Ekonomija III Stepen

Ekonomija III stepen Saradnik: Branka Živković

SHOULD, MUST, HAVE TO, CAN, COULD, BE ALLOWED TO

It is important to remember that modal verbs are used with infinitive without to, for example should do, must finish…

The modal verb should has the same form for all persons:

Positive form:

I, you, he, she, it we, you they SHOULD do your homework on time.

Interrogative form:

I, you he, she it SHOULD we, you they? I visit my grandparents?

Negative form:

I, you, he, she, it We, you, they SHOULD NOT (SHOULDN’T) tell lies.

USE: -Should is used to express what the speaker thinks is right or the best thing to do. It expresses mild obligation or advice.

I should do more exercise. (This is my opinion) You should do more work. (I’m telling what I think) Do you think we should visit our doctor? (I’m asking you for your opinion)

-Shouldn’t expresses negative advice:

You shouldn’t smoke. It’s bad for your health.

-Should expresses the opinion of the speaker and it is often introduced by I think or I don’t think:

Do you think I should go to the party? I don’t think that people should get married until they are 21. I think he should go to bed. MUST

The modal verb must has the same forms for all persons:

Positive form:

I, you he, she it, We, you they MUST hurry if you want to catch the train.

Interrogative form-questions with must are possible but the use of have to is more common:

MUST I, you he, she, it take exam? We, you, they

Do I have to take exam? Yes, you do/No, you don’t.

Negative form:

I, you, he, she, it We, you they MUST NOT (MUSTN’T) steal.

USE: -The modal verb MUST expresses strong obligation. Generally, this obligation comes from the ‘inside’ the speaker. It involves the speaker’s opinion. It is personal:

I must get my hear cut. (I think it is necessary)

-Because MUST expresses the authority of the speaker, you should be very careful of using You must… It sounds very bossy!

You must help me. (I’m giving you an order) Could you help me? is much better.

-You must… can express a strong suggestion:

You must see this film. It’s wonderful.

HAVE TO

Form: have/has to + infinitive

Positive form: I, you, we they have to respect the orders. he, she, it has to

Interrogative form: Do I, you, we, they have to work hard? Does he, she, it have to work hard?

Negative form:

I, you, we, they don’t have to work hard. He, she, it doesn’t have to work hard.

-The past simple tense of have to is HAD TO:

I had to go to work early in the morning.

-We have DID and DIDN’T in negative and interrogative forms:

Why DID you HAVE TO go to the village last weekend? They DIDN’T HAVE TO wear uniforms yesterday.

USE: -Have to expresses strong obligation. The obligation comes from ‘outside’ the speaker- perhaps a law, a rule at school or work, or someone in authority. It is more objective.

You have to start school at 8 o’clock. (School says that) You have to have a diploma if you want to teach. (A law says that)

-Doesn’t/Don’t expresses the absence of obligation (you can if you want but it isn’t necessary). It is completely different from mustn’t:

You don’t have to get up early on Saturday and Sunday. (It is not necessary.) You mustn’t drive if you’ve been drinking! You could kill someone. (It is forbidden to drive if you have been drinking.)

CAN, COULD, BE ALLOWED TO

Can/be allowed to are used to express permission. Can is more informal and usually spoken:

People are allowed to drive on the roads when they are eighteen. You can borrow my bike, but you can’t have the car. I need it.

Be able to is used in forms that can doesn’t have: I’ve never been able to cook. (Present Perfect) She’ll be able to see you tomorrow. (Future) I’d love to be able to fly. (Infinitive) I like being able to make a noise if I want. (-ing form)

Could is used for general ability in the past: I could swim when I was five.

Was/were able to or managed to are used to refer to an ability on a particular occasion in the past: The man was drowning but she managed to/was able to swim to him and save him. The prisoners managed to/were able to escape by tying up the warders. The exception of this rule is with verbs of perception (see, hear, smell, taste, feel...) and verbs of thinking (understand, think, believe, remember…): I could smell something burning. We could understand why she was so upset.

Could not is used to express negative ability in the past:

My mother couldn’t swim until she was 47. I couldn’t find my wallet anywhere.