TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 UNDERSTANDING LEADERSHIP IN THE 21ST CENTURY 2
2 LEADERSHIP TERMS AND PRINCIPLES 9
3 WHAT COWORKERS REALLY WANT MOST 17
4 BEING AN EFFECTIVE AGENT OF CHANGE 22
5 CORRECTING A COWORKER 27
6 BEWARE OF GROUPTHINK 32
7 BEHAVIORS AND TRAITS 38
8 COMMITMENT 44
9 VALUES 49
10 MOTIVATING OTHERS 53
11 LEADERSHIP VISION 58 www.english – workshop.com
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1 - UNDERSTANDING LEADERSHIP IN THE 21ST CENTURY "Men make history and not the other way around. In periods where there is no leadership, society stands still. Progress occurs when courageous, skillful leaders seize the opportunity to change things for the better." Harry S. Truman As we enter the 21st century there is a growing awareness of the importance and need for leadership. A wide recognition of the critical need for leadership is so prevalent that many universities now offer graduate programs in its study. It appears that the study of leadership has come of age and is finally receiving its proper recognition. There are literally dozens of various definitions of leadership. We will simply provide one that we feel effectively defines organizational leadership in virtually all situations.
Leadership is the ability to articulate a vision, to embrace the values of that vision, and nurture an environment where everyone can reach the organizations goals and their own personal needs.
Effective modern leadership is a skill comprised of many different traits or qualities. Some of these qualities include vision, a mission, values, commitment, motivation, and consensus building. The lack of any of these important traits or qualities may greatly reduce the effectiveness of a leader. Here is a very brief definition of these qualities. Each one will be individually covered in greater detail in future chapters.
Vision: This is the meaningful articulation of the mission of the organization in such an appealing and intuitive picture that it vividly conveys what the organization can be in the future. Vision instills a common purpose, self-esteem and a sense of membership within the organization. Traditionally, vision has come from the top management of the organization. Many leaders are now also beginning to see the value of creating the vision with those who are closer to the work environment and the customer.
Mission or Mission Statement: This typically describes the purpose of the organization and outlines the types of activities to be performed for constituents and customers. It should also mention what unique value or services the organization offers as a byproduct of its work. Mission statements typically contain at least three components. First, a statement of the overall purpose or mission of the company is declared. Secondly, a statement that indicates the values that employees are expected to maintain and commit to in the decision- making process. Third, declarations of the major goals that management believes are essential to attain the mission. These goals should be consistent with the philosophical values that employees are expected to maintain.
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Values: These are the guiding principles that state how the employees, beginning with management, intend to conduct their business and their behavior. These values will determine what kind of an organization develops and they become the foundation of the organizations culture.
Commitment: This is an employee's emotional investment to extend great effort toward the implementation of a decision, outcome or goal. Successful leaders need to be committed individuals and to solicit the commitment of others to achieve established goals, and the mission.
Motivation: This is the ability to provide an incentive or reason to compel others into action or a commitment. Since all individuals are different, successful leaders know that diverse people respond to different motivators. A wise leader also knows that money is not the strongest long-term motivator and cultivating an environment of fear is the least effective long-term motivator.
Consensus Building: This is the ability of a leader to build an agreement among differing individuals within a group. A consensus usually occurs when various members of a group agree that a particular alternative is acceptable though it may not be the first choice of each member. Consensus building can create a greater degree of commitment among group members than a decision made by a simple majority. However, consensus building requires additional discussion time and sometimes may not be possible. Eventually the leader may need to take the initiative and affirm that the group decision has been made to begin implementation.
A valuable purpose of leadership in our modern age is to provide vision, direction and motivation for a team of individuals to accomplish a task or mission that otherwise could not be accomplished by a single individual. Other members of the group, team or organization are called "followers." Followers are those who subscribe to the vision and guidance of the leader. The study of followership is also of growing interest. However, don't be confused by the term followers or followership. This term should never be used in a derogatory or negative way. Followers may also exhibit leadership qualities in order to achieve their own tasks and individual roles. Followership is such an important responsibility that a great many of today's most effective leaders first learned to be good followers before they acquired the skills, opportunity and experience to lead others. In other words, learning and appreciating the skills of followership are often the reason an individual has gained the experience and necessary knowledge to become a leader.
Wise leaders are beginning to understand that it is their responsibility to develop followership by encouraging the follower’s participation in the setting of goals and objectives. Modern leaders view followers as partners in the enterprise who should be encouraged to pursue innovation.
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There is very little evidence that the so-called “naturally born leader” really exists. Continuing and ongoing studies are showing that the concept of a "natural born" leader has little merit. One reason for this error may be that people often mistake charisma for leadership. It is true that some leaders possess a great amount of charisma. However, many leaders do not. In reality leaders are not born, they are forged by many factors. Some factors that often forge effective leadership traits are education, preparation, experience and opportunity.
Why is leadership important to you? It is important because the development of positive leadership skills can have a beneficial and powerful impact in virtually every area of your life! Acquiring, understanding and exhibiting leadership skills can have a constructive influence within your workplace environment, within your community and in your personal relationships with others.
"Men make history and not the other way around. In periods where there is no leadership, society stands still. Progress occurs when courageous, skillful leaders seize the opportunity to change things for the better." Harry S. Truman
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VOCABULARY
awareness an understanding of the existence of something
come of age is mature
virtually In fact…practically…close to reality
articulate Using or characterized by clear, expressive language
nurture to nourish; feed…to educate; train
comprised consisting of
traits a distinguishing feature as of character
lack the deficiency of
covered addressed or discussed
appealing attractive
vividly clearly
conveys communicates
instills introduce gradually but of a permanent nature
outlines summarizes the main points
byproduct anything that is naturally produced in the process of producing something else…a side affect
attain accomplish…reach
behavior The actions or reactions of persons or things under given circumstances
compel motivate
fear feeling of anxiety caused by either the presence or perception of danger subscribe believe and support
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followership the conscious choice of following others…often undertaken to obtain leadership skills derogatory negative a great many of a large number of…or the majority of… naturally born someone who was born with leadership qualities and traits leader merit deserve approval forged given shape or form through a process
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VOCABULARY PRACTICE Fill in the blanks with vocabulary from this unit. All necessary awareness vocabulary may not be in the right hand column. come of age 1. Leadership is the ability to ______a vision, to embrace the values of that vision, and ______an environment where virtually everyone can reach the organizations goals and their own personal needs. articulate
2. Effective modern leadership is a skill ______of many nurture different ______or qualities. comprised 3. It appears that the study of leadership has ______and is finally receiving its proper recognition. traits lack 4. This is the meaningful articulation of the mission of the organization in such an ______and intuitive picture that covered it ______what the organization can be in the future. appealing 5. These are the guiding principles that state how the employees, beginning with management, intend to conduct their business Vividly and their ______. conveys 6. Motivation is the ability to provide an incentive or reason to ______others into action or a commitment. instills outlines 7. As we enter the 21st century there is a growing ______of the importance and need for leadership. byproduct
8. Followers are those who ______to the vision and attain guidance of the leader. behavior
9. ______is such an important responsibility that compel ______today's most effective leaders first learned to be good followers before they acquired the skills, subscribe opportunity and experience to lead others. derogatory
10.The ______of any of these important ______or qualities merit may greatly reduce the effectiveness of a leader. forged
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SUMMARIZE YOUR THOUGHTS 1. Define what leadership means, in your own awareness words come of age
virtually
articulate
nurture
2. Are you a person of vision? Is your supervisor? comprised
traits
lack
covered
appealing 3. How can mission statements be made more effective? Vividly
conveys
instills
outlines
byproduct
attain 4. Are followers as important to an organization as its leaders are? behavior compel
subscribe
derogatory
merit
forged
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2 - LEADERSHIP TERMS AND PRINCIPLES Brainstorming - A procedure that encourages group members to verbally offer any spontaneous ideas that immediately come to mind . These ideas are written on a blackboard or easel and no negative comments or gestures are allowed. Other members of the group are encouraged to build and expand upon the ideas. Brainstorming is considered helpful in stimulating creativity and reducing inhibition in problem solving. It also reduces the domination of the group by certain individuals since contributions are expected to be brief and spontaneous.
Charisma - Possession of individual traits and skills such as articulate speech, flair , self- confidence, and strong convictions that promote a vision which strongly connects with followers. Though considered an asset for leaders, charisma is not a requirement for effective leadership. Charisma can be used as a powerful tool to motivate or inspire others. However, the potential for misuse and the manipulation of others also exists.
Complex System - A highly structured organization with many semi-independent and interlocking components or subsystems. This results in many simultaneous variables, activities and feedback loops taking place at the same time. Because of the intricacy and interaction of complex systems, there are many subsystems seeking to coordinate multiple activities and this offers the potential for more things to go wrong. In a complex system, it is not uncommon for subsystems to have goals that differ or even compete with the goals of the overall system.
Core Competencies - The central skills and value-creating capabilities perceived as strengths within an organization. This typically involves a combination of application skills and technical knowledge that offers a strong competitive advantage. It is the responsibility of management to recognize and identify the organizations core competencies and develop a strategy around them.
Credibility - The quality of trustworthiness and capability exhibited by a leader that goes beyond the possession of power or authority. It typically results in greater compliance and respect from peers and followers. Credibility is strengthened by responsible behavior, dedication and open communication. Credibility is eroded by dishonesty and inappropriate behavior.
Culture - An organization’s transmitted beliefs and assumptions about the organizational environment and the employees place within it. These shared beliefs serve to provide role expectations to guide employee behavior and assist them in responding to the work environment. The culture helps to reduce uncertainty, anxiety, and confusion. This results in "learned responses" to survival in both the internal and external environment. Skilled leaders recognize the deeply entrenched influence of culture within an organization and may attempt to alter the culture in various ways.
Diversity - The result of an increased variety of employees in the workplace who are diverse in racial, ethnic, religious or gender composition. Many employers now recognize that this changing composition of the workforce is inevitable and that diverse experiences, backgrounds and attitudes can strengthen an organization. Diversity in the workforce can also provide greater opportunity for the organization to expand its customer base within a modern multiethnic marketplace. Diversity has also proven to be a source of potential conflict in organizations that have not encouraged respect for individual differences and tolerance.
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Ecosystems - Organizational perspective borrowed from the scientific understanding of biological systems. Within the organization, an ecosystem is a group of interdependent, interrelated and interacting elements or subsystems that together form the complete whole. As an example, the marketing department is a subsystem that interacts and is interrelated to other subsystems such as the accounting department. The ecosystems approach recognizes that events or activities that affect one part of the system may affect other systems within the ecosystem. See systems thinking, and complex systems.
Enlightened Leadership - Enlightened Leadership is "the willingness and ability to draw the vision from their people and inspire and empower those people to do what it takes to bring the vision into reality. Indeed, Enlightened Leaders nurture and encourage their people to be open, creative, and innovative and find what it takes to achieve their shared objectives." This type of leadership gets the "members of the organization to accept ownership for that vision as their own, thus developing the commitment to carry it through to completion."
Feedback - The return of information about the results or status of a process within the organization.
Groupthink - Tendency of decision makers to join together around a policy or person without questioning basic assumptions. An emotional bond of conformity can cause the group to filter out rational information that may question a policy or decision. Groupthink can also cause a group of decision-makers to rationalize a poor decision after-the-fact. Many poor decisions and faulty strategic planning are a result of groupthink.
Leadership - The active ability to articulate a vision, to embrace the values of that vision, and nurture an environment where everyone can reach the organizations goals and their own personal goals.
Locus of Control - An orientation ascribed to managerial effectiveness typically evaluated by personality scale testing. Most individuals are measured as either "internals" or "externals". Those with a strong internal locus of control believe most events that occur in their lives are determined by their own actions rather than by chance. In contrast, those with a strong external locus of control believe most events occur by chance or circumstance and conclude they have little control over fate or to change their lives. Those with an internal orientation tend to accept more responsibility for their actions and for organizational performance. Research indicates that those with a strong internal locus of control are also more flexible, innovative, and adaptive and take more initiative in solving problems.
Mission Statement - A written proclamation that describes the purpose of the organization and outlines the types of activities to be performed for constituents and customers. It should also mention what unique value or services the organization offers as a byproduct of its work. Mission statements typically contain at least three components. First, a statement of the overall purpose or mission of the company. Secondly, a statement that indicates the values that employees are expected to maintain and commit to in the decision- making process. Third, articulations of the major goals the management believe are essential to attain the mission. These goals should be consistent with the philosophical values that employees are expected to maintain.
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Power - An individual’s capacity to influence the behavior and attitudes of others. This usually also results in the ability to influence events, decisions and material possessions. Power can be used in productive or destructive ways. There are often many different types of power extant within an organization.
Principle-Centered Leadership - A leadership theory espoused by author Stephen Covey. Based on a principle that "self-validating natural laws" provide a compass or " true north " for leaders. Covey defines Principal-centered leadership as "based on the reality that we cannot violate these natural laws with impunity. Whether or not we believe in them, they have proven effective throughout centuries of human history. Individuals are more effective and organizations more empowered when they are guided and governed by these proven principles. Principle-centered leaders are those who understand and accept the principles by building them "into the center of their lives, into the center of their relationships with others, into the center of their agreements and contracts, into their management processes, and into their mission statements." Quotations taken from Principle-Centered Leadership by Stephen R. Covey (1992). Simon & Schuster Inc.
Reframing - Perspective to analyze and examine various frames or windows of organizational environment. Each frame holds the potential of presenting its own image of reality and can help the leader to develop greater appreciation and deeper understanding of organizations. Endorsed as a four-frame model by Lee Bolman and Terrence Deal. They present the diverse perspectives of the structural, human resource, political and symbolic frames and use the following analogy. "Galileo discovered this when he devised the first telescope. Each lens that he added contributed to a more accurate image of the heavens. Successful managers take advantage of the same truth. They reframe until they understand the situation at hand." Quotations taken from Reframing Organizations, by Lell Bolman and Terrence Deal (1997). Jossey-Bass Publishers
Servant-Leadership – Based on a "practical philosophy and model which supports people who choose to serve first, and then lead as a way of expanding service to individuals and institutions. Servant-leaders may or may not hold formal leadership positions. Servant-Leadership encourages collaboration, trust, foresight, listening, and the ethical use of power and empowerment." Quotation taken from the Greenleaf Center for Servant-Leadership website located at www.greenleaf.org
Stewardship - Philosophy established by author Peter Block as “an umbrella idea which promises the means of achieving fundamental change in the way we govern our institutions. Stewardship is to hold something in trust for another." Peter Block further defines Stewardship as "the choice to preside over the orderly distribution of power. This means giving people at the bottom and the boundaries of the organization choice over how to serve the customer, a citizen, a community. It is the willingness to be accountable for the well-being of the larger organization by operating in service, rather than in control, of those around us. Stated simply, it is accountability without control or compliance." Quotations taken from Stewardship by Peter Block (1996). Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
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Strategic Planning - The organizational " blueprint " or strategy for implementation of the objectives and mission of the company. This should include a strategy on how to remain competitive and profitable. Strategic planning should also take into account changes in the external environment and reflect the highest priorities of the organization. Sound strategic planning also candidly evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the organization and identifies its core competencies. Finally, the process should also explore promising new strategies and evaluate the possible needed investment and outcome of a new strategy.
Stakeholders - A term that includes all parties who have a stake or interest in the organizations success or failure. This includes customers, stockholders, employees and suppliers.
Systems Thinking - A philosophy that focuses on recognizing the interactions and interconnection between the various parts of a system. A systems thinking approach attempts to analyze the various parts of the system or subsystems and synthesize them into a cohesive view of the whole ecosystem. Systems' thinking allows a leader to step back and focus on the bigger picture of organizational problems or opportunities. It also allows the capability to balance short-term and long-term perspectives since a change in one part of the subsystem will ultimately affect other parts and perhaps the entire ecosystem. Systems' thinking also reminds the leader that we all function as a part of the system, and we are influenced by various subsystems even as we are influencing them.
Teambuilding - Effort by a leader to enhance the cooperation, identification and cohesiveness of a group. Suggested efforts include emphasizing common values and interests, initiation of rituals, symbols and ceremonies, encourage non-business social interaction, cultivate appreciation and tolerance, and establish incentives to reward mutual cooperation.
Transactional Leadership - T ransactional leadership attempts to influence followers by contingent rewards and punishments to achieve desired work levels or performance. This behavior attempts to influence followers by providing corrective action including punishments as a response to obvious departures from acceptable work standards.
Transformational Leadership - T ransformational leadership is influential in motivating and transforming followers to be more aware of task outcomes, activate their highest order needs and to go beyond their own self-interest for the benefit of the organization. This is achieved because the transformational leader seeks to build commitment, empower and elevate followers to the greatest degree possible. Because of transformational influence, followers are motivated to do more than they originally would and feel a greater degree of respect and trust for the leader. The backbone of this theory is that followers are more motivated to enhance their performance by transformational leadership rather than transactional leadership.
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Values - The guiding principles that state how the employees, beginning with management, intend to conduct their behavior and do business. These values will determine what kind of organization will develop and become the foundation of the organizations culture.
Vision - The articulation of the mission of the organization in such an appealing and intuitive picture that it conveys what the organization can be in the future and instills common purpose, self-esteem and a sense of membership within the organization. Traditionally, vision has come from the top management of the organization. Many leaders are beginning to see the value of creating the vision also from those who are closer to the work environment and the customer.
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VOCABULARY
come to mind thought of without much consideration
blackboard a smooth panel or surface (usually attached to a wall) for writing on with chalk
easel a large upright writing surface (usually of paper) supported by a three-legged (tripod) stand.
gestures an act or remark made as a sign of intention or attitude
flair distinctive elegance or style
though even if…however…although
asset a useful or valuable quality, person, possession, or thing
misuse use incorrectly
intricacy complexity
peers people of equal standing
eroded deteriorated gradually
role function or position
deeply entrenched well established or fixed
willingness inclination to do something voluntarily
indeed without a doubt
thus as a result…so
bond link or attachment
after-the-fact after something has already occurred
fate the supposed force or power that determines events
tend to have a tendency towards
www.english – workshop.com 15 www.english – workshop.com extant in existence espoused given ones loyalty or support true north movement in the right or upward direction in terms of both progress and integrity foresight the ability to foresee or predict likely future events boundaries limitations well-being welfare…the state of being healthy, happy or prosperous blueprint a detailed plan of action take into account consider sound reliable stake investment…share…interest ecosystem ecological bionetwork or system rituals formal ceremonies or routine procedures
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VOCABULARY PRACTICE Choose 5 terms (from the text) that you would like to integrate into your professional vocabulary and use them in sentences. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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3 - WHAT COWORKERS REALLY WANT MOST “Effective leaders are obsessed with finding something good about an employee. They are very alert to opportunities to celebrate the achievement of others.” Dr. J. Howard Baker An interesting anomaly has occurred in recent surveys taken in the workplace. When CEO’s, Vice Presidents or other senior managers are asked what they think employees want most to be content, they typically answer more money, prestige, advancement, an impressive title, or increased responsibility. However, when employees are asked the same question, these wants are typically not at the top of the list! What employees and co-workers say they really want most is to be appreciated! Perhaps you have heard the old business commentary about how unappreciated many workers feel. The worker remarks, “Doing something good and productive around here is like loosing control of your bladder while wearing a dark suit. You get a warm feeling inside, but nobody seems to notice!” Indeed surveys reveal a large gap between what senior level managers believe workers want and what they say they really want. In today’s workplace, anyone who fails to show genuine thankfulness for the work, commitment and dedication of others will be perceived as selfish and insensitive toward the sincere efforts of others to do a good job.
It seems so simple and obvious, yet there is a tremendous need for greater appreciation to be shown in the workplace. Why does this problem exist? There are a number of complex reasons. Traditionally the role of managers was seen as a way to control workers. Many managers had a paternalistic attitude toward others and it was thought that showing little appreciation was a way to keep a distance from them and show who was “in charge”. Some feared that complimenting workers or thanking them for an outstanding effort would encourage them to ask for more money. Far too many managers desired to be feared rather than respected and so used intimidation as an attempt to motivate workers. Since intimidation and fear was their modus operandi, there was little room to express appreciation.
So how can you fulfill the real need of coworkers and associates by showing genuine gratitude? We will briefly discuss two valuable ways…
1. Make a concerted effort to verbally tell fellow workers how much they contribute to the overall success of the organization. All employees have strengths as well as weaknesses. Focus on their strengths and use every opportunity possible to express thankfulness for their skills and efforts. Do this even if they are not perfect and do not perform tasks exactly the way you would have performed them. As Ken Blanchard proclaimed in his classic book entitled The One Minute Manager, catch others doing something right! Let them know you noticed and are grateful.
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2. But telling coworkers how appreciated they are is not enough! You must also show them with actions. In this case, little things do mean a lot. Give occasional small gifts, bring in bakery items as a snack, offer some unexpected time off, and praise them in a meeting or in a memo. Use your imagination depending on your workplace but remember to regularly show your appreciation to others. Be specific when you tell or show appreciation to others. Using generalities or generic slogans come across to others as forced and insincere.
Finally, there is one other side benefit of showing routine appreciation to others. When a time arrives that you must correct a coworker or point out a problem, you will have more credibility if you have a reputation of being a caring and sensitive individual. However, if you are only known and recognized as an unappreciative critic you are likely to create bitterness and lasting resentment when you do point out a problem or weakness to others. Remember that people don’t care how much you know until they know how much you care.
“Effective leaders are obsessed with finding something good about an employee. They are very alert to opportunities to celebrate the achievement of others.” Dr. J. Howard Baker
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VOCABULARY
surveys studies conducted through interviews.
bladder Human Anatomy. Any of various distensible membranous sacs, such as the urinary bladder, that serve as receptacles for fluid or gas…to lose control of one’s bladder would cause one to urinate on one’s self
dark suit a suit which is dark in color and may be able to camouflage any liquid that would otherwise be visible on a light colored suit
warm moderately hot
indeed without a doubt
selfish self-centered…egotistical…self-interested…self-serving
paternalistic attitude or practice of treating people in a parental manner, attitude without giving them rights or responsibilities
in charge in command
modus operandi method of operation…often used only as the initials M.O.
strengths moral or intellectual powers…capacity or potential for action (antonym: weaknesses)
weaknesses the condition or quality of being weak…a personal defect or failing (antonym: strengths)
praise congratulate or pay tribute to
slogans mottos or catchphrases
point out specify…to bring something to someone’s attention
bitterness a felling of; resentment…animosity…hostility
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VOCABULARY PRACTICE Fill in the blanks with vocabulary from this unit. All necessary vocabulary may not be in the right hand column. surveys
1. When a time arrives that you must correct a coworker or ______a problem, you will have more credibility if you have a reputation of being a caring and sensitive individual. indeed
2. Be specific when you tell or show appreciation to others. Using generalities or generic ______come across to others as forced and insincere. paternalistic attitude 3. . However, if you are only known and recognized as an unappreciative critic you are likely to create ______and lasting resentment when you do ______a problem or in charge ______to others.
4. In today’s workplace, anyone who fails to show genuine thankfulness for the work, commitment and dedication of modus others will be perceived as ______and insensitive toward operandi the sincere efforts of others to do a good job.
5. Since intimidation and fear was their ______, there strengths was little room to express appreciation.
6. The worker remarks, “Doing something good and productive around here is like loosing control of your ______while weaknesses wearing a ______. You get a ______feeling inside, but nobody seems to notice!”
7. Many managers had a ______toward others praise and it was thought that showing little appreciation was a way to keep a distance from them and show who was ______.
8. All employees have ______as well as ______. slogans
9. An interesting anomaly has occurred in recent ______taken in the workplace. point out
bitterness
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SUMMARIZE YOUR THOUGHTS
1. What have recent surveys taught us about what employees surveys really want most to make them content?
indeed
paternalistic attitude 2. In terms of controlling workers, what has the traditional role of managers been?
in charge
modus operandi 3. How does the author Ken Blanchard advise managers to show appreciation towards employees? Why is this so important? strengths
weaknesses
praise 4. Other than simply telling employees and coworkers that you appreciate them what are some other little things that you can do to reinforce the sentiment? slogans
point out
bitterness
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4 - BEING AN EFFECTIVE AGENT OF CHANGE “He who rejects change is the architect of decay. The only human institution which rejects progress is the cemetery.” Former British Prime Minister Harold Wilson
Look into any book on business, management or leadership and you will find the vital subject of “change” considered an essential subject. The ability of individuals and organizations to change is crucial to growth, health and often survival. Leaders are often called upon to be agents of the change process. Visionary leadership sees the need for positive change, charts the course of direction and leads the way down the path. If this is the case, why does almost every consultant, business scholar and manager openly admit that most attempts to produce real change completely fail? Why is there almost universal agreement that most attempts to produce lasting change result in frustration and massive resistance? Here are a few things to keep in mind.
1. The overwhelming majority of people naturally and passionately resist change either in their personal lives or in the workplace. We like our “comfort zone”. Always doing the same things and acting the same way provides a sense of security and stability. In contrast, the process of change is viewed by most as risky, unsettling and entry into a new world of unknown outcomes. Dear leader, this is reality and the prevailing environment that all leaders must accept and learn to deal with effectively.
2. The first big mistake most leaders make when attempting to introduce change is they fail to get the valuable input of others before they introduce or begin the change process! Too many leaders believe they single-handedly can initiate or force change upon others without ample explanation or consensus. All this will do is guarantee greater resistance and resentment toward change even when introduced by the best ideas or intentions. What is your reaction when change is forced upon you? How do you respond when change is thrust upon you without your opinion being considered important? If you want individuals to “buy-in” to an idea or process, it is wise to solicit their input and ideas in the entire process. This means before the need for change is introduced and implemented!
3. The second biggest mistake most leaders make is they spend too much time later on when implementing the change process because they did not spend enough time upfront reducing resistance early in the process! People need to be logically and emotionally inspired to change themselves or their organization. Look at your own life. If you see a personal need for change due to observation or criticism, how successful will you be if you have not deeply convinced yourself of the need for improvement? The answer to this question can be seen in the millions of broken “resolutions” we make to ourselves during the course of a year. This is where your leadership skills will
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be tested and challenged. It is absolutely essential that you spend a tremendous amount of time vigorously teaching, proclaiming and convincing others why the change is necessary and healthy. Pontificating in a meeting doesn’t do it. Sending a memo doesn’t do it. A company wide meeting flashing a few PowerPoint slides doesn’t do it. Intimidating others doesn’t do it. What does do it is engaging in enthusiastic discussion with others as to why they will be better off contributing to the change process. Everyone wants a better work environment, encouragement, greater personal fulfillment, possible career advancement and potential gains in income. How and why will the change you seek to introduce contribute to their needs? If you have not prepared a convincing answer, prepare for massive amounts of resistance and frustration. People can accept the need for sacrifice and change if they are convinced it is a worthwhile process and will result in a better future.
4. Finally, remember that as a leader you are also a promoter. You must personally model the new change and sincerely listen to others. Show everyone you are open-minded and concerned about any new problems or challenges that arise. Others are watching you to see if you believe what you are promoting or if you are simply going through the motions. You need credibility to be an effective change agent!
Years ago, an automotive television commercial stressed the importance of routine vehicle maintenance. The slogan announced, “Pay now…or pay later”. The point of the commercial was that routine maintenance is inexpensive but failure of a vital part is very expensive. As a leader you can make a personal investment upfront, and before the change process is introduced, or you can make a larger investment later on with greater odds of failure. The choice is yours!
“He who rejects change is the architect of decay. The only human institution which rejects progress is the cemetery.” Former British Prime Minister Harold Wilson
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VOCABULARY
decay gradual deterioration
overwhelming undeniable and overpowering
unsettling disturbing; often emotionally disturbing
single-handedly by ones own self; without assistance
thrust forced
buy-in believe in and support
upfront at the beginning or before the beginning
deeply completely
pontificating expressing opinions in an authoritative or arrogant manner
worthwhile worth an investment of time, energy, effort, money etc...
going through doing what is required without actually being interested or the motions supportive of the purpose
odds chances of probability: The odds are that it will rain
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VOCABULARY PRACTICE Fill in the blanks with vocabulary from this unit. All decay necessary vocabulary may not be in the right hand column.
1. Too many leaders believe they ______can overwhelming initiate or force change upon others.
2. If you want individuals to ______to an idea or process, unsettling it is wise to solicit their input and ideas in the entire process. single- 3. People can accept the need for sacrifice and change if handedly they are convinced it is a ______process and will result in a better future. thrust 4. The ______majority of people naturally and passionately resist change either in their personal lives or in the workplace. buy-in
5. “He who rejects change is the architect of ______. The only human institution which rejects progress is the upfront cemetery.”
6. Others are watching you to see if you believe what you deeply are promoting or if you are simply ______. pontificating 7. If you see a personal need for change due to observation or criticism, how successful will you be if you have not ______convinced yourself of the need for improvement? worthwhile
8. In contrast, the process of change is viewed by most as risky, ______and entry into a new world of going through unknown outcomes. the motions
9. How do you respond when change is ______upon you without your opinion being considered important? odds
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SUMMARIZE YOUR THOUGHTS decay 10.Why are most people and organizations resistant to change? overwhelming
unsettling
single- 11.When attempting to implement change, what is the first handedly big mistake made by most leaders?
thrust
buy-in
upfront 12.What are some things that should be considered by leaders when attempting to relate the positive impact of a change process to employees? deeply
pontificating
worthwhile
13.Will a leader who appears to be “going through the going through motions” be successful in gaining support while the motions implementing change?
odds
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5 - CORRECTING A COWORKER “People are not an interruption of our business, people are our business.” Walter E. Washington One of the most difficult tasks a leader has is to establish and nurture a vision for their group or organization. Keeping all coworkers excited and moving toward the same goal can be a great challenge. This becomes even more daunting when a member of the team needs to be corrected. There may be many reasons for having a corrective discussion with a coworker. It may be because of an attitude, an open remark, spreading an unhealthy rumor, or violating a confidence. Allowing these negative traits to continue can erode the trust and confidence of the entire team. As a leader, it will occasionally be necessary to address this delicate issue. How can a leader have a corrective discussion that has positive and constructive results? Here are some points to ponder.
1. Correct an individual privately in an atmosphere of a “one-on-one” chat. Only under the rarest of circumstances should you correct someone in public. Doing this almost guarantees the creation of lingering resentment or bitterness toward you and the organization. The purpose of private correction is to sincerely help the individual, and benefit the entire team by preserving the positive skills and talents of the individual.
2. Begin the conversation with a personal and positive approach. It is important to begin by letting the person know you appreciate their contribution and abilities. Point out a few positive qualities they possess that you admire and respect. Don’t begin the conversation by launching into a diatribe about a problem or perceived weakness on their part. This will backfire and the individual will probably “return fire” by letting you know about all of your faults. Start out slowly, and begin by showing the person that you recognize their strengths and contribution. Let them know you really care about them!
3. As you direct the conversation toward the discussion of a problem, remember to listen. This provides you an opportunity to analyze the problem from a fresh perspective. Address the issue and allow the individual to explain it from their perspective. Again, simply “cutting them off” in mid-sentence is sure to create resentment. Allow them to talk and express their feelings. Next, it is your turn…
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4. Begin by clearly and patiently expressing the problem, as you perceive it. Show the negative consequences of the individuals’ actions and how they affect not only you but also the entire team and its mission. Explain how their actions may erode their credibility and respect from others. Tell them clearly that you expect this conduct to cease because it is counterproductive. Avoid using a tone of anger or raising your voice. Set the right example of maturity and dignity in your conduct. Remember the goal is to point out a legitimate problem and help the individual to recognize and overcome their part in it. Offer some positive suggestions on how past experiences could have been handled!
5. Finally, conclude the conversation by once again reminding your coworker of how much you value their input and personal talents. You want to end the discussion within a positive environment. You want the individual to leave the conversation clearly knowing their responsibility is to change, but also feeling like they are still appreciated and have a vital role to play within the team.
“People are not an interruption of our business, people are our business.” Walter E. Washington
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VOCABULARY
daunting intimidating…discouraging
an open remark a remark made in public that may have been offensive or may have released sensitive information
spreading distributing…dispersing
unhealthy rumor damaging or harmful rumor
erode destroy gradually by or as if by abrasion
ponder carefully consider
one-on-one chat informal private conversation between two individuals
rarest superlative form of the adjective rare; infrequently or uncommon
lingering lasting or persistent
launching into beginning aggressively
diatribe attack…abusive denunciation…criticism
backfire receive the opposite results from what was intended
return fire attack in defense
cutting (them) not allowing them to finish a statement off
cease stop
tone of anger voice indicates anger
raising your increasing the volume of one’s voice as often occurs when voice one is becoming upset
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VOCABULARY PRACTICE Fill in the blanks with vocabulary from this unit. All necessary vocabulary may not be in the right hand column. daunting
1. Avoid using a ______or raising your voice.
2. This will ______and the individual will probably spreading ______by letting you know about all of your faults.
3. Simply ______in mid-sentence is sure to create resentment. erode
4. Only under the ______of circumstances should you correct someone in public. ponder 5. Don’t begin the conversation by ______a ______about a problem or perceived weakness on their part. launching 6. Correct an individual privately in an atmosphere of into ______chat.
7. Doing this almost guarantees the creation of ______diatribe resentment or bitterness toward you and the organization.
8. It may be because of an attitude, ______, ______an ______, or violating a confidence. backfire
9. Allowing these negative traits to continue can ______the trust and confidence of the entire team. cutting 10.This becomes even more ______when a member of the (them) off team needs to be corrected.
11.Here are some points to ______. cease
raising your voice
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SUMMARIZE YOUR THOUGHTS
1. What should an effective leader consider the purpose of private correction to be? daunting
spreading
erode 2. Should a leader launch into a diatribe before or after cutting off an employee’s explanation?
ponder
launching into
3. Why do you think it is important to allow an employee to explain an issue from their own perspective? diatribe
backfire
cutting 4. How should an employee feel after leaving a corrective (them) off discussion?
cease
raising your voice
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6 - BEWARE OF GROUPTHINK “Between me and God we have all knowledge. God knows all there is to know and I know the rest.” Mark Twain
Groupthink is the tendency of decision makers to join together around a policy or person without questioning basic assumptions. An emotional bond of conformity can cause the group to filter out rational information that may question a policy or decision. Groupthink can also cause a group of decision makers to rationalize a poor decision after-the-fact. Many poor decisions and faulty strategic planning are a result of groupthink. Discord and conflict among individuals is one major pitfall among decision makers. Groupthink is the major pitfall on the other side of the pendulum. Group cohesiveness is a good quality and something we should all strive for, but groupthink takes this cohesiveness to an extreme.
Groupthink can happen in any environment, but it often happens following a period of success. The decision-makers become comfortable with each other and self-congratulatory. Since recent success has been achieved, they falsely assume two things. First, they tend to think they are primarily responsible for success, when in reality it is those who implemented and managed the changes who deserve most of the credit. Secondly, since the group bonds emotionally, they think their decisions are naturally best when in reality they have become arrogant and self-serving. This leads the group to ignore or filter out facts or information that doesn’t fit into their basic assumptions. Anyone who questions their assumptions or decisions is not considered a “team player”. Finally, when their poor decisions begin to have negative consequences due to groupthink, they go on a crusade to blame others. Here is what Gary Yukl warns about groupthink in his book, Leadership In Organizations…
“Members develop an illusion of invulnerability, which is supported by an unfavorable view of outsiders. Critics, opponents and competitors are ridiculed and not given serious consideration. As a result the group is likely to overestimate the probability of success for a risky course of action.”
So how can your organization guard against groupthink? Here are a few important steps.
1. As a leader, encourage alternative comments. If ideas or comments are being cut off by others that are contrary to established basic assumptions, it is time to intervene. Ask the individual to finish their comments. Remind everyone that open and frank communication is essential to good decision making.
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2. Encourage the use of committees or a task force to evaluate ideas or basic assumptions. Remember those in the organization who are actually asked to implement and manage past decisions! They are a wealth of information and real world experience because they are closer to the front line of daily issues. Ask them to report their ideas and comments to the decision making group without fear of reprisal or intimidation. As a leader, insist that the open and honest sharing of ideas is an essential part of a healthy culture.
3. Appoint one of the group members to play the “devil’s advocate”. To avoid groupthink, postpone a decision for a few days. Ask the group to prepare a formal presentation including their data, assumptions and conclusions. Ahead of time ask one of the group’s most capable members to be the devil’s advocate and to challenge the formal presentation looking for flaws in logic, basic assumptions, false inferences and overlooked information. Allow the devil’s advocate to present a formal critique. Finally, allow the group to evaluate the results and revise the decision if necessary. It is better and easier to make changes at this stage rather than clean up the debris a poor decision will leave behind later on.
4. Maintain the right perspective as a leader. Old-fashioned humility is a major ingredient in effective leadership. No individual or group is infallible. Make a habit of what some call “managing by walking around”. Get out of your cocoon and ask questions of those who have been affected by the group’s decisions. Occasionally pick up the phone, call a customer, and get a reality check! Encouraging feedback on the results of previous decisions including what worked and what didn’t, will also help keep your feet on the ground. Realize that with rapidly changing technologies and cultures, many basic assumptions are in need of regular evaluation. Don’t be afraid to bring in a consultant if you feel your organization or group is losing its grip on the ability to make sound decisions.
“Between me and God we have all knowledge. God knows all there is to know and I know the rest.” Mark Twain
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VOCABULARY
poor inadequate, bad
after-the-fact after something has already occurred…too late
discord disagreement
pitfall an obstacle that ceases progress…drawback, difficulty, hazard
strive try very hard…struggle, attempt
self-serving only of benefit to ones self…selfish
team player someone who is concerned with the success of the team rather than their own individual gain
crusade campaign…a cause or a struggle
outsiders anyone outside of a particular group
risky course of dangerous plan likely to fail action
frank honest…blunt…truthful
wealth abundance…plentiful resource
front line those in contact with the client or the people who are directly effected by decisions
healthy strong…vigorous…in good physical condition
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VOCABULARY PRACTICE Fill in the blanks with vocabulary from this unit. All necessary poor vocabulary may not be in the right hand column. after-the- fact 1. As a leader, insist that the open and honest sharing of ideas is an pitfall essential part of a ______culture. strive 2. ______, ask one of the group’s most capable members to be the ______and to challenge the formal self- presentation looking for ______in logic, basic assumptions, serving false inferences and overlooked information. team 3. Don’t be afraid to bring in a consultant if you feel your organization player or group is ______on the ability to make ______decisions. crusade outsiders 4. It is better and easier to make changes at this stage rather than clean up the ______a poor decision will leave behind later on. frank
5. Anyone who questions their assumptions or decisions is not wealth considered a ______. front line 6. They are a ______of information and real world experience because they are closer to the ______of healthy daily issues. devil’s 7. Remind everyone that open and ______communication is advocate essential to good decision making. flaws
8. Members develop an illusion of invulnerability, which is supported humility by an unfavorable view of ______. infallible 9. As a result the group is likely to overestimate the probability of success for a ______. reality check 10.Group cohesiveness is a good quality and something we should all ______for, but groupthink takes this cohesiveness to an losing its extreme. grip sound 11.Many ______decisions and faulty strategic planning are a result of groupthink.
12.______and conflict among individuals is one major ______among decision makers.
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SUMMARIZE YOUR THOUGHTS poor 1. What types of organizations can suffer from groupthink? after-the- fact
pitfall
strive
self- serving 2. Can too much cohesiveness be a bad thing? team player
crusade
outsiders
frank
3. At what time is groupthink most likely to occur? wealth
front line
healthy
devil’s advocate
4. When a group is suffering from groupthink how do they often flaws handle criticism? humility
infallible
reality check
losing its grip
sound
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7- BEHAVIORS AND TRAITS “A man’s action is only a picture book of his creed.” Ralph Waldo Emerson
Beginning in the 1980’s the Center for Creative Leadership (CCL) sought to identify certain behaviors and traits of top executives. They attempted to see if particular behaviors and traits were associated with the eventual failure or success of these executives. Their research included interviews with senior human resource managers and top executives. They analyzed why some individuals who had advanced to top-level positions failed to perform successfully. The conclusion of the research did not provide a guarantee for success, but it did provide some valuable insight on the connection between behavior and success. Here is a brief recap of the major findings from their research.
1. Emotional Composure and Stability Managers who failed had a difficult time dealing with pressure. They were more prone to angry outbursts, moodiness and unpredictable behavior. This behavior hurt their interpersonal relationships with superiors, peers and subordinates. Successful executives were able to deal with crisis situations in a confident, calm and mature manner.
2. Defensiveness Unsuccessful executives tended to be more defensive about their own personal failures or shortcomings. They typically reacted by blaming others or seeking to hide their errors. The successful managers were more open to admitting mistakes and accepted personal responsibility. They also worked hard to fix their problem by correcting their error rather than covering it up. Finally, the successful executive didn’t brood or dwell on the problem or error for an extended period of time. They moved on to other pressing needs.
3. Integrity Executives who failed were more interested in advancing their own careers at the expense of others. They tended to focus on impressing their superiors or competing with perceived rivals. They were considered less trustworthy because they were willing to break a promise or betray a trust if it suited their immediate needs. In contrast, successful individuals were viewed as having strong integrity. They tended to be more focused on the immediate task and the needs of their subordinates.
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4. Interpersonal Skills
Research indicated that managers who were unsuccessful were likely to be weaker in their interpersonal skills when relating to other people. Their demonstration of intimidation or abrasiveness was viewed as insensitivity toward others. Some were able to present a façade of charm when they saw a particular need. However, over a period of time coworkers could see they were basically selfish, manipulative and inconsiderate of others feelings. Their demeanor tended to be offensive and outspoken. Successful executives were more tactful, considerate and sensitive of others. They developed a large network of sound relationships and had a reputation of getting along well with anyone. When they disagreed with others they were diplomatic and direct with their comments.
5. Cognitive and Technical Skills
The majority of managers who failed had risen to a top-level position because of superb technical skills. This was one of the qualities that got them recognized and led to their promotion. However, those who were unsuccessful in this higher- level position had become too confident in their own abilities. They became arrogant and tended to ignore the advice and council of others. Arrogance also led them to act superior and over-manage others who had equal or even greater skills. Another problem was their inability to shift focus at their new level. The executives who failed were unable to view problems from a strategic perspective and still attempted to manage technical problems. Finally, some who failed only had narrow cognitive and technical skill. In contrast, successful managers had more experience in a variety of different situations and functions. This experience gave them a broader expertise and perspective in dealing with different kinds of problems.
“A man’s action is only a picture book of his creed.” Ralph Waldo Emerson
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VOCABULARY
insight the capacity to understand the true nature of a situation
recap recapitulate…review…go over
prone to tendency to…likely to
outbursts sudden or unexpected eruption of anger
peers equals…colleagues
moodiness the inability to remain in a good mood
manner way…method…style
shortcomings deficiencies…weaknesses
blaming accusing or attributing fault (even without evidence)
covering it up hiding mistakes
brood worry
dwell on focus on something for a long time
pressing needs urgent or critical needs
rivals opponent…adversary
trustworthy reliable…warranting (worthy) or deserving of trust
abrasiveness aggressive or irritating in manner
façade an artificial or deceptive appearance or public image
charm appeal, magnetism
selfish self-centered…egotistical…self interested
demeanor public character or conduct
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outspoken frank or direct with regards to speech getting along having a good and compatible relationship with with council requested or solicited advice narrow limited or little broader more extensive
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VOCABULARY PRACTICE Fill in the blanks with vocabulary from this unit. All necessary insight vocabulary may not be in the right hand column. recap 1. Finally, some who failed only had ______cognitive and technical skill. prone to
2. Their ______tended to be offensive and outbursts ______. peers 3. This experience gave them a ______expertise and perspective in dealing with different kinds of problems. manner
shortcomings 4. They developed a large network of sound relationships and had a reputation of ______well ______anyone. blaming
5. Unsuccessful executives tended to be more defensive about dwell their own personal failures or ______. pressing 6. Some were able to present a ______of ______when they saw a particular need. rivals
7. Finally, the successful executive didn’t brood or ______trustworthy on the problem or error for an extended period of time. They moved on to other ______. façade
8. Successful executives were able to deal with crisis situations in charm a confident, calm and mature ______. selfish 9. Managers who failed had a difficult time dealing with pressure. demeanor They were more ______angry ______, moodiness and unpredictable behavior. outspoken 10.The conclusion of the research did not provide a guarantee for success, but it did provide some valuable ______on the getting along connection between behavior and success. with council
narrow
broader
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SUMMARIZE YOUR THOUGHTS With regards to success or failure of leaders, comment on the 5 areas insight that the Center for Creative Leadership focused on in their research from the 1980’s. recap
1. Emotional Composure and Stability. prone to
outbursts
peers
manner 2. Defensiveness shortcomings
blaming
dwell
pressing 3. Integrity rivals
trustworthy
façade
charm 4. Interpersonal Skills selfish
demeanor
outspoken
5. Cognitive and Technical Skills getting along with
council
narrow
broader
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8 - COMMITMENT “People engaged in the redesign of their governance need to commit to act in the interests of the whole organization. Freedom and commitment are in every case joined at the hip.” Peter Block
What leaders want and need from others is commitment. This is one’s emotional investment to extend great effort toward the implementation of a decision, outcome or goal. Successful leaders need to solicit the commitment and dedication of others to achieve established goals and the group’s mission. Just how does a leader build commitment among followers and various stakeholders?
1. Gaining commitment from others is no longer considered a right or obligation. As many leaders painfully learn, you can’t buy commitment from others no matter how much you pay them. Commitment is a building process and it is earned by a leader who appreciates and values it!
2. The enemies of commitment are silence and exclusiveness demonstrated by the leader. Building commitment means open and honest communication. A wise leader understands that most individuals have a natural resistance to change and are suspicious of any idea or concept forced upon them. Commitment is enhanced when the need for change is clearly and patiently expressed and when the followers’ input is respected as part of the entire change process.
3. The friend of commitment is involvement. People feel a greater sense of commitment when they are involved in the decision-making process. Many leaders fear this because they are afraid that others may offer other options or challenge their own thinking. Experienced leaders don’t fear seeking the involvement of followers because they understand the deepened level of commitment far outweighs the potential of a compromised decision. They know that even the most sound and brilliant decision will fail without the commitment of others.
4. Ask for the commitment of others. This is done by vividly articulating a vision and personally requesting the commitment of others. Don’t take the support of others for granted! Let them know how important they are and how vital their commitment is to achieve success. Often times a personal plea will make the difference in gaining the deep commitment of followers.
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5. Set an individual example by demonstrating your own level of commitment. Show others that you are willing to do what you ask of them. Commitment is easily eroded by leaders who think they are “above” or beyond the tasks expected of others. In contrast, leaders who will roll up their sleeves and occasionally share some lower tasks with others win the respect and admiration of followers. By doing this you state to the follower that you value what they do and appreciate their valuable contribution to the organization.
In conclusion, commitment and involving others in the entire decision-making environment have a modern bond. Use open and honest communication to express the need and reasons for change. Deeply involve the followers to help determine how the change should occur. In exchange for their inclusion, ask for commitment as their promise of dedication and support. Commitment is founded on trust, respect and a common vision.
“People engaged in the redesign of their governance need to commit to act in the interests of the whole organization. Freedom and commitment are in every case joined at the hip.” Peter Block
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VOCABULARY
joined at the hip required to be together in order to function
painfully learn get experience from making mistakes
earned worked for
wise intelligent
forced imposed
enhanced improved…made better
far outweighs much more important
compromised a decision that may need to be changed because of some decision unanticipated circumstances
take for granted assume…not appreciate
personal plea personal request
bond strong relationship
roll up their work with subordinates doing things that may not be typical of sleeves a leader
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VOCABULARY PRACTICE Fill in the blanks with vocabulary from this unit. All necessary joined at the vocabulary may not be in the right hand column. hip
1. Commitment is ______when the need for change is clearly and patiently expressed and when the followers’ painfully input is respected as part of the entire change process. learn
2. leaders who will ______and occasionally share earned some lower tasks with others win the respect and admiration of followers. wise 3. commitment and involving others in the entire decision- making environment have a modern ______. forced 4. Don’t ______the support of others ______! enhanced 5. Often times a ______will make the difference in gaining the deep commitment of followers. far outweighs 6. Commitment is a building process and it is ______by a leader who appreciates and values it! compromised 7. Experienced leaders don’t fear seeking the involvement of followers because they understand the deepened level of decision commitment ______the potential of a ______. take for 8. “People engaged in the redesign of their governance granted need to commit to act in the interests of the whole organization. Freedom and commitment are in every case ______.” personal plea
9. A ______leader understands that most individuals have a roll up their natural resistance to change and are suspicious of any idea sleeves or concept ______upon them.
10.As many leaders ______, you can’t buy bond commitment from others no matter how much you pay them.
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SUMMARIZE YOUR THOUGHTS 1. Define commitment. joined at the hip
painfully learn
earned
2. What does the author believe the enemies of commitment wise are? forced
enhanced
far outweighs
compromised 3. What does the author believe a friend of commitment is and how can this be achieved? decision
take for granted
personal plea
4. What are the foundations of commitment? roll up their sleeves
bond
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9 - VALUES “If a man does not know what port he is steering for, no wind is favorable to him.” Seneca
Organizational values are the guiding principles that state how the employees beginning with management, intend to conduct their behavior and do business. These values, will determine what kind of a company will develop and become the foundation of the organizations culture. They are an important part of individuality for both the organization and individuals! Values deal with preferences, perceptions, judgments and behavior. This belief system has a profound influence on the input and output processes of any group or person.
Many businesses articulate a set of values to emphasize their own distinctiveness or drive its competitive advantage. On an organizational level, these values should include a respect for all of the stakeholders. This includes its customers, employees, suppliers, and stockholders. Another important value is approval for and willingness to support needed change efforts within the organization.
Some leaders have viewed their values as contingent upon the situation or their immediate needs. This is a recipe for long-term disaster. In reality, effective leadership is based not on the contingency of times or circumstances but on the most fundamental of moral values: respect for people. In this essential ethical value, there is no room for contingencies. Trust is the emotional glue that bonds leaders and followers together. When followers feel manipulated or treated dishonestly they cease being committed supporters and become resistant.
Value-based leadership is a philosophy and attitude about people and processes. It is founded on integrity, open communication, respect, feedback and ethical behavior. The hearts and minds of followers are energized by inclusion and participation. Leadership should provide a durable and persuasive sense of purpose and direction. It recognizes that in order for an organization to overcome resistance to change, the leaders must start by changing themselves! In this way the leader inspires others to join and lead in the transformation. When this occurs, one becomes in the words of James O’Toole, “a leader of leaders”.
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Here are some of the qualities of a value-based leader...
1. Demonstrates professionalism 2. Acts in accordance with organizational values. 3. Actively supports and promotes company values. 4. Introduces values to new associates and followers. 5. Views oneself as a role model for company and personal values.
Don’t overlook or underestimate the importance and influence of values. The right values will mean commitment, balance and the ability to accept change. The wrong values will mean coercion, instability and resistance to needed change.
“If a man does not know what port he is steering for, no wind is favorable to him.” Seneca
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VOCABULARY
guiding principles or beliefs from which an organization takes its principles direction
a profound an intense or overpowering influence influence
drive to guide or propel
on an at a level that affects or concerns the entire organization organizational level
willingness desire to comply or follow
contingent reliant on upon
recipe for contains everything necessary (all the ingredients) to cause a disaster disaster…this idiomatic phrase can also be used in a positive way i.e. “recipe for success”
contingency unexpected or unplanned event
moral values ethical…decent…honorable values
durable heavy duty…strong
overcome succeed even with resistance resistance
coercion intimidation
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VOCABULARY PRACTICE Fill in the blanks with vocabulary from this unit. All necessary guiding vocabulary may not be in the right hand column. principles
1. Organizational values are the ______that state how the employees beginning with management, intend to a profound conduct their behavior and do business. influence
2. It recognizes that in order for an organization to drive ______to change, the leaders must start by changing themselves! on an organizationa 3. Some leaders have viewed their values as ______l level the situation or their immediate needs.
willingness 4. ______, these values should include a respect for all of the stakeholders. contingent upon 5. In reality, effective leadership is based not on the ______of times or circumstances but on the most fundamental of ______: respect for people. recipe for disaster
6. Another important value is approval for and ______to support needed change efforts within the organization. moral values
7. Leadership should provide a ______and persuasive contingencies sense of purpose and direction.
durable 8. Many businesses articulate a set of values to emphasize their own distinctiveness or ______its competitive advantage. overcome resistance
9. This belief system has ______on the input and output processes of any group or person. coercion
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10 - MOTIVATING OTHERS “When you cease to make a contribution, you begin to die.” Eleanor Roosevelt
Motivating others is at the heart of leadership and organizational success. Before we discuss motivation, we need to understand the proper symbiotic relationship between people and organizations. First of all organizations should exist to serve human needs and not the other way around. Organizations and people need each other. Employees need careers, opportunities, satisfaction and fulfilling work. Organizations need the energy, ideas and talent of its people. When the environment between the organization and individual is poor, one or both will suffer and become victims! The eventual result will be that either certain individuals will be exploited or they will exploit the organization.
With this foundation in mind we can see that leaders seek to nurture an organizational culture where work is productive, energizing and mutually rewarding. To motivate people we need to also understand their basic needs. Psychologist Abraham Maslow created an influential theory to group human needs into five basic categories. These needs are hierarchical and begin with lower or basic needs. As these lower needs are met and satisfied, individuals are motivated by higher needs. The five basic categories begin with physiological needs like water, food, air and physical health. As this need is achieved an individual would seek a higher need for safety from danger or threat. Next is the need for belongingness and love through personal relationships with other people. As this need is met one is then motivated by esteem, the feeling of being valued and respected. Finally, Maslow defined the highest need as self- actualization or the need to develop oneself to our fullest potential. Since Maslow published his “hierarchy of needs”, others have also introduced various theories to explain human needs. All of these theories confirm the complex nature of human motivation.
Researcher Chris Argyris discovered a basic conflict between human personality and the way typical organizations are managed and structured. He determined that managers or bosses tend to control people at the lower levels and this produces dependence and passivity, which are in conflict with the real needs of human beings. Many organizations attempt to restrain workers through the creation of mechanized jobs, tight controls and more directives resulting in frustration. Argyris identified six ways workers respond to these frustrations.
1. They withdraw…through chronic absenteeism or simply by quitting. 2. They stay on the job but psychologically withdraw by becoming passive, indifferent and apathetic. 3. They resist by reducing output, or by deception, sabotage or featherbedding. 4. They try to climb the hierarchy to escape to a better job.
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5. They form groups like labor unions to redress a power imbalance. 6. They socialize their children to believe that work is unrewarding and opportunities for advancement are slim.
For many of us we have personally experienced or felt at least some of these frustrations. So what is motivation? It is the ability to provide an incentive or reason to compel others into action or a commitment.
How can a leader motivate others? It starts with the core value that employees are an investment and not a cost. The old model of management was that people are basically lazy, passive, have little ambition, resist change and must be treated like children. This dysfunctional management approach created generations of frustrated workers who reacted and worked exactly like they were treated. The leadership model of management realizes that people are the most valuable resource of an organization and typically its greatest untapped resource!
With this basic value, leaders establish a philosophy of an enhanced human resource strategy. They seek to hire the right people and reward them well. They provide a reasonable sense of job security, promote from within the organization whenever possible, budget generously to train and educate workers, share the wealth of the organization, and provide autonomy and participation. However, there is still one unique trait that sets leaders apart from others regarding human motivation. Leaders recognize that a “one size fits all” approach does not work in motivating most workers. Each person has individual and personal needs. When these are discovered and fulfilled, the human potential of each worker can be maximized.
For example, some individuals are primarily motivated by money, though this has proven to be a short-term motivator. Others are motivated by being part of a team or something bigger than themselves. Others are motivated by continual challenge. Others need constant praise. The point is that all people are different and your leadership goal should be to help each individual to meet their own needs as well as the organizations needs. In reality, helping individuals achieve their personal needs is the most powerful motivator and will result in successful organizational accomplishment. A leadership perspective recognizes the personal contribution of each worker as a source of his or her highest motivation. Each individual has enormous creative power and is a steward of change, problem solving and progress. The very first step in motivating others is to give them respect, dignity and praise for their efforts!
“When you cease to make a contribution, you begin to die.” Eleanor Roosevelt
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VOCABULARY symbiotic a relationship that benefits everyone involved in a way that relationship would not exist with the absence of any one of the parties
fulfilling rewarding…pleasing…gratifying
hierarchical an ascending structure
threat promise of danger or a unwanted consequences
belongingness a feeling of belonging to something or someone
tight controls strict or very restrictive policies and guidelines
chronic absent from work on an ongoing or consistent basis often absenteeism ascribed to job dissatisfaction
redress balance out …restore…remedy
unrewarding not fulfilling or unsatisfactory
opportunities few opportunities…slim is often used as a negative adjective are slim to express the remote possibility of something occurring i.e. “your chances of winning the lottery are very slim”
dysfunctional something that does not function in the way it should
untapped a known resource that is not being used often due to lack of resource method or procedure which would capitalize on its availability
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VOCABULARY PRACTICE Fill in the blanks with vocabulary from this unit. All necessary symbiotic vocabulary may not be in the right hand column. relationship
1. The five basic categories begin with physiological needs like water, food, air and physical health. As this need is fulfilling achieved an individual would seek a higher need for safety from danger or ______. Next is the need for ______and love through personal relationships hierarchical with other people.
2. They socialize their children to believe that work is ______threat and ______for advancement ______.
3. This ______management approach created belongingness generations of frustrated workers who reacted and worked exactly like they were treated. tight controls 4. They form groups like labor unions to ______a power imbalance. chronic 5. Motivating others is at the heart of leadership and absenteeism organizational success. Before we discuss motivation, we need to understand the proper ______between people and organizations. redress
6. They withdraw…through ______or simply by quitting. unrewarding
7. Many organizations attempt to restrain workers through the creation of mechanized jobs, ______and more opportunities directives resulting in frustration. are slim
8. Employees need careers, opportunities, satisfaction and ______work. dysfunctional
9. These needs are ______and begin with lower or basic needs. untapped resource
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SUMMARIZE YOUR THOUGHTS 1. When the environment between the organization and symbiotic individual is poor, what is often the result with respect to relationship both the organization and the individual?
fulfilling
hierarchical
threat 2. What is a core value that effective motivators have?
belongingness
tight controls
chronic 3. Beginning from the lowest or most basic, what are the absenteeism human needs according to the famous psychiatrist Abraham Maslow? 1. redress 2. 3. unrewarding 4. 5. opportunities are slim 4. What does the author conclude is the “very first step” towards motivating others? dysfunctional
untapped resource
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11 - LEADERSHIP VISION “It is sure to be dark, if you shut your eyes!” Martin Tupper Perhaps the most important quality that sets a leader apart from a mere manager is the ability to construct and articulate a vision. Leaders use vision to establish and interpret a hopeful image of the future. This visual picture must be persuasive, attractive and desirable to everyone on the team. The need for vision is important for organizations, group activities and family relationships. Leadership is enhanced by the ability to visualize both the challenges of today and the aspirations and hopes of a better tomorrow. To be most effective, this vision needs to be communicated so clearly that everyone is able to mentally grasp it and picture themselves living in that future. Vision needs to be possible and believable, but it also needs to be challenging and have an unrestricted feel to it. For example, a part of the MicrosoftÒ Corporation’s vision has been “a computer on every desk and in every home.”
Providing vision is always an important need for a leader. However, it is even more important during times of stress or crisis. During times of great difficulty, people especially need a positive vision of meaning and hope. When either an individual or an organization is in a state of confusion and in despair, they are most receptive to an optimistic illustration of a mission or purpose! How can leaders provide this kind of a visionary message? It is only possible to those who take the time and effort to discover the most fervent desires and deepest values of their supporters. Experienced leaders realize there is more than a single desire and value to be discovered. In reality, the future often announces itself from afar. For most, the noisy clutter of today drowns out the timid sounds of events to come. For the leader, focused attention on these weak timid sounds provides the seeds of vision for a better tomorrow. When communicated clearly, a vision helps people to overcome their perceived defensive positions and self-limitations to discover something bigger than themselves. It inspires them to desire membership within a group and to accept a degree of self- sacrifice. I believe author and management consultant Peter Block defines vision in a majestic way as:
“Our deepest expression of what we want. It is the preferred future, a desirable state, an ideal state, an expression of optimism. It expresses the spiritual and idealistic side of human nature. It is a dream created in our waking hours of how we would like our lives to be.” In the past, an organization’s vision was typically developed and established by a single individual such as the president or CEO. A single leader exclusively created a vision and then persuaded others to accept it. In recent times, many are now seeing the wisdom of developing a vision that incorporates the aspirations of more than one individual or a small elite group of individuals. In our modern cultural climate, no amount of oratory skill or personal charisma
www.english – workshop.com 59 www.english – workshop.com can sell a limited vision that reflects only one leader’s views. Vision isn’t about wildly claiming to know the future. It is about discovering the hopes and dreams of a better tomorrow and providing the motivation to get there. Leadership recognizes that even the seeds of imperfectly formed images expressed by others can also help create a new vision.
Once a vision is congealed, how does the leader convey the mission and inspire others onward? Yet these powerful tools are not absolutely necessary for visionary leadership. For example, Thomas Jefferson was a poor orator and public speaker. Yet he used his polished writing skills and personal warmth to motivate others. Other powerful tools include the use of symbols and stories to communicate a vision. Another power tool is to frame a common experience that followers can all relate to. The famous “I Have a Dream” speech by Martin Luther King framed the experience of the March on Washington in 1963 to his followers. King framed the event by inspiring his listeners to feel that history was being made in their very presence.
Another recognized way for the leader to communicate vision is to express it as often as possible with vivid imagery that includes slogans or colorful emotional language. Take the time to explain just how the vision can be achieved and exhibit a personal example of optimism and confidence. As others move toward acceptance of the vision, be sure to express confidence in their attitudes and skills. Catch them doing something well and help them to develop self- confidence. As an example, provide easier tasks in the early stages of a project to promote increased confidence among co-workers or followers. As a leader, remember to celebrate the successes and milestones of achievement toward the vision. This helps to generate enthusiasm and excitement since everyone appreciates recognition and rewards.
Finally, as a leader you must lead by personal example, modeling the values you expect of others. Nothing erodes a vision more quickly than a hypocritical leader who violates expected standards and values. Your example should also include the desire to give others the authority and empowerment they need to do their jobs and get them done effectively. Remember, empowering means to provide the resources others need to carry out the tasks assigned to them. In conclusion, consider the importance of your own personal vision. Outside of the business world we also need to maintain a vision within our families and our personal lives. Take the time to ponder your own personal vision! Write it down as your very own mission statement and refer to it often. As an individual it will give you the optimistic inspiration for a better tomorrow and it will provide you with a greater sense of purpose and meaning.
“It is sure to be dark, if you shut your eyes!” Martin Tupper
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VOCABULARY mere common…ordinary
aspirations goals…objective…ambitions
mentally grasp understand it it
state of condition of confusion confusion
fervent passionate…important
afar far away
noisy clutter sounds of a busy or active environment which sometimes make it difficult to concentrate or focus - used idiomatically in the text to describe the state of the present world for most professional people
drowns out overpowers everything because it is louder than everything else
timid shy…fearful…afraid
seeds of… foundations of..
idealistic unrealistic
waking hours daytime…idiomatically: the time in which you have to be productive
oratory skill skill for articulate and clear public speaking
wildly claiming stating or saying that something is the truth without evidence or concern for the possibility that it is untrue
congealed solid…firm
stirring inspiring…exiting…motivating
onward forward
frame articulate a particular or specific subject clearly
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VOCABULARY PRACTICE Fill in the blanks with vocabulary from this unit. All necessary mere vocabulary may not be in the right hand column.
1. Another power tool is to ______a common experience aspirations that followers can all relate to. mentally 2. Most people would say the answer is to provide ______grasp it oratory or charisma.
3. Once a vision is ______, how does the leader state of convey the mission and inspire others ______? confusion
4. Leadership recognizes that even the ______fervent imperfectly formed images expressed by others can also help create a new vision. afar 5. “Our deepest expression of what we want. It is the preferred future, a desirable state, an ideal state, an seeds of expression of optimism. It expresses the spiritual and ______side of human nature. It is a dream created in our waking hours of how we would like our lives to be.” idealistic
6. In recent times, many are now seeing the wisdom of developing a vision that incorporates the ______of congealed more than one individual or a small elite group of individuals. stirring 7. It is only possible to those who take the time and effort to discover the most ______desires and deepest values onward of their supporters.
8. the future often announces itself from ______. frame
9. For most, the ______of today ______the _____ drowns sounds of events to come. out 10.Perhaps the most important quality that sets a leader apart from a ______manager is the ability to construct and noisy articulate a vision. clutter
11.To be most effective, this vision needs to be communicated so clearly that everyone is able to ______. timid
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SUMMARIZE YOUR THOUGHTS 1. What makes a great vision effective? mere
aspirations
mentally grasp it
2. Providing vision is always an important need for a leader, state of but at what time or times might it be an even more crucial confusion element of leadership? fervent
afar
seeds of
3. How is the process of creating a vision evolving from the idealistic “top down approach” of the past?
congealed
stirring
onward 4. What does the author think is the fastest way to erode a vision? frame
drowns out
noisy clutter
timid
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