References Chapter 8

References – Chapter 8:

Akiyama, H., Ichino, K., and Horii, K. 1985. Channel reconstruction of triggered lightning flashes with bipolar currents from thunder measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 90: 10,674-80. Asakawa, A., Miyake, K., Yokoyama, S., Shindo, T., Yokota, T., Sakai, T. 1997. Two types of lightning discharges to a high stack on the coast of the Sea of Japan in winter. IEEE Trans. Pow. Del. 12: 1222-31. Beierl, O. 1991. Lightning current measurements at the Peissenberg tower. In Proc. 7th Int. Symp. on High Voltage Engineering, Dresden, Germany, paper 81.02. Beierl, O. 1992. Front shape parameters of negative subsequent strokes measured at the Peissenberg tower. In Proc. 21st Int. Conf. on Lightning Protection, Berlin, Germany, pp. 19-24. Berger, K. 1967. Novel observations on lightning discharges: Results of research on Mount San Salvatore. J. Franklin Inst. 283: 478-525. Berger, K. 1978. Blitzstrom-Parameter von Aufwartsblitzen. Bull. Schweiz. Elektrotech. Ver. 69: 353-60. Berger, K., and Vogelsanger, E. 1965. Messungen und Resultate der Blitzforschung der Jahre 1955-1963 auf dem Monte San Salvatore. Bull. Schweiz. Elektrotech. Ver. 56: 2-22. Berger, K., and Vogelsanger, E. 1968. New results of lightning observations. Int. Conf. on Large High Tension Electric Systems (CIGRE) Paris, France, Paper 33-03, 11 p. Brook, M. 1992. Breakdown electric fields in winter storms. Res. Lett. Atmos. Electr. 12: 47-52. Brook, M., Henderson, R.W., and Pyle, R.B. 1989. Positive lightning strokes to ground. J. Geophys. Res. 94: 13,295-303. Brook, M., Krehbiel, P., MacLaughlin, D., Takeuti, T., and Nakano, M. 1983. Positive ground stroke observations in Japanese and Florida storms. In Proc. Atmos. Electr. eds. J. Latham and L. Ruhnke, pp. 365-369, Hampton, Virginia: Deepak. Brook, M., Nakano, M., Krehbiel, P., and Takeuti, T. 1982. The electrical structure of the Hokuriku winter thunderstorms. J. Geophys. Res. 87: 1207-15. Cherrington, M., Breed, D.W., Yarnell, P.R., and Smith, W.E. 1998. Lightning injuries during snowy conditions. Br. J. Sports Med. 32: 333-5. Davis, R., and Standring, W.G. 1947. Discharge currents associated with kite balloons. Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A191: 304-22. Engholm, C.D., Williams, E.R., and Dole, R.M. 1990. Meteorological and electrical conditions associated with positive cloud-to-ground lightning. Mon. Wea. Rev. 118: 470-87. Fuchs, F., Landers, E.U., Schmid, R., and Wiesinger, J. 1998. Lightning current and magnetic field parameters caused by lightning strikes to tall structures relating to interference of electronic systems. IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 40: 444-51. Funaki, K., Kitagawa, N., Nakano, M., and Takeuti, T. 1981. Multistation measurements of lightning discharges to ground in Hokuriku winter thunderstorms. Res. Lett. Atmos. Electr. 1: 19-26. Goodman, S.J., Buechler, D.E., Knupp, K., Driscoll, K., and McCaul, E.W. 2000. The 1997-98 El Nino event and related wintertime lightning variations in southeastern United States. Geophys. Res. Lett. 27: 541-4. Goshima, H., Motoyama, H., Asakawa, A., Wada, A., Shindo, T., and Yokoyama, S. 2000. Characteristics of electromagnetic fields due to winter lightning stroke current to a high stack. Trans. IEE Japan 120-B (1): 44-8. Goto, Y., and Narita, K.-I. 1991. The meteorological conditions for the occurrence of winter thunderstorms. Res. Lett. Atmos. Electr. 11: 61-9. Goto, Y., and Narita, K. 1992. Observations of winter lightning to an isolate tower. Res. Lett. Atmos. Electr. 12: 57-60. Goto, Y. and Narita, K. 1995. Electrical characteristics of winter lightning. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 57: 449-59. Hobara, Y., Iwasaki, N., Hayashida, T., Hayakawa, M., Ohta, K., and Fukunishi, H. 2001. Interrelation between ELF transients and ionospheric disturbances in association with sprites and elves. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28(5): 935-8. Hojo, J., Ishii, M., Kawamura, T., Suzuki, F., and Funayama, R. 1985. The fine structure in the field change produced by positive ground strokes. J. Geophys. Res. 90: 6139-43. Hojo, J., Ishii, M., Kawamura, T., Suzuki, F., Komuro, H., and Shiogama, M. 1988. Characteristics and evaluation of lightning field waveforms. Electr. Eng. Japan 108: 55-65. Hojo, J., Ishii, M., Kawamura, T., Suzuki, F., Komuro, H., and Shiogama, M. 1989. Seasonal variation of cloud-to-ground lightning flash characteristics in the coastal area of the Sea of Japan. J. Geophys. Res. 94: 13,207-12. Holle, R.L., Cortinas, J.V., and Robbins, C.C. 1998. Winter thunderstorms in the United States. In Proc. of the 16th Conf. on Weather Analysis and Forecasting, Phoenix, Arizona, pp. 298-300. Holle, R.L., Lopez, R.E., Howard, K.W., Cummins, K.L., Malone, M.D., and Krider, E.P. 1997. An isolated winter cloud-to-ground lightning flash causing damage and injury in Connecticut. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc. 78: 437-41. Holle, R.L., and Watson, A.I. 1996. Lightning during two central U.S. winter precipitation events. Wea. Forecast. 11: 600-14. Horii, K. 1982. Experiment of artificial lightning triggered with rocket. Memoirs of the Faculty of Engineering, Nagoya Univ., Nagoya, Japan 34: 77-112. Horii, K. 1986. Experiment of triggered lightning discharge by rocket. In Proc. Korea-Japan Joint Symp. on Electrical Material and Discharge, Cheju Island, Korea, paper 8-3, 6 p. Horii, K., and Ikeda, G. 1985. A consideration on success conditions of triggered lightning. In Proc. 18th Int. Conf. on Lightning Protection, Munich, Germany, paper 1-3, 6 p. Horii, K., and Sakurano, H. 1985. Observation on final jump of the discharge in the experiment of artificially triggered lightning. IEEE Trans. Power Appar. and Syst. PAS-104: 2910-7. Inoue, S., and Kanao, S-I. 1996. Observation and analysis of multiple-phase grounding faults caused by lightning. IEEE Trans. Pow. Del. 11: 353-60. Ishii, M., and Hojo, J.I. 1989. Statistics on fine structure of cloud-to-ground lightning field waveforms. J. Geophys. Res. 94: 13,267-74. Ishii, M., Shimizu, K., Hojo, J., and Shinjo, K. 1998. Termination of multiple-stroke flashes observed by electromagnetic field. In Proc. 24th Int. Conf. on Lightning Protection, Birmingham, United Kingdom, pp. 11-16. Ishii, M., and Shindo, T. 1995. Recent topics on research of lightning and lightning protection in Japan. Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik 112(6): 269-72. Kawasaki, Z.-I., Kanao, T., Matsuura, K., Nakano, M., Horii, K., and Nakamura, K-I. 1991. The electric field changes and UHF radiations caused by the triggered lightning in Japan. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18: 1711-4. Kawasaki, Z.-I., and Mazur, V. 1992a. Common physical processes in natural and triggered lightning in winter storms in Japan. J. Geophys. Res. 97: 12,935-45. Kawasaki, Z.-I., and Mazur, V. 1992b. Common physical processes in natural and triggered lightning in winter storms in Japan. Res. Lett. Atmos. Electr. 12: 61-70. Kawasaki, Z.-I., Nakano, M., Takeuti, T., Nagatani, M., Nakada, H., Mizuno, Y., and Nagai, T. 1987. Fourier spectra of positive lightning fields during winter thunderstorms. Res. Lett. Atmos. Electr. 7: 29- 34. Kitagawa, N. 1992. Charge distribution of winter thunderclouds. Res. Lett. Atmos. Electr. 12: 143-53. Kitagawa, N., and Michimoto, K. 1994. Meteorological and electrical aspects of winter thunderclouds. J. Geophys. Res. 99: 10,713-21. Kito, Y., Horii, K., Higashiyama, Y., and Nakamura, K. 1985. Optical aspects of winter lightning discharges triggered by the rocket-wire technique in Hokuriku district of Japan. J. Geophys. Res. 90: 6147- 57. Kitterman, C.G. 1981. Concurrent lightning flashes on two television transmission towers. J. Geophys. Res. 86: 5378-80. Krehbiel, P.R. 1981. An analysis of the electric field change produced by lightning, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, Manchester, England, (available as Report T-11, Geophys. Res. Ctr., New Mexico Inst. Mining and Tech., Socorro, NM 87801, 1981). Krider, E.P., and Wetmore, R.H. 1987. Upward streamers produced by a lightning strike to radio transmission towers. J. Geophys. Res. 92: 9859-62. Lopez, R.E., Holle, R.L., Watson, A.I., and Skindlov, J. 1997. Spatial and temporal distributions of lightning over Arizona from a power utility perspective. J. Appl. Meteor. 36: 825-31. Maekawa, Y., Fukao, S., Sonoi, Y., and Yoshino, F. 1993. Distribution of ice particles in wintertime thunderclouds detected by a C band dual polarization radar: A case study. J. Geophys. Res. 98: 16,613-22. Magono, C. 1980. Thunderstorms. 261 p., Elsevier: Amsterdam. Magono, C., Endoh, T., and Shigeno, T. 1983. The electrical structure of snow clouds, I: Relationship with its precipitation physics. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan 61: 325-38. Magono, C., Sakamoto, H., Endoh, T., and Taniguchi, T. 1984. The electrical structure of snow clouds, II: Vertical distribution of precipitation charge. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan 62: 323-34. Matsumoto, Y., Sakuma, O., Shinjo, K., Saiki, M., Wakai, T., Sakai, T., Nagasaka, H., Motoyama, H., and Ishii, M. 1996. Measurement of lightning surges on test transmission line equipped with arresters struck by natural and triggered lightning. IEEE Trans. Pow. Del. 11: 996-1002. McEachron, K.B. 1939. Lightning to the Empire State Building, N.Y. J. Franklin Inst. 227: 147-217. Michimoto, K. 1990. Relation between surface electric field and radar echo due to winter thunderclouds over the Hokuriku district. Res. Lett. Atmos. Electr. 10: 17-23. Michimoto, K. 1991. A study of radar echoes and their relation to lightning discharge of thunderclouds in the Hokuriku District, I: Observation and analysis of thunderclouds in summer and winter. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan 69: 327-36. Michimoto, K., 1993a. A study of radar echoes and their relation to lightning discharges of thunderclouds in the Hokuriku District, II, Observation and analysis of "single-flash" thunderclouds in midwinter. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan 71: 195-204. Michimoto, K. 1993b. A study of the charge distribution in winter thunderclouds by means of network recording of surface electric fields and radar observation of clouds structure in the Hokuriku District. J. Atmos. Electr. 13: 33-46. Michimoto, K. 1993c. Statistics of lightning strikes to aircraft in winter around Komatsu airbase, Japan. J. Atmos. Electr. 13: 47-58. Miyake, K., Suzuki, T., and Shinjou, K. 1992. Characteristics of winter lightning current on Japan Sea coast. IEEE Trans. Pow. Del. 7: 1450-6. Miyachi, I., and Horii, K. 1982. Five years' experiences on artificially triggered lightning in Japan. In Proc. of the 7th Int. Conf. on Gas Discharges and Their Applications, London, United Kingdom, pp. 468- 471. Miyachi, I., Horii, K., Muto, S. Ikeda, G., and Aiba, S. 1979. Experiment of long gap discharge by artificially triggered lightning with rocket. In Proc. of the 3rd Int. Symp. on High Voltage Engineering, Milan, Italy, paper 51.10, 4 p. Miyake, K., Suzuki, T., Takashima, M., Takuma, M., and Tada, T. 1990. Winter lightning on Japan Sea coast - lightning striking frequency to tall structures. IEEE Trans. Pow. Del. 5: 1370-6. Montandon, E., and Beyeler, B. 1994. The lightning measuring equipment on the Swiss PTT telecommunications tower at St. Chrischona, Switzerland. In Proc. 22nd Int. Conf. on Lightning Protection, Budapest, Hungary, paper R 1c-06, 6 p. Motoyama, H., Shinjo, K., Matsumoto, Y., and Itamoto, N. 1998. Observation and analysis of multiphase back flashover on the Okushishiku test transmission line caused by winter lightning. IEEE Trans. Pow. Del. 13: 1391-98. Nagai, T., Matsui, T., Sonoi, Y., Adachi, M., Sekioka, S., and Sugimoto, O. 1996. Observation on winter lightning at a tall transmission line tower in Hokuriku district. In Proc. 10th Int. Conf. on Atmospheric Electricity, Osaka, Japan, pp. 476-479. Nakahori, K., Egawa, T., and Mitani, H. 1982. Characteristics of winter lightning current in Hokuriku District. IEEE Trans. Pow. Appar. Syst. PAS-101: 4407-12. Nakamura, K., Horii, K., and Aiba, S. 1989. Discharge currents in the experiment of artificially triggered lightning for winter thunderclouds. In Proc. 1989 Int. Symp. on Electromagn. Compat., Nagoya, Japan, paper 9p2-C5, pp. 664-669. Nakamura, K., Horii, K., Kito, V, Wada, A., Ikeda, G., Sumi, S., Yoda, M., Aiba, S., Sakurano, H., and Wakamatsu, K. 1991. Artificially triggered lightning experiments to an EHV transmission line. IEEE Trans. Pow. Del. 6: 1311-8. Nakamura, K., Horii, K., Nakano, M., and Sumi, S. 1992. Experiments on rocket triggered lightning. Res. Lett. Atmos. Electr. 12: 29-35. Nakamura, K., Horii, K., and Sakurano, H. 1997. Lightning discharge parameters by rocket triggered lightning to transmission line in winter. In Proc. 10th Int. Symp. on High Voltage Engineering, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 4 p. Nakano, M. 1996. Rocket-triggered lightning experiment in Okushishiku, Japan. In Proc. Int. Symp. on Winter Lightning in Hokuriku, Kanazawa, Japan, p. 56. Nakano, M. 1979. Initial streamer of the cloud discharge in winter thunderstorms of the Hokuriku coast. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan 57: 452-8. Nakano, M., Kawasaki, Z.-I., Takeuti, T., Sirai, T., and Kawamata, Y. 1989. VHF/UHF radiation from positive and negative lightning. In Proc. URSI Symp. on Environ. and Space Electromagnetics, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 459-465. Nakano, M., Nagatani, M., Nakada, H., Takeuti, T., and Kawasaki, Z. 1987. Measurements of the velocity change of a lightning return stroke with height. Res. Lett. Atmos. Electr. 7: 25-8. Nakano, M., Nagatani, M., Nakada, H., Takeuti, T., and Kawasaki, Z. 1988. Measurements of the velocity change of a lightning return stroke with height. In Proc. 1988 Int. Aerospace and Ground Conf. on Lightning and Static Electricity, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, pp. 84-86. Nakano, M., Takagi, N., Kawasaki, Z., and Takeuti, T. 1983. Return strokes of triggered lightning flashes. Res. Lett. Atmos. Electr. 3: 73-8. Narita, K., Goto, Y., Komuro, H., and Sawada, S. 1989. Bipolar lightning in winter at Maki, Japan. J. Geophys. Res. 94: 13,191-5. Orville, R.E. 1990. Winter lightning along the east coast. Geophys. Res. Lett. 17: 713-5. Orville, R.E. 1991. Lightning ground flash density in the contiguous Unites States - 1989. Mon. Wea. Rev. 119: 573-7. Orville, R.E. 1993. Cloud-to-ground lightning in the Blizzard of '93. Geophys. Res. Lett. 20: 1367-70. Pierce, E.T. 1976. Winter thunderstorms in Japan - A hazard to aviation. Naval Res. Rev. 29(6): 12-6. Rakov, V.A. 1993. Data acquired with the LLP lightning locating systems. Meteorologiya i Gidrologiya 7: 105- 14. Rakov, V.A. 1998. Comparison of positive and negative lightning. In Proc. 1998 Int. Lightning Detection Conf., GAI, 2705 East Medina Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706-7155, 19 p. Rakov., V.A. 2000a. Positive and bipolar lightning discharges: A Review. In Proc. of the 25th Int. Conf. on Lightning Protection, Rhodes, Greece, pp. 103-108. Rakov, V.A. 2001b. Positive Blitzentladungen. ETZ Elektrotech. Autom. 122(5): 26-9. Rakov, V.A., Uman, M.A., Wang, D., Rambo, K.J. Crawford, D.E. and Schnetzer, G.H. 2000a. Lightning properties from triggered-lightning experiments at Camp Blanding, Florida (1997-1999). In Proc. of the 25th Int. Conf. on Lightning Protection, Rhodes, Greece, pp. 54-59. Sakurano, H., Matsubara, R., Murashita, N., and Kito, Y. 1989. Presumption of regional distribution of the electric field polarity on the ground induced by winter thundercloud in Hokuriku district. Trans. IEE Japan 109-B: 355-60. Shindo, T., and Ishii, M. 1995. Japanese research of triggering lightning. Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik 112(6): 265-8. Suzukawa, M., Tomine, K., Abe, S., and Michimoto, K. 1987. Case studies on the distribution of electric field under thunderstorms in winter in the area surrounding Komatsu (in Japanese). Tenki 34: 443-52. Suzuki, T. 1992. Long term observation of winter lightning on Japan Sea coast. Res. Lett. Atmos. Electr. 12: 53-6. Takagi, N., and Takeuti, T. 1983. Oscillating bipolar electric field changes due to close lightning return strokes. Radio Sci. 18: 391-8. Takagi, N., Takeuti, T., and Nakai, T. 1986a. On the occurrence of positive ground flashes. J. Geophys. Res. 91: 9905-9. Takagi, N., Watanabe, T., Arima, I., Takeuti, T., Nakano, M., and Kinosita, H. 1986b. An unusual summer thunderstorm in Japan. Res. Lett. Atmos. Electr. 6: 43-8. Takahashi, T., Tajiri, T., and Sonoi, Y. 1999. Charges on graupel and snow crystals and the electrical structure of winter thunderstorms. J. Atmos. Sci. 56: 1561-78. Takeuchi, N., Narita, K.I., and Goto, Y. 1994. Wavelet analysis of meteorological variables under winter thunderclouds over the Japan Sea. J. Geophys. Res. 99: 10,751-7. Takeuti, T., Funaki, K., and Kitagawa, N. 1983. A preliminary report on the Norwegian winter thunderstorm observation. Res. Lett. Atmos. Electr. 3: 69-72. Takeuti, T., Israelsson, S., Nakano, M., Ishikawa, H., Lundquist, S., and Astrom, E. 1980. On thunderstorms producing positive ground flashes. Proc. Res. Inst. Atmos. Nagoya Univ., Japan 27-A: 1-17. Takeuti, T., Kawasaki, Z., Funaki, K., Kitagawa, N., and Huse, J. 1985. On the thundercloud producing the positive ground flashes. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan 63: 354-58. Takeuti, T., and Nakano, M. 1977. On lightning discharges in winter thunderstorms. In Electrical Processes in Atmospheres, eds. H. Dolezalek and R. Reiter, pp. 614-617, Darmstadt, West Germany: Steinkopff. Takeuti, T., Nakano, M., Brook, M., Raymond, D.J., and Krehbiel, P. 1978. The anomalous winter thunderstorms of the Hokuriku coast. J. Geophys. Res. 83: 2385-94. Takeuti, T., Nakano, M., Ishikawa, H., and Israelsson, S. 1977. On the two types of thunderstorms deduced from cloud-to-ground discharges observed in Sweden and Japan. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan 55: 613-6. Takeuti, T., Nakano, M., Nagatani, M., and Nakada, H. 1973. On lightning discharges in winter thunderstorms. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan 51: 494-6. Takeuti, T., Nakano, M., and Yamamoto, Y. 1976. Remarkable characteristics of cloud-to-ground discharges observed in winter thunderstorms in Hokuriku area, Japan. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan 54: 436-9. Ushio, T., Kawasaki, Z.-I., Matsu-ura, K., and Wang, D. 1998. Electric fields of initial breakdown in positive ground flash. J. Geophys. Res. 103: 14,135-9. Wada, A., Asakawa, A., and Shindo, T. 1996a. Characteristics of lightning strokes to a 200 m high stack in winter. In Proc. 10th Int. Conf. on Atmospheric Electricity, Osaka, Japan, pp. 464-467. Wada, A., Asakawa, A., and Shindo, T. 1996b. Characteristics of lightning flash initiated by an upward leader in winter. In Proc. 23rd Int. Conf. on Lightning Protection, Florence, Italy, pp. 85-90. Wang, D., Rakov, V.A., Uman, M.A., Fernandez, M.I., Rambo, K.J., Schnetzer, G.H., and Fisher, R.J. 1999b. Characterization of the initial stage of negative rocket-triggered lightning. J. Geophys. Res. 104: 4213-22. Yoda, M., Miyachi, I., Kawashima, T., and Katsuragi, Y. 1992. Lightning current protection of equipments in winter. Res. Lett. Atmos. Electr. 12: 117-21. Yoda, M., Nakajima, T., Miyachi, I., Ieda, M., and Nakamura, K. 1997. Measurement of lightning current and emission in winter. In Proc. 10th Int. Symp. on High Voltage Engineering, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 4 p. Yokoyama, S., Miyake, K., Suzuki, T., and Kanao, S. 1990. Winter lightning on Japan Sea coast - Development of measuring system on progressing feature of lightning discharge. IEEE Trans. Pow. Del. 5: 1418-25. Zundl, T. 1994b. First results of the coordinated lightning current and LEMP measurements at the Peissenberg tower. In Proc. 22nd Int. Conf. on Lightning Protection, Budapest, Hungary, paper R 1c-09, 6 p.