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RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
BANGALORE, KARNATAKA
PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR
DISSERTATION
1 NAME OF THE CANDIDATE Ms. JERIN RAJU P AND ADDRESS ROOHI COLLEGE OF NURSING, KANNUR, BANGALORE-49 KARNATAKA
2 NAME OF THE ROOHI COLLEGE OF INSTITUTION NURSING,KANNUR, BANGALORE 3 COURSE OF THE STUDY FIRST YEAR M.Sc NURSING AND SUBJECT PAEDIATRIC NURSING 2011 4 DATE OF ADMISSION TO 02.08.2011 COURSE
1 1. INTRODUCTION
“Children are the brightest treasures we bring forth into this world, but too
large a percentage of the population continues to treat them as inconveniences &
nuisances, when they are not treating them as possessions or toys”.
“CHARLES DELINT”
Children constitute a major proportion of the global population today. They are
not only large in number but vulnerable to various health problems and considered as
special risk groups. So children need special care to survive with good health.
Scientists now detect chemicals in their body have serious implication for the future in
the children. All kinds of modern diseases are due to modern plastic use. As said by
Dr.Landrigan “people gradually realize that children are particularly vulnerable to
environmental hazards of plastics”1.
Getting rid of plastic will not be easy, however, as it
constitute700tonnes of the over 5,000tonnes of waste that Bangaluru throws up every
day. Most of it made up of plastic sheets. Should a ban on plastic bags actually work
on city will have 400tonnes less rubbish to dispose of every day.’ Says a senior officer
of the Karnataka State pollution Control Board ,pointing out that plastic ,being non
2 biodegradable ,takes over 500 years to decompose and so pollutes the soil, air and
water when dumbed in landfills2
Environmental pollution has an effect on the human life. In a period of
ten years the hooker chemical and plastic corporation dumped 22000 tones of toxic
waste in steel drums in an old canal. They covered the canal with top soil and the
property was then turned over to the Niagara Falls public school, district. many
homes, recreational fields and a school were built to notice odd smells. The steels
drums were leaking toxic waste into sewers, lawns and even the basement of some
homes .due to the actions concerned citizen. Lois Gibbs, of the state performed many
health studies on the area and by 1978 the federal government declared love canal to
be a disaster area.It costed the tax payers about 275 millions dollars to clean up the
site2
Plastic is a synthetic or semi synthetic organic solids used in the manufacture
of industrial products. This material is both, easy & inexpensive to produce, its light
weight, durability and versatility make a preferred material for packing and
manufacturing. However its un controlled use leads to more problems, than it solves3.
There are two types of plastics, thermoplastics & thermosetting polymers:-
1) Thermoplastics are the plastics that don’t undergo chemical change in their
composition when heated.
Ex:- polyethylene, polysterene, polyvinylchloride etc..
2) Thermosets can melt and take shape once, they have solidified, they stay solid.
3 Some of the common plastics are used as follows:
Food containers, disposable cups, plates, CD & cassette boxes. Electronic
equipment case ex: ( computer monitors, printers, keyboards). Carbonated drinks
bottles, jars, plastic films. Fibers, textiles. Toothbrush bristles. Eye glasses, lenses,
Food packaging. Super market bags, plastic bottles, chewing gum3.
Plastic uses are not only leads to health effects but also environmental effects
like the plastics are durable & degrade very slowly, one billion tons of plastic have
been discorded and may persists for hundreds or even thousands of years. Burning of
plastics may create dioxin and often creates large quantities of chemical pollutions
leads to depletion of the ozone layer3.
Many chemical additives that give both environmental and human health effects.
These effects include:-
Direct toxicity as in the cases of lead, cadmium & mercury
Carcinogens as in the case of diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP)
Endocrine disruption, which can lead to cancers, birth defects immune system
suppression and developmental problems in children and other problems like chronic
bronchitis, ulcer, early puberty, obesity, hyperactivity, irritation of eyes, headaches
etc’ 3
Plastic causes serious damage to environment, to reduce the hazards of
plastic pollution is to reduce the use of plastic & there by force a reduction in its
production or using the chemical substances emitted during recycling of plastics3.
4 Children products like food packaging can be safely packed with materials
bearing ultraviolet / evidence based cured coating. Each manufacturer must perform
its own analysis to determine whether its packaging is safe for food use. The art and
creative materials are choosen carefully by the school children under established
guidelines for labeling of non toxic art products (D-4236) look for these labels on arts
& craft products including crayons, markers, etc…’ and select. 4
Products made from plastics are useful and only a few types are suspected to
release potentially harmful chemicals. Plastics with a recycling code of 3,6, or 7
should be avoided. 5
Number ‘3’ – vinyl based – ‘plastic smell’
Number ‘6’ – polysterene – disposable cups, bowls, opaque plastic spoons etc…
Number ‘7’ – polycarbonates – baby bottles, sippy cups.
Plastics with a recycling code of 1,2,4, or 5 are not suspected to releasing
chemicals at harmful levels if used properly, don’t microwave food or drinks in
plastics containers, use plastic containers for cool liquids, Don’t reuse – single use
plastics, Avoid old, scratched plastics water bottles, Wash plastics on the top rack of
the dish washer farther by hand, Don’t allow young children to handle or chew on
plastic electronics, Wash hands before eat, Carry a glass or stainless steel water bottle,
Cover food in the microwave with paper towel instead of plastics5.
The consumer product safety commission our implementation of several
product safety statutes, including the consumer product safety Act, the Federal
5 Hazardous substance Act, and the poison prevention Act. The consumer product safety
commission also has issued a specific ban on toys & other articles intended for used
by children that bear lead-containing paint, where excelled 0.06% the non-volatile
content of the paint5.
6 6.1 NEED FOR THE STUDY
“The deeds of the children are a testament to the upbringing they received from
their parents”.
“CHRISTOPHER PAOLINI”
Everywhere you look in the world you can see and feel plastic. Its pivotal to
over lives – it is hard to imagine life without plastic fantastic. No wonder plastic
mouldings is a massive global business.
Polyvinylchloride is the second largest commoditity plastic in production in
the world today. It is used in many consumer products such as children toys, infant
products, electronics, and food packaging. Polyvinylchloride is a known human
carcinogen can increased the risk of liver cancer, impact the nervous system &
increased incidence of birth defects6.
Polyvinyl chloride harmful to workers have documented likelihood of
developing diseases including angiosarcoma of the liver. In mid August 2007, no
lessthan 8 workers were killed from major accidents at polyvinylchloride plants in
India and Russia. On April 23, 2004, a polyvinylchloride plant illinosis exploded,
killing 5 workers6.
Homes are also filled with plastics and most of them really don’t know that
what are made of or whether they are safe. The toxicity of plastics contain chemical
additives to change the quality of the plastics for its intended use. Some of these
7 ingredients or additives are harmful chemicals like bisphenol-A, Phthalates. These
chemicals routinely migrated or leach into the food and water they contain7.
The national toxicology program at the National Institute of health and food &
Drug Administration now report that they have some concern about the potential
effects of bisphenol-A on the brain, behaviour & prostate gland in fetus, infants &
young children8.
Many companies are now making bisphenol-A free bottles & sippy cups
including Gerber, MAM, Mother’s milkmate, playschool thermos etc, while some like
born free, only make bisphenol-A free versions of their bottles & sippy cups, others
make both. So check the labels if you have a bisphenol A bottle or sippy cup9.
Plastics leses leads to environmental pollution & health effects on the
childrens. Some of common health problems faced by the childrens are respiratory
problems, heart diseases, vision problems. Effect on immune system etc….
Although there is no proof that the amount of bisphenol A that can leach out of water
bottles is dangerous to avoid bisphenol-A. Switch to glass bottles. Avoid microwaving
plastics containers. Avoid washing plastic containers with harsh detergents. Switch to
bisphenol-A free plastic baby bottles.
The total amount of plastic in the municipal solid waste stream in 2006 was
almost 30 million tons. In 2006, the united statues generated 14 million tons of plastic
through containers anmd packaging. The amount of plastic consumed as a percentage
of total waste has increased from less than 1% in 1960 to 11.7% in 200610
8 Americans threw more than 22 billion water bottles in 2006. 70 million bottles
of water are consumed in the U.S was recycled in the united states of America in
1997, the food contamination occurred in a large group, large amounts of dioxins were
released from the chemical factory in seveso, Italy in 1976, as released into the air and
eventually contaminated an area of 15 sq km where 37000 people lived10.
In the united states, more than 100 municipal waste incinerators burn 500 too
600 millin pounds of polyvinyl chloride each year. An average of 8,400 landfill fires
are reported every year in the united states. Just 7% of polyvinyl chloride bottles were
recycledin 200410
India is said to generates 5,000 tones of plastic waste each day. New
kerala.com reports that India centre of plastics in the environment shows about 60% of
India’s plastic production is recycled annually11.
A professor of chemistry in a college located in Madurai has discovered a
novel, using plastic carry bags & disposable cups that are collected from garbage
dumps across Madurai as an important ingredient of the road construction material11.
A senior scientist Dr. Anila Jacob tells that generally very little published
research on the potential adverse health effects of chemicals that leach from plastic
food containers. Because plastics are Ubiquitous today. Choose them carefully to
minimize the exposures. Avoiding them altogether is not practical, so focus on those
that are likely to come into contact with your mouth the most common way chemicals
in plastic products enter the body. Plastic chemicals touch your mouth in an number of
9 ways from your hands and your food and drinks. This is especially important for
young children, who frequently put hands and objects in their mouths ( Anila Jacob) 12.
Russ Hauser, a professor of environmental epidemiology at Harvard school of
public health, shown the same problems in animals studies, lowered fertility %
abnormal development of the reproductive organs, the study would follow kids from
birth until puberty or even later and then there’s the fact that even in ICU babies,
phthalates levels are not so high. Any effect on ICU babies is likely to be subtle-as
light delay in puberty or fertility problem later in life, the effect of phthalates on other
kids there is any would be even less obvious12.
According to review of literature and investigators experience it was noticed
that School children need knowledge regarding hazards of plastic use. Hence the
investigators felt there is a need to conduct a programme regarding the hazards of
plastic use and also to evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching programme.
10 6.3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Review of literature is systemic identification, selection, critical analysis and
reporting of existing information on the topic of material for the study.
The review of literature is a key step in research process. An extensive review of
literature relevant to the research was done to collect maximum information for laying
the foundation for this study.
The purpose of the review of literature is to obtain indepth knowledge & information
about the hazards of plastic use.
The review of literature of the present study is organized under the following
headings:
1. Studies related to plastic use in various methods.
2. Studies related to hazards of plastic use and prevention among school children.
3. Studies related to structured teaching programme
1. STUDIES RELATED TO PLASTIC USES IN VARIOUS METHODS:-
A retrospective study was conducted on patch testing with plastics and glues series
allergens between 2000 & 2007. a total of 444 patients were participated.the study
showed results that patients 97 (22%) had irritant reactions and 201 (45%) had atleast
one allergic reaction. Bis (2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether 1%, benzoyl peroxide 1%
epoxyresin, bisphenol F 0.25 %, 2- hydroxylmethacrylate 2% & 2-hydroxyethyl,
acrylate 0.1% had the highest alleric reaction rates13
11 A study was conducted on analysis of 161 patients with intrinsic sphincter
deficiency who under went a surgeon assembled polypropylene patch sling procedure.
Medical recors for the 161 patients who underwent the procedure werw available to
review the mean patient age was 62 years. 25 patients (16%) had concomitant detrusor
overactivity, mean follow up was 4 years, negative findings in 93.4% of patients
complete continence was reported by 80.3% of patients & marked improvement by
7% the results concluded the use of a polypropylene patch sling is an effective
treatment and less expensive than current using sling kits14.
A prospective randomized comparative study conduct between the complications
of proximal value polyurethane & distal value silicone peripherally inserted centered
catheters, A total of 326 patients was assigned randomly to receive either a proximal
value polyurethane (n=198) or a distal value silicone peripherally inserted central
catheters (n=194) the results are concluded the complications were encountered in
26.8% & 47.9% of the proximal & distal peripherally inserted central catheters.
Significantly higher incidence of phlebitis (23.2%) & infection (6.2%) were noted. So
the proximal value polyurethane were more durable than distal value silicone pics15.
2. STUDIES RELATED TO HAZARDS OF PLASTIC USE AND
PREVENTION AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN.
A laboratory based study was conducted by national institute of health in united
states, by 38 experts they examined the effects of bisphenol A between animals studies
and effects on human beings. During animal studies, scientist have noted female
reproductive problems, early onset of puberty, and cancer of the breast & prostate at
even low levels of exposure to bisphenol A. the conclusion of this study in dicates that
12 very low levels of Bisphenol A exposure could cause adverse health effects especially
to a fetus and infant brain development, effect the children behaviour (hyperactivity).
This study recommended that beneficial impacts of plastic use can reduce the health
effects on school going childrens16.
A national toxicology programme and Food and Drug administration (2010)
conducted a survey in United States to determine the effects of bisphenol-A on the
brain, behaviour & prostate gland in fetuses, infants & children at current exposures
to bisphenol-A. the National Toxicology programme giving result in fetal or neonatal
mortality, birth defects, or reduced birth weight are negligible concern to bisphenol-A
the Food and Drug administration expressed the same level of concern17.
A study was conducted on obesity 2008, on school going childrens has
increased effect to bisphenol-A exposure by some scientists & public health officials.
A 2009 review of available studies has persistent effects on body weight and adiposity
is pesinatal bisphenol-A exposure, this review has concluded the “Eliminating
exposure to bisphenol-A and improving nutrition during development offer the
potential for reducing obesity and associated diseases. The study recommended that
the investigator is in a position to provide preventive guidance on plastic use to
parents and childrens18
A study was conducted in Yale school of medicine on neurological issues on
exposure to bisphenol-A (Plastic water bottles) in 2008, they demonstrated that advrse
neurological effects occur in non human primates regularly exposure to bisphenol-A at
levels equal to the environment protection agency’s in united states administered
13 maimum safe dose of 50 µg/kg/day in mice. This research found a connection between
bisphenol-A and interference with brain cell connections vital to memory, learningand
mood. This study indicated that education about avoidance of bisphenol-A plastic
water bottles reduces the neurological effect on childrens19.
A laboratory based study was conducted in 2010 by the Yale school of
medicine on rates prenatally exposed to 40 micrograms/kg/bw bisphenol-A, the study
has concluded that corticosterone and its actions in the brain are sensitive to the
programming effects of bisphenol-A.
A study was conducted to find out perinatal exposure to 10 microgms/ml of
bisphenol-A in drinking water enhanced allergic sensitization and bronchial
inflammation responsiveness in an animal model of asthma. The study recommended
that pregnant womens to avoid using the plastics can avoid the health problems to
childrens from the womb itself.
A cross-sectional study was published in the journal of the American medical
Association in sep.2008 on health effects on humans associated with bisphenol-A
exposure, the sample was 1,500 people assessed to bisphenol-A by looking at the
levels of the chemical in urine. An preliminary study needs to be confirmed andcannot
prove casuality have the heart disease, diabetess & liver enzymes. The study
confirmed despite of lower concentrations of bisphenol-A in the second study sample,
increased risk of heart disease but not for diabetes or liver enzymes20.
The Canadian health measures survey 2007 to 2009 ffound that teenagers carry
30% more bisphenol-A in their bodies than older adults. This survey recommended
14 that the extra reason for this is not known, but awareness compaign reduce the using
of plastic water bottles can strengthen their health21.
A study was conducted by a 12 member international expert form the Harvard
center for Risk Assessment. the study reviewed all the published data on the quantity
of styrene. Contributing to the diet due to migration of food packaging and disposable
food contact and concluded no cause for general public from exposure to styrene from
foods or styrenic materials used in food-contact applications21.
The environmental protection Agency and centres for disease control and
prevention survey was conducted in 2001 on vinyl chloride is a known human
carcinogens that causes a rare cancer of the liver. Health assessment for vinyl chloride
monomer plants cause or contribute air pollution that may increase in mortality or
increase in serious (IRIS) data lowers the previous risk factor estimate by the 20
samples and concludes that liver is the most sensitive site and have consistent
evidence for liver cancer and weaker association for other sites22.
The prospective cohort study was conducted by the national cancer institute
(NCI) in 2007, includes 25,691 male and female workers enrolled from 10 different
formaldehyde producing or using plants. They investigated mortality for multiple
cancer sites and duration of exposure. The result were increased risk of sinonasal
cancers were observed among male 2.3 (95%), 13 exposed causes and female 2.4
(95%), 4 exposed cases and 3 deaths one death from squamous cell sinonasal cancer
and concluded no increase in risk was found among formaldehyde exposed workers22.
15 A comparative study was conducted between environmental hazards due to
plastic uses and respiratory health in young children in Dec 2006 the study period
covered 11 years (1996-2006).640 documents were recovered from the united states
accounted for 23.5% of articles. The factor most widely studied was air pollution the
outdoor air pollution is (50%) and than indoor air pollution is (40%) predominanated
in children 3 years of age the study concluded environmental hazards is fundamental
in the management and prevention of respiratory problems in childhood. Moderation
can avoid the using of plastics which leads to environmental pollution can reduce the
health problems to the childrens23.
3. STUDY RELATED TO STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAMME
A study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of safety training to
children to avoid consuming potentially hazardous substances that leads to health
effects. The sample was 15 children. This study results showed that avoid using platics
come contact with their food like microwaving food in plastic containers and using
plastic water bottles etc. an awareness campaign reduce the plastic use, this study
concluded that can decrease the risks of health effect on children24.
A study was conducted to determine the knowledge regarding prevention of
plastic use in selected school in Italy, the sample of 40 children was selected by using
random sampling technique and study revealed that the post test knowledge score on
prevention of plastic use was more than pre-test score. It indicated that the health
teaching strategy is an effective method to improve the knowledge25.
16 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:-
" A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A STRUCTURED
TEACHING PROGRAMME TO THE SCHOOL STUDENTS BETWEEN THE AGE
GROUP OF 14 TO 17 YEARS ON HAZARDS OF PLASTIC USE IN SELECTED
SCHOOLS OF KANNUR,BANGALORE”.
6.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:
To assess the existing level of knowledge regarding hazards of plastic use among
school children.
To determine the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on hazards of
plastic use among school children.
To find the association between post test knowledge scores with the selected
demographic variables.
6.4 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS:
ASSESS: refers to assessing the knowledge on school children regarding the hazards
of plastic use.
EFFECTIVENESS: it refers to desired changes brought about by the structured
teaching programme hazards of plastics use among school children between the age
group of 14 – 17 years.
STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAMME: It refers to system of planned
instruction desired to impart information in order to gain knowledge regarding hazards
of plastic use among school children between the age group of 14 – 17 years.
17 HAZARD: Risk caused by using plastics which is not conducive to good health.
PLASTIC: It is a synthetic organic solids used in the manufacture of industrial
products, its light weight, durability & versatility made it preferred material for
packaging & manufacturing.
6.5 HYPOTHESES
H1:There is significant difference between the pre and post test knowledge scores of
the school children regarding the hazards of plastic use.
H2:There is a significant association between the post test knowledge score of the
school children and selected demographic variables.
6.6VARIABLES:
6.6- 1. Dependent variables: knowledge of school children regarding hazards of
plastic use.
6.6 -2 Independent variable: Structured teaching programme.
6.6 -3 Attributed variables: Age, sex, education type of family, economic status,
type of food packing, type of water bottles source of information.
6.7 DELIMITATIONS:
This study will be conducted only in school children between the age group of
14-
18 17 years
The data collection period is limited to six weeks.
6.8 MATERIALS AND METHODS: method of data collection:
7.1 SOURCE OF DATA : school children in the age between 14-17 years.
7.2 RESEARCH APPROACH : Evaluatory approach.
7.2.1.1 RESEARCH DESIGN : Quasi experimental design.
7.2.1.2 SETTING OF THE STUDY : This study will be conducted in selected
schools at kannur.
7.2.2 POPULATION : The population for this study includes school children.
7.2.3 SAMPLE : school children with age group between 14- 17 years in selected
schools at kannur
7.2.4 SAMPLE SIZE: 60 students
7.2.5 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE : simple random sampling technique
7.2.6 SAMPLING CRITERIA:
INCLUSION CRITERIA:
- school children of 14 -17years of age
- Both boys and girls are included
- School children who are willing to participate in the study
EXCLUSION CRITERIA:
- School children who are absent on the particular day of data collection.
- Primary school children are not included
19 - School children who are sick during the time of study.
7.2.7 TOOLS OF RESEARCH
7.2.9 DESCRIPTION OF TOOL:
Tool consists of 2 sections
Section A: It consists of demographic variables like age, sex, class, income of the
family, type of family and source of information.
Section B: It consists of structured knowledge questionnaire regarding hazards of
plastics use among school children.
7.3 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION:
Structured interview schedule will be adopted to collect the data from subjects.
The purpose of the study will be explained to involve the study and structured
teaching programme will be implemented after the pretest assessment post test
assessment will be done after 7 days of the implementation of the structured teaching
programme.
Tentative period of the study will be 6 weeks. The tool for data collection will
be prepared. After validation by the experts, the further refinement the tool will be
done, pilot study will be conducted before the main study.
7.4 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA:
20 Data is planned to analyze on the basis of objectives by using descriptive and
inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics include frequency distribution, percentage,
central tendency measurements (mean, median), standard deviation.
Inferential statistics- chi- square test to find association between post test knowledge
scores with selected demographic variables and paired ‘T’ test will be used to compare
the pre and post test knowledge score. The result will be presented in the form of
tables, graphs and diagrams.
7.5 DOES THE STUDY REQUIRE ANY INVESTIGATION OR
INTERVENTIONS TO BE CONDUCTED ON PATIENTS/ OTHER HUMANS
OR ANIMALS?
Yes, a structured teaching programme will be conducted on school children
regarding hazards of plastic use.since it is teaching,it will not have any harm on the
school children.
7.6 HAS ETHICAL CLEARANCE BEEN OBTAINED FROM CONCERNED
AUTHORITIES.
Prior to the study, permission will be obtained from the concerned autority of the
school & college to conduct the study on the school children at kannur and also from
research committee of selected schools osf kannur Banglore.The purpose of the study
will be explained to the school children.
21 LIST OF REFERENCES:
1. Henry George Liddell ,Robert Scott,”Plastikos”,A greek English lexican at perseus.
2. Dadd ,debra,”National report on human Exposure to environmental chemicals “
2001,Newyork.
3. J.L.Daniels,etal,”Plastic food packaging” Environmental health
perspectives,1997.pp-268 to 277.
4. Berkeley,C.A “Ecology centre plastic task force report”1996.
5. www.plastics info.org,American Chemistry council.
6. http://www.care2.com/greenliving/safe plastics forlunch boxes.jan19,2010.
7. www.toxicfree legacy.org.
8. http://www.articles base.com/industrial-articles/plastic moulding innovation
company-1445870.html.
9. www.WHO.com
10. Dr. Paul ekins, ms. Julia tomei, stimulating eco-efficiency in asia And the
pacific:The role of
public policy. Available from
www.greengrowth.org/download/GGPD_CD.../Section%202B.pdf
22 11. www.thegreen guide.com
12.Shmidt.E,Farmer S.A ,”Department of Dermatology” mayo
clinic,Rochester,M.N,USA.
13.Ong CK,Wang S.C “Department of Diagnostic Imaging “National University
health System,yong Loo Lin school of Medicine,Singapore.
14.Cleveland – Clinic Florida, Weston,FL 33331,USA.
15.Fuentes – Leonarte V,etal ,Research foundation,INMA project,AVDA
companar,21 Valencia,Spain.
16.T.Schettle.etal,”Toxic threats to child
development”2000,www.igc.org/psr/ihvo.htm.
17.J.R.Davis,etal,”plastic use and childhood brain cancer”Archives of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology,24(1993) pages 87-92.
18.International journal of pediatric Otorhinolarynogology,volume-37,issue-
3,November-1996,pages 243-251.
19.American Academy of Pediatrics Technical Report,pediatric Exposure and
potentional Toxicity of phthalate plasticizers,2003 pages: 1467-1474.
20.Tel Hashomer etal “Department of plastic and Reconstructive Surgery” ,Sheba
Medical Centre [email protected].
21.http://
23 www.Consrv.CA.gov/Cgs/minerals/hazardous minerals/Radsanta.Pdf.
22. B.Lofquist,”Home hazards:Residential plastics pose threats to children’s
health”,Alternatives Jounal,2002,pp 25-26.
23.http://www.articles natch.com/Article/US-confirmed the Hazards of plastic
products.
24.http:// www.besafenet.com/pvc/safe.htm
25.www.google.com
24 9 SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATE 1 REMARKS OF THE RECOMENDED 0 GUIDE
11 NAME AND MRS. GEETHA SURESH DESIGNATION PRINCIPAL 11.1 GUIDE MRS. GEETHA SURESH
11.2 SIGNATURE
11.3 CO- GUIDE
11.4 SIGNATURE
11.5 HEAD OF THE MRS. GEETHA SURESH DEPARTMENT
11.6 SIGNATURE 12 12.1 REMARKS OF THE CHAIRMAN AND PRINCIPAL. 12.2 SIGANATURES
25 26