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The following notes are offered to help you understand referencing using the Harvard method. Substitute your essay for these notes after you have read and understood them.
In this essay type there are no headings. This means that you have to make it clear within the text what you are trying to achieve with each paragraph. That is, for example, which are the introductory paragraphs, the argument paragraphs, the evidence paragraphs and the conclusion.
Harvard is a method of essay writing developed by the Harvard University in America. In Australia it is quite well regarded for business and social sciences, health and medicine. It is a ‘no footnotes’ format. All references to information that has been imported from another source are included in the text of the essay.
For example, a comment about what an author has mentioned will be included like this:
Carrington argued this (1979).
This was argued throughout the year of averages (Carrington 1979).
According to Carrington (1979), this was argued throughout the year of averages.
According to Carrington (1979, p. 17), this was argued throughout the year of averages.
References to a source written by two authors will have the following form: (Gramsci and Marrington 1999).
References to a source written by three authors will have the following form: (Poobar, Lyttle, and Dunkim 1999).
References to a source written by more than three authors will have the following form: (Drinkham et al. 1971).
At the back of the essay is a list of works. This begins with a Heading, which should appear just as normal text, no underlining or enhancement of any kind. If you wish to only include citations that appear in the body of the essay it is called ‘References’. If additional references are to be included, it is called ‘Bibliography’. The following note is offered by way explanation and should be deleted from your final draft. The References/Bibliography that follows shows the following details:
Typical Harvard one author book reference (1)
Typical Harvard single author edited book (2)
A book reference by three authors (3)
A book reference by more than three authors (4)
An essay published in a book of essays (5)
An article in a journal (6)
An article in a newspaper (7)
The bibliography that follows is an example only and should be replaced by all the references used in the writing of the essay, whether mentioned as references in the text or not. There is no order in the bibliography shown because they are just
The conclusion needs to be shown as a normal paragraph.
Bibliography
Carrington, D.E.1979, Exciting Downtown Odours, Harcourt, Sydney.
Gramsci, L. (ed.) 1994, The Last Smell, Blake & Wyndham, London.
Poobar, H., Lyttle, R. and Dunkim, H.R. 1999, A Little Nose: A Story of Faith and Hope, Penguin Books, New York.
Drinkham, G. et al. 1971, On the Nose, International Publishers, Sydney.
Ho, P. 1998, 'Old time smells', in Essays on Eastern Fantasy, ed. J. Marigold, Harcourt, New York, pp. 23-33.
Craner, P.M. 1999, 'Impact of smells on art: new ways of smelling the old.' Poetry Today, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 205-12.
James, W. 2001, 'Patrick Ho comes out of the cold.' Sydney Morning Herald, 12 July, p. 12.