Mr. Dunn S World History Class 11/14/2008

MR. DUNN’S WORLD HISTORY CLASS 4/4/2018 NOTES AND OUTLINE UNITUNIT 2:2: TheThe RiseRise ofof IslamIslam Chapter 7: The Geography of the Arabian Peninsula StandardsStandards UsedUsed 7.2 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the civilizations of Islam in the Middle Ages.

7.2.1 Identify the physical features and describe the climate of the Arabian Peninsula, its relationship to surrounding bodies of land and water, and nomadic and sedentary ways of life.

7.2.5 Describe the growth of cities and the establishment of trade routes among Asia, Africa, and Europe, the products and inventions that traveled along these routes (e.g., spices, textiles, paper, steel, new crops), and the role of merchants in Arab society.

063454d0d32817b42344155843b68b71.doc Page 1 of 12 MR. DUNN’S WORLD HISTORY CLASS 4/4/2018 NOTES AND OUTLINE OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES OFOF CHCH 77

• identify the physical features and describe the climate of the Arabian Peninsula, its relationship to surrounding bodies of land and water, and nomadic and sedentary ways of life. • explain how geography affected patterns of life on the Arabian Peninsula in the sixth century, including the role of towns and the establishment of trade routes to Asia, Africa, and Europe as well as the products that traveled along them.

OVERVIEWOVERVIEW OFOF CHCH 77

In this lesson, students learn about the geography of the Arabian Peninsula and how the Arab people adapted to it. Students participate in a Response Group activity, examining four environments—the desert, oases, coastal plains, and mountains—to discover how they affected ways of life on the Arabian Peninsula.

063454d0d32817b42344155843b68b71.doc Page 2 of 12 MR. DUNN’S WORLD HISTORY CLASS 4/4/2018 NOTES AND OUTLINE PREVIEW ACTIVITY CH 7 page 43 Grey W/B THE ARABIAN PENNINSULA PICTURE IS ON page 74 1.Where was this photograph taken from?

2.What geographic features can you see?

3.What part of the world is this a picture of? Ask volunteers to consult the projected image while they complete these tasks on the floor map:

•Bodies of water, coastal plains, deserts, mountains, river valleys, and possible oases are all visible.

 Point out north, south, east, and west.

• Walk across a desert.

• Point in the direction of Africa, Europe, and then Asia. (Mention that the Arabian Peninsula is actually a part of Asia and that geographers call this area southwest Asia or the Middle East.)

• “Squeeze through” the narrowest part of the map. this area on the map is called the Strait of Hormuz.

• “Settle” in a location that is most likely to support a happy, healthy lifestyle, and explain why you chose that location.

• Explain one way the people of this region might have adapted to the environment of the Arabian Peninsula.

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NOTES CH7 SEC 7.2 page 76 SEC 7.2 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ARABIAN PENNINSULA + THE SUROUNDING LANDS 1. Arabia Lies At Crossroads – 3 Continents 2. Great Civilizations Started Around Arabia  SUMERIANS > VALLEYS OF TIGRIS + EUPHRATES > NOW PRESENT DAY IRAQ  EGYPTIANS > ON THE NILE  GREEKS, ROMANS, + PERSIANS IN MIDDLE EAST 3. Traders Carried: Silk – China; Jewels, Cotton, + Spices – India; Ivory + Gold – Africa 4. Romans Sent Glass + Gold To China 5. As Early As 200 B.C.E. Arabians Were Middlemen in Trade Between these Lands 6. Major Source Of Transportation > CAMELS - Carrying Goods Thru the Desert In CARAVANS 7. Along the Coast - Merchants Sent Ships To Distant Marketplaces 8. Serving as A Link bet Diverse Areas Exposed Arabians to New Goods + Ideas 9. Arabs Also Shared Their Own Knowledge Along These Routes. 10. With Rise Of Islam - Arabian Influence Became Powerful- Spreading out rapidly from Cent Location 11. They Conquered: North Africa – Spanish Peninsula:  Cordoba, Spain; Cairo, Egypt; Bagdad, Iraq

063454d0d32817b42344155843b68b71.doc Page 4 of 12 MR. DUNN’S WORLD HISTORY CLASS 4/4/2018 NOTES AND OUTLINE 12. Knowledge, Ideas, Technology Also Flowed READING NOTES FOR SEC 7.3 – 7.6 pp. 44-47  You will read about four geographical features of the Arabian Peninsula—DESERTS, OASES, COASTAL PLAIN, AND MOUNTAINS—and will hypothesize about how people adapted to each environment.  You will then read about the actual adaptations that were made and earn points for those they listed. SEC 7.3 THE DESERT – Page 77 About ¾ of Arabian Peninsula Is Desert  SEC 7.3.1 ENVIRONMENT – Page 44 Grey W/B The desert includes sand, plains, + PLATEAUS

Hot, dry desert environment is very harsh

 SUMMER TEMPS > 120°

 WINTER + NIGHTTIME TEMPS < DROP BELOW 32°

Annual Rainfall Does Not Go More 3-4”

 DROUGHTS COULD LAST FOR YEARS

 WHEN RAINED > VIOLENT STORMS > FLASHFLOODS = CHANGE IN LANDSCAPE

 INFREQUENT RAINS > CLUMPS OF GRASS/ POCKETS OF LOW SHRUBS

063454d0d32817b42344155843b68b71.doc Page 5 of 12 MR. DUNN’S WORLD HISTORY CLASS 4/4/2018 NOTES AND OUTLINE SEC 7.3 THE DESERT – Page 77  SEC 7.3.2 ADAPTATIONS Many Arabs in 6th Cent - Lived In Towns + Villages

 Others Were NOMADS > Bedouins Migrated Thru The Desert Raising Sheep, Goats, + Camels

o UPON FINDING A SPOT FOR GRAZING + WATER – SET UP TENTS, MOVING ON WHEN ANIMALS HAD EATEN ALL AVAILABLE VEGETATION

 CAMEL – “Ship Of The Desert” – Main Transport

o THEY COULD SURVIVE FOR DAYS W/OUT WATER

o EAT ANYTHING + CARRY HEAVY LOADS

 BEDOUINS – Clothed Themselves In Loose-Fitting Long Gowns + Cotton Headdresses

o TO PROTECT VS DUST, HEAT, + FLIES

o HERDS WERE VERY IMPORTANT FOR:

. Milk, Yogurt, Cheese, + Sometimes Meat

. Wool + Hair > Clothing, Blankets, Tents, Sometimes Leather Hides

o TRADING WAS IMPORTANT FOR OTHER NECESSITIES

 Some Bedouins Controlled Valuable Trade Routes

063454d0d32817b42344155843b68b71.doc Page 6 of 12 MR. DUNN’S WORLD HISTORY CLASS 4/4/2018 NOTES AND OUTLINE  Merchants Operated Caravans Across Deserts

 MAKKAH (Mecca) Became A Sizable Town In Western Arabia > Market Place + Resting Place For Caravans

SEC 7.4 THE OASES – page 78 Desert Dotted With Oases – Fresh Water Important > Provide Plant Life + Shade > Water

 SEC 7.4.1 – THE ENVIRONMENT- Page 45 Grey W/B  Oases > In Areas Where Water Trapped Under Ground Seeping Up As Spring/Waterhole

 On These Fertile Lands:

o There Was Fresh Water And Shade

o Plant Life Sprouts Up > Grass + Shrubs

o They Varied In Size > Few Acres – Large Areas  Sec 7.4.2 – ADAPTATIONS  For Centuries Nomads Went From Oases To Oases

o Searching For Water + Vegetation

o Some Decided To Become SEDENTARY + Stayed

. For More Water for Crops – Dug Deep Wells

 Oasis Dwellers Grew Many Things

o Fruits > Dates + Peaches

063454d0d32817b42344155843b68b71.doc Page 7 of 12 MR. DUNN’S WORLD HISTORY CLASS 4/4/2018 NOTES AND OUTLINE o Grains To Make Bread

 Date Palm Tree Thrived in Arabia + was invaluable

o Palm Leaves offered Shade - Dates > source of Food

o Palm Wood was used to Build Homes - Palm Leaves were used to Thatch Roofs

 Towns Develope– Evolving into Small Trading Center

 Farmers + Nomads Bartered For Goods- Nomads Either Keeping Or Trading Goods Elsewhere SEC 7.5 THE COASTAL PLAIN – Page 79 They Run Along the Coasts of the Peninsula The Coastal Plain Separates Inland Plateaus Form Indian Ocean + Red Sea

 SEC 7.5.1 ENVIRONMENT- Page 46 Grey W/B  Very Narrow Ranging Bet 5 + 40 Miles Inland

 The Air Is Damp + Moist And Rain Falls Regularly

 Several Dry Riverbeds Cut Thru Coastal Plain + Periodically Fill With Water

 There were Also a few Natural Harbors  SEC 7.5.2 ADAPTATIONS  Unlike Dry Desert – Coastal Plain Suitable > Farming

 For Cents Farming Thrived in Southern Arabia

063454d0d32817b42344155843b68b71.doc Page 8 of 12 MR. DUNN’S WORLD HISTORY CLASS 4/4/2018 NOTES AND OUTLINE o People Built Deep Wells, Dams, + Irrigation Systs

o Conserved Rainwater In Canals + Reservoirs

o Marib Dam, Yemen > brought water for food for 300,000 people. Survived 1,000 yrs till 580 C.E.

 By 6th Cent, Most Were Farmers On Coastal Plain

o Crops They Grew

o Grains, Fruits, + Vegetables

o Collect fragrant tree sap > Frankincense + Myrrh

. Used for incense, perfumes, + medicine

 There was extensive sea trade at ports such as Aden and Jeddah (just west of Mecca) SEC 7.6 THE MOUNTAINS – Page 80 Largest Ranges Run on West + South Edges of Penins They Divide the Coastal Plain from the Desert

 SEC 7.6.1 ENVIRONMENT- Page 47 Grey W/B  They rise 1,000 – 12,000 ft in Elevation

 Craggy Mountain Ranges have very diff climate

o Moist winds from Indian Ocean bring ≥ 20”/yr

o Rain + elevation help keep temps cool

063454d0d32817b42344155843b68b71.doc Page 9 of 12 MR. DUNN’S WORLD HISTORY CLASS 4/4/2018 NOTES AND OUTLINE o Frost may form in winter

o Dry riverbeds that fill up during rainstorms  SEC 7.3.2 ADAPTATIONS  People have lived in mountains for thousands of yrs

 Isolation > developed ways of life that endure today

 In 6th century people:

o Lived in houses made of mud bricks

o Lived in the Asir Mountains in southwest

 On steep slopes they used TERRACE Farming-Made by building stone walls around narrow strips of land

 They also constructed dams + irrigation systems

o Stored extra water in many diff containers + underground storage areas

 They grew melons, pomegranates, + trees for frankincense + myrrh

 Used ashes + manure for fertilizer

GUIDE TO READING NOTES CH 7.3 PP. 77 7.3 THE DESERT P. 44(GREY W/B) Desert Environment o sand, plains, and plateaus

063454d0d32817b42344155843b68b71.doc Page 10 of 12 MR. DUNN’S WORLD HISTORY CLASS 4/4/2018 NOTES AND OUTLINE o high summer temps o loose-fitting clothes o winter and nighttime o nomadic life temperatures below o herding of goats, freezing sheep, and camels o little rainfall o tents o winter and nighttime o camels for temperatures below transportation freezing o herd animals for food, o violent sandstorms shelter, and clothing change landscape o trade using camel Desert Adaptations caravans

GUIDE TO READING NOTES CH 6 P. 78 7.4 The Oases P. 45 (GREY W/B) Oasis Environment Oasis Adaptations o water trapped below o permanent settlements seeps to the surface o deep wells o fresh water, plants, o farming of dates, shade peaches, and grains o fertile land o palm trees for many o permanent settlements uses o towns o trade with nomads GUIDE TO READING NOTES CH 7 P. 79 7.5 The Coastal Plain P. 46 (GREY W/B)

063454d0d32817b42344155843b68b71.doc Page 11 of 12 MR. DUNN’S WORLD HISTORY CLASS 4/4/2018 NOTES AND OUTLINE Coastal Plain Coastal Plain Environment Adaptations o damp air and regular o farming of grains, rain fruits, vegetables, o dry riverbeds that and trees for sometimes fill with frankincense and water myrrh o natural harbors o wells, dams, and irrigation o extensive sea trade GUIDE TO READING NOTES CH 7 P. 80 7.6 The Mountains P. 47 (GREY W/B)

Mountain Environment Mountain Adaptations o 1,000–12,000 feet in o terrace farming elevation o dams, irrigation, and o moist winds from the storage of rainwater Indian Ocean o farming of melons, o good rainfall pomegranates, and trees for frankincense o cool temperatures and myrrh o frost o ashes and manure for o dry riverbeds that fill fertilizer up during rainstorms

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