TOPIC: Genteics, Mitosis, Meiosis

TOPIC: Taxonomy

• Carolus Linnaeus – developed 7 categories of classification

• Also developed binomial nomenclature – naming using the genus and species names to refer to an organism • Classification tools include dichotomous keys – a series of paired statements that lead to the name of an organism

1a) Object has no sides ...... Go to 2 1b) Object has sides ...... Go to 3 2a) Object is oblong ...... oval 2b) Object is symmetrical ...... circle 3a) Object has 3 sides ...... triangle 3b) Object has 4 sides ...... Go to 4 4a) Object has 4 equal sides ...... square 4b) Object doesn’t have 4 equal sides . . rectangle

Binomial Nomeclature • Two word naming system • Scientific name • Uses Genus and Species names • Ex. Dogs: Canis familiaris

Phylogenic Tree Review Questions  What is binomial nomenclature?

It is a two part name using the Genus for first name and species for second name.

 How do you write a “scientific name?” Genus is capitalized and species is lowercase. Both are written in italics.

Viruses - Not living - Must have a host cell to reproduce – attach to specific cells on receptor cites or projection - Not made of cells - Antibiotics will affect - Vaccinations to prevent - Examples – o HIV – attaches to and attacks Helper T-Cells o Influenza – attaches to and attacks the respiratory system

Reproductive cycle – viruses can move in and out of the lytic and lysogenic cycle Lysogenic – attaches to host cell and injects DNA. Does not harm host, but host replicates viral DNA. There are no symptoms.

Lytic – host cell begins to assemble new viruses. Cell lyses (burst) causing symptoms. All viruses must run its course.

Kingdoms Archeabacteria • Unicellular • Prokaryote – no nucleus • Cell walls without peptidoglycan • Autotroph or heterotroph • Methanogens, halophiles

Eubacteria • Unicellular • Prokaryote – no nucleus • Cell walls with peptidoglycan • Autotroph or hetertroph • Flagella • Steptococcus, E. Coli

Protist • Unicellular Eukaryotes • Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic • Reproduce mostly asexually • Can contain chloroplast • Cell walls composed of cellulose • Amoeba, Paramecium • Pseudopodia, cilia Fungi • Multicellular eukaryotes (yeast are the only unicellular fungi) • Heterotrophs • Reproduce asexually and sexually • Cell wall made of Chitin

Plants • Multicelluar eukaryotes • Autotrophs • Reproduce sexually and asexually • Cell walls of Cellulose • Chloroplast

Non-vascular Plants • Also called Bryophytes • No true roots or vascular tissue causing them to be small in size • Must live in moist environments • Reproduce with spores • Mosses and liverwarts Ferns • First to have true vascular tissue • Xylem – moves water • Phloem – moves food Gymnosperms • Non-flowering vascular plants • Reproduce with cones that contain seeds • Ex. Conifers (pine trees) Angiosperms • Flowering vascular plants • Flower is main reproductive organ • Seeds are enclosed within a fruit • Ex. Deciduous plants Animals • Multicellular eukaryotes • Heterotrophs • Reproduce sexually and asexually • No cell wall

Annelids (segmented worms) • Transport through closed circulatory system • Exchange gases through moist skin • Reproduce asexually and sexually with internal fertilization Arthropods • Transport through open circulatory system • Exchange gases through spiracles and tracheal tubes • Most reproduce sexually with internal fertilization • Develop through metamorphosis Amphibians • Transport through a closed circulatory system involving a three chambered heart • Gas exchange in young with gills, adults lungs and moist skin • Reproduce sexually with external fertilization • Develop through metamorphosis

Mammals • Transport though closed circulatory system involving a four chambered heart • Gas exchange through lungs • Reproduce sexually with internal fertilization • Young develop in a uterus and exchange nutrients and oxygen through the placenta 1. In the times of Linnaeus, he used ______Visible Traits______to classify organisms. In the time of technology, now we mostly use ______DNA______to classify organisms. (Chapter 18)

2. Why is the current classification system continually undergoing change? There are millions of new species to identify and place into different areas. 3. What are the three domains proposed above the kingdom level? (Page 458/459) Archea, Bacteria, Eukarya 4. What is the current seven-level classification system? (DKPCOFGS) Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species 5. What is binomial nomenclature? Two part naming system of organisms. 6. How do you write a “scientific name?” Genus is capitalized and species is lowercase. Both are written in italics.

7. What is a cladogram? What are derived characters? (Page 453) Diagram used that shows relationships between organisms Derived characters are a trait that separates it apart from other species

8. DNA and biochemical analysis, embryology, and morphology used to classify organisms. They try to determine a “common ______Ancestor______.”

9. To the left is a phylogenetic tree of some organisms. According to this tree, which pairs of organisms are most closely related? Frogs and salamanders Birds and crocodiles Snakes and lizards

10. Which organism is most closely related to the rayfinned fish? Lung finned fish 11. Which organisms are the mammals most closely related to? Birds Use the following key to identify the tree branch to the left. 1. a. leaf is needle-like….go to 2 b. leaf is broad……… go to 5 2. a. needles are short ....go to 3 b. needles are long…...go to 4 3. a. underside of needles green…hemlock b. underside of needles silver ..balsam 4. a. 3 needles in bundle….pitch pine b. 5 needles in bundle….white pine 5. a. edge of leaf round…go to 6 b. edge of leaf serrated…go to 7 6. a. minty odor…… wintergreen b. no minty odor…..laurel

13. What am I? Pitch Pine