Sex Instruction In The Classroom

Sex instruction in the classroom Controversial disease and pregnancy prevention behavior modification programs

A report by Diana M. Fessler

“Of all the dispositions and My introduction to questionable to the Union, the U.S. Congress habits which lead to political sex instruction came in 1995 when I passed enabling acts establishing the prosperity, religion and morality are sat in on a meeting of Ohio’s Model essence of the Northwest Ordinance indispensable supports. In vain Health Advisory Committee. as the criteria for drafting a state would that man claim the tribute of Having pondered the moral constitution. Altogether, thirty-one patriotism who should labor to problem of teaching human states achieved statehood under the subvert these great pillars of human reproduction in a performance-based provisions of the Northwest happiness.”1 system, I asked one of the members, Ordinance, and as a result, each -George Washington, Farewell “In a performance-based system, permanently links good government, Address, (1796) where students are required to morality, and education in their State ‘perform’ the ‘outcome’, how will Constitution.3 This report was prepared for my human reproduction be handled?” fellow members of the Ohio State I thought that my question would That is why the Ohio Constitution Board of Education, State expose the moral dilemma, so I was says: Superintendent Susan Zelman, my not expecting the reply: “Oh, that’s “Religion, morality, and knowledge, constituents, and other interested no problem, Mrs. Fessler. In my however, being essential to good parties. It is a work in progress. classroom, I just assign individual government, it shall be the duty of Because proponents of students to represent whole body the General Assembly to pass “comprehensive health parts, and in that way, students can suitable laws to protect every education” are likely to label have simulated sexual intercourse in religious denomination in the critics as uninformed or the classroom.” reactionary, and label any peaceable enjoyment of its own disagreement as Subsequently, I shared that mode of public worship, and to misunderstanding, supposition, or exchange with my fellow board encourage schools and the means of distortion, this report is heavily members, but to no avail. instruction.”4 footnoted. Permission to As the saying goes: “We’ve come reproduce this report is granted a long way baby.” Thus, for one hundred ninety- providing the report is copied in seven years, the Constitution of the its entirety – including the 21 In 1787, Congress enacted the State of Ohio has acknowledged the footnotes and 212 endnotes. If it is Northwest Ordinance, setting forth necessity of morality to good your intention to copy this report, provisions for statehood in the please check www.fessler.com for government, and the role of a revised document. Northwest Territory, the area education in encouraging morality. Submission of rebuttal or bounded by the Ohio River, the In 1989, proposed sex education additional information is welcome Mississippi River, and the Great legislation was introduced in the - providing that supporting Lakes. General Assembly, but defeated, documentation from state or The Northwest Ordinance links presumably because lawmakers federal law, contracts, or other morality and good government, clearly understood the official documention is included. declaring: “Religion, morality, and inappropriateness of government- All emphases are added unless knowledge, being necessary to mandated sex instruction and the otherwise noted. good government and the Ohio Constitution’s mandate linking ______happiness of mankind, schools and Diana M. Fessler is an elected morality and education for the sake member of the Ohio State Board the means of education shall forever of maintaining good government. 2 of Education and a member of the be encouraged.” Now, ten years later, Ohio citizens Education Writers Association. Subsequently, when potential find themselves encumbered by the states in the region sought admission work of zealous individuals, elected 2 and non-elected, working to been adopted; a decision that seems and pregnancy prevention programs, undermine the morals of youth. premature to say the least…please intended for classroom use, include:7 GOVERNOR VOINOVICH address whether any such program of instruction, if it exists, includes 8 SPEAKS OUT  Be Proud! Be Responsible! paraphernalia of any kind, or addresses  Becoming A Responsible Teen 9 abstinence until marriage as the  Reducing the Risk 10 In the Fall of 1998, questions and standard of behavior. Finally, please  Get Real About AIDS,11 and concerns about so-called health justify constructing a model program  Focus on Kids 12B programs were brought to the when no such program is required by attention of then Governor law. . . . I ask that the State Board of A “thorough review” of the Voinovich. As a result, on October Education conduct its own thorough model, and its association with 16, 1998, the governor sent a letter review into the Department of interrelated projects, would have to then president of the Ohio State Education’s activity on the proposed disclosed that in 1993, sixty people Board of Education, Jennifer model, and that no further from forty state-level health and Sheets. In his letter, the governor consideration to the proposed model education agencies, businesses, raised six significant issues: be given until such a review is communities and universities, met concluded. No one denies the value of for two-days at Mohican State Park.  Questionable programs; good health to our society, or that good The purpose of the meeting was  Objectionable materials; health must be learned. It is the... “to develop an action plan that  Centers for Disease Control instruction about some of these would move forward [their] grants; behaviors – that gives rise to these organizations’ shared agenda: the  A [health] model curriculum; concerns, and makes dealing with these institutionalization of issues difficult.”5  Morality, and Comprehensive School Health  Abstinence as a standard of Education (CSHE) in all Ohio The State Board of Education premarital behavior. schools by the Year 2000.”13 did NOT “conduct its own Comprehensive is a reference, in thorough review.” Instead, just In that letter, Governor Voinovich part, to disease and pregnancy days after receiving the Governor’s said: “I believe the concerns that prevention programs, i.e., programs letter, Jennifer Sheets, president of have been expressed to my office are that encourage youth to consistently the State Board of Education, and sincerely held and worthy of use condoms and contraceptives, i.e., State Superintendent John Goff response . . . My office has received sex education. responded to the Governor saying serious and documented information For six years, key participants that “CDC data” (not law) compels that objectionable material of uncertain (including Ohio-based, federally- the department and the Board to academic value may be introduced into paid Centers for Disease Control press forward. Ohio classrooms either by the intent or agents) have directly, and The Governor was informed that implementation of the model program, consistently, been working in a the Centers for Disease Control or the acceptance of Centers for coordinated manner: Disease Control and Protection (CDC) (CDC) have identified five programs grants. This material purports to which “appear to be effective in  Conducting the Youth Risk provide instruction on behaviors that promoting abstinence and Behavior Survey to generate while they may be intended to educate responsible health-enhancing baseline data with which to students on good physical health, may behaviors.” 6 [Note: Those programs demonstrate need to change nonetheless put their health – including are known as “Programs-that-Work” student behaviors; their emotional and moral health – at (PTW).] A  Pushing for the adoption of a risk. These concerns relate specifically Current “State-approved” health model; to sexual education, which as you Programs-that-Work (PTW) disease know, is not mandated to be taught. Furthermore, there is evidence that the A B CDC grants already support activities There are additional Programs-that- Program Review Panel minutes Work (PTW), but in this report, I am indicate that as of November 1998 the (including training for trainers) to only referring to the CDC’s HIV/AIDS Ohio Department of Education had not implement a model that has not yet and pregnancy prevention programs. “yet” trained anyone using Focus on Kids.

programs to Ohio’s 1.8 million of role playing in achieving students. 15 incremental acceptance.]  Serving as members or Confidentiality - Students make consultants on the Model Health verbal contracts to keep everything Advisory Committee; that is said or written in the room  Writing Ohio’s BE PROUD! confidential. Facilitators are contracts/agreements with the BE RESPONSIBLE! instructed that if consensus is not Centers for Disease Control; reached, students and instructors  Defining their own job Be Proud! Be Responsible is a should “. . . work through the descriptions and salaries; disease and pregnancy prevention disagreements until everyone can  Using federally-funded contracts program based on behavior reach a level of comfort with the to institutionalize the “condoms modification theory. It is intended rules [and] process participants and contraceptives” programs, for youth thirteen through eighteen. concerns until all obstacles have i.e., “Programs-That-Work” Its authors bemoan the fact that: been overcome. Rules such as (PTW); confidentiality are crucial to the ”20  Approving PTW materials for “Many adolescents find it success of the program. Students use in Ohio schools; are complimented on creating difficult to obtain condoms 21  Training trainers to teach the and use them correctly – to confidentiality rules. [Note the lack PTW programs; put them on gracefully of parental disclosure. “Facilitators” will not have to live with the  Issuing certificates to PTW without interrupting sexual consequences, yet parents will not be trainers; activity and to take them off able to deal effectively with the  Evaluating their own work; correctly.” consequences, for they will have no  Conducting seminars, idea of the cause.] conferences, and workshops; Accordingly, the “curriculum Condom Use - Students are  Providing local course-of-study provides necessary skills by letting asked to “call out all the types writing committees with participants handle condoms and (brands/names) of condoms that they Technical Assistance; and practice working with condoms can think of [including] . . . slang 16  Developing and field testing using their fingers as props." terms for condoms.” Answers are components of the national “When participants become more written on the board and when the health assessment system. comfortable touching condoms and list is complete, the teacher practice using them . . . it increases highlights “the more unusual or the likelihood that they will use them colorful names.”22 OBJECTIONABLE . . . and feel proud and responsible in Teachers give each student, or doing it [sic].”17 MATERIALS pair of students, a condom and Role Playing is a teaching lubricant. Students are asked to method. It is an integral part of all open the package, carefully remove When reading the following Programs-that-Work. Role playing the condom, and unroll it. While PTW summaries, keep in mind that situations suggested for classroom they are opening their packages and Ohio Department of Education activity include, among other things, exploring the condoms, teachers are consultants have gone on record girls convincing boys to wear modeling their comfort with the saying that these programs are condoms, two females discussing condoms. [Note, once again, the part intended to “ . . . replace AIDS concerns in a lesbian that incremental acceptance plays information-targeting textbooks and relationship, and a boy and girl here.] The teacher then opens a 14 home-grown lesson plans.” discussing safer-sex with multiple package, takes the condom out, puts Ohio’s contract with the Centers partners.18 The manual says, “no it on over his hand and pulls it up his for Disease Control and Prevention participant should be excused arm, showing students how strong it clearly states that up to 1,600 adults completely from practicing [role is, and how it can accommodate any will be trained to deliver these playing] skills. To do so would run sized penis. Teachers are advised to counter to the purpose of the demonstrate using both a hand and a group.”19 [Note: Consider the impact penis model.23

Spermicides are displayed and “Penetration of the vagina by the comprehensive health centers, and described as useful for birth control penis or a sex toy.” 29 church groups. 36 and as lubrication. 24 Students Attitudes and Beliefs – Students The goal of B.A.R.T. is, in part, practice putting condoms on their are told that “When performing oral to help youth ages 14-18 to “clarify fingers and give demonstrations.25 sex on a woman, you can protect their own values about sexual They are also invited “to brainstorm yourself and your partner by placing activity.”37 ways to increase spontaneity . . . a dental dam (a flat, square piece of Its authors say that the “biggest store condoms under mattress, latex) over the vulva (the entire outer challenge is not teaching adolescents eroticize condom use with region of the vagina, including the what to do to avoid HIV and AIDS – partner . . . use extra lubricant, use clitoris and the vaginal opening). it is helping adolescents acquire the condoms as a method of foreplay, You can make your own dental dam skills and self-confidence that will use different colors and by slitting a condom the long way allow them to carry out safer-sex types/textures (some have ribs on and opening it up.”30 practices consistently.”38 them), think up a sexual fantasy . . The manual, and “all accompanying Ground rules – Again, students .tell your partner how using a items have been reviewed and make verbal contracts to keep condom can make a man last approved by a national panel for use in everything that is said or written in longer, . . . hide them on your body school and non-school settings.”31 the room confidential. 39 and ask your partner to find it [sic] Be Proud! Be Responsible!32 is The materials for Session # 3 … have fun putting them on your authored by a Ph.D. specializing in include: a “varied and plentiful partner – pretend you are different Human Sexuality Education; two supply” of lubricants.” A “plentiful people or in different situations,” professors of Psychology at supply of latex, lambskin, lubricated, etc. 26 Students are told: Princeton; and a certified sexuality non-lubricated, lubricated with educator who serves on the Board of spermicide, expired condoms, and “Once you and a partner Directors of the Sex Information novelty condoms such as earrings and agree to use condoms, do Education Council of the United key chains and about three or four something positive and fun. Go States (SIECUS).33 latex condoms per participant are used to the store together. Buy lots of Publication of the Be Proud! Be for skills practice . . . [and] Acrylic different brands and colors. Plan Responsible curriculum manual was penile models (or standup toothpaste a special day when you can made possible by a grant from the dispensers), one for every two to three 40 experiment. Just talking about U.S. Centers for Disease Control and participants” are used. how you’ll use all of those Prevision, Division of Adolescent Condoms are spread out on a 34C condoms can be a turn on.” 27 School Health. table and the teacher tells students A proposed budget for PTW that “we are going to learn how to materials for Ohio indicates the cost use condoms the right way . . . Students are queried what they of purchasing 400 manuals is we’ve got ‘em in all shapes and should do if a man loses his erection 35 sizes. This one, for example, is after putting on a condom and before $50,000 ($125 each). called the “Trojan.” Anyone know intercourse. The answer is to where they got that name? It’s right “Continue stimulating one another, out of early Greek history.41 [NOTE: relax and enjoy the fun, wait a while BECOMING A RESPONSIBLE Perhaps this is an example of and start playing again using the TEEN (B.A.R.T.) “integrating curricula,” i.e., condom as part of the play.” 28 combining history and “health”.] Glossary - The glossary includes Becoming a Responsible Teen is a The teacher discusses special explicit definitions including those program that can be embedded in the features including, “size, texture, for: anal sex, bisexual; cunnilingus adolescent’s social environment: color, flavor, packaging, and names” (oral sex performed on a woman), Boys’ and Girls’ clubs, Young Men’s while trying to keep the “session ejaculate, fellatio (oral sex Christian Association programs, light and maintain a sense of performed on a man), masturbation, shelters, counseling centers, humor.”42 Each student is then mutual masturbation, and oral sex, given three or four unopened among others. Vaginal sex and vaginal intercourse are defined as C U63/CCU 106174-04

DRAFT – Sex instruction in the classroom [email protected]  7530 Ross Road, New Carlisle, OH 45344  (937) 845-8428 or FAX (937) 845-3550 November 5, 1999  See http://www.fessler.com for revisions 5 packages to hold while the teacher to create a sense of comfort and does anything. Or, you could avoid inflates a condom. belonging within the group.49 pregnancy and STD by being so Students are informed that some The script goes on to say: “Most of unpleasant that everyone stays clear of “grocery store” lubricants are safe to us aren’t used to using words like you. Or you could never become use: grape jelly, maple syrup, and these in a group setting . . . If you feel involved in a romantic relationship.”57 honey, but synthetic whipped cream, uncomfortable at first, I hope that [Note that only the extremes are marshmallow fluff, butter, Crisco, you’ll bear with me for a while 50 . . . presented here. Is there any other way and mayonnaise are not. 43 we’ll use the words that seem most to stay abstinent besides being anti- Students are then divided into accepted by the group.” 51 The teacher social? Whatever happened to self- teams of two or three and asked to then asks participants to “share with control as a virtue?] spread out into different parts of the the group different words that they Students are encouraged to think room, taking their condom packages have heard people use to talk about about whether those are good ways with them. Each group is given a sex.” 52 If necessary, the teacher will to avoid pregnancy, HIV, or STD. penile model, some lubricant, prompt students by asking for words [Note the use of the term “good” – spermicide and paper towels. 44 for specific parts of the body, sexual these programs implicitly teach that The prepared script suggests the acts, and birth control. The teacher abstinence is not a “good” way to teacher say: “One at a time, I want then repeats each word and writes it avoid pregnancy or STDs.] The each of you to practice the condom on the board, with everyone agreeing teacher then acknowledges that they application and removal steps, with on definitions.53 [Note: in combination are not, since many people want: to or without a lubricant. Your with teachers openly playing with have a boyfriend or girlfriend; to be teammates have a task, too – they condoms, required verbal fantasizing, liked; to get along with people; or to are going to act like personal etc., this common language serves have a family someday.58 trainers. First, they are going to give only to further break down inhibitions Although this program is you a round of applause and praise to the lowest level.] promoted as teaching students the what you did right. Then they’re On February 4, 1998, B.A.R.T. “skills they can use to abstain or going to . . . make suggestions about was formally approved by the Ohio protect” it also claims that, “No what you could do differently to Department of Education’s Materials judgment is made about which of improve your condom skills.”45 Review Panel.54 The cost of the these responses is best.”59 But after Refreshments are served in textbook is $125.55 students listen to their teacher equate Session #6, while in Session #7, abstinence with nerdiness, and being each participant gets a quarter and a disliked, etc., it is likely that students REDUCING THE RISK condom46 and reminded to will conclude that sex with latex is the “Daydream safely. Even when you preferred choice. daydream about sex, you can Reducing the Risk, published by Teachers use “gender neutral imagine using a latex condom.”47 California-based ETR Associates, language when discussing Students are told that “Both gay seeks to influence behavior of relationships, saying ‘boyfriend’ or and straight couples engage in anal students in grades 9 and 10. ‘girlfriend,’ ‘partner,’ ‘people we date,’ sex.”48 In a letter to district and ‘someone we are attracted to’. “Common” language superintendents, John Goff, former When talking about intercourse, Proponents believe that when State Superintendent, stated that the teacher is to say ‘when a couple participants list different words they Programs-That-Work “address has sex.’ When talking about abstinence and responsible health- protection the teacher will say ‘when use or hear others use to talk about 56 sex it can be an important turning enhancing behaviors.” a person removes his penis from the point in the group. Open use and Well, yes, they do address them, other partner’ instead of ‘when a acceptance of usually forbidden but not in the way that typical man removes his penis from the words is supposed to make it clear to parents would: woman’ . . . to avoid reinforcing participants that B.A.R.T. will be Abstinence – Students are told assumptions that all students are different than other HIV and AIDS that “there are many ways to avoid heterosexual.”60 Throughout the text, prevention classes and that using pregnancy and sexually transmitted couples are referred to as Chris and sexually explicit language is a way disease (STD). You could become a Pat, and Lee and Lee, etc. hermit… who never talks to anyone or

The student workbook has a form Panel members are supposed to Discussion also took place for students to fill out after shopping be representative of “a reasonable concerning the training pyramid that for contraceptive products. Students cross-section of the general “would give Ohio about 3,200 trained list the name of the store they population,” and members are not faculty” for all three Programs-That- visited, brand names, prices, and to be predominately from the Work. whether the condom is plain, with intended audience. 68 D[Note: This Ohio Department of Education reservoir, lubricated or not, etc.61 federal directive is clearly not being “consultant” Joyce Brannan, Developers of the program cite a met.] Project Coordinator for Ohio’s visit to a clinic as being perhaps the The February 4, 1998 Material Comprehensive School Health most important single element in the Review Panel minutes disclose that Education grants, emphasized that entire curriculum.62 All students “over the next 12 months, 80 Ohio “professional educators will make must complete a “Visit or Call a professional Trainers-of-Educators decisions about local and classroom Clinic Assignment”, preferably by will become competent in the implementation including how and visiting a clinic with a boyfriend or delivery of three programs that when the delivery of the curriculum girlfriend.63 In order to prove that the work: (1) Reducing the Risk, (2) Be becomes personalized to a local visit was made, students fill out Proud, Be Responsible, and (3) target population.” 71E homework sheets describing the Becoming a Responsible Teen.” 69 Panel member Donna Solovan- route to the clinic, the cost of Discussion took place regarding Gleason asked who makes the contraceptive and STD treatment, soliciting additional people to serve decision at which age to begin and reasons why they would on the panel, saying, “Every religious sexuality education. Joyce Brannan recommend that clinic to a friend.64 outlook that we possibly could find – replied that “principals and health Reducing the Risk has been including Jewish, Catholic, Protestant educators usually decide. . .” 72 around for a long time. On April 19, – needs to be “at the table.’” 70 [Note: During the meeting, members 1993 a regional meeting was held at To aid in marketing PTW? ] voted to approve the CDC-written Stark County Vocational School to Panel members were invited to School Health Profile questionnaire introduce the Reducing the Risk identify individuals with “assets” for 500 middle school and high school curriculum to thirty-five local who would be willing to become principals and lead health teachers. administrators and curriculum involved in the work of the panel. (This instrument is not the same as the directors. 65 Budget projections Youth Risk Behavior Survey.) The D anticipate a cost of $600 per manual Program/Material Review Panel results feed national, and for each trainer.66 members as of March 19, 1999: Barb international, (i.e., World Health Bungard, Ohio PTA; Penny Casey, Ohio 73 Dept. of Health; Tom Colvin, (Perrysburg Organization) projects. High School Health Science Teacher); The May 20, 1998 Program Cathy Leahy, (Greater Cincinnati Review Panel minutes record that Dr. ROGRAM EVIEW ANEL P R P Alliance for Health Promotion, Mark-David Janus stated “that he Cincinnati); Reginald Fennell, (Miami works with six different Bishops and Who determines whether these University); Mark David Janus (Child he felt that they would crucify him if Psychiatrist, Benninger & Associates, controversial “Programs-That-Work” he spoke for them. He said that he are appropriate? Adolescent Counseling); W. Russell McGlothlin, (Muskingham Educational keeps them informed, that he is Federal regulations require Service Center, Zanesville, and former responsible for letting them know if applicants for comprehensive school Superintendent of Tuscarawas Valley it’s something they’d have a fit about, health funding to have a Material Local Schools and Garaway Local if it is offensive. He said that [they] Review Panel of no less than five Schools, Tuscarawas County); Angie are not in favor of teaching about Norton, Ohio Dept. of Health Sr. people to review and approve or contraceptives, condoms, etc., but by disapprove all applicable programs Administrator for the CDC grants. Harrison Weed, M.D. (OSU Hospital); the same token they won’t say this is and materials prior to their Marcia Ruhling (Athens City Schools, distribution and use in any activities Middle school teacher and member of the E State-level consultants paid to implement purchased, in any part, with Centers Model Health and Physical Education PTW statewide include: Judy Airhart Senior for Disease Control funds, i.e., Advisory Committee); Tracy Luster- Administrator for the Ohio Dept. of federal funds.67 Welch, (Ohio Dept. of Health); and Education; Joyce Brannan, Meg Wagner, Donna Solovan-Gleason. [NOTE: Joe Jolly, Pam Bolden, and Cheryl Jones- Membership varies from time to time.] Nelson (Training Coordinator) among others.

74 80 horrific . . ..” March 1, 2000. Nonetheless, CURRENT OHIO LAW Individuals listed as present Phase II training (the original during the two-hour May 20, 1998 trainers each train twenty) can 87 Program/Materials Review Panel: continue. In addition, contracts have Currently, Ohio law makes Harrison Weed, Tom Colvin, been written to conduct “booster” provision for each city, exempted Mark-David Jannus, W. Russ sessions for the 55 people that have village and education service center McGlothlin, Tracy Luster-Welch, already been trained, in order to governing boards (county school Cheryl Nelson, Judy Airhart, “reach as many as 1100 community board with some authority over Joyce Brannan, and Pam Bolden.75 adults through Phase II training.81 local schools) to prescribe a health Minutes of the November 4, The panel adopted a instruction curriculum that includes 1998, Program Review meeting resolution to make “What instruction in indicate that “potential problem[s] in Works” (a video, presented as a his [Tom Colvin’s] area of documentary, that compares  Nutrition; Perrysburg” concerning opposition four of the PTW) available to  the harmful effects of drugs and to PTW have surfaced, but that “the “teachers, parents, PTA groups, alcohol; Board came down in support of the and community groups to make  instruction about venereal training that was under attack.”76 them aware of the existence of disease; According to Joyce Brannan, Programs-That Work.”82 [Note:  personal safety (K-6); and “in Upper Arlington a Task Force Since the stated goal is to make  assault prevention (K-6). was established to deal with people aware of PTW, this report controversial or sensitive issues. If should be widely distributed.] However, the law provides that a citizens want to address these issues, Even so, panel member Tom student can be excused from they must go to/through the Task Colvin seems to want to control who venereal disease education and/or Force.”77 [Note: Citizens should take shows the PTW documentary and personal safety and assault their concerns directly to elected who watches it. He is “concerned prevention upon the written request officials who represent them, i.e., that this video be shown ‘by of a parent.88 local school board members, state responsible and informed people to [Note: As schools shift to representative and state senator. responsible people who can view it “integrated curricula”, opting out Task Force members have no legal and understand.” [Emphasis in the will become more problematic as authority.] original.]83 disease prevention instruction could Panel member Marcia Ruhling The January 27, 1999 Program be embedded in science, health, or said, “it is getting hard to implement Review Panel minutes indicate that family and consumer science, and [PTW] in the classroom when you Barb Bungard, (Ohio PTA even more problematic if those have 15 that you can teach and 10 Legislative Services Coordinator84) courses are required for graduation.] who are ‘signed out.’”78 is a new member of the panel.85 The Former Governor Voinovich raised Minutes from that November 4, What Works video was shown at the the point that sex education is not 1998 meeting further record that PTA’s state convention. Bungard required by state law and asked during Phase I training, fifty-five reported, “We had five people walk why the State Board of Education is Master Trainers were trained across out as soon as the discussion opened moving forward. the state: twenty-one in Columbus, with the video What Works; they In reply, former state nine in Cincinnati, and twenty-four said they weren’t going to listen to superintendent, John Goff, and in Cleveland. “Each Master Trainer this. On the other hand, we had 55 Jennifer Sheets, former president of received almost $1,100 worth of people come to an 8:30 Saturday the State Board of Education, said, curricula, supporting videos, and morning time slot, which is almost in a joint letter: “ . . . the bottom line printed materials.”79 Each “Phase I” unheard of, and they stayed . . . for pursuing this work, Governor, is Master Trainer signs a contract to about half that number requested a the need evidenced by the CDC data train twenty other people. The Master Trainer come to their we have shared in this letter” i.e., the original plan called for the training community. We were very survey of the 2,000 students 89 of eighty trainers, however, funding pleased.”86 statewide. to train the remaining thirty-five trainers won’t be available until

Their shared agenda is Susan Streitenberger worked at STATEWIDE PLAN summarized in Working Together the Ohio Department of Education in for the Future, Ohio’s Action Plan 1993. Currently, she is the Director The concept of “comprehensive for Comprehensive School Health of School-to-Work in Ohio. school health education” did not Education.H self-generate out of thin air. Again, comprehensive is a ISSUE # 2: AWARENESS In May of 1993, approximately reference, in part, to disease and sixty representatives (four from Bay pregnancy prevention programs, i.e., The Awareness plan includes: Village) from over 40 state-level programs that encourage youth to  Incorporating “Sufficient health and education agencies, consistently use condoms and scheduled programming to 93 businesses, communities and contraceptives, i.e., sex education. It elicit behavior change ” into universities met at Mohican State is not a reference to sexual the definition of comprehensive 90 F Park for two days. intercourse delay/prevention school health education. [Note: Hosted by the American Cancer programs for youth. Frankly, I doubt that such a G Society, Ohio Division, Inc., Participants at the Mohican definition would ever pass participants met “to develop an meeting were divided into the muster. Nonetheless, the action plan that would move forward following planning groups: Policy; proposed definition leaves no [their] organizations’ shared Awareness; Goals and Objectives; doubt of the intention to elicit agenda: the institutionalization of Parent, Family and Community behavior change in children via Comprehensive School Health Involvement; Professional “scheduled programming]; Education (CSHE) in all Ohio Preparation and Practice; and  Identifying health education 91 schools by the Year 2000.” Resources. programs that work , i.e., Programs-That-Work;  Developing “marketing tools” F John Aquara, Judy Davis, Karen ISSUE # 1: POLICY for “Train-the-Trainer” courses; Evans, Virginia Jacobs, Lily Kliot, The Policy group framed the  Identifying the barriers to Charles Kegley, James Price, M. Jane Smith, Susan Streitenberger, Diane policy issue, saying, “Schools . . . implementing comprehensive Allensworth, Carolyn Beears, Bill Collins, must provide children with [the] school health education, i.e., the Nicole Frazee, Carol Gill, Beverly support . . . they need to acquire . . . “. . .attitudes of parents and Jobrack, Eloise Mason, Cynthia McClung, the skills, knowledge, attitudes, and teachers, Conservative Ronna Metzger, John Morrison, Bob behaviors that will enable them to Groups . . .[and] Media”; and Murray, Jim Trusso, Meg Wagner, Joyce lead healthy and productive lives.” 92 Brannan, David Brooks, Don Darby,  Profiling target groups (parents, Russ McGlothlin, Nancy Rini, Carol [Note: This is de facto in loco students, legislators, religious Rudicil, Marsha Rubin, Marsha Ruhling, parentis. If parents do not opt their leaders, and local school Marsha Schinski, Vickie Bobbitt, Geneva children out of this “policy”, they in boards).94 Connally, Cathy Gardocki, Norma effect grant that the state is in Henderson, Bonnie Hunt, Joyce Lee, control and that children can be Diane Allensworth, Dr. Gregory Mathews, Teri Matiscik, Patricia Nobili, Katherine Tatterson, Carole taught anything that the state deems Robert Murray, and Meg Swenson, James Bina, Ellen Capwell, necessary or expedient.] Wagner were members of the Thomas Carr, Bonnie Hoppel, Becky Virginia Jacobs, member of the Awareness group. Koch, Margaret Kruckemeyer, Donna State Board of Education, and Susan On the roster, Diane Mitchell, D. Richard Murray, Andrea Streitenberger, along with others, Allensworth is listed as an Segedi, Cynthia Symons, Susan were members of the Policy Issue Telljohann, Joanne Rand Whitmore, Liz Associate Professor at Kent State group. Cabot, Jim Helt, Joanne Higham, Barbara University and the Associate Hoffman, Betty Holton, Dianne Kerr, H Executive Director of the Carol Kuegeler, Michael Marks, Jane American School Health Snider. There is a National Action Plan for 95 G Comprehensive School Health Education. Association. Allensworth is also It would be interesting to know It was developed by forty national the national program contact whether the American Cancer Society organizations and sponsored by the person for Comprehensive received Centers for Disease Control American Cancer Society in Arizona in School Health grants at the funding to sponsor the meeting. 1992.

Centers for Disease Control and Indeed, according to the Program/Materials Review Panel, Prevention. November 4, 1998 Panel Review the panel that approves the In 1993, Bob Murray was Meeting minutes, Phil Grover, Programs-that-Work curricula and president-elect of the Central Ohio Executive Director of SPCHEO will materials. Pediatric Society; (the Society is a sponsor training to reach 400 urban According to a BASIC Centers member of the Healthy Ohio area teachers.97 for Disease Control contract, Coalition).I Another CDC grant states that Wagner’s salary and fringe benefits In July 1994, Murray and Hope Meg Wagner coordinates training are approximately $77,000. 100% of Taft co-chaired the Health Model for the Council of Chief State School her time is to be spent fulfilling Advisory Committee. Murray now Officers (CCSSO) State Ohio’s Comprehensive School serves as chair. Collaborative for Assessment of Health contract with the CDC. Attached to Ohio’s September Student Standards (SCASS) It is important to note that the 1997 grant application for federal statewide. [Note: The CCSSO is an same people that generated the funding for comprehensive school association of state superintendents. “need” for the health curriculum are health instruction is a letter from the Their mission is the creation of the same people who are charged State Planning Committee for Health assessments. Wagner trains Ohio with making sure everyone is aware Education in Ohio (SPCHEO); it is school personnel how to use of that “need”. They are also signed by Robert D. Murray, M.D. CCSSO’s health assessment developing the state’s model and at That letter says that when the health software.] the same time are charged with model is finally adopted, SPCHEO Wagner is also responsible for eliminating the “barriers” to “will take the lead in professional producing Ohio’s Youth Risk implementation. This appears to be a development of health Behavior Survey report (the conflict of interest. educators . . . ”96 J document that is used to show supposed need for comprehensive ISSUE # 3: GOALS AND I The Healthy Ohio coalition has two “health” instruction in Ohio). OBJECTIVES immediate goals, one of which is to Wagner is on the writing “support the implementation of a novel The Goals and Objectives group school health curriculum.” Ohio Summit committee for the Ohio Health Model. Wagner’s name is also listed recommended the following: for Comprehensive School Health  Getting health education Education Resource Manual. (Dublin: as a member of the American Cancer Society, Ohio Division, recognized as essential; Inc., 1995). p. 38. The Coalition is Nutrition Council – Mid East; Federal  Using the Centers for Disease comprised of representatives from many Food and Drug Administration; Kent Control’s data (the Youth Risk groups in the central Ohio area including State University; March of Dimes Birth Behavior Survey) as the the Central Ohio Pediatric Society, Defects Foundation; Miami University; baseline to show areas of need Children’s Hospital, the Ohio State Ohio Academy of Family Physicians; Medical Association, the Ohio chapter of Ohio Association for Health, Physical and to later use it to demonstrate the American Academy of Pediatrics, the Education, Recreation and Dance; Ohio the effectiveness of American Cancer Society, and Ohio State Association of School Nurses; Ohio comprehensive school health University.] Congress of Parents and Teachers education; J The State Planning Committee for [PTA]; Ohio Dental Association; Ohio  State proficiency tests items Health Education in Ohio, Inc. (SPCHEO) Department of Education; Ohio is top-heavy with state agencies and Department of Health; Ohio Department should reflect the state-wide 98 universities. – Membership list from the of Mental Health; Ohio Department of health objectives. May 15, 1997 letterhead: American Mental Retardation and Developmental Academy of Pediatrics, Ohio Chapter; Disabilities; Ohio Health Council; Ohio Joyce Brannan, Marcia American Cancer Society, Ohio Division, Home Economics Association; Ohio Ruhling, Russ McGlothlin and Inc.; American Heart Association, Ohio Nurses Association; Ohio Nutrition others were members of the Goals Affiliate, Inc.; American Lung Association Council; Ohio Osteopathic Association; 99 of Ohio; American Red Cross, Ohio Ohio Osteopathic Association Auxiliary; and Objectives planning group. Division; American Social Health Ohio State Medical Association; Ohio Brannan is the Project Association – Midwest Region; State Medical Association Auxiliary; Ohio Coordinator for Ohio’s Association of Ohio Health State University; Ohio University; Comprehensive School Health Commissioners; Bowling Green State University of Cincinnati; University of Education grants. Ohio’s contract University; Buckeye Association of Toledo.” School Administrators; Dairy and with the CDC states that 100% of

DRAFT – Sex instruction in the classroom [email protected]  7530 Ross Road, New Carlisle, OH 45344  (937) 845-8428 or FAX (937) 845-3550 November 5, 1999  See http://www.fessler.com for revisions 10 her time is to be spent ISSUE # 5: PROFESSIONAL skills, attitudes, and behaviors had to coordinating the day-to-day PREPARATION AND be demonstrated. In other words, management and program PRACTICE students’ behaviors had to be shown activities including grant writing, to be dangerous to their health and policy development, curriculum Cynthia Symons, Becky Koch, future productive lives. design, and staff development and and Susan Telljohann joined others To generate needed data, the technical assistance. in agreeing to have health included Youth Risk Behavior Survey was in the new Standards for Schools An Ohio Department of 101 conducted. Biennially, students are Education interdepartmental memo rules. asked, among other things, if they states: Brannan bears major The roster lists Symons as a have ever had physical relations, responsibility for the development professor of Health Education at how old they were the first time, of Ohio’s Model for Competency Kent State University. Symons has how many people they have had Based Health and Physical been involved in Ohio’s Youth Risk intercourse with, and whether or not Education . Behavior Survey, the data collection they are using condoms, etc. For many years, Marcia project that is used to demonstrate The answers given by 2,800 Ruhling, Athens City Middle need for comprehensive health students surveyed in 1993 were School health teacher and later a education. Symons is also listed as a reportedly representative of students member of the Model Health member of the Health Model in public and private schools Advisory Committee, and W. Advisory Committee. statewide, and those statistics are Russell McGlothlin, former In 1993, Koch was an OSU being used as the baseline to superintendent of Garaway Local health education lecturer. Currently demonstrate need for Schools (now with the Muskingum Koch is a federally funded Comprehensive School Health Education Service Center), have consultant working out of the Ohio Education,104 i.e., the need for, served on the Program/Materials Department of Education. among other things, disease and Review Panel. Telljohann is an Associate pregnancy prevention, i.e., condoms, The panel is responsible for Professor in the Department of contraceptives and sexuality approving or disapproving the Health Promotion at University of instruction. materials and programs funded in Toledo. In addition, she has served However, Ohio Department of any part with CDC funds. That on the expert review panel for the Education records show that includes the sexuality Programs- CCSSO/SCASS project (to be Luceille Fleming, Director of Ohio that-Work curricula and materials. explained later). Department of Alcohol & Drug Addiction Services, has conceded ISSUE # 4: PARENT, FAMILY, YOUTH RISK that the “Youth Risk Behavior AND COMMUNITY BEHAVIOR SURVEY Survey is a terrible survey. . . Ohio INVOLVEMENT only uses it because we have to in order to get money from The main thrust of this planning Remember, the shared agenda of Atlanta.”105 group from the 1993 meeting is the attendees at the Mohican State For the 1997 survey, public relations. Vickie Bobbitt, Park meeting is to “provide children approximately 2,200 students in Cathy Gardocki-Leahy, and others with [the] support... they need to grades nine through twelve were focused on Parent, Family, and acquire . . . the skills, knowledge, 100 surveyed. Two to four classes were Community Involvement issues. attitudes, and behaviors that will “drawn” per school. Sixty-two Bobbitt has held various positions at enable them to lead healthy and 102 schools were “eligible” to the Department of Education. The productive lives.” This is to be participate; eight declined. roster associated Gardocki with the accomplished through “sufficient Two schools agreed to participate Ohio PTA. Gardocki-Leahy also scheduled programming to elicit 103 if the sexuality questions were shows up as a member of the behavior change”. removed. Consequently, a revised Program/Materials Review Panel as But before the programming of questionnaire was printed for a reviewer of PTW materials. children to elicit behavior change them.106 [Note: It would seem that could begin on a large scale, the the use of dual questionnaires would need to change students’ knowledge, skew the results.] Barb Bungard,

Program Review Panel member, confidential, we don’t know the members of the State Board of says, “Our school has participated answers to these questions.] Education do not, I received the [in the YRBS] at least two times that In reply to my request for a copy following reply: “Mr. Furgason… it’s been done, but I don’t think our of the actual confidentiality possesses competencies essential community is even aware of agreement between the ODE and the for conducting this research not it.”[Note: ODE records list Ms. CDC, I received a form letter that otherwise available and accessible Bungard’s address as Stow, OH.]107 says: “Survey administration has through ODE research team (sic). Another YRBS survey is scheduled been designed by research Specifically, Furgason can read, for February-April 1999.108 professionals to protect student and understand, and (using CDC’s [Note: When I asked the Ohio school privacy and guarantee random numbers) draw the to-be- Department of Education staff for a anonymous participation. . . .No selected classes off each high list of participating schools and county, city, school district, school, school’s master schedule. He also administration dates for the 1999 or student will be identified in any can communicate with local survey, I received the following published reports. The Ohio superintendents and high school response: “The Ohio Department of Department of Education will mail principals using their language and Education and the Centers for letters introducing the YRBS to values . . . In a medical setting, Disease Control and Prevention parents of each student in the Furgason would be seen as one of (CDC) guarantee all parents, randomly selected classes. These the patient’s physicians or on the schools, and students that their letters invite parents to give passive patient’s diagnostic and planning participation in the Youth Risk permission for their child to team. Therefore, he (as well as Dr. Behavior Survey is confidential. No participate.” 110 [Note: Informed Brannan) must have almost daily student, school, administrator, or consent requires full informed access to each of these schools, their family is ever identified by name; knowledge of the issue. Passive local administrators, and the local only aggregated data for the entire permission is not informed consent.] survey administrators (often the state of Ohio is reported. All In March 1999, I requested a teachers) as well as to Westat and participation – school districts, high copy of the parental notification CDC. Again, the patient’s or schools, parental authorization, and form. As of October 14, 1999, I have institution’s records in national and student participation – is voluntary not received it. state research would not be released and based upon a statement that The January 1999 Panel Review (or even requested) by the hospital’s participation is anonymous and meeting minutes indicate that panel Board of Trustees or the university’s confidential. . . March and/or April member Tom Colvin asked if there policy makers.”112 1999 dates will be selected by each has been any protest by parents. [Note: This is a false analogy. school. . .”109 Joyce Brannan replied, “A very Schools are not “patients” and Retired Columbus City School small percentage of parents object.” hospital trustees are not elected Assistant Superintendent Jim Judy Airhart added: representatives of the people. But Furgason is the contractual even if the medical analogy were consultant ($7,500) for the project. “ . . . if the U. S. Department true, most parents would find the [Note: It is important to know of Education paid for it [the notion of a “physician” seeking how the survey was conducted. survey] we would be required passive permission from them prior What is the margin for error? to have active parental to conducting research on their child Without knowing something of how permission/objection forms, totally repugnant behavior.] it was conducted, a researcher but since these are U. S. cannot know if statistical biases Department of Health monies, were eliminated or accounted for. a passive HEALTH MODEL For instance, will some children, permission/objection form is boys in particular, lie when it comes sufficient.”111 After (passively) establishing to their relating “exploits”? And who need, the next step was developing were the 2,000 students, and from When I inquired why Mr. something to meet that need - a what social demographic? Since the Furgason has access to the list of “framework” or a “model” for list of school districts and schools is participating districts and elected

Comprehensive School Health What is a framework? Think of education for all students, i.e., Education.K it in terms of the footer for new Section 3301-35-04 (B)(1): One of the participants at the construction. Then imagine concrete two-day meeting at Mohican State being poured, and beams, braces, “The school district shall Park was a member of the Ohio rafters and roofing for the new implement a comprehensive . . . State Board of Education. Not building being anchored into place. curriculum . . . in . . .health and surprisingly, soon thereafter the After the “frame” is in place, the physical education; … [and] family State Board of Education adopted a shape and style of the building is and consumer science…”, the latter resolution calling for the fixed. A buyer can change the paint also being a carrier for “health” development of a state health model. on the shutters and the front door, education. A 1995 contractual agreement but all major planning decisions with the Centers for Disease Control have already been made; the basic COMPREHENSIVE HEALTH says that CDC funded consultants at structure is in place. Subsequent ODE, working at the request of the minor tweaking will not ADVISORY COMMITTEE Ohio Board of Education, have been fundamentally alter the structure or writing and educating about “Ohio’s framework of the building. In July 1994, an Advisory Model for Competency Based So it is for school boards when it Committee was appointed to “think Health and Physical Education.” comes to planning school health through and advocate for” the education. The framework for model. Robert Murray, a Mohican What is the significance of the Comprehensive School Health Park meeting participant, and Hope model? Education was developed in 1993. Taft chaired the committee. The model will enable all Ohio Since then, contracts have been Meeting minutes show that from public and non-public schools “to move written and carried out, materials the beginning, it had been decided toward health instruction ‘that works’ have been approved, training has that the “Model [health] Program as the core principles of CDC’s taken place, outcomes developed, will not be ‘knowledge-based, ‘programs that work’ are extended to assessments piloted, etc. information-based, or concept- all categorical health lessons In practice, city and exempted based.’” 114 [Note: It appears that traditionally taught in comprehensive village boards will be choosing behavior modification is the only Pre-K-12 health education.”113 which PTW to use and how to thing left upon which to base implement the program, not whether instruction.] [Note: As a member of the State to use one. Local boards have even In addition, it had already been Board of Education, I had NO idea less decision-making authority, since decided that health and physical that federally-funded consultants curricular decisions are often made education will be integrated across were writing the model.] by County Education Service the curriculum rather than presented Centers leaving locals only to decide to students as separate courses which how to implement decisions that makes opting out impossible. FRAMEWORK have already been made. Approximately a dozen people Currently, Section 3310.60 of the who were involved in the 1993 A Statewide Planning Team set Ohio Revised Code declares that Mohican State Park meeting have, as up the framework for comprehensive school boards “shall prescribe a consultants, worked on developing school health in Ohio. curriculum for all schools under the model. their control.” Dr. Robert D. Murray, chair of K In 1992, the State Board of Education However, if/when lawmakers the Health Advisory Committee says adopted a framework for developing models adopt the state standards for that the resulting model has “nothing and revising them. In January 1996, the State Board revoked the framework. schools proposed by the State Board whatsoever to do with the CDC, Consequently, there seems to be no rational of Education, school boards will lose with Reducing the Risk, with the basis for the development of the Health their authority to make curricular programs of Planned Parenthood, Model. After the “new standards” are decisions because the proposed with the Sex Information and adopted by the General Assembly, “a new standards are so prescriptive. Those framework for developing and revising standards include a directive to models will be put in place.” (Resolution # 7). implement “comprehensive” health

Education Council of the U.S. Wagner, Health Education beliefs, character traits, behaviors, or (SIECUS).” 115L Specialist, was, at one time working attitudes for students or schools.” However, official documents do 150% on the model.116 But, one of Two years later, (January 24, not support that contention. Rather, the CDC contracts clearly states that 1996) the co-chairs of the committee the CDC contracts clearly make Ms. Wagner, whose salary is paid (Murray & Taft) wrote a joint letter reference to the model, to Reducing by the CDC, is to be spending 100% to then Superintendent John Goff the Risk, and a letter of endorsement of her time working to fulfill Ohio’s seeking release from Sanders’ from Planned Parenthood is attached contractual agreement with the directive as it would hamper and to one of Ohio’s grant application CDC. In the same document, stifle their efforts, saying that for CDC funding. Wagner is identified as a member of “affective behavior and behavior An Ohio Department of the Health Model writing committee modification . . . is the critical Education memo indicates that Meg that Dr. Murray chairs. point.” 118 [Note: Obviously, there is a No wonder ODE documents L On January 10, 1996, Monica direct connection between the model indicate the need for “A proactive Rodrigues, School Health Counselor with the Sexuality Information and Education and the CDC if the people physically educational plan of informing key Council of the United States (SIECUS), writing the model are being paid by legislators, board members, and wrote to Joyce Brannan, Ohio Dept. of the CDC.] other policy makers about this Education consultant, saying, “In a Twice in his October 28, 1998 model. . . before a draft or even political climate that is growing increasing letter to the editor of the Cincinnati possible pieces are shared with local resistant to health education, school Enquirer, Dr. Murray, Chairman of and national reviewers.”119 leadership has expressed the need for assistance and support in countering the Advisory Committee, says, “It attacks on existing and newly proposed [the model] is not a curriculum” and “it is not a mandate, it is a guide.” programs. Because of SIECUS’ mission to CENTERS FOR DISEASE advocate for comprehensive HIV/AIDS However, ODE consultant Frank prevention and sexuality education for Schiraldi refers to the model as a CONTROL CONTRACTS youth, we have had our own share of curriculum and then asked members controversy. Therefore, through our cooperative agreement with CDC/DASH, of the Model Health and Physical Where does the money come we will be developing a program to assist Education Advisory Committee, in from to pay for comprehensive state and local education and health writing, if the curriculum allows a school health instruction? agencies in successfully moving programs reader to see the connections In 1987, the CDC established forward.” In that same letter, Brannan between “what students are expected cooperative agreements to help was invited to join fourteen others in to know and be able to do” at education agencies implement health learning about “current national trends in comprehensive sexuality education, fear- different grade levels, and if education programs designed to based sexuality education, and strategies “colleagues in schools [can] be prevent HIV infection. Subsequently, for promoting comprehensive programs.” reasonably expected to implement the Ohio Department of Education On February 23, 1996, Brannan attended this much material?”117 entered into a series of contractual a meeting at the SIECUS office in NY. In January 1994, Superintendent agreements for Comprehensive [NOTE: Dr. Mary S. Calderone, former Ted Sanders issued a directive to School Health Education with the medical director of the Planned Parenthood Federation of America, chartered SIECUS in the Health Advisory Committee. In CDC. 1964. Their original statement of purpose it, he said that the standards for Ohio was: “To establish man’s sexuality as a health schools “will not define, address, entity.” To accomplish this goal their plan measure or require any values, was to “expand the scope of sex education to NATIONAL PROGRAM all age levels and groups”, and to provide, abortion on demand. Family Research among other things, “indications as to how Council Fact Sheet.] The CDC reviews all research constructive attitudes can be developed about In a February 26, 1996 letter to Ms. studies on school-based curricula such problem areas as sex in the aging, Renfro at SIECUS, Joyce Brannan says: premarital sex and homosexuality.” SIECUS “the more we can do through churches and designed to delay intercourse. Those publications and writing have supported the extra-school agencies the greater the deemed effective in reducing following: The use of pornography; numbers we can reach with comprehensive unprotected intercourse are called premarital sex, homosexuality, dispensing education including confirmation of an Programs-that-Work, and they are contraceptives to minors without parental individual’s values and emotions included in CDC’s Division of consent; sex education for all age levels, and involved.”

Adolescent and School Health the student) in preparation for for the Ohio Department of Research-to-Classroom project for teaching the PTW curricula. To-date, Education. Those connections are dissemination to schools and Ohio’s Comprehensive School woven throughout this report. communities throughout the Health Education grant applications For FY98, Ohio received United States.120 Please note that have been signed by state $751,446 for Comprehensive School the emphasis in PTW is not on superintendents Dr. Ted Sanders Health Education, allocating delaying intercourse, but is on and Dr. John Goff. $309,996 for Pregnancy, STD, and reducing unprotected intercourse. In 1994, the Ohio Department of HIV Prevention.123 The CDC gives federal dollars to all Education submitted an application A September 18, 1998 ODE fifty state education agencies, local for Comprehensive School Health to memo says that ODE would education agencies in eighteen cities, the CDC. The request was for “responsibly” spend $329,056 before and in 1997, to thirty-four national $347,419 to renew a previous November 30, 1998. organizations to develop and HIV/STD Prevention agreement. [Note: I have asked the ODE implement a Comprehensive School On August 13, 1996, State what the department did with Health Education program.121 M Superintendent Goff signed Ohio’s $330,000 in a six-week period. To- [Note: Non-Ohio readers can track FY 97 Cooperative Agreement date, I have not received a reply. I their states’ participation. See requesting $316,445 from the CDC have not given a tremendous amount footnote.] to support Comprehensive School of time to following the money, but Applicants for federal dollars Health Education Promotion for it is evident that the ODE has write cooperative agreements stating another year. The money was used submitted at least three requests for how the money will be spent if it is for the federal money every year for many received. Once the federal money is  Purchase of consultant time; years for various comprehensive received, part of it is used to pay for  Training materials; school health programs. The full surveys, public relations campaigns  Implementation of “programs tally is a subject for another report.] to circumvent dissension, advisory that work;” committees, standards, salaries,  Policy development; travel, and expenses.  Ohio’s 1997 Youth Risk ASSESSING STUDENTS A significant portion of the Behavior Survey; money is used by the state or county  Development of Ohio’s or regional education service centers In the field of education what is Competency-Based Health and tested is what is taught. to train people (having them become Physical Education Model Program, and for Jennifer Sheets, former M Request Dept. of Health and Human  Technical assistance to school president of the Ohio State Board of Services Centers for Disease Control districts writing local and Program Announcements 309 and 805: Education said, “Content from the county health courses of health and physical education School Health Programs to Prevent 122 Serious Health Problems and Improve Study. ‘model’ will not be tested on the Educational Outcomes. Announcement proficiency tests.”124 805 lists three contracts: Part I. BASIC – Accordingly, there is a direct link Although the contents of the To Prevent Risk Behaviors that Result in between the model and the CDC. “model” may not be included in the HIV Infection, Other Sexually Transmitted The federal government, state proficiency tests, that does not Diseases (STDs), and Unintended through the U.S. Department of Pregnancy; Part II A: EXPANDED – To mean that “health” is not being Prevent Categorical Health Risk Behaviors Health’s Center for Disease assessed. and Health Problems, and Part II B: Control, is funding and directing Section 3301-35-03 of the INFRASTRUCTURE – To Help Schools the development of Ohio’s Health proposed Standards for Ohio Implement Effective School Health Model. Schools rules, adopted by the State Programs; and Part III, Establishing Further evidence of the direct Board of Education, in principle, National Training and Demonstration link between the CDC and Ohio's Centers to Improve the Health of Young says: Persons. Three states, Maine, North health model curriculum is seen by A district school board shall Carolina, and Ohio have received the number of CDC paid grant a diploma to “learners who… INFRASTRUCTURE funding. See “consultants" working, seemingly, achieve state-adopted basic level Federal Register: Search for 93-938.

DRAFT – Sex instruction in the classroom [email protected]  7530 Ross Road, New Carlisle, OH 45344  (937) 845-8428 or FAX (937) 845-3550 November 5, 1999  See http://www.fessler.com for revisions 15 competencies verified by local assessment was conducted in assessment data in selected ‘Big assessment in . . . family and participating states.127 Eight’ districts” [Note: The eight consumer science . . . and health….” Between September and largest cities in the state.] and What is the source of the so- November 1999, ODE consultants “sponsor, plan, and finance four 3- called “local assessment”? will pilot the collection of student day inservices to equip local and It is the Council of Chief State assessment data in selected urban county curriculum supervisors and School Officers (CCSSO), an districts.128 lead teachers of health to use organization made up of state In addition to the assessments, portfolio assessment techniques in superintendents. One of their SCASS has developed a Teacher’s at least one of their classes during primary activities is the development Manual on Portfolio Assessments Fall 1998.”131 This objective was and implementation of student and a CD-ROM titled HealthHELP. postponed until Summer 1999.132 assessments. Virtually, all states are The CD contains among others The first Portfolio Assessment members of CCSSO; Ohio’s annual things, assessment items that Training for Ohio middle school membership dues are $50,000.125 include Sexuality and HIV health teachers was conducted in In 1993, the CCSSO initiated the Prevention Education. The August of 1997. During June and State Collaborative on Assessment Performance Event and August of 1997, teachers attended 4- and Student Standards (SCASS). Performance Task items are for use day workshops and learned how to Their mission is to develop by local teachers and schools. “Plans develop, implement, use, and assessments for elementary through for FY98 include using federal evaluate/score health education high school students. Various HIV/AIDS funds to purchase one competencies. Central Ohio teachers projects among the states exist, CD-ROM for each local school indicated they would be reaching including one for art, science, and district.”129 The CD also contains approximately 1,500 students with health. The main goal of SCASS Selected Response, Short-Answer portfolio assessments during the Fall Health Education Project is to Response, and Extended Response; of 1997. In addition, they provided a produce and distribute health they are secure and unavailable case study on portfolio training education assessments. without a password so that states provided for Ohio’s curriculum Thirty-two statesN are wishing to use them for Proficiency supervisors and lead health teachers participating (paying members); Tests can do so. across the state in Summer 1998.133 Ohio pays $44,000 per year to An Ohio Department of Between April and October 1999, participate in SCASS.126 In addition Education interoffice memo states the ODE will equip local and county to project participation fees, that “Meg Wagner and Ed curriculum supervisors, and lead financial support is provided by the Whitfield have been trained by teachers of health to use portfolio CDC. Member states have been CCSSO’s Health SCASS project to assessment techniques during Fall asked to re-commit to the project for order, use, train Ohio teachers, and 1999 classes.134 an additional three years. disseminate copies of CD-ROM for Bottom line: “Local districts, The framework for assessment Health Education Assessments. The . . . will be required to conduct and development is derived from the CD-ROM can provide Ohio, local report the results of standardized, National Health Education Standards school districts, and . . . educators district-wide health and physical and the risk behaviors identified by with proficiency examination education assessment after the State CDC/DASH. A unique scoring (secured) questions as well as other Board of Education adopts Ohio’s system focusing on the National valid and reliable assessment items Model Competency-Based Health Health Education Standards has been relative to performance tasks, and Education Program.”135 developed. Pilot tests were performance events, and short- conducted during 1995, and in 1996, answer questions on nutrition, TRAINING TEACHERS extensive field testing of the health sexuality, . . . etc. ”130 According to a CDC contract, Ohio Department of Education was The work of preparing people to N Participating states in the health to “create a plan for statewide annual teach comprehensive health project: AK, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, DC, assessing of student HIV prevention instruction, including sexuality HI, IL, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MI, MN, skills and knowledge”, . . . “pilot instruction, has been underway for a MS, MO, MT, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, long time. Ohio’s goal is to have OR, RI, SC, SD, WA, WV, WI. the collection of student

1,600 individuals trained on how In 1998, the ODE began having The list was then distributed to to implement Programs-that- trainers sign a Letter of Agreement participants during the August Work. 136 (a contract) with the State in which training session. It appears, from a Debra Stanley, PTW faculty they agree to train, track, and reading of the Program/Materials member, handles B.A.R.T. training provide instructional materials to Review Panel minutes that the panel while Jeff Jones and Vickie Bobbitt twenty school, faith, or other approved the list. P148 conduct Be Proud! Be Responsible! educators in his or her local During August 16-19, 1998, training.137 [Note: Jones is now the community within the following Brannan, Petosa, and Nelson Department of Education’s fifteen months. conducted responsible sexuality ombudsman responsible for helping The agreement requires new Programs-that -Work training for members of the public resolve trainers to provide the State with nine more people.Q These problems with the department.] pre- and post- evaluations, samples individuals are also listed on a Cheryl Nelson, PTW Training of marketing materials and “a Coordinator is responsible for the complete roster of locally trained licking butt, fisting, rimming, water sports, educators (including fax, phone and dry humping, getting the Bootee, bustin’ a use of Trainer Tracker software and nut, sperming the bitch, hosing, finger 138 database. e-mail) so additional technical fuckin’, doin’ it, eating out, snatch diving, In the Fall of 1994, twenty-three assistance and future evaluations can tit fucking; knockin’ boots, sticking & Master Trainers received five-days be conducted.” 144 licking, bump & grind, yodeling in the of instruction and experience in The three-day PTW training canyon, blowin’ the flute.” Sexual Body implementing the lessons of includes manuals, videos, and other Parts: jimmy, jimbrowski, dick, cunt, pussy, boobs, dooky shoot, punnina, Reducing the Risk; they will “train materials for each PTW program and bosack, balls, nuts, tittys, ass, pony, hard- other professionals including school materials for the twenty people that on, cudy clit, snatch, penis, vagina, teachers.”139 the trainer will be training. Monkey, glans, poop chute, tool, pink taco, A CDC review of an Ohio Assistance in marketing, pearl oyster, bootie, cat, wallies, bone, application for funding discloses coordinating, evaluating, and “other boner, woodie, whoretool, Johnson, pussy items germane to successful juice.” that twenty-four “master trainers” P April Roster: David Andrist, had already been trained to diffusion of Programs-That-Work” Columbus Health Dept.; Rita Ball, Mt. 145 implement Reducing the Risk, and are provided. Vernon City Schools; Della Brown, Erie regional training had reached Training for twenty-one County Health Dept.; Barb Bungard, more than 500 teachers.140 trainers-of-educators in the diffusion Ohio PTA; Kathleen Dafler, Brookville “Jeff Jones presented a day-long of PTW was held April 28-30, 1998. Local Schools; Assoc. Professor Reginald These Trainers agreed to each teach Fennell, Miami University; DeNena workshop on April 30, [1996] for Foster, Urban League of Cincinnati; Kay Family and Consumer Sciences twenty more (420) others to use all Gilbert, Erie County Health Dept.; Lynn 146 educators on Reducing the Risk.”141 or parts of the three PTW. Joyce Harmicar-Duffey, Youngstown Health On June 23, 1997, “Jeff Jones Brannan, Jeff Jones, Rick Petosa, Dept.; Sharon Hartley, Southeast conducted a day-long workshop at Cheryl Nelson, Vickie Bobbitt, Recovery & Mental Health Care Services, Columbus; Brad Koogler, Phoenix Pride the Licking County Summer Cara Edwards and Debra Stanley 142 Southeast, Inc., Columbus; Tracy Luster- Institute on ‘Reducing the Risk.’” were scheduled as trainers-of- Welch, Ohio Dept. of Health; Jason Reep, 147 In mid-July, 1997, Jones trainers. Social Health Education, Inc., Cincinnati; presented an HIV-prevention During an April, 1998 PTW Nancy Rini, East High School, Columbus; workshop at the Northeast Regional training session, the people being Ann Rudrauff, Planned Parenthood of Professional Development Center. trained to teach PTW engaged Central Ohio, Columbus; Kathy Sellers, themselves in making a list of thirty- AIDS Taskforce, Columbus; Corinna Attendees included twenty-five Snipes, Wynford High School, Bucyrus; people, mostly classroom educators five “street names” for physical Dawn Soldner, Lucas County Health who taught middle school. intimacy and thirty-four “street Dept.; Jennifer Turner, Columbus Health Reportedly, the workshop was “well names” for various body parts. O Dept. Q August Roster: Programs That received, with many of the O participants asking for additional “Sexual Behaviors: jacking off, fuck, Work! Training-For Trainers: Angela 143 fornicate, screw, ballin’, spank the Chaney, Planned Parenthood of Southwest assistance in the future.” Monkey, bump ugly, tossin’ salad, butt Ohio, Cincinnati; Carol Freas, Princeton fuckin’, suck face, lip lock, cum, getting’ City Schools; Cincinnati; Kimberly off, goin’ down, diving, muff diving, Harris, YWCA Middleburg Heights;

November 1998 Roster for “Booster directly to the federal Centers for planning, and registering individuals & Focus Group” meetings. Disease Control for a $2.6 million for PTW training, meeting with As of August 1998 , Ohio had 30 grant to implement “Programs-That- thirty-two people in Cincinnati and Trainers-of-Educators ready to Work” without the legislative thirty-four in Cleveland. Potential “diffuse four effective programs to oversight of these programs called Trainers-of-Educators self-identify Ohio school teachers, students, and for by the education budget bill, HB to register, but they are screened.158 out-of-school youth.”149 [Fifty-three 282. (See page 22 of this report, During July 1998, Jeff Jones trainers is a more current figure.] Addendum: The Ohio Department of provided training on Reducing the On November 6, 1998, after Education’s Position).] Risk to forty teachers, school nurses, concerns about PTW had surfaced A CDC contract states that “. . . public health nurses, school repeatedly, State Superintendent schools turn . . . to non-classroom psychologists and health John Goff issued a letter, saying, educator . . . as their ‘teachers’ of commissioners for Scioto and Pike “Given the concerns that have been students. School nurses, local, city counties. The Portsmouth City raised with regard to the content of and county departments of health Health Department received a grant the ‘Programs That Work’ training, I professionals, and representatives to educate local school personnel want the Department to temporarily from the Urban League, American and health educators on effective cease offering [new] training in this Red Cross, and Planned Parenthood programs. HIV/STD program.”150 [Note: are the most common self-selecting The November 24, 1998 PTW Temporary cessation did not population to be trained by training roster lists twenty more preclude those already trained ODE.”152 participants.R from fulfilling their commitment During February of 1999, work to training twenty others.] was underway to prepare programs R October Roster: Betsy Bunner, Proposed options “for for licensure of multi-age (3-21) Bowling Green State University; Marco appropriately delivering HIV/STD Teachers-of-Health.153 [Note: Cardona, City of Cleveland Health Dept.; and Pregnancy Prevention training” Obviously, these programs are Kim Cole, The Health Museum of included: shifting the different from “typical” health and Cleveland; Judy Didion, Wood County Health Dept.; Sheri Dieterich-Colon, Free responsibility for PTW training to physical education programs for Medical Clinic of Cleveland; Elise M. the Department of Health, or teachers.] Ellick, MetroHealth Medical Center, subcontracting the training to a May 1998 Program Review Cleveland; Jessica Garascia, Oberlin university, or some other entity.151 Panel Minutes state that “In the next College; Beth Hensler, Cleveland Dept. of [Note: As of August, 1999, the ODE year, 80 trainers of educators will be Health; Michael Hogan, Cuyahoga trained. Each trainer will sign a County Board of MRDD; Ervin James III has effectively shifted the (audit), Urban League of Cincinnati; responsibility to ODH. Due to contract stating that they will train Clarence L. Johnson, Combined Health 154 impending legislative regulation, the 20 other trainer of educators.” District of Montgomery County; Julie M. Department of Health has applied “Tracy Luster-Welch has Johnson, Project CARE, Broadview agreed to train 28 [people] from the Heights; Amy Jones, Wood County Bobbie Herron, Quilter CCC Camp, Ohio Department of Health.”155 Health Dept.; Elizabeth Juergensen, Green Springs; Erica Neuman, Planned Warren City Schools; Dianne L. Kerr, Parenthood of Southwest Ohio, Cincinnati; Ultimately, the goal is to have eighty Kent State University; Pat Koharik, Todd Rademaker, AIDS Volunteers of Trainers-of Educators diffusing Polaris Career Center; Middleburg Cincinnati; Mary Reese, Hamilton County PTW, equipping “up to 1600 adults. Heights; Aaron Kyle Urban League of General Health District; Valerie Roth, . . to deliver these . . . programs Greater Cincinnati; Vicki Marie, NEON Planned Parenthood of Southeast Ohio, to Ohio’s 1.8 million students as Health Services, Inc., Cleveland; Patty Athens; Kathryn Thompson, AIDS well as out-of-school youth”. 156 Mason, Project CARE, Broadview Volunteers of Cincinnati; Joyce Brannan, Heights; H. Paul Schwitzgebel, AIDS Ohio Dept. of Education; Pam Bolden, The May 1998 Program Review Interfaith Ministries, Canton; Frances Ohio Dept. of Education, Secretary; Cara Panel Minutes state that, “Preble Wright-Thomas, Combined Health Edwards, Columbus Public Schools; County called expressing an interest District of Montgomery County; Mary Cheryl Jones-Nelson, Programs-That- in doing a training.” 157 Wynne-Peaspanen, Family Planning Work Training Coordinator, Ohio Dept. of In July 1998, Cheryl Nelson, Assoc. of Northeast Ohio, Inc., Education; Rick Petosa, Ohio State Painesville; Rev. Richard P. Young, University Professor; Debra Stanley, PTW Training Coordinator, and Greene County Combined Health District; AIDS Ministries/AIDS Assistance, South Joyce Brannan, Project Xenia; Carol Zunic, Cuyahoga County Bend, IN. Coordinator, were marketing, Board of MR/DD.

Subsequently, Colvin asked, “If brought in or university people could CERTIFICATES we give up these two things, what do trainings.”163 will they want next?” 160 Panel members then “discussed Individuals that complete When relating that information to in detail that if we continue Master Programs-that-Work Training- Program Review Panel Members, Trainers . . . the trainings must be for-Trainers are certified as Joyce Brannon said, “the panel kept intact. Discussion followed qualified to instruct others using Be could determine and recommend recommending no written record Proud! Be Responsible!; Becoming a that ODE resume training by a of the slang terms from the Responsible Teen; and Reducing the specified date and state the common language activity be Risk. conditions, e.g. on the “woodies” distributed. There was a consensus The certificate issued on August (the condom demonstrations), the of support for the Programs-That- 19, 1998 is signed by a panel could recommend a correction Work as originally created. representative of the Ohio such as trainers could talk about, but Panel members agreed to submit Department of Education, Joyce not demonstrate. On the slang their thoughts to Weed for inclusion Brannan, HIV/AIDS Prevention words, the panel could recommend into recommendation to the State Consultant; and “faculty” in we give up the hard copies [that is, Board of Education.164 conjunction and compliance with the the list of thirty-five “street names” In a Program Review Panel Centers for Disease Prevention and for physical intimacy and thirty-four Position Paper on Ohio’s 1999 Control. Faculty listed: Debra “street names” for various body Training for Sexuality Programs- Stanley; Cheryl Nelson, PTW parts] or give up the common That-Work, panel member Weed Training Coordinator; Cara language activity.” Minutes show states that the PTW sexuality Edwards [Columbus City that Brannan and Airhart feel that programs should “continue to be Schools]; and Rick Petosa. the State Board and Senior presented to adult trainers intact, [Note: Faculty member Petosa is Administration were trying to be that is, as the programs were also a PTW training evaluator. supportive. designed and studied. This Accordingly, PTW evaluation is not Barb Bungard commented, specifically includes condom being conducted by a neutral third- “The vocal opposition want demonstrations where such party. One CDC contract indicates condoms out, period, the word demonstrations are an integral part that he was paid $12,000 for his condom, too.” 161 of a program.”165 work as an evaluator.] Tom Colvin (Perrysburg) said, [Note: To get the complete “The panel is charged with making picture regarding the work of the PROGRAM REVIEW PANEL the decision on what will be Panel, I requested a copy of the WORKS TO CIRCUMVENT STATE taught.”162 [Note: Before I accept minutes from the inception of the BOARD OF EDUCATION that statement, I will need to see Panel. In response, Judy Airhart DIRECTIVES evidence to support it.] replied, “we have been unable to Harrison Weed was not present, locate minutes prior to 1998.”166 During the December 1998 State but sent a message to the panel, [Note: Failure to produce the Board of Education meeting, board “Demonstrating condoms has been requested documents indicates either members were presented with six confirmed by research to be a an effort to withhold the documents options concerning Training-for- necessary part of effective education or departmental incompetence.] Trainers. Recommendations to reduce the frequency of included returning the funding to unprotected intercourse.” CDC, shifting the training to Bungard asked, “If the panel universities, or stopping the training determines that condom demonstration is a necessary part of altogether. The board indicated that EFFECTIVENESS they did not want the training the training for adults, will we be jeopardizing the whole PTW stopped, but called for a redesign of During the last two weeks of training, specifically, “no condom program?” Cathy Leahy asked about Plan B. Judy Airhart April 1997, CDC-funded individuals demonstrations and no slang words. (Jeff Jones, Joyce Brannan, Rick 159 responded, “SPCHEO could be Petosa and Richard Sawyer)167

DRAFT – Sex instruction in the classroom [email protected]  7530 Ross Road, New Carlisle, OH 45344  (937) 845-8428 or FAX (937) 845-3550 November 5, 1999  See http://www.fessler.com for revisions 19 conducted focus group interviews The evaluation report with the adults who had received acknowledges that the teaching They also mentioned the need for Reducing the Risk training.168 S Reducing the Risk is a “substantial training on how to respond to The overall objective of that departure from most current difficult questions about Reducing CDC-funded focus group was to education practice for HIV the Risk, i.e., sound bites for the identify barriers to diffusing PTW. prevention.”173 Effectiveness of the media.180 actual training sessions was said to Free training and “free” materials The evaluation report, be reduced due to the considerable were identified as major motivators prepared by Petosa, lists ways amount of time spent on discussing in getting people to attend the to overcome implementation opposition concerns that Reducing training sessions. [Note: It may be problems -- in order to the Risk doesn’t stress abstinence free to the recipients, but in reality, deliver the curricula to 6th-12th from sex, and that lessons teach the government has no money of its grade students. 169 idea of young people having “safer own, only taxes collected from its sex”. 174 citizens.] To accomplish implementation, it Such discussion was said to take “With CDC-funding 1600 teacher was concluded that “public trust, time away from skill training (how manuals for PTW will be distributed 181 confidence, and support” must be to use condoms and go to the clinic during the trainings.” built, especially in communities with your “partner”). The [Note: This appears to contradict the where there is opposition to discussions about opposition CDC contracts and a statement made “comprehensive” programs that reinforced the fact that some by ODE official, Dr. Nancy Eberhart: include “safer sex.” 170 teachers see Reducing the Risk as “When school and community health 175 Accordingly, since diffusion of being controversial. Some officials make inquiries about the five “Programs-that-Work” is the goal -- teachers reported being programs, they are directly referred to and not responsiveness to concerns uncomfortable with role-playing, the the companies . . . for information, -- survey participants were most important component of instructional materials and/or 176 182 T dismissive of criticisms. Reducing the Risk. training.” ] Some of the trainers held Others raised objections and “Trainers believed that teachers concerned community members in dropped out due to the controversial who arrived at the workshop with contempt -- portraying them as content of the curriculum. 177 reservations about sexuality nitwits who would have been During the follow-up interviews, education content or role playing supportive of disease and pregnancy a few of the trainers reported would need as much as four or five prevention if they hadn’t succumbed “participant resistance when days of training to build confidence to “warnings” about “the negative covering content-oriented lessons and comfort levels toward the effects [of] the conspiracy emanating associated with contraception, content and teaching processes of from CDC to impose a national getting contraception and safer sex Reducing the Risk… ” curriculum or sex educators who are messages.”178 [Note: Are training sessions attempting to undermine the A “vocal minority” is supposed to building “confidence and comfort authority of the family.”171 have discouraged some teachers levels” with adults the same way Trainers said they faced objections from attending Reducing the Risk they will with the children, by before and during the workshops and workshops and from implementing immersing them in obscene language suggested the need for a promotional it. Some teachers did not return to and glorifying debased behaviors for 183 campaign at the national or state level complete the training based on those four or five days?] to build credibility and reduce teacher issues raised the first day about the concerns. 172 likely controversy over content and SCHOOL DISTRICTS approach. 179 S Sawyer is affiliated with the What gets into the actual Academy of Educational Development Concerned about their (AED). Another AED operative, Ivan classroom depends on the Charner, was one of the individuals jobs, participants discussed willing to oust me from the National their need for legal T The CDC awarded Ohio $11,250 to School to Work meeting held in Cleveland protection. purchase Be Proud, Be Responsible! in June, 1998.] manuals for FY 96.

DRAFT – Sex instruction in the classroom [email protected]  7530 Ross Road, New Carlisle, OH 45344  (937) 845-8428 or FAX (937) 845-3550 November 5, 1999  See http://www.fessler.com for revisions 20 district’s Graded Course of educators. . . offering risk reduction Summer Institute on Reducing the Study.”184 And how do the information upon request. 188 Risk.194 federally-paid consultants influence Reportedly, the focus would Franklin County – On June 24, the development of a school’s course “probably be abstinence-only. . ..” 1997, Jones met with a representative of study? They do so by providing [Note: The essence of PTW is, by its “from the Columbus Urban League “guidance/technical assistance” to very nature, incompatible with to confirm interest in conducting a Be local districts: “CDC/DASH [U] genuine abstinence-only sex Proud! Be Responsible! training for funds have provided the delivery of education.] community-based HIV-Prevention comprehensive school health A week later, Jones reported on educators, primarily serving the education services and technical his “extremely successful” follow-up African-American and Hispanic assistance guiding 50 to 75 local meeting with Fryer, who is populations of Central Ohio.”195 districts’ ‘Course of Study’ writing developing a curricular packet that Allen County – On June 16, committees toward behavior change, will be available for use by Christian 1997, Jones presented a day-long skills-building, performance-based school educators or by volunteers for training on Programs-that-Work at assessments health instruction.”185 use in Christian schools.189 the North Central RPDC in Lima. Specifically, Project Coordinator, Twenty-five educators attended, Joyce Brannan and co-workers With CDC funds, the ODE including 2nd-4th grade teachers, Meg Wagner and Pat Owens has prepared a three-page English teachers, special education provide assistance to school districts marketing piece – targeting teachers, health and physical that are writing Health and Physical churches - to equip the education teachers, coaches and Education courses of study.186 “sales” person with answers administrators.196 Program Review Panel minutes to almost any objection to Miami County ESC and Mt. record that Brannan believes that PTW.190 Vernon City Schools received “Catholic schools do a fantastic job assistance in writing their health 197 of sexuality, it is a very natural Program Review Panel member course of study in March, 1998. atmosphere. Brannan wishes that Marcia Ruhling says: “Local During January 1997, Wooster public school could do the same courses of study are legal City, Avon Lake, and the thing. Her dream is to reach the faith guidelines.”191 Columbus Diocesan were to receive community. She also felt that it a day of technical COS-writing. would be good to train parents, Montgomery County – On During April 1997, Brannan 187 schools, and churches.” August 21, 1998, Brannan met with provided technical assistance to ODE interoffice memos report five people with the Montgomery Wooster City, Findlay City, that in 1997 Jeff Jones, (HIV County United Health District to Delaware-Union EDC, and 198 Education Consultant, Ohio discuss PTW training. A proposal Middletown. Department of Education) had a was written concerning how During July 1997 Brannan “ground breaking meeting” with B.A.R.T and Be Proud! Be worked with Columbus Public Sharon Fryer, Executive Director Responsible! might be diffused in School’s COS-writing committee as of Project Compassion (based at the Greater Dayton area.192 they reworked the Columbus Health 199 Vineyard Christian Fellowship in the Sandusky, Preble and Course of Study. Columbus area). Hamilton counties along with East During January 1998, assistance Project Compassion is in the Liverpool, Wauseon - During was provided to Marion City, planning stages of creating an November 1997, each received Berlin-Milan Local, and Tiffin educational outreach program assistance from Wagner and City as they revised their Health 200 targeted to the Christian schools. Brannan in writing health and/or PE Curricula. The staff and volunteers will be courses of study.193 During October 1996, Brannan contacting the Christian schools in Licking County – On June 23, provided assistance to Delaware- the Central Ohio area to offer their 1997, Jones (HIV Education Union, Greene County, Clermont, services as HIV-prevention Consultant, Ohio Department of Elyria City, and Chardon City 201 Education) conducted a day-long Schools. U Centers for Disease Control/Division workshop at the Licking County of Adolescent School Health

Cincinnati Public Schools has a What conflict of interest has Salary $56,000 policy that family planning can be resulted from implementing the Fringe $16,800 discussed in the 7th grade and that recommendations? Subtotal $72,800 plus expenses “demonstrations of responsible And, what contracts, consulting techniques” are approved for 9-12th fees, or other profit-generating 202 grades. arrangements have been made among A SOLUTION: As of August 1, 1998, more than those who formulated the plan, STANDARDS OF EXCELLENCE thirty schools and sixty community- advocate for the plan, approve the based agencies have received public funding of the plan, and those “technical assistance”. 203 who evaluate it? And how much do The May 12, 1997 version of the Between December 1998 and planners get paid? Standards for Schools document, November 1999, the ODE intends to “adopted in principle by the Ohio State assist an additional fifty school Consultants are paid as follows:206 Board of Education”, requires school districts to integrate HIV prevention “districts” (not elected school boards), skills into their courses of study – Joyce Brannan –Educational to implement a comprehensive approximately one district per Consultant curriculum to ensure that all learners week.204 Salary $60,955 achieve competencies in health, family Fringe $17,677 and consumer science, and in other Central planners, in laying the 208 groundwork for a statewide Subtotal $78,632 plus expenses subjects as well. comprehensive school health system, “The school district shall ensure ignored our system of representative Meg Wagner – Health Education that the curriculum is guided by government, and without legitimate, Specialist Ohio’s State-Adopted Model public input, devised their own plan to Salary $62,150 Competency-Based Education institutionalize comprehensive Fringe $18,198 Programs, or comparable curricula sexuality education statewide. As best Subtotal $80,348 plus expenses models, and learning objectives from 209 I can determine, only one person on the state proficiency tests.” the planning group was an elected Pam Bolden – Support Staff In Section 3301-35-03 of the same official, but she was elected to serve Salary $25,500 document, it says that in order for a on the State Board of Education as a Fringe $7,395 student to get a diploma, he must meet representative of the people in her Subtotal $32,895 plus expenses state-adopted competencies verified district, not as a member of a by local assessment in various statewide health planning group. Rick Petosa - Consultant $7,500 subjects including Health and Family 210 Proponents of the so-called safe- and Consumer Science. [Side-note: sex program cite statistics from the Cheryl Nelson $11,500 Family and Consumer Science is biennial Youth Risk Behavior Study considered Vocational Education. (YRBS) as proof of the need for Jim Ferguson (YRBS) $7,500 Therefore, upon adoption of the “skill-based” health programs. In proposed standards, all students will 1995, Ohio was one of over forty be required to participate in the states that participated in the YRBS. Vocational Education program in However, only about 2,000 students order to graduate]. statewide participated in the 1997 Senior Level Administrators: Programs That Work are not survey that is now being used as the designed for excellence. Instead of basis for setting statewide public Judy Airhart, Ohio Department of protecting children from disease and policy. 205 Education (appointed, March, 1999 out-of-wedlock pregnancy, programs- With that background in mind, a by Dr. Nancy Eberhart).207 that-work titillates the libido of reasonable question is: By what Salary $68,972 teenagers and teaches them a cavalier authority can state bureaucrats Fringe $20,000 and dangerous attitude about sexual disregard existing state laws and the Subtotal $88,972 plus expenses activity. Under the guise of “disease State Constitution and seek federal and pregnancy prevention,” decency, money for these not only unhealthy, Angie Norton, Ohio Department of morality, virtue, chastity, and self- but destructive programs? Health, Senior Level Administrator control are being expunged from our

DRAFT – Sex instruction in the classroom [email protected]  7530 Ross Road, New Carlisle, OH 45344  (937) 845-8428 or FAX (937) 845-3550 November 5, 1999  See http://www.fessler.com for revisions 22 culture and replaced that which is abstinence until marriage as the program and even if they do so, it obscene, vulgar and profane. The very standard, and be confined to: may not be with informed consent. activities that cause pre-marital pregnancy and spread disease are now  age appropriate, same-sex  State Board of Education being encouraged - in the name of classes; members and citizens of this great state should demand prevention.  only with informed, expressed legislative hearings and seek to consent of parents; Sexual role-play, gutter have the CSHE monies returned language, and explicit  material that presents the to the federal government. We subject matter in good taste, discussions reduce modesty can’t afford it and neither can our children. and self-respect to vulgar  students who have obtained nonchalance. the expressed and informed consent of parents; and ideally ADDENDUM: THE OHIO Envision, if you can, a generation with mothers or fathers, as convinced that using a condom not appropriate, present and DEPARTMENT OF only removes danger, but also marks welcome at all times during EDUCATION’S POSITION one as being proud and responsible. instruction Instead of teaching our students to  Material which is comparable The adage “actions speak louder debase themselves by profaning that in terms of time and depth of than words” is true, if trite. Hence, which is wholesome and pure within instruction to that which is the position of the State Board of the context of marriage, we need to spent on other systems of the Education and the Ohio Department truly raise the standards of Ohio’s human body. of Education can best be seen by students. We can do this by a their actions. concerted effort to protect Ohio’s  Parents need to be aware that children: they can, at least for the present, opt their children out of sex- ARLY CTIONS  Parents should be aware of the education classes. Sex- E A move toward integrated education is not required by coursework, i.e., health state law. In January, 1999, I expressed education incorporated into other concerns about Programs-That-Work subject matter. Such a move  Parents should stay abreast of CDC grants. At that time, Board makes opting out difficult, if not any pending changes in the Ohio President Martha Wise asked me to impossible. Administrative Code regarding present those concerns in writing. comprehensive health education, Accordingly, this report was  Children should be taught not to and new graduation and developed and the main points were make confidentiality agreements assessment expectations. orally presented to the Board at the which undermine parental February meeting. authority.  Section 127.17 of the Ohio On May 11, 1999, I brought Revised Code states that the enough copies of a draft version of  Schools should encourage controlling board shall take no this report to distribute to each of the morality by teaching that the action which does not carry out board members. At that time, Melanie standard for sexual activity outside the legislative intent of the general Bates, elected member from of marriage is abstinence. House assembly regarding program goals Cincinnati, passed out a copy of a Bill 189 requires that abstinence be as expressed in the prevailing pre-printed resolution that members emphasized. appropriation acts of the general not accept a copy of this report.  Teaching about sensitive assembly. The General Assembly Jennifer Sheets, appointed member reproductive issues should has not authorized the activities from Pomeroy, seconded the motion. encourage self-control, uphold contemplated by the Their actions indicated that they did comprehensive school health not desire the contents of the report to make it to public debate.

I told the board that I was not vote are scheduled for the year 2000, asking them to formally “accept” the and many astute political insiders report, but merely providing it for believe that the assembly will wisely their information in response to Mrs. reject “Programs-That-Work”. Wise’s request to put my concerns in Therefore, the Ohio Department writing. I told them that, in fact, any of Education has apparently decided board members who were not to shift the responsibility to the Ohio interested in the information Department of Health, as they contained in this report could give indicated they would in November back their copy. More than half of the 1998.211 In August 1999, the board members chose to do so. The Department of Health applied only elected board members who directly to the federal Centers for chose to be informed, were Jack Disease Control for a $2.6 million Hunter, Charles DeGross, Charles grant to implement the condom Byrne, Jo Thatcher, and Cyrus curricula in Ohio’s schools. This Richardson. money will also be used to reinstate Mrs. Bates withdrew the motion the teacher training that has been on to reject after several board members hold since November, 1998.212 stated that the motion was Apparently the moratorium is over. unnecessary. Board member Bill If Ohio’s Department of Health Moore stated that the submitted is successful, legislative oversight research and presentation should will be circumvented, and the ODH never be questioned, and that the will continue to sidestep the stopgap motion represented poor measures in Ohio House Bill 282. boardmanship. Even so, only Thatcher has publicly joined me in expressing opposition. In addition, Byrne and Hunter appear to question the sex instruction that is overseen by the Ohio Department of Education. This discussion of this report that took place during the May, 1999 State Board meeting is posted in Real Audio format on the web at www.fessler.com.

MOST RECENT ACTIONS

In June, 1999, the Ohio general assembly passed House Bill 282, the education budget bill. The bill specified that “Programs-That- Work” could not be funded until it was submitted to public hearings before the legislature and a full vote of the assembly. The hearings and

DRAFT – Sex instruction in the classroom [email protected]  7530 Ross Road, New Carlisle, OH 45344  (937) 845-8428 or FAX (937) 845-3550 November 5, 1999  See http://www.fessler.com for revisions 1 Barton, David, Original Intent: The Courts, the Constitution, & Religion, 2nd ed., (Aledo, TX: WallBuilder Press, 1997). p. 319. 2 Article III of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. 3 As did the Constitutions of Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Later, Congress required the same from the states carved out of the Southern Territory (Mississippi and Alabama); the states carved out of the Missouri Territory (Missouri and Arkansas); and other territories as they were ceded to the Union. Indiana Historical Bureau, Indiana State Library. June 30, 1998. http://www.statelib.lib.in.us/WWW/IHB/nwproc.html 4 Constitution of the State of Ohio http://www.legislature.state.oh.us/constitution.cfm?Part=1&Section=07 5 Voinovich, George, Letter to State Board of Education. Jennifer Sheets, President. October 16, 1998. 6 Goff, Dr. John, and Sheets, Jennifer, Letter to Governor George Voinovich from State Superintendent and State Board of Education President. October 23, 1998. 7 Brannon, Joyce, Attachment to memo to State Superintendent Goff and Dr. Nancy Eberhart. October 1, 1998. 8 Jemmott, Loretta Sweet, et al., BE PROUD! BE RESPONSIBLE!: Strategies to Empower Youth to Reduce Their Risk for HIV Infection. Fifth ed. Curriculum Manual (New York, NY: Select Media, Inc., 1996). [Note: This curriculum was developed, pilot- tested, and evaluated in studies funded by the American Foundation of AIDS Research (1988-1989) and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (1988-1992) under grant number R01/HD 24921 and the National Institute of Mental Health. Manual publication was made possible by grant number U63/CCU 106174-04 from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevision, Division of Adolescent School Health]. 9 St. Lawrence, Janet S. Ph.D., Becoming A Responsible Teen: An HIV Risk Reduction Program for Adolescents (Santa Cruz, CA: ETR Associates, 1998). 10 Barth, Richard P., Reducing the Risk: Building Skills to Prevent Pregnancy STD & HIV Third ed., (Santa Cruz, CA: ETR Associates, 1996). 11 Get Real About AIDS, (Evanston, IL: Altschul Group Corp. (AGC). 12 Focus on Kids, (Santa Cruz, CA: ETR Associates). 13 American Cancer Society, Ohio Division, Inc., Working Together for the Future: Ohio Action Plan for Comprehensive School Health Education. May, 1993. p. i. 14 Airhart, Judy, Ohio Department of Education interoffice memorandum. January 30, 1998. p. 3. 15 Brannan, Joyce, Ohio Department of Education Interoffice Memorandum. May 14, 1998. 16 Jemmott, Loretta Sweet, et al., BE PROUD! BE RESPONSIBLE!: Strategies to Empower Youth to Reduce Their Risk for HIV Infection. Fifth ed. Curriculum Manual (New York, NY: Select Media, Inc., 1996). p. 8. 17 Jemmott, p. 75. 18 Jemmott, p. 119-123. 19 Jemmott, p.136. 20 Jemmott, p. 26. 21 Jemmott, p. 27. 22 Jemmott, p. 74. 23 Jemmott, p. 75. 24 Jemmott, p. 77. 25 Jemmott, p. 77. 26 Jemmott, p. 78-79. 27 Jemmott, p. 80. 28 Jemmott, p. 84. 29 Jemmott, p. 145-148. 30 Jemmott, p. 69. 31 Jemmott, p. ii. 32 According to these theories, beliefs about the consequences of behavior and perceptions are the key determinants of effective behavior change. Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 1986, 1989); The Theory of Reasoned Action (Fishbein, 1980); and its extension, and The Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1985). Reducing the Risk, pp. 5-6. 33 Jemmott, p. vii. 34 Jemmott, p. vii. 35 FY 96 Proposed Budget for the Re-obligation of U87/CCU509010-01. 36 St. Lawrence, Janet S., Ph.D., Becoming A Responsible Teen: An HIV Risk Reduction Program for Adolescents (Santa Cruz, CA: ETR Associates, 1998). p. 2. 37 St. Lawrence, p.1. 38 St. Lawrence, p. 2. 39 St. Lawrence, p. 20 40 St. Lawrence, p. 110. 41 St. Lawrence, p. 113. 42 St. Lawrence, p. 113. 43 St. Lawrence, p. 115. 44 St. Lawrence, p. 119. 45 St. Lawrence, p. 119. 46 St. Lawrence, p.11. 47 St. Lawrence, p. 181. 48 St. Lawrence, p. 33. 49 St. Lawrence, p. 21. 50 St. Lawrence, p. 21. 51 St. Lawrence, p. 22. 52 St. Lawrence, p. 22. 53 St. Lawrence, p. 22. 54 Brannan, Joyce, Memo to Ohio Department of Education staff regarding weekly report. Columbus, OH. February 5, and Airhart report February 13,1998. p.5. 55 FY 96 Proposed Budget for the Re-obligation of U87/CCU509010-01. 56 Goff, Dr. John, Letter from State Superintendent to district superintendents. (Columbus: Ohio Department of Education, November 4, 1998) 57 Barth, Richard P., Reducing the Risk: Building Skills to Prevent Pregnancy STD & HIV Third ed., (Santa Cruz, CA: ETA Associates, 1996). p. 40. 58 Barth, p. 40-41. 59 Barth, p. 2. 60 Barth, p. 221 61 Barth, Richard P., Reducing the Risk: Building Skills to Prevent Pregnancy STD & HIV. Student Workbook Third ed., (Santa Cruz, CA: ETA Associates, 1996). p. 31. 62 Barth, Richard P., Reducing the Risk: Building Skills to Prevent Pregnancy STD & HIV Third ed., (Santa Cruz, CA: ETA Associates, 1996). p. 9. 63 Ibid p. 125. 64 Barth, Richard P., Reducing the Risk: Building Skills to Prevent Pregnancy STD & HIV. Student Workbook Third ed., (Santa Cruz, CA: ETA Associates, 1996). p. 33-34. 65 1993 Annual Progress Report for Ohio’s Comprehensive School Health Program to Prevent Important Health Problems and Improvement Educational Outcomes. p. 1. 66 FY 96 Proposed Budget for the Re-obligation of U87/CCU509010-01. 67 Centers for Disease Control Assurance of Compliance Document as revised June 15, 1992. 57 Federal Register 26743. 68 Ibid 69 Material Review Panel Minutes. (Ohio Department of Education, February 4, 1998). p. 1. 70 Ibid p. 3. 71 Ibid p. 3. 72 Ibid p. 4. 73 Brannan, Joyce. Ohio Department of Education Interoffice Memorandum. January 30, p.; 5. February 11; and (Airhart, Judy, Feb. 13, 1998). 74 Program Review Panel Minutes (Ohio Department of Education, May 20, 1998). p. 3. 75 Ibid p.1 76 Program Review Panel Minutes. (Ohio Department of Education. November 4, 1998). p. 2. 77 Ibid p. 2. 78 Ibid p. 3. 79 Ibid p.1 80 Program Review Panel Minutes. (Ohio Department of Education. January 27, 1999). p. 7. Program Review Panel’s position paper on Ohio’s 1999 Training for Sexuality Programs-That-Work. 81 Program Review Panel Minutes. (Ohio Department of Education. November 4, 1998). p.3. 82 Ibid p.6. 83 Ibid p.5. 84 The Ohio PTA News, April, 1999. p. 7. 85 Program Review Panel Minutes. (Ohio Department of Education. January 27, 1999). 86 Ibid p. 4. 87 Ohio Revised Code Section 3313.60 (5). 88 Ohio Revised Code Section 3313.60 (a)(5). 89 Goff, John and Sheets, Jennifer. Letter to Governor Voinovich (Columbus: Ohio Department of Education, October 23, 1998) 90 American Cancer Society, Ohio Division, Inc., Working Together for the Future: Ohio Action Plan for Comprehensive School Health Education. May, 1993. p. 27-28. 91 Ibid. p. i. 92 Ibid. p. 1 93 Ibid. p. 7. 94 Ibid. p. 5-9. 95 Ibid. p. 27. 96 Murray, Robert D., Letter from The State Planning Committee For Health Education In Ohio, Inc. (August 21, 1997). 97 Program Review Panel Minutes. (Ohio Department of Education. November 4, 1998). p.1 98 American Cancer Society, Ohio Division, Inc., Working Together for the Future: Ohio Action Plan for Comprehensive School Health Education. (May, 1993). p. 11-13. 99 Ibid. p. 27. 100 Ibid. p. 28. 101 Ibid. p. 28. 102 Ibid. p. 1 103 Ibid. p. 7. 104 1993 Ohio Youth Risk Behavior Survey (Ohio Departments of Education, Health and Alcohol & Drug Addiction Services, Columbus, OH, 1995). p. 7 105 Airhart, Judy, Ohio Department of Education interoffice memorandum. (December 5, 1996). p. 2. 106 Airhart, Judy, Ohio Department of Education interoffice memorandum. (January 16, 1997). p. 2. 107 Program Review Panel Minutes. (Ohio Department of Education). January 27, 1999. p. 1. 108 Airhart, Judy, Ohio Department of Education interoffice memorandum. Comprehensive Health and HIV Prevention, ODE Student Development Division Report (July 13-17, 1998). p. 2. 109 Ohio Department of Education e-mail. RE: Confidentiality of Survey Participants. (March 22, 1999 4:17 p.m.) 110 VanKeuren, James, Interim Superintendent of Public Instruction, Letter to participating superintendents. February 9, 1999. 111 Program Review Panel Minutes. (Ohio Department of Education, January 27, 1999). p. 2. 112 Trent, Margaret, Interoffice e-mail to Diana M. Fessler. (March 27, 1999). 113 Grant Application for Federal Assistance for State Comprehensive School Health, (June 28, 1995). p. 5. 114 Model Program in Comprehensive Health and Physical Education Advisory Committee Agenda, (July 12, 1994). “Starting Points We Have Been Given. 115 Murray, Robert D., Chairman of the Advisory Committee for the Model Health and Physical Education Program, Letter to Peter Bronson, Editor of the Cincinnati Enquirer. (October 28, 1998). 116 Brannan, Joyce, Ohio Department of Education interoffice memorandum. (February 26, 1998). 117 Schiraldi, Frank, Consultant, Letter to members of the Health Advisory Committee. (June 15, 1998). 118 Murray, Dr. Robert D., and Taft, Hope, Letter to Dr. John M. Goff, Ohio Superintendent of Public Instruction. (January 24, 1996). 119 Brannan, Joyce, Ohio Department of Education interoffice memorandum. January 30, 1998. 120 Jemmott, Loretta Sweet, et al., BE PROUD! BE RESPONSIBLE!: Strategies to Empower Youth to Reduce Their Risk for HIV Infection. Fifth ed. Curriculum Manual (New York, NY: Select Media, Inc., 1996). 121 Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance Number: 93-938. http://gsacentral.gsa.gov. Eligible cities: Atlanta, Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Fort Lauderdale, Houston, Jersey City, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, Newark, Oakland, Orlando, Philadelphia, San Bernardino, San Diego, San Francisco, San Juan, Seattle, Tampa, and West Palm Beach. 122 Airhart, Judy, Ohio Department of Education Interoffice Memorandum, (August 15, 1996). p.2. 123 Airhart, Judy, Ohio Department of Education interoffice memorandum. (November 17, 1997). p. 3. 124 Sheets, Jennifer, Letter from the President of the Ohio State Board of Education to Nancy Reynolds. (Columbus, OH: November 19, 1998). 125 Ohio Department of Education e-mail. RE: Response to SCASS. (February 20, 1999. 3:36 p.m.). 126 Ibid. 127 Council of Chief State School Officers, SCASS Health Education Project Notebook. p. 2 128 Grant Application for Federal Assistance for State Comprehensive School Health, (August 1, 1998). p. 3. 129 Brannan Joyce, Ohio Department of Education Interoffice Memorandum. (February 12, 1997) 130 Brannan Joyce, Ohio Department of Education Interoffice Memorandum. (October 9, 1997 12:05 p.m. ) 131 Grant Application for Federal Assistance for State Comprehensive School Health for 1998 BASIC funds. (September 10, 1997). p. 7. 132 Combined Grant Application for Federal Assistance for State Comprehensive School Health for BASIC, EXPANDED, and INFRASTRUCTURE funding. (August 1,1998). p. 1. [Budget period 12.1/98—11/3/99]. 133 Brannan, Joyce, Ohio Department of Education Interoffice Memorandum, (August 7, 1997). 134 Grant Application for Federal Assistance for State Comprehensive School Health, (August 1, 1998). p. 3. 135 Ohio FY’98 application for federal funding. (September 12, 1997). p. 3. 136 Combined Grant Application for Federal Assistance for State Comprehensive School Health for BASIC, EXPANEDED, and INSTRUCSTURE funding. (August 1,1998). p. 1. [Budget period 12/1/98—11/3/99]. 137 Grant Application for Federal Assistance for State Comprehensive School Health (Sept. 10, 1997). p. 8. 138 Airhart, Judy, Ohio Department of Education Interoffice Memorandum, (March 12, 1998 ). p 1. 139 Rick Petosa, Ph.D., "Appendix to 1995 CDC grant application 93-938," in Evaluation of the Professional Inservice Education for Trainers Implementing ETR Associates' Reducing the Risk Curriculum in Ohio (Columbus, OH: Feb. 14, 1995) 140 Continuation Application #309: Basic Program. Review Evaluation Form. Application: U87/CCU/509010. p. 2. 141 Airhart, Judy, Ohio Department of Education Interoffice Memorandum. (May 9, 1996). P. 2. 142 Airhart, Judy, Ohio Department of Education Interoffice Memorandum. (June 26, 1997). p. 2. 143 Student Development Weekly Reports. (July 14-18, 1997). 144 Letter of Agreement. State of Ohio, Department of Education, Division of Student Development letterhead. Hazel P. Flowers, Director. (August 1998). 145 Ibid. 146 Brannan, Joyce. Ohio Department of Education Interoffice Memorandum. (May 14, 1998). p. 2 147 Brannan, Joyce. Ohio Department of Education Interoffice Memorandum. (March 12, 1998). p. 2. 148 Programs That Work!! Training For Trainers. Booster & Focus Group November Roster. (Draft November 24, 1998). 149 Brannan, Joyce, Ohio Department of Education interoffice memorandum. (August 24, 1998). p. 1 150 Goff, John, Letter to Dr. Nancy Eberhart. Subject: HIV/STD & Prevention Training. (Columbus: Ohio Department of Education, November 6, 1998). 151 Ibid. 152 Grant Application for Federal Assistance for State Comprehensive School Health (September 10, 1997). p. 6. 153 Airhart, Judy, Ohio Department of Education Interoffice Memorandum. (February 13, 1998). p. 3. 154 Program Review Panel Minutes (Ohio Department of Education, May 20, 1998). p. 1. 155 Ibid. p 2, 156 Brannan, Joyce, Ohio Department of Education Interoffice Memorandum. (May 14, 1998). 157 Program Review Panel Minutes (Ohio Department of Education, May 20, 1998) 158 Airhart, Judy, Ohio Department of Education interoffice memorandum. (July 16, 1998). p. 3. 159 Program Review Panel Minutes. (Ohio Department of Education. November 4, 1998). p.3. 160 Ibid. p.5. 161 Ibid. p.3. 162 Ibid. p.4. 163 Program Review Panel Minutes. (Ohio Department of Education. January 27, 1999. p. 5. 164 Ibid. p. 6. 165 Ibid. p. 7. Included with the minutes: Program Review Panel’s Position Paper on Ohio’s 1999 Training for Sexuality Programs- That-Work. (February 18, 1999). 166 Airhart, Judy, Interoffice Memoradum to Margaret Trent and Karen Health. (April 6, 1999). 167 Petosa, Rick, Ohio’s Program Evaluation “Reducing the Risk” Trainers of Teachers, Year One Implementation. Appendix A to BASIC CDC Comprehensive School Health Education grant application. p. A1. 168 Airhart, Judy, Interoffice Memorandum, (Columbus, OH: May 12, 1997 ). p. 3. 169 Petosa, p. A2. 170 Petosa, p. A5. 171 Petosa, p. A15-16. 172 Petosa, p. A17. 173 Petosa, p. A7. 174 Petosa, p. A10. 175 Petosa, p. A10. 176 Petosa, p. A9. 177 Petosa, p. A6. 178 Petosa, p. A7. 179 Petosa, p. A10. 180 Petosa, p. A13, 18. 181 Grant Application for Federal Assistance for State Comprehensive School Health August 1, 1998. p. 4. 182 Letter from Dr. Nancy Eberhart (Ohio Department of Education, October 2, 1998) 183 Petosa, p. A6. 184 Program Review Panel Minutes. (Ohio Department of Education. January 27, 1999). p. 5. 185 Grant Application for Federal Assistance for State Comprehensive School Health (September 10, 1997). p. 5. 186 Airhart, Judy, Ohio Department of Education interoffice memorandum. (October 9, 1997). p. 2. 187 Program Review Panel Minutes (Ohio Department of Education, May 20, 1998). p. 3. 188 Student Development Weekly Reports. (Ohio Department of Education. July 14-18, 1997). p. 3. 189 Airhart, Judy, Ohio Department of Education Interoffice Memorandum. July 31, 1997. p. 2-3. 190 Ohio Department of Education. PTW Training Materials. (August 17-19, 1998). 191 Program Review Panel Minutes (Ohio Department of Education. November 4, 1998). p.3. 192 Airhart, Judy, Ohio Department of Education interoffice memorandum. (August 27, 1998). p. 4. 193 Brannan, Joyce, Ohio Department of Education interoffice memorandum. (November 20, 1997). p. 2. 194 Airhart, Judy, Ohio Department of Education interoffice memorandum. (June 26, 1997). p.2. 195 Ibid. p. 2. 196 Airhart, Judy, Ohio Department of Education interoffice memorandum. (June 19, 1997). p. 3. 197 Airhart, Judy, Ohio Department of Education Interoffice Memorandum. (May 14, 1998). p. 2-3. 198 Brannan, Joyce, Ohio Department of Education, Interoffice Memorandum. (April 30, 1997). p. 2. 199 Airhart, Judy, Ohio Department of Education Interoffice Memorandum. (July 31, 1997). p. 3. 200 Airhart, Judy, Ohio Department of Education interoffice memorandum. (January 15, 1998). p. 2. 201 Airhart, Judy, Ohio Department of Education interoffice memorandum. (October 17, 1996). 202 Brannan, Joyce, Ohio Department of Education Interoffice Memorandum. (August 24, 1998). p. 2 203 Grant Application for Federal Assistance for State Comprehensive School Health. (August 1, 1998). p. 2. 204 Ibid. p. 10. 205 Ohio Summit for Comprehensive School Health Education Resource Manual (Dublin: American Cancer Society, Ohio Division, Inc., 1995). 206 Grant Application for Federal Assistance for State Comprehensive School Health. (August 1, 1998). pp. 13, 15, 17, 44, 45. 207 Zelman, Susan, Superintendent of Public Instruction, Memo to member of the State Board of Education. (March 19, 1999). p. 8. 208 Standards for Ohio Schools, Rules Edition. (Columbus: Ohio Department of Education, April 12, 1997). p. 10. 209 Ibid. p. 10. 210 Ibid. p. 10. 211 Goff, John, Letter to Dr. Nancy Eberhart. Subject: HIV/STD & Prevention Training. (Columbus: Ohio Department of Education, November 6, 1998). 212 Ibid.