Unit 7.1. the Aftermath of War

Unit 7.1. The Aftermath of War  The South In Ruins  Towns and cities had been burned or damaged  Land value had ______due to the destruction  Confederate money was now ______ Bridges, railroads, manufacturing had been destroyed  Slaves freed, so laborers now had to be paid  Lincoln’s Plan For “Reconstruction”  Lincoln sought peace rather than punishment  In Dec. 1863, Lincoln issued the “Proclamation of ______and Reconstruction”:  Gave a general pardon to all Southerners who took an oath of loyalty to the US and who accepted an end to slavery  Once ______of the voters in a state had taken the oath, the state would be readmitted to the Union and could organize a new government and elect members of Congress  The Radical Republicans  Led by Thaddeus Stevens & Charles ______ Wanted to see the South punished for the war and the Democratic Party dismantled  Radical Republicans’ Goals  Wanted to prevent any former leaders of the Confederacy from returning to ______ Wanted to increase the Republican Party’s power in the ______ Sought to guarantee African-Americans political equality and voting rights  The 3/5ths Compromise?  African-Americans were no longer slaves, so they now each counted as a whole person in the census  This increase in census population meant the South gained about ______more seats in the House of Representatives  Republicans needed African-Americans in the South to be able to vote (and to vote Republican) to maintain control of ______ The ______Bill  Required the majority of adult white males in a state to take an oath of loyalty to the U.S. for the state to be readmitted  Each state must also ______slavery, reject all debts acquired as part of the Confederacy, and not allow former Confederate officials or military officers the right to vote or hold public office  The Bill was supported by moderate Republicans who thought Lincoln too soft and the Radicals too harsh  Lincoln ______the Bill  ______= an automatic veto of a bill, occurring when Congress adjourns within the ten- day period allowed for presidential action on the bill and the president has retained it unsigned.  Lincoln Assassinated (April 14, 1865)  Lincoln was shot and killed while watching a play at ______in D.C.  Assassin John Wilkes ______escaped capture for 12 days but was hunted down and killed by Union soldiers  Booth was a Southerner who was angered by Lincoln’s support of voting rights for African-Americans  Booth had conspirators who were supposed to assassinate Vice-President Andrew Johnson and Sec. of State William Seward, but they ______ Despite Booth’s death, 8 others were tried for their roles in the assassination conspiracy; 4 were sentenced to death and hanged July 7, 1865, the others were sent to prison, where one died, but were later pardoned in 1869 II. The Presidency of Andrew Johnson  Andrew Johnson (1808 – 1875)  17th President (1865-69) and first to come to office due to ______ A Southerner (born in ______) who had served as the U.S. Senator from Tennessee prior to the war  Democrat who had been chosen to run with Lincoln (a Republican) to ensure Lincoln’s re-election  After leaving the Presidency, he briefly returned to the U.S. Senate in 1875  The ______Bureau  The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands was created by Congress, with Lincoln’s approval, in 1865 as the first ______agency in U.S. history  The Bureau provided clothing, medical attention, meals, legal advice, education, and even some land to freed blacks  When the Bureau came up for renewal in 1866, Pres. Johnson vetoed the ______, but his veto was over-ridden  Still, the Bureau lacked popular support (some believed it did too much, others, not enough) and was shut down in 1872  The ______Amendment (Ratified Dec. 6, 1865)  Officially ended ______throughout the United States  Ratification of the 13th Amendment became one of the requirements for Confederate states to be readmitted to the Union  ______Codes  Southern states began passing laws to ______the rights of the newly freed African-Americans  Blacks were required to enter into annual labor contracts with white landowners  Black children were forced to enter into apprenticeships  Blacks were required to buy special licenses to work in non-agricultural jobs  Blacks could not ______together after sunset, own weapons, or live inside town limits  Blacks convicted of vagrancy could be imprisoned and “rented out” as laborers to landowners  Johnson’s “Restoration” Plan (“______Reconstruction”)  Pardoned all former citizens of the CSA who took an oath of loyalty, ______former Confederate government officials, military officers, and those with property worth more than ______; excluded individuals could still apply directly to the President for pardons  Required Confederate states to ratify the 13th Amendment and reject all Confederate debts to be readmitted to the Union  Johnson put his plan into action while Congress was out of session for the summer  Fallout from Johnson’s Action  Southern states rapidly met the terms of Johnson’s plan and began to return their previous senators and congressmen to seats in Congress  Congress, however, rejected these states’ readmission (except for ______, which had become strongly Republican) and refused to seat their congressmen  The Radical Republicans quickly moved to take Reconstruction out of the President Johnson’s control  Radical Republicans’ Response (“______Reconstruction”)  Created the Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction to oversee the readmission of Southern states to the Union  To ensure Republican control of Southern governments, they moved to give African-Americans full citizenship rights, including suffrage  Required that a majority of a state’s population swear ______to the U.S. before readmission  ______Reconstruction  In March 1867, Congress passed the Military Reconstruction Act  The act divided the South into ______military districts, each to be administered under martial law by a Union general backed by Union soldiers  The act also required all Southern states to write a new ______and ratify the ______(newly proposed) 14th Amendments before they could apply for re-entry into the Union  Civil Rights Act of 1866  Awarded citizenship rights to all persons born in the U.S. (except ______)  This meant that freedmen could now own property and file cases in federal court  The Act also gave the federal government the authority to take legal action against anyone who violated those rights  ______by Pres. Johnson, but Congress overrode the veto  Congress worried that the Supreme Court might declare the law ______ The ______Amendment  To protect the Civil Rights Act from the Court, Congress decided to transform it into a Constitutional Amendment  Made all persons born in the U.S. into citizens, with all the protections of the Constitution  Banned Confederate officials and officers from holding public office  ______any debts owed by the Confederate government  Ratified by the states in 1868  Texas v.______(1869)  Supreme Court under Chief Justice Salmon Chase ruled that the secession of the Southern states had been ______, so any debts incurred by the Confederacy were illegitimate and did not have to be paid back  The ruling also clarified the supremacy of the federal government over state governments and makes any future attempts at secession illegal  Johnson’s Fading Power  Johnson saw his authority as president slipping away as Congress took control of Reconstruction  He was also a Democratic president stuck with a Republican cabinet of Lincoln’s choosing, many of whom were openly working with the Radical Republicans in Congress against Johnson  Johnson Fights Back  Johnson tried to fire Sec. of War Edwin ______who was friendly with the Radical Republicans  Johnson’s action violated the recently passed ______in Office Act, which required Congressional approval to fire any public official whose appointment is subject to approval by Congress  Radical Republican Congress had passed the Act specifically to prevent Johnson from firing their allies in the executive branch  Johnson Impeached  In 1868, The House of Representatives voted to ______(charge with a crime) Johnson for violating the Tenure in Office Act  Per constitutional law, Johnson was put on trial in the ______, but ultimately escaped conviction by _____vote after pledging to moderate Republicans that he would no longer resist Congress’ control of reconstruction  Johnson’s Presidency Ends  Even though he had survived impeachment, Johnson’s presidency was over – the ______Party refused to nominate him as their presidential candidate in 1868 and he left office after completing the term Abraham Lincoln had been elected to in 1864