3.01 DNA and Protein Synthesis Study Guide Page 2 of 8

3.01 DNA and Protein Synthesis Study Guide Page 1 of 8

Objective Content Description Bio.3.1.1 Explain the double-stranded, complementary Instruction should include: nature of DNA as related to its function in the cell. Develop a cause and effect model relating the structure of DNA to the functions of replication and protein synthesis: Bio.3.1.2 Explain how DNA and RNA code for proteins and ▪The structure of DNA is a double helix or “twisted determine traits. ladder” structure.The sides are composed of alternating phosphate-sugar groups and “rungs of the DNA ladder” are Bio.3.1.3 Explain how mutations in DNA that result from composed of complementary nitrogenous base pairs (always interactions with the environment (i.e. radiation and adenine,A, to thymine,T, and cytosine,C, to guanine, G) chemicals) or new combinations in existing genes lead to joined by weak hydrogen bonds. changes in function and phenotype. ▪The sequence of nucleotides in DNA codes for proteins which is central key to cell function and life. ▪Replication occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle and allows daughter cells to have an exact copy of parental DNA. ▪Cells respond to their environments by producing different types and amounts of protein. ▪With few exceptions, all cells of an organism have the same DNA but differ based on the expression of genes. Infer the advantages (injury repair) and disadvantages (cancer) of the overproduction, underproduction or production of proteinsat the incorrect times .Explain the process of protein synthesis: ▪Transcription that produces an RNA copy of DNA ▪mRNA traveling to the ribosome (rRNA) ▪Translation –tRNA supplies appropriate amino acids Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form polypeptides . Polypeptide chains form protein molecules .Proteins can be structural (forming a part of the cell materials) or functional (hormones, enzyme, or chemicals involved in cell chemistry). Interpret acodon chart to determine the amino acid sequence produced by a particular sequence of bases. Explainhow an amino acid sequence forms a protein that leads to a particular function and phenotype (trait) in an organism. Understand that mutations are changes in DNA coding and can be deletions, additions, or substitutions. Mutations can be random and spontaneous or caused by radiation and/or chemical exposure. Develop a cause and effect modelin order to describe how Mutations changeamino acid sequence, protein function, and phenotype . Only mutations in sex cells (egg and sperm) or in the gamete produced from the primary sex cells can result in heritable changes. 3.01 DNA and Protein Synthesis Study Guide Page 2 of 8

DNA Structure Use the diagram to answer the questions 1 through 9.

1. Circle one nucleotide (monomer) in the diagram below.

2. How many nucleotides are in this molecule?

3. What is the name of this molecule? How do you know?

4. Add appropriate letters in the spaces for the nitrogen bases. Make certain the complementary pairs match correctly.

5. What is the monomer of this molecule?

6. What is the function of this molecule?

7. What type of bonds exists between the nitrogen bases?

8. Label a phosphate, sugar, and a base on the diagram.

9. Where would this molecule stay within a eukaryotic cell? a prokaryotic cell?

10. A DNA strand has the following sequence of bases: AAGTCG What would be the sequence of bases on the complementary strand?

11. What two individuals have received credit for discovering the structure of DNA? 3.01 DNA and Protein Synthesis Study Guide Page 3 of 8 12. What elements/atoms make up the structure of DNA? Would this make DNA organic or inorganic? Explain.

13. Examine the diagram. Identify the structures indicated by X and Y.

14. List & describe three types of mutations that can occur in a nucleic acid molecule.

DNA Replication

1. Explain the base-pairing (Chargaff’s) rule.

2. When does DNA replicate?

3. Why does DNA replicate?

4. What is the first step of DNA replication? What happens to the H-bonds?

5. What is the name of the enzyme that “unzips the genes” for replication to occur?

6. When DNA replicates, there is one old strand and one new strand. What is the term used for this type of replication?

7. What is a “template”?

8. Replicate the following strands of DNA:

Template ATCGTA TTACCG GAACTA Strand New Strand 3.01 DNA and Protein Synthesis Study Guide Page 4 of 8

Compare and Contrast the Structure and Function of DNA and RNA

Complete the following chart: Type of Official Name Single or Function Locations it can What are its Nucleic Double be found in a nitrogenous Acid Stranded eukaryotic cell bases? DNA

Protein Synthesis – Transcription

1. Explain the term “transcription.”

***2. In what part of the eukaryotic cell does transcription take place?

3. Which specific nucleic acids are involved in this process?

4. Where does mRNA take the DNA code after it is transcribed?

5. Transcribe the following strands of DNA:

Template ATCGTA TTACCG GAACTA DNA Strand Transcribed mRNA Strand

6. Examine the chart to the right:

What is the mRNA sequence that codes for phenylalanine? 3.01 DNA and Protein Synthesis Study Guide Page 5 of 8

What would be the DNA sequence that codes for phenylalanine?

7. Use the chart above & your knowledge to complete the table.

DNA Codon mRNA codon Amino Acid phenylalanine

AAA GCT

valine

8. What is a codon?

Protein Synthesis – Translation

***1. In what part of the eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell does protein synthesis take place?

2. What type of molecule results from protein synthesis? (give 2 possible names for the resulting molecule) 3.01 DNA and Protein Synthesis Study Guide Page 6 of 8

3. Use the following diagram to answer the questions below:

A. What is the structure labeled “X”? Give 2 reasons why you know this is true.

B. Glycine is what type of molecule?

C. Circle and label an amino acid molecule.

Mutations: 1. What are the types of mutations? List and define.

2. Identify each of the following as a point or frameshift mutation: a. Original DNA: CCA GGA CCT TTA ______New DNA: CCA CGG ACC TTT A b. Original DNA: CCA GGA CCT TTA ______New DNA: CGA GGA CCT TTA

3. Which type of mutation has the ability to change more amino acids in the polypeptide sequence?

4. What type of cells must be mutated in order for the mutation to be passed to offspring?

5. What are some environmental factors that can cause mutations? 3.01 DNA and Protein Synthesis Study Guide Page 7 of 8

Rewind Your Mind 1. Determine which STERNGRR process is explained in each example below.

______A. Vacuoles assist the plant cell in making sure homeostasis is maintained.

______B. Increase in size and number of cells.

______C. Moving food from the roots of plants to the stems and leaves.

______D. Giving off water and oxygen as waste products

______E. Using carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light to make sugar (glucose) and oxygen.

______F. Pollen contains sperm.

______G. autotrophism and heterotrophism

2. Define: a. Independent variable-

b. Dependent variable-

c. Control group-

3. Bart believes that mice exposed to radiowaves will become extra strong (maybe he's been reading too much Radioactive Man). He decides to perform this experiment by placing 10 mice near a radio for 5 hours. He compared these 10 mice to another 10 mice that had not been exposed. His test consisted of a heavy block of wood that blocked the mouse food. he found that 8 out of 10 of the radiowaved mice were able to push the block away. 7 out of 10 of the other mice were able to do the same Identify the- a. Control Group b. Dependent( Responding) Variable c. Independent (Manpulated) Variable d. What would Bart’s conclusion be?

e. How could Bart’s experiment be improved/

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