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1Supplementary information 6. Percentage of variation, variance components, and Ф-

2statistics obtained from AMOVAs.

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Variance Percent Level of analysis d.f. Phi-statistics P-value components variation

Among regions (Scheme 1) 7 2.1572 Va 30.89 ФCT = 0.389 < 0.001

Among populations within regions 4 2.0267 Vb 31.83 ФSC = 0.599 < 0.001

Within populations 522 1.3556 Vc 37.28 ФST = 0.755 < 0.001

Among regions (Scheme 2) 6 2.9260 Va 38.30 ФCT = 0.482 < 0.001

Among populations within regions 5 1.7865 Vb 25.78 ФSC = 0.569 < 0.001

Within populations 522 1.3556 Vc 35.92 ФST = 0.777 < 0.001

Among regions (Scheme 3) 5 2.4493 Va 34.10 ФCT = 0.409 < 0.001

Among populations within regions 6 2.1836 Vb 29.88 ФSC = 0.617 < 0.001

Within populations 522 1.3556 Vc 36.02 ФST = 0.774 < 0.001

Among regions (Scheme 4) 4 2.0464 Va 30.13 ФCT = 0.347 < 0.001

Among populations within regions 7 2.5002 Vb 33.69 ФSC = 0.648 < 0.001

Within populations 522 1.3556 Vc 36.17 ФST = 0.770 < 0.001 4

5Four different grouping schemes were used. Scheme 1: Sri Lanka, Southern India (with

6two distinct populations), Central India, Northern - Northeastern India - Bhutan, Myanmar,

7Lao PDR – Vietnam - Cambodia, Peninsular Malaysia - Sumatra, and Borneo. Scheme 2:

8Sri Lanka - Southern India, Central India, Northern - Northeastern India - Bhutan,

9Myanmar, Lao PDR – Vietnam - Cambodia, Peninsular Malaysia - Sumatra, and Borneo.

10Scheme 3: Sri Lanka - Southern India, Central India, Northern - Northeastern India -

11Bhutan - Myanmar, Lao PDR - Vietnam - Cambodia, Peninsular Malaysia - Sumatra, and

12Borneo. Scheme 4: Sri Lanka - Southern India, Central India - Northern - Northeastern

13India - Bhutan - Myanmar, Lao PDR - Vietnam - Cambodia, Peninsular Malaysia -

14Sumatra, and Borneo.

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