More Thoughts on the Scientific Revolution GH2/Napp

Do Now: . . . Assumptions 1. There is no one center of all the celestial [heavenly] circles or spheres [planets]. 2. The center of the earth is not the center of the universe, but only of gravity and of the lunar sphere. 3. All the spheres [planets] revolve about the sun as their mid-point, and therefore the sun is the center of the universe. . . . — Nicholas Copernicus, The Commentariolus, (1510) Source: Edward Rosen, Three Copernican Treatises, Columbia University Press

State one scientific belief of Copernicus that is being described in this passage. ______

Provide one fact about Copernicus that is not in this document. This fact that is not in the document is critical outside information and a requirement for writing the Document-Based Essay question: ______

Notes: I. The Great Scientists of the Revolution A. Copernicus 1. Polish clergyman and astronomer (1473-1543) 2. Proved heliocentric model with mathematical calculations a) The sun is the center of the universe b) The earth moves around the sun c) Believed this model revealed God’s perfection since it was accurate B. Galileo 1. Italian scientist (1564-1642) 2. Professor of mathematics 3. Published findings to support Copernicus in 1610 a) Ordered to appear before the Inquisition or Catholic Court (1633) b) Found guilty, threatened to be burned at stake, recanted C. Vesalius 1. Belgian-born physician 2. Dissected human bodies a) Advances in anatomy D. Isaac Newton 1. Law of universal gravitation 2. Universe obeys consistent laws

Questions: 1- Who was Copernicus? ______2- Define heliocentric. ______3- How did the heliocentric model contradict the Church’s view? ______4- Who was Galileo? ______5- What was the Inquisition? ______6- Why was Galileo ordered to appear before the Inquisition? ______7- What happened to Galileo at the Inquisition? ______8- What did Vesalius do? ______9- What did Sir Isaac Newton discover? ______

 What is happening in this drawing? ______ Why is this activity critical? ______ What field of scientific thought does this activity benefit? ______ How does this activity benefit every individual? ______1. List two individuals who accepted this model: ______2. What is the name of this model? ______3. Who did not agree with this model? ______4. Why did they not agree with this model? ______1. What is the name of this method? ______2. What steps are critical in this method? ______3. Why are these steps critical? ______4. How does this method differ from religious thinking? ______

Reading [Global History: Geopolitical Patterns and Cultural Diffusion] “Beginning as early as the age of Copernicus, some Western scientists began to question the ideas of the ancient Greeks and Romans. They began to observe and experiment and to base their conclusions on their findings. These procedures became known as the scientific method. Many scientists also adopted the inductive approach – working from many specific examples to develop more generalized conclusions. For example, they would examine many different varieties of leaves to come to a conclusion about what a leaf was. Not suprisingly, many scientific developments occurred during the Renaissance when the prevailing outlook favored questioning and progress. 5.1. What is happening in this drawing? Changes in thinking that occurred during the Scientific Revolution______led to changes in other fields. French philosopher-mathematician Rene Descartes______(1596-1650) held the belief that science could have practical application. 6.2.ThisWhy is seen is this in theactivity inventions critical? of the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions. In addition,______changes developed in philosophy. Thinkers sought natural laws that governed the______actions of people. Just as England’s Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) and others sought7.3. What the fieldlaws ofthat scientific thought does this governed nature. Scientific groups such as England’s Royalactivity Scoiety benefit? and France’s Academy of Science circulated new ideas and made change ______and progress easier.” ______8.4. How does this activity benefit every individual? ______You are the teacher. 1- What are the critical facts of the reading? ______2- Write seven questions for the reading. Make certain that at least one question is a critical thinking question. ______1. Which of the following posed 3. Until the Scientific Revolution, theories that brought him into the traditional authorities were direct conflict with the Church? a. The Catholic Church and a. Aristotle ancient scholars b. Galileo b. Navigators and explorers c. Ptolemy c. Aquinas and his followers d. Urban II d. Merchants and Burghers

2. Which of the following published 4. Which new approach allowed a book supporting the scholars to gain new scientific heliocentric theory? knowledge? a. Copernicus a. Financing by the Church b. Ptolemy b. The Scientific Method c. Descartes c. Universal public education d. Galen d. The Inquisition Critical Thinking Questions:  The Scientific Revolution was more important than the Neolithic Revolution. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Write a paragraph to defend your point of view. ______ The Scientific Revolution was the worst turning point in world history. It led to pollution, overpopulation, and environmental destruction. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Write a paragraph to defend your point of view. ______