. Unskilled Workers: unhealthy dangerous workplaces, repetitive tasks

h. Education: The need for basic skills led to more schooling. However, most education was concentrated in the lower grades. High School was a luxury that could not be used to replace the income generated by working teenage children.

4. Why was the American Federation of Labor successful in comparison the Knights of Labor? The AF of L (1886) because it sought only skilled workers from craft unions across the country. It accepted the wage system and sought to improve the conditions of its’ select group of workers. Excluded were: women, immigrants, and unskilled labor. They also used their considerable financial resources to support politicians.

5. Why did ethnic neighborhoods evolve? It made adjustment easier due to stress of unfamiliarity and long work hours.