Tourism Revision

Tourism revision

Tourism is the short-term movement of people to places away from where they live and work, normally for pleasure but also for business. A tourist is someone who travels, for work or pleasure, and stays away from home for at least one night. If the person visits somewhere away from their home area but does not stay overnight they are called a day-tripper.

Tou rism Trends/ What is happening to tourist numbers?

Tourism Definition: Making active use of leisure time to explore places that are not part of a person’s usual routine. This is more than the annual fortnight holiday to somewhere hot and sunny. It may be a day-visit to a theme park, a weekend break to city, a winter holiday which may seek out ‘winter sun’ or ‘winter snow’, and could include a 12 month ‘Gap Year’ round-the-world trip after university. Tourism takes many forms and can be to places quite near as well as far away, last a few hours or take months to complete. But always, tourists will have an impact on the places they visit – sometimes a good one – possibly a bad one, usually a mix of the two.

Possible Questions: What are some of the main trends in Tourism in recent decades? How might tourism change in the future as a result of recent trends?

Why are more people going on Holiday?

Key Trends Key trend one: More people are going on holiday than ever before- it is the world fastest growing industry. Key trend two: People are taking more holidays per year - not just a main ‘Summer holiday’, but often a Winter holiday, as well as weekend breaks in Autumn and Spring. Key trend three: People are travelling further for their holidays. Most people’s grandparents holidayed in Britain, your parents’ generation holidayed in Europe – and your generation is going to different continents – to Florida, Thailand and Australia. Key trend four: There is big growth in tourists from MEDC country’s visiting LEDC country’s either for the climate, the unspoilt environment or the culture.

The tourist industry is one of the world’s largest industries – both in the number of people it employs, and the wealth it generates for countries. For some countries it is the biggest part of their economy – such as Hawaii, Bermuda, the Bahamas and Nepal. For the worlds’ number one tourists destination – France – the income from tourism is a major contribution to the country’s prosperity. A range of SOCIAL, ECONOMIC and TECHNOLOGICAL changes has resulted in the rise of the tourism industry as a major activity around the world. The global tourism industry has grown massively since the 1950s. Worldwide tourist numbers are expected to grow to 1.6 billion by 2020. You need to be able to explain the reasons for this growth. The exam specification says that you must be able toRember give social, economic and technological reasons. The exam board state that you must know about greater wealth, mobility and leisure time and changes in lifestyles and technology. S = Shorter working week Longer paid holidays: In Britain employees can expect 20 or more days of paid holiday each year. L = Longer holidays This has increases hugely since the 1950s – when just 10 days was normal. So people can take more holidaysA = Ageing now. population P = Package holidays W = Increased wealth A = Advertising C = Communications C= Credit cards Page 2 of 25

Shorter working hours: Many people are able to finish work early on Friday – or work ‘flexi – time’ so they work some ‘long days’ and ‘short days’. This gives people more time to go on a mini-break over a weekend. More affluence: Holidays cost money - but as people have become wealthier they choose to spend more of their money on holidays. Once families have met the cost of their house, their car, and food, tourism is the next main area of spending. Transports improvements: More motorways which give quicker access to ports, airports and across countries. Along with the Channel Tunnel, new airports and low-cost airlines all mean it easier, cheaper and quicker to travel long distances than ever before. Cheaper holidays: The arrival of travel agents on the high streets competing with each other, low- cost air travel and cheap food abroad has meant the average cost of a holiday has come down in price. More awareness of holidays: Lots of TV programs show different holidays, comparing resort and whole satellite channels devoted to holiday ideas means more desire to go away for a few days. With retired people living longer and college students wanting to travel, there are huge numbers of people looking for information about where to go next- who have the information, and money to travel.

The rise of the Package Holiday in the 1960s caused the Mass Tourism that exists today. It made it very easy to book the whole holiday ‘package’ just by selecting a resort from a travel brochure. The travel agent then did all the bookings – flights, hotels, transfers from airport to hotel… even day- trips and sorting out the money you needed when you got there. That role of the Travel Agent is now being threatened by the internet as tourists choose to select and book their own holiday and flights from their computer at home.

Booking through a Travel Agency Advantages Disadvantages Easy to buy the full ‘Package’ holidays including You may get sold a holiday which is not qiute flights, hotels and coaches. what you want. Can get instant help if anything goes wrong – eg Travel brouchers do not always give the full flight is cancelled. truth about resorts. Can benefit from the background knowledge of Package holidays tend to go to busy, popular different resorts from the travel agent. places which might get crowded.

Self-booking through the Internet Advantages Disadvantages Can fully reserch the resort and use Google Negative web stories about crime and murders Earth to check hotel location and reviews from may put you off a resort but these could happen past tourits. anywhere. May be able to find cheaper options for flights Advertised holiday might be a ‘scam’ – you get and hotel by searching around. there and the villa has not been biult yet. Can plan the flight times and hotel days exactly If anything falls through – you are on your own to what you want (eg flights cancelled).

However many people use a combination of the two – they do their own reaserch on the internet, then book it through a Travel Agent. The different types of tourism are increasing as more people take holidays. As more countries develop and more people have surplus income to spend on leisure – there is every type of tourism to meet people’s different interests and spending money.

Increasing Increasing Duration Tourism activity Page 3 of 25

Distance Local Hull museum Day visit to a city Mass Tourism (what many do- Sun, Sea and sand in Majorca. Regional visit Weekend city- break to Event Tourism (e.g. World (Yorkshire Moors) London or Paris Cup spectators in S. Africa) National (camping Autumn break for a Religious Tourism in Cornwall) week in a cottage in the (pilgrimage to Jerusalem or Lake District Mecca) Short- Haul (less Fortnight summer Cultural Tourism (visiting than 4 hours flight) holiday to Greece the Pyramids in Egypt) Long- Haul (more 4 week safari holiday to Adventure Tourism than 4 hours flight) Kenya (white- water rafting in New Zealand) Inter- continental 2 month retirement Eco-Tourism (Jungle trek (UK to Australia) cruise on the in the Amazon) Caribbean. Gap- year tour after Fair-trade tourism University on a wold (helping build a school in a ticket. village in Peru)

Possible Questions:

What are some of the different types of tourism resorts specialise in? Page 4 of 25

Tourism Trends / World Tourism Destinations - Factors

It’s not a surprise that 7 of the world’s top destinations for tourists are in Europe. With 360 million affluent people – that’s a lot of people looking to go on holiday to a nearby country. Mexico gets in at number 10 due to its proximity to the USA – with many wealthy Americans heading south to enjoy the Caribbean Ocean, high sunshine levels and Mexican food and culture of the USAs next-door neighbour. China – with one sixth of the entire global population, is generating more tourists every year as it gets wealthier – and many Chinese choose to holiday in their own country. In 20 years’ time China is likely to claim the top spot as more Europeans & American travel to China as it develops more airports and hotels, and more Chinese families becoming wealthy enough to take a holiday in their own country. Possible Questions: What is the pattern of global tourism? Where might become popular in the future as a tourism destination – and why? Page 5 of 25

Ibiza Mass tourism is a form of tourism that involves tens of thousands of people going to the same resort often at the same time of year. It is the most popular form of tourism as it is often the cheapest way to holiday, and is often sold as a PACKAGE DEAL. A package deal is one in which all of the tourists needs are catered for by one company (such as Thomas Cook), these needs include travel/flights, activities, accommodation and sometimes food (called full board when all meals are included, half board includes 2 meals a day whilst self-catering means you cook for yourself). These types of holiday are often the opposite of sustainable tourism, extreme tourism and ecological tourism.

Benefits

 Jobs are generated by tourism in many areas - in the initial construction of the resorts, in travel, in food provision and in other service related industries.  Local people benefit directly from employment.  Roads, rail, facilities, electricity services etc. all need improving to accommodate the tourists - local people also benefit from these INFRASTRUCTURE developments.  Transport facilities are developed.  The local tax base increases so the local government/council can invest in schools, healthcare and social services.  Tourists introduce new values and cultures and learn about new cultures- this causes cultural understanding.  Improved Standard Of Living on the island for local Residents.

Problems

 Rural Deprivation  TNCs (Trans National Corporations) from rich countries are often involved - this can result in a lot of profits leaving the country.  Jobs can be seasonal - especially in beach and skiing based resorts. People can therefore find themselves out of work in the close season.  Tourists consume huge amounts of resources including food and water - this type of tourism is particularly UNSUSTAINABLE in this manner.  Tourists introduce new values and cultures - this causes cultural pollution.  Land is lost from farming to tourist developments.  People are forced to move from rural to local area.  People are moved to higher paid jobs in tourist resort.  Crime is higher - Drugs – Violence.

 Seasonal Un-Employment. Task : As well as dividing them in benefits and problems and can you divided them into Social, Environmental and Economic. Page 6 of 25

Resort development / Spain - Benidorm Growth

Why do people visit Benidorm? A package holiday is one where transport, accommodation and food are all included in one prices. It may also include insurance. Package holidays were first sold in the 1950s/1960s and they were a major factor in the growth of international tourism. Package holidays can take the stress out of travelling as everything is done for you by the tour operator. Benidorm is a resort on the Costa Blanca in Spain. Its location is shown on the map below. Benidorm was heavily affected by the development of the package holiday.

Summary of changes in Benidorm In the 1950’s Benidorm was a small, attractive fishing village bordered by fine sandy beaches. Few people visited it despite the attractive scenery and warm summers. There were very few facilities for tourists and the majority of the town's income was from fishing. In the late 1950s, the resort started to grow and local people started to realise that they could make money from tourism. They invested in developing hotels, restaurants and bars. The first package holidays to Benidorm were sold in 1957, and travellers began to flock there from the UK. The Alicante airport opened in 1967, making the area easily accessible. By 1970 Benidorm had been transformed from a small fishing village to a sprawling mass of hotels based around the needs of the tourists. The town had changed functions completely. The vast majority of jobs were in the tourism industry and hotels ran for miles along the coastline. By 1977, over 12,000,000 people were visiting the town every year with northern Europeans being attracted by the hot summer temperatures, the huge beach, all-day bars and all-night clubs. By 1990 the resort had begun to stagnate and the government was forced to step in with a scheme aimed at rejuvenating the resort and its facilities. It has had to expand its attractions and the local government has worked with private companies to develop water and theme parks based on Mediterranean civilisations. It is hoped that these facilities will appeal to families. Benidorm now attracts about 4 million visitors a year and tourism spending in Benidorm accounts for about 1% of Spain's national income. The government has put a lot of money into an official advertising campaign for the resort.

Possible Questions: Annotate a photograph to show the Physical and Human factors which have attracted tourists to this resort TheWhat wereMultiplier the main factors Effect leading to the growth of a resort you have studied? Page 7 of 25

The Multiplier Effect shows how once a resort has started to develop – it continues growing under its own energy – but may set the seeds for its own stagnation and decline later on. The Multiplier Effect can be seen in Benidorm’s growth – and made it the biggest Spanish resort by the 1980s – which many other resorts copied. But the end result is a very different resort – and causes tourists to choose not to go there any more as it has lost the things that first attracted them – the nice scenery, quiet relaxing feel, local culture, and sense of being ‘abroad’. So the resort may decline.

Possible Questions: For a resort you have studied what were the Economic and Social factors which led to its growth? Why do many resorts start to lose their popularity after 20 years or so of being a top resort? Page 8 of 25

The effect of Tourism in Benidorm

Possible Questions: How would you classify the benefits tourism can bring to a country? Why do countries seek to increase the amount of tourists they receive? Page 9 of 25

Benidorm – Problems

Tourism can bring huge problems – which can be classified as Economic, Social, Environmental… local, regional, national or international, short-term or Long-term. Decide which of these are easy to deal with – and which are more difficult to solve:

Economic problems Social problems Environmental problems

Local scale – • Many of the tourism jobs • Hordes of loud • Vast amounts of litter Benidorm town are low paid – and only drunken tourists and discarded fast food for the summer tourist keep locals awake attracts vermin (rats) season. through the night. which bring disease. • Seasonal unemployment. • Local people feel the • Raw Sewage from hotels • Much of the income from town isn’t theirs may be discharged into tourism goes to the anymore – taken the Mediterranean Sea. airlines, tour companies over by tourists, & • Visual pollution from and hotel owners – who they lose their multi- storey hotels may not be local, or culture. blocks views. Spanish. • Many of the tourism jobs are low paid – and only for the summer tourist season. Regional scale – • Young people migrate • Roads are very • Noise pollution of Up to 50 miles around away from inland congested between aircraft landing Benidorm villages and towns to the airport and throughout the day and work in Benidorm – Benidorm – and to night at Alicante leaving a lack of other resorts with airport. employees in coaches & taxis surrounding creating problems settlements. for local drivers. • Spain's economy is • Money is spent on • Water shortages affect National scale – dependent on the rest improving roads, the whole country with Whole of Spain of Europe. If there’s water and power anger between the recession in Germany supplies to coastal farmers and the tourist and the UK – fewer tourist areas – at industry about who tourists come to Spain the expense of should get scarce so it loses out too. towns inland which supplies. don’t get it. International scale • The carbon footprint of – Global problems millions of tourists flying to and from Spain each year adds to carbon emissions – increasing Global Warming.

Possible Questions: How would you classify the problems tourism can bring to a country? Do tourists bring more problems than benefits – or the other way around?

Spanish Rejuvenation plans Page 10 of 25

Spain is trying to rejuvenate its tourism by moving away from Mass Tourism at the coast and trying to encourage:

• fewer but more wealthy tourists • Encourage tourism throughout the year – Spring Autumn & Winter as well as summer • Encouraging more active tourism – golf, tennis, riding holidays. People pay more for these – and they don’t depend on hot sunny weather • Dispersing tourists into the interior of Spain – not just the coasts

Spain’s declining attraction as a tourist Spain’s ‘Plan for Tourism for 2020’ destination Resorts are too crowded with mass tourism. Encouraging fewer affluent tourists by only allowing new hotels if they are 4 and 5 star quality- and limited to 5 stories high. Resorts have a ‘tacky’ image of beer, pizzas and Demolishing many of the high-rise cheap hotels loud discos. and creating more open space resorts. No real ‘Spanish culture’ is left to be enjoyed at Encouraging more year- round tourism rather the coast. than traditional 3‘S’ fortnight with more ‘activity’ holidays such as golf, tennis, sailing and horse- riding holidays. ‘New’ unspoilt foreign resorts are more Encouraging more ‘cultural holidays’ away from attractive- in Turkey and Croatia. the coast into the interior of Spain- such as visits to old castles and cathedrals. Resorts are too crowded with mass tourism. Spanish Water issues Spain is facing serious water shortages which are being made worse by the needs of the tourist industry. There is a big question of who should have the main claim to Spain’s declining water – the farming sector or the tourism sector.

Farmers’ Claims for Water Tourism Claims for Water

Growers need irrigation water for high-value Tourists expect to be able to shower, use crops of tomatoes, lettuce, celery and peppers swimming pools & flumes and not face water which can be sold to North Europe for high shortages when they come on holiday – or they’ll prices during the winter & spring. go elsewhere. The farms are often in the interior of Spain – Tourism is the biggest growth sector of Spain’s providing jobs in areas outside the coastal economy – rather than farming so should get tourist areas. first use of the water. Farming uses water very efficiently in Tourism is going to be a big earner in the future polytunnels and greenhouses to reduce for Spain – but farming is traditional and old. evaporation but the tourism industry wastes water. Tourists are choosing to go to other resorts Farmers should concentrate on crops which need outside Spain – so Spain will need the farming less water – like olives for olive oil & grapes for industry for its income in the future. wine.

Possible Questions How has a resort you have studied tried to stop its decline as a popular tourist destination? WhyIs it Spaininevitable is thatfacing tourist a resortswater become shortage less popular over time?

Climate Change: less rain is falling on Spain as the Sahara desert expands northwards over it. Page 11 of 25

Increased use for Farming: more farms are growing high-value salad crops which need a lot of irrigation water to produce good crops. Increased use for Tourism: more hotels, more swimming pools, more water features like fountains etc. Spain's 2020 tourism strategy: wants more wealthy tourists playing golf – so irrigating golf courses uses lots of water.

Possible Questions: What are some of the negative effects of tourism on the environment? SolutionHow can tourismto the bringcrisis problems as well as benefits to an area?

Solution 1: Take more water out from underground aquifers. (Problem- they are already dropping at record levels below the depth of many well due to illegal boreholes being put in by farmers and hotels). Solution 2: Transfer water south from the melting snow of the Pyrenees Mountains. (Problem- less snow falls in the Pyrenees with climate change. Resorts in the north east claim it is ‘their water’. Along with pipelines and pumping stations would cost millions of Euros). Solution 3: Build more reservoirs. (Problem: Spain is becoming a desert climate with climate change, there is less rainfall and greater evaporation). Solution 4: Build more purification plants on the coast. (Problem: getting fresh water from sea water is one of the most expensive methods and the energy bills are huge- also adding to CO2 emissions.

The solution Spain chooses should allow for SUSTAINABLE uses of limited water- and sustainable economic growth into the future. Water shortages could reduce Spain’s economic progress- either by reducing the amount of high- value food crops it is able to export, or by reducing the number of tourists it attracts compared with other countries with better water supplies.

Possible Questions: How can the negative effects of tourism be managed? What do you understand by ‘sustainable tourism’?

Butler's model Butler suggested that a tourist resort would go through a series of stages over time. The graph shows these stages and they are outlined below:

Exploration: The place gets very few tourists. Someone discovers it, and tells a few other friends how good it is. This tends to be based on a primary resource, such as scenic beauty of a heritage site. They start to go to the place as well. There are very few, if any, services for tourists. Involvement: More people find out about the place as it starts to get mentioned in articles, brochures and tourist guides. This means that more people visit. A few shops, cafes, hotels etc. start to open up because people are staying there in enough numbers for local people to earn money. Development: Large numbers of visitors begin to arrive. As a result, many local people stop what they were doing before and begin to work in tourism. Consequently, more shops and hotels open. Tourist facilities are greatly expanded. This attracts even more tourists. The roads to the resort get busier. Consolidation: Everyone now knows about the resort. People move to the resort in search of work. During the tourist season, the place is full of people, and hotels are full. Local people are now mostly employed in tourism rather than the jobs they used to have. Some local people will begin to Page 12 of 25 feel that the tourists are starting to be in ‘control’. Traffic problems start to occur on busy days, with car parks filling up early in the day. This can lead to growth slowing down. Stagnation: The peak is reached. The place gets so popular that some people stop going there. They will say “it’s too busy” or “it’s not what it used to be like…”Local people will complain that they are being ignored and that tourists get priority. People start going to other places. As a result, some of the shops and hotels close down. Some people stay away because it is so busy, and look for somewhere ‘quieter’ or ‘prettier’ or ‘more like the real….’ Decline or rejuvenation: Decline: The place starts to get run down - bars close, shops shut down and charity shops move in. Out of season, many hotels start to be used to house homeless people and people on benefits as a way of making a bit of money. The place begins to get a 'reputation'... so people stay away. lRejuvenation (requires investment): New money starts to come into the resort. Some of the older hotels are regenerated and attract new shops to the area. Cafes reopen on the High Street. People start to return to the resort out of season. There is a new ‘buzz’ about the place. Jobs start to be created. A whole new crowd of visitors starts to come regularly to the resort.

Possible Questions: Why were national parks established? Why are some areas selected for special protection for tourism?

Key Terms: National Park National park authority Land ownership Conservation Planning permission Building controls Global Tourism: National Parks in the UK/Location and Aims

History: Britain’s National Parks were first established in the 1940s- and new ones have been added since then. Location: They are all in areas of spectacular scenery which is protected from development which might spoil it. Most are in upland, hilly regions where the attractions of hills, trees and water combine. Although some like The Broads are low-land waterways. How they work: The land is not owended by the Government- it is in private hands. But each park has a National Park Planning Board who have extra power to give- or refuse planning permission for new developments in their Park so they can control what is biult and make sure it does not spoil the area. They can also make sure new biuldings are biult out of local stone and painted in traditional colours to blend in with the area- powers that does not exist in areas outside the National Park Page 13 of 25

National Parks - Dartmoor

The Aims of Nations Parks

 To protect and conserve the natural scenery, wildlife and habitats within the National Park for future generations.

 To encourage the public to visit and enjoy the leisure opportunites offerd by the National Park.

 To help maintain existing communties within the National Park and their economic well- being. Example/ Case- Study: Some people say it is difficult to meet all these aims without some conflict – by encouraging Dartmoor national Park more visitors this might spoil the natural scenery or cause problems for exisitng communties

Global Tourism: National Parks in the UK/ Conlifts of interest Conflicts of interest: Develop when the activites of one group of people interfere and spoil the enjoyment of another group of people. They are common in national parks beacuse so many different people want to use them for so many different activities. It is up to the National Park authorities to try to readuce these conflicts of interest.

Possible Questions: How can tourism cause problems for some areas? Do tourists always bring benefits to an area? Page 14 of 25

Causes of the Conflict of Interest Victims of the Conflict of Interest People who pay to shoot grouse and Walkers and bird-watchers are worried for partridge on heater moorlands. their safety- or that of the wildlife. Visitors who focus on certain villages and Lacal residents who can not get out of their park their cars on grass verges. drives or find spaes in a car-park because they are all full. Vistors who think they can walk over any Farmers who find their lambs chased and field in a National Park with a loose dog. killed by dogs and gates left open for anilamls to wander onto roads. Visitors who light BBQs and drop cigerettes Forestry workes who have to put out fires in carelessly. woodland or on heather moorlands. Visitors Who want to driev power boats on Visitors who want to learn to canoe, wind- large lakes. surf or fish on qiute lakes. Quarrry owners who want to extend their Locals and visitors who do not want any quarries and expand lorry deliveries. more of the area spoilt with blasting, qaurrying and heavy lorries.

Global Tourism: National Parks in the UK? Footpath Erosion Footpath erosion is a major environmental conflict of interest in many national parks. On Catbells Fell, Near Keswick in the Lake District the hill is within easy reach of the popular tourist town and fairly easy to climb, so it gets thousands of feet pounding the surface every summer leading to footpath erosion.

The die-back of grass exposes the soil to the heavy Lake District rainfall, which erodes the soil into a gulley. Strategies to deal with footpath erosion are:

 Protects well-used paths with local stone to give a hard surface.

 Spread people out over the area by having alternative paths and zoning cyclists onto harder wearing surfaces.

 Re-seeding the mountain sides with fertiliser and grass seed by helicopter.

Key Terms: Footpath erosion Grass die-back Soil exposure Heavy rainfall Gulley erosion Page 15 of 25

Dartmoor is one of the 12 designated National Parks in England and Wales. All but two (the Broads and the New Forest) were set up after the "National parks and Access to the Countryside Act" was passed in 1949. They had two main aims:

 To preserve and enhance the natural beauty of the area.  To promote the enjoyment of the area by the general public.

Since their designation, National Parks have been the subject of conflicting uses, which has only been increased by the rising numbers of tourists who visit the areas. Apart from the tourists, other people who have an interest in the parks include local farmers, local residents, the Army, the Forestry Commission, the National Trust and the Water Board. Dartmoor is an example of a national park where many of these users have some into conflict. Dartmoor plays host to over 8 million visitors every year. In terms of some of the other National Parks, such as the Lake District or the Peak District, this is a relatively small number but it still has brought its fair share of advantages and disadvantages. Most of these visitors come to walk or mountains bike on the moor, look around the picturesque villages or use the reservoirs for water sports.

Advantages of tourism in the Dartmoor Many of the impacts of tourism are positive, but others present challenges which need to be overcome if tourism in Dartmoor is to be sustainable:

 Tourism provides employment and income for local people.  People choose to stay in the area, which maintains other essential services such as schools and hospitals.  Services provided for the use of tourists, e.g. leisure facilities, also benefit local people.

Conflicts of tourism in the Dartmoor

 Farmers use the moor for grazing their sheep, and quickly get very annoyed when they have flocks disturbed by dogs let loose by their owners out for a walk.  There is an army camp near Oakhampton, in the north of the moor. The northern half of the moor is a military firing range, where they practise with live ammunition, both bullets and shells. Obviously this can cause problems for tourists unaware of the firing days. Red flags designate the area, but there still have been times when people have found themselves in the middle of a training exercise. One advantage of the military use of the moor is that it does mean that less people go to that area, and so the natural environment is protected.  The huge tourist numbers puts great pressures on the narrow roads found all over Dartmoor. The National parks Authority has introduced car parks and information centres to try to concentrate the visitors to certain areas, whilst protecting others. Car parks also prevent the problems found in some villages of tourists parking their cars on the grassy verges.  "Honeypot" sites, such as Hay Tor, attract a disproportionate amount of visitors, creating problems of parking, footpath erosion and littering. The NPA has had to try to encourage people to go to other equally spectacular tors to try to take the pressure off the Hay Tor area.  The increase in recreation activities such as mountain biking, water sports and hang-gliding has put pressure on the natural resources of the area. The facilities for tourists have also come under pressure as more and more people come to the area. Page 16 of 25

 Solutions have been attempted, such as promoting other parts of the moor, introducing more tourist facilities and restricting where people can and cannot walk. These have been reasonably successful in protecting the area.  Employment can be seasonal and wages low.  House prices in the area can rise due to a demand for second homes.  School leavers often look for work in larger settlements due to low wages and high house prices. This causes rural depopulation.

 Local shops on the margins of profitability often close to make way for more profitable gift shops and tea rooms. This leaves local people without essential services, e.g. butchers and greengrocers.  Traffic: Causes pollution and narrow roads can become congested in high season.

Balancing different interests - addressing the conflicts The Park is managed by the National Parks Authority (NPA), which attempts to balance the conflicting priorities of different park users. For example:

 The protection of the park's environment, wildlife and natural features - things that can be harmed by excessive tourism. This is not only the Authority's job, but is also powerfully lobbied for by conservation and wildlife groups.  Tourists who come to enjoy the park need roads, parking, accommodation, shops and restaurants which are not necessarily going to be good for the countryside.  Local businesses may want to encourage more and more visitors.  Farmers, who may be concerned about damage to fences and livestock by walkers and their dogs.  Local residents, who may be worried about congestion, littering, noise pollution and the erosion of footpaths.

If these different interests are not carefully balanced, the result could be damage to the environment, local people becoming upset or even hostile, and tourists being put off visiting the park.

T owards sustainable tourism If tourism is to be sustainable then the impacts on local people, the economy and the environment need to be balanced. To achieve this there needs to be cooperation between different interest groups. In Dartmoor, the parties involved include:

 Dartmoor National Park Authority  National Trust (who own a proportion of the land)  other land owners  hotel and leisure industry  conservation groups, e.g. RSPB  local people and businesses  tourists Possible strategies to achieve sustainable tourism could be:

 Restricting the number of cars and visitors - although this would have an impact on income from tourism.  Fundraising to repair damage done to the natural environment and footpaths - but who Page 17 of 25

should pay?

 Education of local people and tourists about sustainable tourism - but who will pay for this? Underpinning any sustainable strategy is the successful involvement of the local people with their cooperation; positive outcomes are far more likely.

Global Tourism: Development by Tourism/ Measuring a Country’s Wealth Many countries see tourism as a way of getting wealthy. Attracting tourist’s frim richer countries and encouraging them to spend money in your country can be a major income-earner. For some countries it becomes the main source of their wealth. As more people take more frequent holidays, and travel further from home- many less affluent countries (LEDCs) are planning to use tourism as a way of becoming wealthier. Key indicators of less affluent countries (LEDCs) Key Terms: Low Figures for: Development Gap High figures for: LEDCs/ MEDCs  Life Expectancy Indicators of wealth  Infant Mortality Gross national income (GNI)  Literacy rates  Birth Rates  Nutrition/ Diet  % in Rural Areas  Energy use  People per doctor  Secondary employment  Primary employment

International Comparisons- Why are Some Countries Rich- when other are Poor

Measures of MECDs E.g. Australia LEDCs E.g. Ghana Development Literacy High levels of people who can Low-mid levels of people who can read and write 98% go to School read and Write. Many children never until 15 year old. go to school due to work (farming). Birth and Low levels of birth (many use High birth rate (children can help on Death rates contraception and large families farms or look after old parents) and are expensive) and few deaths. high death rates (Dirty water). Life People can typical expect to live Many die as babies (high infant expectancy well into their 70’s and 80’s due mortality) and not many survive to old to good medical care. age(many diseases). Employment Most work in Tertiary (service) Most work in Primary jobs (farming). jobs, with some in Secondary- With growing numbers in Secondary but few in Primary (farming). (factories). Few Tertiary. GNI ( Average Gross National Income is high- GNI is low with many people being income) profitable companies can pay subsistence farmers (growing just high wages. enough to feed their Families). Quality of Life Index: Just looking at INCOM (or GNI) does not give a full picture of the standard of living people in different countries have. As well as money, we need good health and good services like schools and clinics. The HDI (Human Development Index) combines 3 measure which give a better picture: GNI (Income) - Literacy Rates and Life Expectancy Page 19 of 25

Global Tourism: Development by Tourism/ GNI and HDI wealth measures The easiest way to get information about a country’s wealth is to find out how much the country makes each year- and divide it amongst to country’s population (per capital) to give an Average Income per person. But this can give an inaccurate impression. A country may seem to have a high ‘average’ income per person- but in reality there may just be a few super- rich people in the country, and the vast majority are quite poor. In the past this figure has been called GDP per capital (Gross Domestic Product), but more recent times is GNI- Gross National Income. More recently the United Nations (UN) has used a COMPOSITE MEASURE (a number which is calculated form 3 different sets of numbers). The Human Development Index (HDI) can indicate the quality of health services in a country (by looking at ‘Life Expectancy’) and the quality of the Education (by looking at ‘Literacy Rates’) as well as average income through GNI. Combining these figures gives a more accurate picture of what life is like for most people in that country.

Governments in LEDCs often see tourism as a vital source of income, which can be used for development, but tourism can create problems for host countries. Page 20 of 25

Tourism in an LEDC: advantages and disadvantages Countries rich in physical resources - such as warm climates, beautiful beaches, rare ecosystems, and abundant plant and animal life - are often sought-after holiday destinations by people from MEDCs. Tour operators and developers invest in these locations in the hope that they will become as popular as European resorts. Places such as Kenya in East Africa, where tourists go on safari, or Bali in Indonesia, visited for its beautiful beaches, all benefit financially from tourism. However, tourism in LEDCs needs to be carefully managed to prevent harm to the environment and disruption to local communities.

The effects of tourism on LEDCs

Advantages Problems Foreign currency spent by tourists can be Profits go to foreign companies, such as tour invested in improving local education, health operators and hotel chains, rather than to the and other services. local community. Jobs for local people are created and people Foreign companies may bring foreign workers to can learn new skills in tourism services. do the skilled jobs; so local people only do low skilled, poorly paid work. Construction creates jobs and develops skills House prices rise when foreign companies and for local people. investors buy property for hotels and holiday homes. This often makes houses too expensive for locals. Local infrastructure is improved as water and Important projects for local communities might sanitation facilities, roads, buses, taxis and be side-lined as infrastructure developments are airports are provided for tourists. focused on tourists. Visitors get an insight into local customs and If the aim of activities is to entertain, rather traditions. than educate tourists, this may belittle the local people. Tourists see beautiful landscapes, wildlife and Pollution and disruption to wildlife habitats plants. They can also be educated about the could occur if tourism isn't sustainable. dangers to fragile ecosystems in the modern world.

In many developing countries tourism is seen to be the answer to their economic problems. The development of air travel has meant that many more people now have the opportunity to go to places such as Kenya and Tanzania. They have encouraged tourists to see their beautiful natural areas, in particular the big game parks. However, as increasing numbers of people flood into places like Kenya, they are finding that tourism brings with it a range of environmental, cultural and social problems. Kenya is attractive to foreign travellers as it provides them with an opportunity to experience different cultures and natural surroundings. Many people have grown tired of the Page 21 of 25 overcrowded Mediterranean resorts, instead favouring a more exotic holiday that, until a few years ago, would have been out of most people’s budgets. Where is Kenya? Kenya is located in East Africa, its capital city is Nairobi and it has a population of approximately 30 million people. Why visit Kenya?

 It has an attractive climate(tropical) with sunshine all year round, hot and humid at the coast; temperate inland and dry in the NE (rainy season - April-June and Oct-Dec, heavy rainfall in the afternoon and early evening).  Safari holidays are popular - e.g. in the Maasai Mara / Nakuru National Park - Kenya has spectacular wildlife - including the big 5 - Lion, Elephant, Rhinoceros, Leopard and Buffalo.  Cultural experience - many tourists visit local tribes such as the Maasai to find out more about their lifestyle and traditions.  Coastal Holidays - SE of Kenya has fine sands and coral reefs with spectacular marine life - e.g. Mombasa.

Why have numbers of tourists visiting Kenya increased?

 Kenya was one of the first LEDC countries to achieve mass tourism and in the 1970s and 1980s there was a rapid increase in the numbers of tourists, particularly following the release of the films Born Free and Out of Africa.  Tourist numbers have also increased as larger aircraft in the 1980s brought prices of air travel down.

Advantages of Tourism to Kenya

 Tourism encourages the building of new roads and better communications.  Jobs in tourism have helped develop people's business skills.  Tourism has created all year round jobs for Kenyans.  Tourism is Kenya's biggest earner of foreign exchange.  Tourism has stimulated farming, by creating a demand for local food from farmers.  National Parks have been created.  Encouraging people to protect the environment.

Disadvantages of Tourism for Kenya

 There is leakage of income - with a lot of the money paid for holidays never actually reaching Kenya (travel companies and foreign owned hotels get it instead).  Safari minibuses disturb animals - often getting too close (e.g. can be 30-40 buses around a single animal in the Maasai Mara), they also cause soil erosion as the wheels churn up the grass.  Hot air balloons in parks disturb animals - by casting shadows and from the noise of the burners.  Coastal Environments such as those in Mombasa have been damaged - e.g. destruction of coral reefs as tourists steps on the coral and also takes souvenirs. Vehicles in the parks are causing soil erosion, whilst boats and divers themselves can damage the fragile coral very easily.  Drugs and crime has increased and AIDS is a major problem. Page 22 of 25

 The Maasai and other farmers have found that their land is now part of a National Park and therefore cannot be farmed. This has caused them great problems, and pushed them into joining the tourist industry. Many people feel that by putting on "cultural shows" for the tourists they are actually destroying their own culture, as the visitors look upon it as some kind of freak show.  The massive tourist developments on the Indian Ocean coastline have caused a increase in house prices in the area, meaning that the locals are priced out of the market.  Much of the new infrastructure developments have been completed primarily for the tourists, and do not really benefit the local community as much as some other projects might have done.

Key examples You need to know this for your exam: Tsavo - eco-tourism

 Eco-tourism involves environmental education as part of the experience.  Tsavo is a big game reserve and education about the wildlife and local culture is part of the experience.  There are no permanent buildings.  All tourism is on a small scale with limited numbers of visitors.

 This is a historic coastal town with some very old buildings.  Tourism is sustainable as it has a low impact and helps locals.  A small tax is added to goods and services that tourists buy - the money is then used to help maintain the  Traditional/historic architecture.  Tourists are issued with leaflets which explain how to behave in order not to offend locals (no drinking of alcohol and no skimpy clothing).  New hotels have to blend in with traditional buildings and also are not allowed to be more than 2 stories high and have to be set back from the beach - not on it. Page 23 of 25

Global Tourism: Development by Tourism/ co-Tourism- Costa Rica Page 24 of 25

Global Tourim: Development by Tourim/ Costa Rica Eco- tourism effects Page 25 of 25

Global Tourism: Development by Tourism/ Global impact to tourism The world Biggets and Fastes growing industry has the abilty to bring large benfits to countries if they manage their tourism stategy well. But it also has global impacts. To what extent will the growth of international tourism bring benefits for the planet- and how many of the effect will be negative?