1

Sagehen Creek Field Station Progress Report, FY2012-13 August 1, 2013

By James Kirchner, Jeff Brown, Faerthen Felix

11616 Sagehen Road | P.O. Box 939 | Truckee, CA 96160 530-587-4830 [email protected] http://sagehen.berkeley.edu 2

Introduction.

Sagehen Creek Field Station visitation continues to rise, reaching a new record of over 18,000 user days in FY2012-13.

From Jeff and Faerthen’s very first day on the job in 2001, it was clear that the Sagehen funding and operating models had changed irrevocably. We had no choice but to become immensely collaborative and highly entrepreneurial within the confines of a strictly non-commercial endeavor. We remain so today.

We consider Sagehen to be just a small piece of a much bigger picture, and we constantly look for and foster relationships with a broad spectrum of entities that share our goals. Our 2005 Vision Statement was developed in collaboration with every stakeholder we could think to invite. In 2013, this community-developed document continues to inform and direct everything we do.

Major collaborative partners in FY2012-13 included (in no particular order):

US Forest Service (USFS) Pacific Southwest Research Station (PSW) National Forest Foundation (NFF) Desert Research Institute (DRI) Mountain Research Institute (MRI) Truckee River Watershed Council (TRWC) UC Natural Reserve System (UCNRS) Organization of Biological Field Stations (OBFS) DataOne American Institute of Biological Science (AIBS) iNaturalist US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Sierra Nevada Conservancy (SNC) UC Cooperative Extension (UCCE) Sierra Business Council (SBC) Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board Aldo Leopold Foundation (ALF) Sierra Watershed Education Partnership (SWEP) California Fish and Wildlife (CAF&W) North Tahoe Environmental Education Coalition US Geological Survey (USGS) (NTEEC) Trout Unlimited (TU) UC Agriculture and Natural Resources (UCANR) CalTrout Tahoe-Truckee Unified School District (TTUSD) Sierra Forest Legacy Representative McClintock’s office Sierra-Pacific Industries (SPI) Congressman Boxer’s office Northern Sierra Partnership Congressman Feinstein’s office Lake Tahoe Conservancy Sierra County Board of Supervisors Yosemite National Park Nevada County Board of Supervisors KidZone Museum Sierra County Wildlife Commission Nevada Museum of Art (NMA) California Deer Association The Nature Conservancy (TNC) Town of Truckee Truckee Airport Board Trust for Public Lands Tahoe-Donner Land Trust Caltrans Aldo Leopold Foundation

In addition to these community partners, in FY2012-13 Sagehen also hosted researchers and educators from many universities, schools and organizations, including University of Nevada, University of Maryland, UC Berkeley, UC Davis, UC Merced, UC Riverside, UC Los Angeles, UC Santa Barbara, UC Santa Cruz, San Francisco State University, American River College, Riverside Community College, Colorado State University, Colorado School of Mines, Duke University, University of Eastern Finland, and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology.

11616 Sagehen Road | P.O. Box 939 | Truckee, CA 96160 530-587-4830 [email protected] http://sagehen.berkeley.edu 3

Mission

Sagehen’s mission intentionally tracks with the mission of the University of California: Research, Education and Public Service. Our usage is roughly equally divided between these three areas.

When things are working right, all three areas of emphasis interplay and feed back into each other on every project in which we participate. For instance, conversations with the US Forest Service about their needs led to massive data collection, a Ph.D. “SPLATs” thesis, and agency research & development (research), which provided new insights and direction for land management, fodder for a major art project (public service), and created demonstration plots used by many classes and in public outreach (education).

As a result of our collaborative approach, the past five years have seen the condensation of a nebulous cloud of related issues at Sagehen Creek Field Station. We are experiencing the emergence of an over-arching narrative that ties together over 60 years of science effort in the basin and surrounding area, and applies it to address real-world education and land management issues at the local, regional, national and international scales.

Research

Research at Sagehen covers many areas, including wildlife, fisheries, hydrology, climate change, education. Abstracts of all current research at Sagehen can be read on our calendar. in FY2012-13, over 60 scholarly publications resulted from our collaborations and other Sagehen research. All publications of which we are aware are listed by Google Scholar, or in our downloadable bibliography. These publications show that Sagehen data is being used all over the world to address landscape-scale issues, particularly in the fields of hydrology and geomorphology.

Education

University-level education presented at Sagehen in FY2012-13 reached over 200 students and included:

 UC Davis ENT 109: Insect Taxonomy and Field Ecology  UC Davis ECL 200A: Principles of Ecology  UC Santa Barbara ES 176B  San Francisco State University GEOL 451: Watershed Analysis Using Fluvial Geomorphology  American River College NATR 320: Principles of Ecology  University of Nevada-Reno: Forest and Range Soils  University of Nevada-Reno BIOL 434: Mammalogy  University of Nevada-Reno NRES 100: Principles of Natural Resources & Environmental Science  University of Nevada-Reno: Undergraduate Field Methods in Geography

11616 Sagehen Road | P.O. Box 939 | Truckee, CA 96160 530-587-4830 [email protected] http://sagehen.berkeley.edu 4

11616 Sagehen Road | P.O. Box 939 | Truckee, CA 96160 530-587-4830 [email protected] http://sagehen.berkeley.edu 5

Public Service

As with our local science, we are actively integrating Sagehen’s efforts into broader- scale regional, national and international approaches to citizen science, education and funding.

In FY2012-13, Sagehen worked with DataOne to develop Best Practices for field data collection and management. We worked with the UC Natural Reserve System and Organization of Biological Field Stations to operate these organizations in more coordinated and networked ways. And we constantly try to present our research and education efforts to under-served populations, some of which are less than obvious.

For sixty years, Sagehen scientists have been collecting facts here like little butterflies. Seldom, if ever, has anyone attempted to decipher their impact and pin them into a cohesive narrative. We can discuss the meaning of any specific study, but the meaning of the bigger picture? That’s harder. What is the significance of all this work? How does the entire watershed function, not just its pieces? How do people fit in?

Upon the creation of the Sagehen Experimental Forest in 2005, we were thrilled and thought that the value of this designation, which shifted management focus to research from multiple-use, was self-evident. So, we were floored when we heard a local say that, “It seems kind of elitist”. Clearly, our message was not getting out. What, really, is our message? How do we communicate with populations outside the scientific and local communities? Why should they care about this work?

Finally addressing these questions is what’s so exciting about…

1. The 50 year art project. “Out of the science springs the art.” – Newton Harrison. Helen and Newton Harrison are internationally renowned environmental artists with gallery representation in New York City. Their work attempts to present scientifically sound solutions to environmental issues. Past projects include a national land-use planning strategy that was adopted by the Netherlands, and the invention of living roofs for a meadow restoration in Germany. The University of California at Santa Cruz created the Center for the Study of Force Majeure to study the Harrison’s body of work.

The Center for Art + Environment at the Nevada Museum of Art in Reno recently hired the Harrisons to produce a 50 year art project addressing climate change in mountainous areas. Sagehen will function as the outdoor exhibit for this project, with additional sister sites in the Alps, Himalayas and Andes. The concept is to create a series of frames near areas being altered as part of the Sagehen Forest Project, then to manipulate the vegetation within these plots to attempt to counter effects of climate change to increase water yield.

In addition to the museum support, the artwork has attracted $220K in development funding, making it, already, one of the largest projects in Sagehen’s history.

11616 Sagehen Road | P.O. Box 939 | Truckee, CA 96160 530-587-4830 [email protected] http://sagehen.berkeley.edu 6

Reference: The Force Majeure document from the Harrison Studio and the Center for the Study of the Force Majeure, UC Santa Cruz, California. 2012, Helen and Newton Harrison.

2. Proprietary programs. Sagehen presented a number of self-funded public education programs in FY2012-13, including Adventure-Risk-Challenge (ARC), our literacy, science and leadership program for at-risk teens (now also in Yosemite National Park); a professional development course in geomorphology and river restoration; a district-wide 5th grade NSF GK12 science program in partnership with UC Berkeley.

3. Citizen Science. In FY2012-13, Sagehen adopted iNaturalist as its citizen science platform, and began using volunteers to document the biota of the basin for the first time: we are currently at 426 taxa observed and 1,979 total observations. We hosted a pilot offering of California Naturalist, a new UCANR-developed program that certifies qualified citizen scientists and docents. Several of our freshly-minted California Naturalists recently developed and managed a public volunteer program at Sagehen.

We added a new volunteer Collections Manager. Erica Krimmel is a museum curator who is managing, digitizing and expanding our teaching collections. She also offers plant hunting and mounting sessions to the interested public, and coordinates California Naturalist volunteers working to photograph our mammal collection.

4. Public outreach and GK12 education. Approximately 750 people participated in FY2012-13 education and outreach by groups like Expeditionary Learning School, Creekside Cooperative Charter School, Earthwatch, Granite Bay Fly Casters, Insect Sciences Museum of California, Trout Unlimited, KidZone Children’s Museum, Marie’s Daycare, Truckee-Tahoe Unified School District.

In cooperation with the Aldo Leopold Foundation, we also hosted two of their Land Ethic Leadership courses in FY2012-13 in order to foster better environmental communication within the local community, and expand this excellent tool outside Wisconsin.

These programs all increase community ownership and commitment to Sagehen.

5. Congressional awareness. This year, Sagehen worked extensively with UC Berkeley’s Office of Government Affairs, American Institute of Biological Science, the National Forest Foundation, the US Forest Service and Pacific Southwest Research Station to present our projects to Congressional staffers during site tours, and during the Tahoe Summit.

6. Social Media. We expanded our social media outreach, with new Sagehen 365 photos, iNaturalist projects, energized Facebook presence.

11616 Sagehen Road | P.O. Box 939 | Truckee, CA 96160 530-587-4830 [email protected] http://sagehen.berkeley.edu 7

Initiatives

There are several ongoing major initiatives that serve to focus and integrate science questions, education and outreach in the basin. In many cases, we recruit researchers and educators to address knowledge gaps, then assist with connecting them to funding partners:

1. Forest Management. The northern Sierra Nevada was largely denuded of timber during the Comstock silver strike in Virginia City, the construction of the transcontinental railroad, and the post WWII construction boom. The forest that re-grew was optimized for timber harvest, which now shows limited diversity of tree species, size and age class, as well as a massive accumulation of fuel due to a century of aggressive fire suppression.

This is not a healthy structure for a forest nor for the things that live in the forest: large fuel loads along with high susceptibility to drought, insect infestation and disease result in devastatingly hot and destructive wild fires and declining wildlife habitat quality. Unfortunately, much of the forested western US suffers from the same conditions. Due to a warming, drying climate since their establishment after the last ice age, forests cannot always recover or reestablish after these disruptive events.

At this point in time, the forests need active manipulation to return them to a more natural, resilient, fire-tolerant structure, but this is too expensive to do everywhere. A strategy for treating a smaller portion of the forest that yields similar benefits was proposed and adopted by the Forest Service in the early 2000’s. The strategy was called SPLATs, Strategically Placed Land Area Treatments. The idea involves thinning and removing fuel from roughly 30% of forested areas in a waffle-like pattern. This approach shifts the choice of treatment zones from smaller, more targeted and logistically or politically motivated areas, to a broader “landscape” management perspective.

But SPLATs had never been tested on a real forest, nor in areas with topographic relief. In partnership with the Forest Service, Berkeley professors Scott Stephens and John Battles decided to implement the strategy at Sagehen. They funded a Ph.D. student and a massive data collection effort. Creating what is one of the best data sets of its kind, the study sampled the entire basin for vegetation and fuels, including a grid of permanent 500-m2 plots where every tree is tagged and measured, canopy closure determined, and ground fuels classified. LiDAR laser mapping created high-resolution topographic maps at 1-m resolution, for both vegetated and bare-earth surfaces. A solid fire history dating back to the 1800’s was drawn from live trees and Comstock-era stumps.

Existing remote sensing and fire models were enhanced with this data and new predictive tools created. In this process, it became obvious that while these treatments would definitely disrupt fire behavior, their implementation would potentially impact wildlife, water and other forest products. To fill in the missing pieces, the Forest Service’s Pacific Southwest Research Station (PSW) put together an interdisciplinary team to come up with a guiding document: a science synthesis on the broader natural ecology of east-side pine forests. 11616 Sagehen Road | P.O. Box 939 | Truckee, CA 96160 530-587-4830 [email protected] http://sagehen.berkeley.edu 8

The result, General Technical Report (GTR) 220, provided a big picture view of the issue and how to structure forests that are not just fire-resistant, but also topographically diverse, wildlife friendly and responsive to today’s--and tomorrow’s--altered climate conditions.

With this tool in hand, Sagehen worked with the Forest Service to create a collaborative process to decide what to do in the basin forest, where, and how to do it. We invited everyone who might be interested: loggers, environmentalists, agency staff, academics, NGOs, interested citizens. And they came. We hired a facilitator. We created a public outreach blog and posted every document the group created. We treated two demo plots so everyone could see the ideas on the ground rather than just in the abstract. The group spent the last year and a half hammering out a solution that everyone could live with.

And, amazingly, everyone was able to agree. The project was approved without litigation at any stage. Official letters of support came from both the loggers and the environmentalists.

Additionally, the National Forest Foundation has jumped on board, adopting the Truckee River watershed for their “Treasured Landscapes” initiative, and promoting the Sagehen Forest Project as the best way to address forest restoration efforts in the area.

This project potentially offers other forests a way around the logjam of litigation and contentiousness that has shut down virtually every timber management project proposed on public lands in the western US in recent years. As such, the Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit has adopted the strategy and worked hard to shift their employees toward this new paradigm. Their public collaboration begins next spring and will include Sagehen. A large forest management project at the Truckee-Airport Board’s Waddle Ranch is also modeled after the Sagehen Forest Project.

The Sagehen Forest Project is creating momentum to revisit past basin research and answer larger questions than this science originally addressed. In addition to the vast forest structure inventory, and in anticipation of the coming changes to the landscape, hydrology and soils data collection expanded this year. And researchers actively re-sampled historic small mammal trapping transects, fish and bird surveys, and pine marten monitoring dating back to the 1960’s. Protected Activity Centers (PACs) set aside for species of concern like Northern Goshawks and California Spotted Owls are being watched carefully to see if the animals really do prefer the current conditions, or if they will move when different local habitat becomes available.

Reference: http://sagehenforest.blogspot.com/

2. Hydrology/meteorology. Drawing conclusions about natural processes is impossible without long-term datasets. With over 60 years of accumulated meteorology and stream data, Sagehen possesses one of the longest running datasets in the country. The associated Sierra Snow Laboratory has the 11616 Sagehen Road | P.O. Box 939 | Truckee, CA 96160 530-587-4830 [email protected] http://sagehen.berkeley.edu 9

longest snow pack dataset in the western US. With every passing year, this data grows more useful and valuable across disciplines and geography, making it easier to ask questions, get answers, and create tools.

Sagehen continues to be a node in the National Atmospheric Deposition Program, as well as a US Geological Survey Hydrologic Benchmark stream. Currently, there are 12 radio-linked meteorological towers in the Sagehen basin, as well as 2 in the North Fork of the American River Research and Conservation Agreement area. This network was originally installed under the Keck Hydrowatch project, with substantial additional contributions, including maintenance, from Desert Research Institute.

This year, the system communications expanded and improved due to a pair of National Science Foundation grant awards in collaboration with the UC Natural Reserve System. The larger goal of the grants is to link the reserves into a coordinated California observation network. But this expansion also includes new wifi penetration around the field station riparian area via a network of portable towers designed to facilitate field data collection, including citizen science on the iNaturalist platform arising from our developing cadre of California Naturalists.

3. Highway-89 Road Ecology. Animal-vehicle collisions cause $8.8B in property damage every year. Sagehen’s access road, California Highway-89, represents about 300,000-miles of similar roadway in the US that transects good wildlife habitat and has moderate traffic volume that encourages wildlife to try to cross, often with catastrophic results.

In 1979, the local Caltrans shed began writing down all the animals they removed from this highway segment, along with mile markers to the 1/10. This is now the world’s best road kill database.

The Highway-89 Stewardship Team formed to exploit this resource in an attempt to learn how to ameliorate the situation. The team consists of Sierra County Fish and Wildlife Commission, Sierra County, USDA Forest Service: Tahoe National Forest & Pacific Southwest Research Station, California Department of Fish and Game, California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), University of California Cooperative Extension, UC Berkeley-Sagehen Creek Field Station, California Deer Association, University of California, Davis.

This year, we continued radio-collar monitoring of our local migratory deer herd, and camera monitoring of our first animal under-crossing at Kyburz Flat. Caltrans programmed spending for two new wildlife under-crossings in 2015 and the team worked with their engineers on the design. The team also developed a new Road Ecology professional development course to be presented at Sagehen in summer 2013.

4. Lahontan Cutthroat Trout reintroduction. Sagehen was originally founded for fisheries and wildlife research. A big part of what we know about wild Brook trout today comes out of work by Sagehen Director Paul “Doc”

11616 Sagehen Road | P.O. Box 939 | Truckee, CA 96160 530-587-4830 [email protected] http://sagehen.berkeley.edu 10

Needham and his graduate students in the 1950’s. Today, Sagehen remains the California benchmark stream for wild trout biomass.

Needham was the first to recognize that the Lahontan Cutthroat Trout (LCT) of adjacent Independence Lake was the last self-reproducing native and genetically pure population of this species, the largest trout in the world. This population was historically connected to Sagehen Creek.

A more recent Sagehen Master’s thesis, Exploring Reintroduction of Lahontan Cutthroat Trout in a Headwater Stream (2007), evaluated competition between native and non-native trout, confirming the inability of LCTs to compete with introduced wild Brook, Brown and Rainbow trout.

As our surface and groundwater continues to warm in the region, these highly-sensitive non-native trout will begin to find our streams uninhabitable. Anecdotally, this appears to already be happening at Sagehen.

The native Lahontan Cutthroat Trout, however, evolved in the receding waters of endorheic (closed basin) Pleistocene Lake Lahontan, equipping the animal to deal with a much broader range of temperature, flow, salinity and pH. If we are to have Northern Sierra trout streams in the not-too-distant future, it seems likely that the only trout able to survive will be the LCT.

This year, California Dept. of Fish & Wildlife let a contract to fund a fish barrier feasibility study at Sagehen Creek. Creating an effective barrier is the first step toward reintroduction of this native fish.

The Future

Moving forward, we intend to continue to work collaboratively on research, education and public service projects of broad regional and national interest.

This includes a new effort by PSW to create a groundbreaking 250,000-acre, landscape-scale Experimental Forest on the Tahoe National Forest. We are working with our local Forest Service office and PSW to ensure that the Truckee District, which includes Sagehen Creek, is the chosen site.

We are also beginning work with a large group of collaborators to create a “Truckee River Trust” that will attempt to coordinate the river’s three administrative--and largely Balkanized--segments: the headwaters and Lake Tahoe; the main-stem and tributaries in California; the main-stem and Pyramid Lake in Nevada.

11616 Sagehen Road | P.O. Box 939 | Truckee, CA 96160 530-587-4830 [email protected] http://sagehen.berkeley.edu 11

Appendix A

OFFICE OF THE VICE CHANCELLOR FOR RESEARCH

ANNUAL REPORT 2012-13

Name of Unit: Sagehen Creek Research Field Station

Number of Active Participants

Faculty 25 Academic Researchers/Postdocs 37 Visiting Scholars 0 Students 267 Grad 35 Undergrad 231 Program Support Staff 13

Extramural Funding Support

Grant Proposals Submitted 3 Grant Proposals Pending 2 Awards Received 2 Total Dollars Awarded $77,500

Private Philanthropy - Gifts Received*

Under $1,000 84 Over $1,000 29 $180,00 Total Dollars in Gifts Received 7

Carry Forward Balance** $61,616

11616 Sagehen Road | P.O. Box 939 | Truckee, CA 96160 530-587-4830 [email protected] http://sagehen.berkeley.edu 12

* CADS Data **BAIRS data for general and unrestricted funds only; includes sub-units Start up and retention funds excluded.

11616 Sagehen Road | P.O. Box 939 | Truckee, CA 96160 530-587-4830 [email protected] http://sagehen.berkeley.edu 13

Appendix B: Publications

Aman, Destiny D. “Fighting Fire with Nature: How Resident Affinity for ‘Natural’ Landscapes Can Be Used to Promote Wildfire Mitigation in the Wildland- urban Interface.” In Proc. of Third Human Dimensions of Wildland Fire, 41. Seattle, Washington, USA: International Assoc. of Wildland Fire, 2012. http://www.iawfonline.org/HD_Seattle_2012/Errata_3rd_Human_Dimensio ns_Conference_Proceedings.pdf#page=53. Amos, HM, DJ Jacob, CD Holmes, JA Fisher, Q. Wang, RM Yantosca, ES Corbitt, E. Galarneau, AP Rutter, and MS Gustin. “Gas-particle Partitioning of Atmospheric Hg (II) and Its Effect on Global Mercury Deposition.” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 1 (2012): 591– 603. Arismendi, I., M. Safeeq, S.L. Johnson, J.B. Dunham, and R. Haggerty. “Increasing Synchrony of High Temperature and Low Flow in Western North American Streams: Double Trouble for Coldwater Biota?” Hydrobiologia (2012): 1–10. Bathurst, James C. “Critical Conditions for Particle Motion in Coarse Bed Materials of Nonuniform Size Distribution.” Geomorphology (2013). Bloomquist, C.K., C.K. Nielsen, and J.J. Shew. “Spatial Organization of Unexploited Beavers (Castor Canadensis) in Southern Illinois.” The American Midland Naturalist 167, no. 1 (2012): 188–197. Boucher, S. “Revision of the Nearctic Species of Cerodontha (Icteromyza) (Diptera: Agromyzidae).” The Canadian Entomologist 144, no. 01 (2012): 122–157. Buenning, N.H., L. Stott, K. Yoshimura, and M. Berkelhammer. “The Cause of the Seasonal Variation in the Oxygen Isotopic Composition of Precipitation Along the Western US Coast.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984–2012) 117, no. D18 (2012): D18114. Buenning, Nikolaus H, Lowell Stott, Kei Yoshimura, and Max Berkelhammer. “The Cause of the Seasonal Variation in the Oxygen Isotopic Composition of Precipitation Along the Western U.S. Coast Nikolaus H. Buenning and Lowell Stott.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984– 2012) 117, no. D18 (September 26, 2012). doi:10.1029/2012JD018050. Cameron, E.A. “Parasitoids in the Management of Sirex Noctilio: Looking Back and Looking Ahead.” In The Sirex Woodwasp and Its Fungal Symbiont:, 103–117. Springer, 2012. Chen, Q., G. Vaglio Laurin, J.J. Battles, and D. Saah. “Integration of Airborne Lidar and Vegetation Types Derived from Aerial Photography for Mapping Aboveground Live Biomass.” Remote Sensing of Environment 121 (2012): 108–117. Claude, N., S. Rodrigues, V. Bustillo, J.G. Bréhéret, J.J. Macaire, and P. Jugé. “Estimating Bedload Transport in a Large Sand-gravel Bed River from Direct Sampling, Dune Tracking and Empirical Formulae.” Geomorphology (2012).

11616 Sagehen Road | P.O. Box 939 | Truckee, CA 96160 530-587-4830 [email protected] http://sagehen.berkeley.edu 14

Dolislager, L.J., R. VanCuren, J.R. Pederson, A. Lashgari, and E. McCauley. “A Summary of the Lake Tahoe Atmospheric Deposition Study (LTADS).” Atmospheric Environment 46 (2012): 618–630. Drexler, Judith Z, Donna Knifong, JayLee Tuil, Lorraine Flint, and Alan Flint. “Fens as Whole-ecosystem Gauges of Groundwater Recharge Under Climate Change.” Journal of Hydrology (2012). Ficklin, D.L., I.T. Stewart, and E.P. Maurer. “Projections of 21st Century Sierra Nevada Local Hydrologic Flow Components Using an Ensemble of General Circulation Models1.” JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 48, no. 6 (2012): 1104–1125. Freas, Cody A., Lara D. Ladage, Timothy C. Roth, and Vladimir V. Pravosudov. “Elevation-related Differences in Memory and the Hippocampus in Mountain Chickadees, Poecile Gambeli.” Journal of Animal Behaviour 84, no. 1 (July 2012): 121–127. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.04.018. Frisbee, M.D., F.M. Phillips, A.F. White, A.R. Campbell, and F. Liu. “Effect of Source Integration on the Geochemical Fluxes from Springs.” Applied Geochemistry (2012). Frisbee, Marty D, John L Wilson, Jesus D Gomez‐ Velez, Fred M Phillips, and Andrew R Campbell. “Are We Missing the Tail (and the Tale) of Residence Time Distributions in Watersheds?” Geophysical Research Letters (2013). Godsey, S. E., J. W. Kirchner, and C. L. Tague. “Effects of Changes in Winter Snowpacks on Summer Low Flows: Case Studies in the Sierra Nevada, California, USA.” Hydrological Processes (2013). Guzha, A. C. “Modelling the Interaction of Surface and Subsurface Water Flow by Linking TOPMODEL and MODFLOW.” International Journal of Water 7, no. 3 (2013): 191–205. Hararuk, O., D. Obrist, and Y. Luo. “Modeling the Sensitivity of Soil Mercury Storage to Climate-induced Changes in Soil Carbon Pools.” Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 8 (2012): 11403–11441. ———. “Modelling the Sensitivity of Soil Mercury Storage to Climate-induced Changes in Soil Carbon Pools.” Biogeosciences 10, no. 4 (2013): 2393– 2407. Henson, Wesley R, Rose L Medina, C Justin Mayers, Richard G Niswonger, and R Steven Regan. CRT--Cascade Routing Tool to Define and Visualize Flow Paths for Grid-based Watershed Models. US Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey, 2013. Hinton, D. D., and R. H. Hotchkiss. “Theoretical Basis for Rosgen’s Pagosa Good/fair Equation.” River Flow 2012 (2012): 431. Isaak, D.J., and B.E. Rieman. “Stream Isotherm Shifts from Climate Change and Implications for Distributions of Ectothermic Organisms.” Global Change Biology 19, no. 3 (2013): 742–751. Ishizaki, Satomi, Kaori Shiojiri, Richard Karban, and Masashi Ohara. “Clonal Growth of Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata)(Asteraceae) and Its Relationship to Volatile Communication.” Plant Species Biology 27, no. 1 (2012): 69–76. 11616 Sagehen Road | P.O. Box 939 | Truckee, CA 96160 530-587-4830 [email protected] http://sagehen.berkeley.edu 15

Johnson, D.W., R.F. Walker, M. McNulty, B.M. Rau, and W.W. Miller. “The Long- Term Effects of Wildfire and Post-Fire Vegetation on Sierra Nevada Forest Soils.” Forests 3, no. 2 (2012): 398–416. Karban, R., S. Ishizaki, and K. Shiojiri. “Long‐ term Demographic Consequences of Eavesdropping for Sagebrush.” Journal of Ecology 100, no. 4 (2012): 932–938. Karban, Richard, Kaori Shiojiri, Satomi Ishizaki, William C. Wetzel, and Richard Y. Evans. “Kin Recognition Affects Plant Communication and Defence.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1756 (April 7, 2013). doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.3062. Kiernan, J.D., and P.B. Moyle. “Flows, Droughts, and Aliens: Factors Affecting the Fish Assemblage in a Sierra Nevada, California, Stream.” Ecological Applications 22, no. 4 (2012): 1146–1161. KIMBROUGH, Allison J, Alexander G WOOD, Kyle MOULTON, Gary L RAINES, Daniel N LIVSEY, and Arthur G SYLVESTER. “GEOMORPHOLOGY AND GEOLOGIC HISTORY OF SAGEHEN VALLEY, TRUCKEE, CALIFORNIA.” In Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 45:0, 2013. LEARY, R.J. “LANDSCAPE AND HABITAT ATTRIBUTES INFLUENCING BEAVER DISTRIBUTION” (2012). Lee, DN, JB Lack, RA Van Den Bussche, and JM Long. “Importance of Tributary Streams for Rainbow Trout Reproduction: Insights from a Small Stream in Georgia and a Bi‐ genomic Approach.” River Research and Applications 28, no. 9 (2012): 1587–1593. Lind, E.M., E. Borer, E. Seabloom, P. Adler, J.D. Bakker, D.M. Blumenthal, M. Crawley, K. Davies, J. Firn, and D.S. Gruner. “Life‐ history Constraints in Grassland Plant Species: a Growth‐ defence Trade ‐ off Is the Norm.” Ecology Letters (2013). Manning, A.H., J.F. Clark, S.H. Diaz, L.K. Rademacher, S. Earman, and L. Niel Plummer. “Evolution of Groundwater Age in a Mountain Watershed over a Period of Thirteen Years.” Journal of Hydrology 460 (2012): 13–28. Mao, L. “The Effect of Hydrographs on Bed Load Transport and Bed Sediment Spatial Arrangement.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface (2003–2012) 117, no. F3 (2012): F03024. Markstrom, S.L., L.E. Hay, and R.S. Regan. “Watershed Scale Response to Climate Change—Sagehen Creek Basin, California.” US Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2011 3121 (2012). Mast, M Alisa. “Evaluation of Stream Chemistry Trends in US Geological Survey Reference Watersheds, 1970–2010.” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment (2013): 1–17. Mathis, W.N., and T. Zatwarnicki. “Revision of New World Species of the Shore- fly Subgenus Allotrichoma Becker of the Genus Allotrichoma with Description of the Subgenus Neotrichoma (Diptera, Ephydridae, Hecamedini).” ZooKeys no. 161 (2012): 1. McKean, Jim, and Daniele Tonina. “Bed Stability in Unconfined Gravel‐ bed 11616 Sagehen Road | P.O. Box 939 | Truckee, CA 96160 530-587-4830 [email protected] http://sagehen.berkeley.edu 16

Mountain Streams: With Implications for Salmon Spawning Viability in Future Climates.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface (2013). Melody, A.D., B.B. Whitney, and C.G. Slack. “Late Pleistocene and Holocene Faulting in the Western Truckee Basin North of Truckee, California.” Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 102, no. 5 (2012): 2219– 2224. Meyer, K.A., B. High, and F.S. Elle. “Effects of Stocking Catchable-Sized Hatchery Rainbow Trout on Wild Rainbow Trout Abundance, Survival, Growth, and Recruitment.” Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 141, no. 1 (2012): 224–237. Newcomb, D. “Using GRASS GIS to Model Solar Irradiation on North Carolina Aquatic Habitats with Canopy Data.” Transactions in GIS 16, no. 2 (2012): 161–176. Nitsche, M., D. Rickenmann, JW Kirchner, JM Turowski, and A. Badoux. “Macroroughness and Variations in Reach‐ averaged Flow Resistance in Steep Mountain Streams.” Water Resources Research 48, no. 12 (2012). Obrist, D. “Mercury Distribution Across 14 US Forests. Part II: Patterns of Methyl Mercury Concentrations and Areal Mass of Total and Methyl Mercury.” Environmental Science & Technology 46, no. 11 (2012): 5921–5930. Pearse, Ian S, Kathy Hughes, Kaori Shiojiri, Satomi Ishizaki, and Richard Karban. “Interplant Volatile Signaling in Willows: Revisiting the Original Talking Trees.” Oecologia (2013): 1–7. Peck, Stewart B, and Joyce Cook. “Systematics and Distributions of the Genera< I> Cyrtusa Erichson,< I> Ecarinosphaerula Hatch,< I> Isoplastus Horn,< I> Liocyrtusa Daffner,< I> Lionothus Brown, and< I> Zeadolopus Broun of the United States and Canada (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Leiodinae: Leiodini)” (2013). Preciso, E., E. Salemi, and P. Billi. “Land Use Changes, Torrent Control Works and Sediment Mining: Effects on Channel Morphology and Sediment Flux, Case Study of the Reno River (Northern Italy).” Hydrological Processes 26, no. 8 (2012): 1134–1148. Purcell, KL, CM Thompson, and WJ Zielinski. “Fishers and American Martens.” In Managing Sierra Nevada Forests, edited by Malcolm North, 47–60. 2012th ed. General Technical Report PSW-GTR-237. Albany, CA: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 2012. SCHULTHEIS, A.S., J.Y. BOOTH, L.R. PERLMUTTER, J.E. BOND, and A.L. SHELDON. “Phylogeography and Species Biogeography of Montane Great Basin Stoneflies.” Molecular Ecology 21, no. 13 (2012): 3325–3340. Schultz, L.D., and K.N. Bertrand. “Long Term Trends and Outlook for Mountain Sucker in the Black Hills of South Dakota.” The American Midland Naturalist 167, no. 1 (2012): 96–110. Segura, C., D. Lazzati, and A. Sankarasubramanian. “The Use of Broken Power- laws to Describe the Distributions of Daily Flow Above the Mean Annual Flow Across the Conterminous US.” Journal of Hydrology (2013). 11616 Sagehen Road | P.O. Box 939 | Truckee, CA 96160 530-587-4830 [email protected] http://sagehen.berkeley.edu 17

Selz, Peter. “The Harrisons: Talking and Remembering.” Leonardo Journal 45, no. 1 (2012): 9–16. SHEET, MAP. “Geologic Map of the North Lake Tahoe–Donner Pass Region, Northern Sierra Nevada, California” (2012). Shiojiri, K., R. Karban, and S. Ishizaki. “Prolonged Exposure Is Required for Communication in Sagebrush.” Arthropod-Plant Interactions 6, no. 2 (2012): 197–202. Simonich, S.L., and L. Nanus. “Sierra Nevada-Southern Cascades (SNSC) Region Air Contaminants Research and Monitoring Report” (2012). Sinclair, B.J., and J.F. MacDonald. “Revision of Dolichocephala of America, North of Mexico (Diptera: Empididae: Clinocerinae).” The Canadian Entomologist 1, no. 1 (2012): 1–19. Skalka, C., and J. Frolik. “Snowcloud: A Complete Data Gathering System for Snow Hydrology Research.” Lago di Como, Italy, 2013. http://www.cems.uvm.edu/~ceskalka/skalka-pubs/skalka-frolik- realwsn13.pdf. Spencer, W., and H. Rustigian-Romsos. “Decision-Support Maps And Recommendations for Conserving Rare Carnivores In the Interior Mountains of California.” Unpublished Report. Http://consbio. Org/products/projects/sierra-nevada-carnivores (2012). Sterle, K. M., J. R. McConnell, J. Dozier, R. Edwards, and M. G. Flanner. “Retention and Radiative Forcing of Black Carbon in Eastern Sierra Nevada Snow.” The Cryosphere 7, no. 1 (2013): 365–374. Stine, P., and S. Conway. “Applying GTR 220 Concepts on the Sagehen Experimental Forest.” In Managing Sierra Nevada Forests, edited by Malcolm North, 141–147. General Technical Report PSW-GTR-237. Albany, CA: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 2012. Tague, Christina, and Hui Peng. “The Sensitivity of Forest Water Use to the Timing of Precipitation and Snowmelt Recharge in the California Sierra: Implications for a Warming Climate.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences (2013). Thomas, A., and W.D.R. District. “Re: Sierra Club Comments on the Revision 1 to the Environmental Assessment for the 2000 Frog Project Area Analysis” (2012). Vallejo, C. A. “2012 Annual Report on the Monitoring of Aquatic Management Indicator Species (MIS) in the National Forests of the Sierra Nevada Province: 2009-2012” (2013). Way, Jonathan G. “Taxonomic Implications of Morphological and Genetic Differences in Northeastern Coyotes (Coywolves)(Canis Latrans× C. Lycaon), Western Coyotes (C. Latrans), and Eastern Wolves (C. Lycaon or C. Lupus Lycaon).” The Canadian Field-Naturalist 127, no. 1 (2013): 1– 16. Wemhoff, J. “It’s a Cruel Summer.” Journal AWWA (2012).

11616 Sagehen Road | P.O. Box 939 | Truckee, CA 96160 530-587-4830 [email protected] http://sagehen.berkeley.edu 18

11616 Sagehen Road | P.O. Box 939 | Truckee, CA 96160 530-587-4830 [email protected] http://sagehen.berkeley.edu