George Mason University s36

GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY

ADJ 475-002 & GOV 444-007 Spring 2006 Tuesdays, 4:30 – 7:10 PM, Thompson Hall, Room 138 Fairfax Campus

TERRORISM: THEORY & PRACTICE

INSTRUCTOR: Dennis Pluchinsky [email protected] (preferred e-mail address), or [email protected]

Course Objective : To provide the student with an analytical framework by which he/she can better understand the problems, concepts, goals, strategies, tactics, targeting, mindset, and ideologies of contemporary international and domestic terrorist groups. A brief history of the United States’ confrontation with the international terrorist threat and the evolution of U.S. counter- terrorism strategy and policies will also be examined. Class lectures, handouts, outside readings, slides, and videotapes will be used to accomplish the above objectives. STUDENTS ARE NOT ALLOWED TO TAPE LECTURES.

Course Web CT Site: You must frequently check the course web site for announcements and new files. All students have access to this site.

Required Textbooks Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (N.Y: Columbia University Press, 1998); Michel Scheuer Anonymous, Through Our Enemies’ Eyes (Washington, D.C: Brasseys, 2002); John Esposito, Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam (N.Y: Oxford University Press, 2002). All softcover books. 2

Course Requirements: A student constructed hypothetical terrorist attack plan with a communiqué claiming responsibility (17 pages, double-spaced) OR a 25 page, double-spaced research paper on a terrorism-related topic will constitute 50% of the grade (-5 points for a late paper, per class). A final exam will comprise the remaining 50% of the final grade.

Grading: I will use the following grading scale –

A = 95-100 A- = 90-94 B+ = 87-89 B = 84-86 B- = 80-83 C+ = 75-79 C = 70-74 D = 65-69 F = 0 - 64

Statement on Academic Integrity: I believe very strongly in the principle of academic integrity, and I will simply not accept any violations of the University Honor Code in my class. The Honor Code contains provisions on cheating, lying, plagiarizing, and stealing. If I witness any violations of the Honor Code, I will follow the standard reporting procedures as outlined in the University catalog. Please read the Honor Code again for this class. 3

COURSE LECTURE SCHEDULE

January 24: Course objectives & organization. Review of terrorist activity in 2005, problems in defining terrorism, statistical snapshots of terrorist activity, outlining the analytical framework for the course.

January 31: Introduction continued, course typology, ethnic terrorism. Required reading – Hoffman, chapter 1.

February 7: Ethnic terrorism, left-wing, right-wing, single-issue, and religious terrorism. Required reading – Anonymous, chapters 1-3.

February 14: Left, right, single-issue, and religious terrorism. Required reading – Hoffman, chapter 2.

February 21: Evolution of secular Palestinian terrorism. Required reading – Anonymous, chapters 4-5.

February 28: Anatomy of a terrorist attack. The Mechanics of terrorism. Required reading - Anonymous, chapters 6-8, Esposito, chapter 2.

March 7: Terrorist Tactics. Required reading - Hoffman, chapter 3; Anonymous, chapter 9,

March 14 – NO CLASS – SPRING BREAK

March 21: Terrorist Tactics. Required reading, Anonymous, chapters 10-11; Esposito, chapter 3. 4

March 28: Lecture on State-sponsored terrorism. Required reading, Hoffman, chapter 4; Anonymous, chapters 12-13, Esposito, chapter 4.

April 4: Lecture on Islamic revolutionary terrorism Required reading, Hoffman, chapter 5; Anonymous, chapters 14-15.

April 11: Islamic revolutionary terrorism – the Global Jihadist Movement, al-Qaeda. Required reading, Hoffman, chapter 6;

April 18:. Global Jihadist Movement. Hoffman, chapter 7; Anonymous, “Epilogue.” OPERATIONAL PLANS DUE TODAY !!!!!

April 25: Evolution of U.S. Counter-terrorism Policy and Programs.

May 2: Spillover lectures

May 9 ------FINAL EXAM ------5

STUDENT RESEARCH PROJECT: CONSTRUCTING A HYPOTHETICAL TERRORIST OPERATIONAL PLAN

Know the enemy. To understand how and why terrorist groups do what they do, it is necessary to step, albeit in a very limited way, into their shoes. This course will teach you the theory behind their motivations and actions. It will also provide you with an analytical framework to help you understand the different types of terrorist groups that operate in the world, the stages of a terrorist attack, and a typology of terrorist tactics. This exercise is designed to see if you can put all the pieces of the course together to hypothetically plan a terrorist attack that is consistent with the selected group’s goals, capabilities, tactical profile, targeting pattern, and operational area.

A terrorist group’s sole reason for existence is to carry out attacks. They want successful attacks, not failures. This exercise will demonstrate to you the difficult and complex process that is involved in planning a major terrorist attack. By drafting a hypothetical terrorist communiqué claiming responsibility for your proposed attack you will also understand your selected group’s ideological mindset, worldview, and strategic objectives.

Having spent 28 years analyzing terrorism for the U.S. Government I can assure you that this is a valuable and effective exercise to help you understand the problem of terrorism in the world today, especially as it impacts on U.S. interests at home and abroad.

Several U.S. government agencies have expressed interest in this exercise. They would like an opportunity to examine your hypothetical operational plans to learn from them. If you do not have a problem with this simply place the following statement on 6 the cover of your paper: “I give permission to my instructor to allow the U.S. government to examine my research paper – with or without (you select) my name attached.” If this sentence is not on your cover page I will assume that you do not want this paper to go beyond me.

HYPOTHETICAL OPERATIONAL PLAN

Using primarily the Internet, the student will assume the role of an operational cell leader of a current, active terrorist group who is charged with developing a lethal attack plan against a major American symbolic, economic, social, military, or political target in OR outside the United States. Your proposed attack plan, along with a draft communiqué claiming responsibility for the attack, is being submitted to the group’s leaders for approval. In your operational plan, you will provide the following components:

1. The reason for your selection of the target. 2. How the attack will further your group’s objectives. 3. What tactic will you use (no suicide attacks!) 4. What logistical / financial help will you require. 5. How will you communicate with your cell & leadership. 6. How many and what type of personnel will be required. 7. The timing of the attack (when will the attack take place). 8. Describe the attack in moderate detail. 9. Outline escape plans. 10.What will the attack cost the group in terms of infrastructure. 11.How might the USG government react to the attack. 7

In addition to the attack plan, students will also submit a three page communiqué claiming responsibility for the attack, using relevant language, content, slogans, mindset, and worldview of the group you select to carry out the attack. The whole plan and communiqué must be 17 pages, double-spaced, at a minimum. Insert schematics, diagrams, maps, and photos as appropriate and desired. However, these do not count as pages.

No physical surveillance of a target is allowed without the instructor’s approval. If you select a public landmark or facility, you may be able to perform unobtrusive, distant physical surveillance of the intended target. Given the current tension in the city (and country), use good judgment here!! ALL PROPOSED TARGETS THAT WILL REQUIRE PHYSICAL SURVEILLANCE MUST BE CLEARED BY ME IN ADVANCE!!

Again, you will use the Internet to carry out most of your research. You must provide a bibliography of the sources you use. The key for this exercise is to stay within the known capabilities, operational area, tactical tendencies, and targeting patterns of the group you select. Groups will periodically carry out a new tactic or shift targeting patterns. However, you must explain in your operational plan the reasons behind this shift (s) you are proposing to the leadership.

My advice to you is to select a proper group that can implement the attack parameters outlined in the second paragraph. Research the attacks of the group, looking for tactics, targeting patterns, operational area, etc. Then examine any written documents or communiqués of the group to get a feel for the group’s ideology, objectives, worldview, and mindset. 8

STUDENTS ARE REQUIRED TO PLACE THE FOLLOWING DISCLAIMER ON THE COVER PAGE OF THE OPERATIONA PLAN – “THIS IS A HYPOTHETICAL EXERCISE FOR A UNIVERSITY COURSE ON TERRORISM.” IN ADDITION, ON EACH PAGE PLACE THE FOLLOWING AS A HEADER – “CLASS HYPOTHETICAL EXERCISE.”

ALTERNATIVE RESEARCH PROJECT: There may some students who for various reasons feel uncomfortable in undertaking this exercise. All students have the option of writing a 25 page, double-spaced research paper on any terrorism-related topic or issue. Please see me and let me know if you will select this option so I can help with topics. The workload for students who must construct the operational plan is much higher than those who write the research paper. Therefore, the latter have a higher page count.

Given the current security climate in this country, I understand that Muslims, Arabs, and Arab-Americans may be hesitant to undertake the hypothetical operational plan. I encourage you to talk to me about your concerns to see if we can work something out. 9

Dennis Pluchinsky

I am currently the senior Threat Analyst for TranSecur, Inc. based in Potomac, Maryland. On January 3, 2005, I retired after analyzing terrorism for the U.S. Department of State for 28 years. For my entire career, I worked in the Office of Intelligence and Threat Analysis of the Bureau of Diplomatic Security. I retired as the senior intelligence analyst. Over these 28 years, I handled the following regions: Africa, Europe, the Newly Independent States, Middle East, East and South Asia, and the Pacific.

In 1992 and 2003 I was selected for Director of Central Intelligence’s Exceptional Intelligence Analyst program. My 1992 research project concerned ethnic conflict in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. My 2003 research project examined terrorist surveillance techniques.

I have co-authored several books on terrorism, including European Terrorism: Today and Tomorrow and Europe’s Red Terrorists – The Fighting Communist Organizations. I am a frequent contributor to the journal Terrorism and Political Violence and the journal Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, where I am a contributing editor. I have also published several newspaper commentaries on terrorism in the Washington Times and Washington Post.

I am on the adjunct faculty at the George Washington University (Forensic Sciences), Mary Washington College (Political Science Department), the James Madison University (Political Science Department, and George Mason University (Administration of Justice program) where I teach undergraduate and graduate courses on terrorism. While in the U.S. Government, I was a frequent lecturer on terrorism at the Defense Intelligence Agency’s Joint 10

Military Intelligence College; the FBI Academy at Quantico; the U.S. Secret Service Training Academy; and the Diplomatic Security Training Center. I currently lecture at CIA University, the Kent School for Intelligence, the Office of Personnel Management, the National Foreign Affairs Training Center, and the Joint Military Intelligence Training Center.