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GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

GGAT 108: Medieval and Post-Medieval Holy in Glamorgan and Gwent

March 2011

A report for Cadw GGAT report no.2011/015 by Richard Roberts BA (Hons) Project no.GGAT 108

The Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust Ltd Heathfield House Heathfield Swansea SA1 6EL GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

CONTENTS ...... Page Number

SUMMARY ...... 3 1. INTRODUCTION...... 4 2. METHODOLOGY ...... 6 3. SOURCES CONSULTED...... 9 4. RESULTS ...... 10 Revised Desktop Appraisal...... 10 Stage 1 Assessment...... 11 Stage 2 Assessment...... 14 5. SITE VISITS ...... 17 6. GAZETTEER...... 19 Gazetteer of Visited Sites: Medieval Wells...... 19 Gazetteer of Sites Visited: Wells of Unknown Period...... 43 7. RECOMMENDATIONS...... 57 8. CONCLUSIONS ...... 57 9. BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 58 Appendix I ...... 59 Appendix II...... 69 Appendix III ...... 71 Appendix IV ...... 74 Appendix V...... 76

Figures Figure 1. Site Distribution Showing period (as given in the HER) ...... 10 Figure 2. Distribution of Well Sites (i.e. sites meeting established criteria at Stage 1) ...... 11 Figure 3. All Well Sites (with structural remains) Showing Overall Significance after Stage 2...... 14 Figure 4. Unprotected Wells Showing Sites Selected for Site Visits (green)...... 18

Tables Table 1. Medieval Well Sites...... 12 Table 2. Post-medieval Well Sites...... 13 Table 3. Well sites of unknown period ...... 13 Table 4. Results of Assessment: Medieval Well Sites...... 15 Table 5. Result of Assessment: Wells of Unknown Period...... 16 Table 6. Sites Selected for Field Visits: Medieval Period ...... 17 Table 7. Sites Selected for Field Visits: Unknown Period sites ...... 17 Table 8. Summary of Revised Scoping Exercise Results: Medieval Sites ...... 59 Table 9. Summary of Revised Scoping Exercise Results: Post-medieval Sites ...... 64 Table 10. Summary of Revised Scoping Exercise Results: Wells of unknown period67 Table 11. NMR Information ...... 69 Table 12. Incidence of Sites (Medieval Period) in Relation to Specific Details and Associations ...... 71

1 GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Table 13. Incidence of Sites (Unknown Period) in Relation to Specific Details and Associations ...... 73 Table 14. Incidence of Sites (Medieval Period) in Relation to Jones’s Classification (after Jones 1954, 140, 180-189, and 194-196) ...... 74 Table 15. Incidence of Sites (Unknown Period) in Relation to Jones’s Classification (after Jones 1954, 140, 180-189, and 194-196) ...... 75 Table 16. Summary of Results of Stage 2: Medieval well sites ...... 76 Table 17. Summary of Results of Stage 2: Post-medieval Wells (all protected)...... 77 Table 18. Summary of Results of Stage 2: Wells of Unknown Period...... 78

2 GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

SUMMARY Following on from the scoping project on sites of the medieval and post-medieval carried out earlier in 2010, a project to look at sites in SE has been undertaken by GGAT on behalf of Cadw. The project entailed a further desktop assessment of some 232 well sites, with specific emphasis on 39 sites identified as potentially retaining structural elements. The assessment adopted a two staged approach: first identifying wells already scheduled and listed in order to establish a threshold and also identify geographical gaps or well types which are under represented. Secondly applying established scheduling criteria to establish the overall significance of the resource.

The work established that 12 of the 39 sites identified as potentially retaining structural elements were protected, and that a high threshold had been previously established, with the best surviving and most complex elements of the resource already protected either through scheduling or listing. The geographical spread of both protected and unprotected sites was largely coterminous with the historically most populous and settled areas.

Of the 27 unprotected sites, 7 sites were assessed as being of borderline National/Regional significance, and three of Regional significance. Recommendations for conservation have been made, whilst recommendations for consideration for protection will form the basis of a separate annex report.

3 GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background Southeast Wales has a rich heritage of medieval and post-medieval sites. Many of the larger, upstanding monuments have been designated scheduled ancient monuments, but the vast majority of sites have not been classified and the condition of most is unknown. These sites are vital to our understanding of the medieval and post- medieval periods, but are currently little understood.

Largely located within or close to churchyards, but also found elsewhere, these monuments form an important legacy; threats vary, but are generally in the form of gradual degradation, loss to vegetation, neglect or vandalism. Loss to urban or semi- urban development is also a factor. Exact extent and timing of threats cannot be readily assessed.

Holy Wells are an important and varied site type found throughout Glamorgan- Gwent, though sites with upstanding well-head remains are in fact relatively rare. The sites are characterised by a well or , possessing religious or otherwise ritualistic significance, around which a structure, such as a niche, wall or shelter, has been constructed. Some holy wells may have origins in the prehistoric period, but most are likely to date to the medieval or post-medieval period. There are a variety of traditions associated with Holy Wells and many were believed to have curative powers, which attracted pilgrims and other visitors. Some wells carry a dedication to the patron of the local church or dedications to older or local names. An important example within the Glamorgan-Gwent area is that of St Mary at Penrhys (PRN 00937m) in the Rhondda, and a known focus of medieval pilgrimage.

The overall objective of the project is to examine identified Holy Wells of the medieval and early post-medieval periods to include:

• Analysis of site definition, classification, quantification and distribution in southeast Wales. • Assessment of the archaeological significance in both a regional and national perspective. • Assessment of the vulnerability of the archaeological resource, review of scheduling criteria, and recommendations for future management strategies. • Enhancement of the Regional HER.

The previous scoping exercise (Roberts 2010, 14-15) had identified a list of 220 Medieval and post-medieval Holy wells for Glamorgan and Gwent that required rapid desktop appraisal, with c.24 of these sites identified as having some potential structural remains during the preliminary sorting.

The initial scoping study collated a list of sites that require further desktop appraisal and/or field visit. The data held within the HER at the Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust was filtered to accept all Holy Well and Well sites of medieval and post-medieval date, and all sites of unknown date. The resulting record was further filtered to remove sites that:

• are only known from place-name evidence

4 GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

• where the documentary evidence for location is vague • post-date AD1750 • are early medieval sites

Further analysis was undertaken of the unprotected resource in Glamorgan and Gwent, carried out on the basis of the preliminary sorting criteria proposed by Cadw; approximately 21 Medieval wells and 3 post-medieval wells were found to potentially satisfy the criteria on the basis of existing information on the digital HER; a single small project has therefore been devised, comprising a desktop appraisal of the data on the HER to confirm status and level/value of associated documentation, identify threats, and assess survival, and potential condition. This was be followed by field visits to validate assembled data, and confirm condition and significance of the resource and update descriptions, and make recommendations as necessary.

The work entailed a further desktop assessment of the well sites identified by the scoping study using both full digital and paper HER data, NMR data, and other appropriate sources, followed by field visits to selected sites.

1.2 Acknowledgements The project was commissioned by Cadw and undertaken by the Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust (GGAT) in their remit as the regional archaeological body responsible for the understanding and preservation of the archaeological resource in southeast Wales.

The Trust would like to thank the staff of the National Monuments Record (NMR), RCAHMW, Aberystwyth, in particular Anna Skarzynska for her helpful assistance. The Trust would also like to thank Rick Turner, and Jonathan Berry of Cadw for providing comments, guidance and advice during the project.

The report has been prepared by Richard Roberts, with the assistance of other staff of the Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust, notably Charina Jones, Historic Environment Record Manager), and Rachel Bowden (Acting Historic Environment Record Manager). The digital mapping has been prepared by Richard Roberts.

1.3 Copyright Notice The copyright of this report is held by Cadw: Welsh Historic Monuments and the Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust Ltd. The maps are based on Ordnance Survey mapping provided by the National Assembly for Wales with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, Crown Copyright. All rights reserved. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown Copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Licence No: 100017916 (2011).

5 GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

2. METHODOLOGY

The methodological framework of the project was established through consensus between the 4 Welsh Archaeological Trusts and Cadw, during meetings of the Post- medieval Working Group convened during 2010-11.

The project used data from the HER, NMR, secondary sources and field visits to assess the potential for enhancing the schedule of ancient monuments with medieval or early post-medieval holy well sites.

Identified tasks: • Desktop appraisal utilising the HER and secondary sources of all 220 sites, having emphasis on the identified sites with structural remains • Consultation with the RCAHMW to check for further information on sites, where lacking in HER • Identify and contact landowners • Field visits to the identified sites retaining structural elements (including a small sample of SAMs/LBs for comparative purposes) to assess condition/significance • Update digital data • Production of short report including details of assessment, fieldwork and a site gazetteer. Separate annex report to detail scheduling recommendations. • Integrate new data in HER (HER enhancement)

An initial search carried out as part of the scoping exercise had identified a total of 220 sites relevant to this thematic category (13 of which were protected, and 207 unprotected); 91 of these sites could be identified as being ‘Holy wells’, whilst 129 were found to be wells of other description. Of the total, one site was classified as an earthwork by form (unprotected), 70 sites were known from documents (none of which were protected), two were recorded as ‘buildings’ (both protected), whilst 147 were of other or unknown form (11 are currently protected/136 unprotected). The process included the rapid investigation of some 135 sites classified as “Well”, but with no apparent religious significance.

An element of targeted fieldwork also formed part of the project; the field visits allowed the condition and significance of the resource to be fully assessed, and allowed the preparation site-specific conservation and management recommendations and scheduling proposals. A proforma, specifically devised was used for field recording, and the resultant field records transferred later to a database (MSAccess 2000) compatible with the regional HER. Digital mapping (point data) of well sites was checked and updated with the level of detail increased (using MapInfo 9). Polygon data for the selected sites was also created; this is to be supplied in digital format only.

Cadw have set out the two stage scheduling criteria for this class of monument: a). Preliminary sorting: For a well on the HER to be considered under the Medieval and post-medieval scoping project as a holy well it had to:

6 GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

1. Be associated with a named and/or have healing properties (see Francis Jones 1992 (1954), The Holy Wells of Wales introductory chapter) 2. Retain some structural remains that pre-date 1750.

Stage 1 identified wells that were already scheduled in order to establish a threshold and also identify geographical gaps or well types which are under represented. b). Scheduling Criteria Stage 2 applied the scheduling criteria as set out in Annex 3 of Circular 60/96: In this case the period had been set and the type has been established as not being rare. The Diversity and Potential criteria were considered to be of little relevance.

This left: 1. Survival/Condition: survival in plan must be pretty complete, but the condition of any superstructure need not be. 2. Group Value: especially close associations with churches/chapels, ECMs or prehistoric monuments 3. Documentation: Pre-1750 written evidence for use. 4. Fragility/Vulnerability: sites that are threatened or where the structure was decaying. If a site is already listed then it should not be vulnerable.

A simple matrix with these four criteria and the list of well sites that have passed the preliminary sort was prepared. A scoring system of 1-5 - low to high or poor to good was devised to produce a ranking of sites; this is given below:

Scoring System

Documentation: Pre-1750 written evidence for use (High-Very High). 1 – None: No relevant material available 2 – Low: Little relevant material, or only modestly important sources available, i.e. through association and hearsay only 3 – Moderate: some relevant material, or moderately important sources, available, i.e. cartographic reference/19th or early 20th century reference 4 – High: a considerable quantity of relevant material or moderately important sources available, i.e. cartographic evidence and early references, including pre-1750 written evidence. 5 – Very High: Complete documentary record, or exceptionally important sources available, i.e. wide-range of references including Antiquarian descriptions (including pre-1750 written evidence) illustrations and more recent survey

Group value: especially close associations with churches/chapels, ECMs or prehistoric monuments (especially megaliths see Jones). 1 – None: No nearby associated elements on HER/NMR 2 – Low: Associated with one of the above elements on HER/NMR 3 – Moderate: Associated with two of the above elements on HER/NMR; or associated with one protected element 4 – High: Associated with three of the above elements on HER/NMR; or associated with two protected elements 5 – Very High: Associated with four or more the above elements on HER/NMR; or associated with three or more protected elements

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Survival/condition: survival in plan must be pretty complete, condition of any superstructure less so. 1 – Poor: Substantially destroyed/site now largely lost 2 – Low: Damaged, plan incomplete with little coherence of remains 3 – Moderate: Partially intact, plan partially visible and coherent with superstructure remains surviving 4 – High: Substantially intact, plan largely complete and coherent with moderate- good remains of superstructure surviving 5 – Very High: Intact, plan complete with good to very good superstructure remains surviving

Fragility/Vulnerability: Sites that are threatened or where the structure is decaying. If a site is already listed then it should not be vulnerable. 1 – None: Robust/unlikely to be damaged (e.g. Listed sites) 2 – Low: Insignificant level of fragility/vulnerability (sites with low levels of threat) 3 – Moderate: Moderate level of fragility/vulnerability (including sites under long term threat of damage/collapse) 4 – High: Fragile/vulnerable (including sites under medium term threat of damage/collapse) 5 – Very High: Very fragile/vulnerable (including sites under imminent/short term threat of damage/collapse)

The above criteria was used to evaluate the overall significance if the individual interests:

The overall archaeological significance arrived at was allocated one of the following values:

• A – National Significance (A? – Potential National Significance) • B – Regional Significance • C – Local Significance • D – Minor Significance • U – Unknown/Unestablished

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3. SOURCES CONSULTED

Sources Consulted primarily included the regional Historic Environment Record (HER) held at GGAT, Swansea, and National Monument Record (NMR), held at the RCAHMW, Aberystwyth. The interrogation of the computerised HER, relevant data and information held by the RCAHMW (NMR records and the on-line Coflein resource) were accessed as was up-to-date information on scheduled and listed building held by Cadw, supplemented by other readily available primary and secondary data, including rapid searches for documentary and cartographic sources held at the National Library of Wales (NLW), and Local Record Offices. The searches of the NMR data provided through Endex was augmented by information held on ‘Coflein’, the RCAHMW’s digital web resource. In addition the NMR collection records were also consulted as were aerial photographic sources.

Analysis of Historic Maps, the first to third edition 25-inch OS maps (LANDMARK Historic Mapping), in conjunction with consultation of digital aerial photographic material was also employed, to check for example on whether a site might survive.

The most useful source undoubtedly remains Francis Jones (1954, reprinted 1992, 2003), The Holy Wells of Wales, University of Wales Press. Other sources include the Cymdeithas Ffynhonnau Cymru website http://www.ffynhonnaucymru.org.uk and its online journal Llygad y Ffynnon (Cylchlythyr Cymdeithas Ffynhonnau Cymru), various local and regional histories, as well as magazine and newspaper articles. The most significant sources consulted are presented in the Bibliography Section. The work also drew heavily on evidence provided by the 1st, 2nd and 3rd edition OS mapping (c.1877, 1899, and 1918-19).

9 GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

4. RESULTS

Revised Desktop Appraisal

The 220 well sites identified by the scoping exercise were revisited by a rapid desktop appraisal. An additional 12 well sites were also included in the appraisal, amounting to a total of 232 sites. Previously, the digital HER data had been found not to be particularly reliable, and frequently lacking in both detail and accuracy. The appraisal utilised further analysis of the digital HER data, and paper records, referring to secondary sources as necessary. These sites were broken down as follows 144 Medieval sites, 77 post-medieval sites, and 11 sites of unknown period. Further in depth analysis took into account whether a site was already protected, checking against the latest information on Scheduled Ancient Monuments (SAMs) and Listed Buildings data, whether the site could be accurately located, and whether current survival could be confirmed from existing descriptions. A further review of period, association, and the existence of surviving structural remains potentially of pre-1750 date based on the paper records and other available sources, was also included in the appraisal. The results are summarised in table form in Appendix I, below.

Figure 1. Well Site Distribution Showing period (as given in the HER)

Following the desktop appraisal, the remaining revised site lists contained 39 sites comprising 24 Medieval, 4 post-medieval (retained as good examples of type – all protected; the remainder having been excluded as domestic wells as opposed to Holy Wells), and 11 well sites of unknown period which satisfied the preliminary sorting criteria (i.e. those sites which were associated with a named saint and/or have healing properties and retain some structural remains potentially pre-date 1750 as identified on the HER); these sites are listed in tables 1-3, below, and are shown by period in Figure 1, above.

10 GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

As part of this process NMR Searches were undertaken and the NMR was checked for relevant information on the remaining 39 sites, using a combination of the information available through the ENDEX agreement, a search on Coflein, the RCAHMWs website, and by direct consultation with the NMR. Information was only available for a number of the identified Medieval well sites, with no information relevant to the post-medieval and sites of unknown period available. Digital and paper material was collated as a result of the search, the details of which are summarised in Appendix II.

The 39 sites having structural remains identified as potentially dating to before 1750, were then subject to a two staged assessment:

Stage 1 Assessment

This assessment identified wells that were are already scheduled in order to establish a threshold and also allow geographical gaps or well types and features which are under represented to be identified. For this reason the assessment also included an analysis of the main component features typically visible at well sites, and established the incidence of the following features/details across the identified resource of 39 sites: single well chamber, multi-well chamber, covered well head structure, open well chamber, segmental headed roof, corbelled roof, other roof, elaborate well head structure or well head chapel, carved features/figures, bathing or ‘baptismal’ pool, and the existence of additional bath house structure. The results are summarised in Tables 12 and 13, Appendix III.

Figure 2. Distribution of Well Sites (i.e. sites meeting established criteria at Stage 1)

The results of Stage 1 identified that 12 sites, out of the 39 retained, were protected and that a particularly high threshold had been set; the work identified that it was likely that the best examples generally had already been scheduled or listed; these sites are dominated by those with well-preserved well head structures, with both covered (largely corbelled roofs) and open well chambers and also included multi-

11 GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent well complexes. The protected examples included the majority of the identified elaborate examples and those known to retain carved features/sculptural elements (See Tables 12 and 13, Appendix III for full summary). Most had close ecclesiastic associations, predominately Jones’s Class A, but also included an example of his Class C type (See Tables 14 and 15, Appendix IV for further details). Geographically the protected examples were found to cover the expected range of well sites corresponding to the areas of higher density medieval settlement and better agricultural lands, i.e. the , Gower and Monmouthshire, with the notable exception of St Mary’s Penrhys, a monastic pilgrimage site of considerable importance in the Glamorgan Uplands. The lowland geographical bias is reflected in the unprotected sites on the HER (see Figure 2, above).

The incidence of scheduled and listed sites is provided below in Tables 1-3.

Table 1. Medieval Well Sites Prn Name Ngr Broadclass Type Scheduled Listed 00083s ST FAGANS WELL ST11917712 Supply and Well No No Drainage 00165s FFYNNON DEILO ST06337590 Religious, Holy No No and Funerary well 00201m ST DAVIDS WELL, SS82037860 Religious, Ritual Holy No Yes NEWTON NOTTAGE and Funerary well 00217m SANDFORD'S WELL SS83667733 Religious, Ritual Holy No Yes and Funerary well 00279s ST ANNES WELL, SS98117190 Religious, Ritual Holy No Yes LLANMIHANGEL and Funerary well 00354g FFYNNON GYBI (ST ST37449665 Religious, Ritual Holy Yes No CYBIL'S WELL) and Funerary well 00389s FFYNNON DYFRIG ST06427179 Religious, Ritual Holy No No and Funerary well 00678g VIRTUOUS WELL SO50310510 Water Supply and Well Yes Yes Drainage 00746w FYNNON PEDR SS79538654 Water Supply and Well No No Drainage 00923s ST JOHNS WELL ST01486829 Religious, Ritual Holy No No and Funerary well 00937m ST MARY'S WELL ST00089455 Water Supply and Well No Yes PENRHYS Drainage 00937s ST NICHOLAS'S WELL ST08937484 Religious, Ritual Holy No No and Funerary well 00953s ST MARY'S WELL SS99987184 Religious, Ritual Holy No No and Funerary well 01157w LADYS WELL, MARGAM SS80478675 Religious, Ritual Holy No No and Funerary well 01506s PISTYLL GOLAU ST138795 Water Supply and Well No No Drainage 01517g WISHING WELL; SO44241714 Water Supply and Well No No FFYNNON CROFT HIR Drainage 01664m LALESTON WELL SS87477871 Water Supply and Well No No Drainage 01703g ST FFRAED'S WELL SO45972023 Water Supply and Well No No

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Prn Name Ngr Broadclass Type Scheduled Listed (FRED) Drainage 01907g FFYNON GOVER NINE SO31360862 Water Supply and Well No No WELLS Drainage 02049g FFYNNON Y CLEIFION SO38380081 Religious, Ritual Holy No No (CHAPEL WELL) and Funerary well 02081s FFYNNON ECHO ST043722 Water Supply and Well Yes No (GM555T) Drainage 04612m PISTYLL GOLAU ST03439646 Religious, ritual Well No No and funerary 05216w OXWICH CHURCHYARD SS50428612 Religious, ritual Holy No No WELL and funerary well 05255w HOLY WELL IN SN72380560 Religious, ritual Holy No No (03616w) LLANGIWG and funerary well CHURCHYARD

Table 2. Post-medieval Well Sites Prn Name Ngr Broadclass Type Scheduled Listed 00316w TRINITY WELL SS55308945 Religious, Ritual and Holy Yes No Funerary well 00319w ST PETERS WELL, SS59048836 Religious, Ritual and Holy Yes No CASWELL Funerary well 00835s SALMON WELLS, SS97247669 Water Supply and Well No Yes PENLLYN Drainage 01870s MID WELL SS96276884 Water Supply and Well No Yes Drainage

Table 3. Well sites of unknown period Prn Name Ngr Period Broadclass Type Scheduled Listed 00051g THE LADY'S WELL; ST ST29208615 Unknown Religious, Holy No No GWLADYS WELL Ritual and well Funerary 00736g COLD BATH, NINE SO51880291 Unknown Water Well No No WELLS Supply and Drainage 01204g ST TEWDRIC'S WELL ST52279116 Unknown Water Well No No Supply and Drainage 01420g WELL SOUTH EAST SO3617 Unknown Water Well No No OF THE OLD Supply and RECTORY, Drainage LLANVETHERINE 02259w VILLAGE WELL SS42879147 Unknown Water Well No Yes Supply and Drainage 03720s FFYNON Y CAPEL SS93706917 Unknown Religious, Holy No No (SOUTH) ritual and well funerary 03721s FFYNON Y CAPEL SS93966960 Unknown Religious, Holy No No (NORTH) ritual and well funerary 03769m EGG WELL, FFYNNON ST0221384055 Unknown Water Well No No

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Prn Name Ngr Period Broadclass Type Scheduled Listed MAELWG Supply and Drainage 04023s HOLLYBUSH FARM ST01807432 Unknown Water supply WELL No No WELL and drainage 05218w STINKING WELL, SS4992 Unknown Religious, Holy No No LLANRHIDIAN ritual and well SALTMARSH funerary 05315w FFYNNON ILLTYD IN SS81499657 Unknown Religious, Holy No No CWM PELENNA ritual and well funerary

Stage 2 Assessment

This assessment applied the identified scheduling criteria as set out in Annex 3 of Circular 60/96 in relation to Survival/Condition, Group Value, Documentation and Fragility/Vulnerability, and established overall significance values for the selected resource (see Methodology section, above, for further details).

The assessment of Group Value also took into account whether there were any specific identifiable associations with a number of other monuments: with Early Christian Monuments (ECMs), prehistoric monuments, megaliths, adjacent chapel sites (existing), adjacent chapel sites (former), or adjacent church sites. The results of this exercise are summarised in Tables 12 and 13, Appendix III. Figure 3, below shows the distribution of sites by significance.

Figure 3. All Well Sites (with structural remains) Showing Overall Significance after Stage 2

The overall results of the appraisal of the unprotected sites against the above criteria are presented below (See Appendix V for the full Summary). Of the 27 unprotected

14 GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent sites assessed, 7 were considered to be of borderline National/Regional significance (Category A/B), three of Regional significance (Category B), whilst 11 were of Local interest and the remainder damaged or destroyed (Category C and D).

Table 4. Results of Assessment: Medieval Well Sites Group Overall Prn Name Survival/Condition Documentation Fragility/Vulnerability Value Significance 01664m LALESTON 5 4/5 2/3 2/3 A/B WELL 00953s ST MARY'S 4/5 2 3 4/5 A/B WELL 01506s PISTYLL 4/5 1 4 4/5 A/B GOLAU 01517g WISHING 5 ? 1 4/5 4 ? A/B WELL; FFYNNON CROFT HIR 01907g FFYNON 5 ? 3 4/5 3? A/B GOVER NINE WELLS 00165s FFYNNON 4 1 3 2 B DEILO 02049g FFYNNON Y 4? 1/2 3 3? B CLEIFION (CHAPEL WELL) 00746w FYNNON PEDR 4 1 3 4/5 B 00923s ST JOHNS 3? 1 3 3? C WELL 00937s ST 2 (altered) 1 3 2 C NICHOLAS'S WELL 01157w LADYS WELL, 3 (very overgrown) 4 2/3 3 C MARGAM 01703g ST FFRAED'S 1/2 1 3 3 C WELL (FRED) 05255w HOLY WELL 3/4 (recent 4 2 3 C (03616w) IN LLANGIWG damage?) CHURCHYARD 00389s FFYNNON 2 1 3 2/3 C DYFRIG 00083s ST FAGANS 1 5 4 2 D WELL 04612m PISTYLL 2 ? 1? 4 3-5 D GOLAU 05216w OXWICH 1/2 (buried?) 3 3 2/3 D CHURCHYARD WELL

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Table 5. Result of Assessment: Wells of Unknown Period Group Overall Prn Name Survival/Condition Documentation Fragility/Vulnerability Value Significance 04023s HOLLYBUSH 4/5 3 2/3 3 A/B FARM WELL 01204g ST TEWDRIC'S 4/5 (restored) 5 3/4 1 A/B WELL 03769m EGG WELL, 4 ? 1 1 2/3 C FFYNNON MAELWG 00736g COLD BATH, 2/3 (altered) 2 3 4 C NINE WELLS 01420g WELL SOUTH 3/4 4 2/3 2/3 C EAST OF THE OLD RECTORY, LLANVETHERINE 03721s FFYNON Y - No structural 2 3 2 C CAPEL (NORTH) remains 05218w STINKING WELL, 3/4 4/5 4 2/3 C LLANRHIDIAN SALTMARSH 03720s FFYNON Y Destroyed - - - D CAPEL (SOUTH) 00051g THE LADY'S Destroyed - - - D WELL:ST GWLADYS WELL 05315w FFYNNON Destroyed 2 3 2/3 D ILLTYD IN CWM PELENNA

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5. SITE VISITS

The number of site visits initially planned was based on availability of ownership details and responses to requests to access (e.g. access to Hollybush Farm was not available at time of field visit, but assessed on pre-existing information and photographs, whilst the actual location of Laleston Well was established late on in the project following completion of field visits, its condition established through remote means). None of the unprotected post-medieval Well sites were selected for field visits, as they all failed to meet the established criteria during the Stage 1 Assessment. Ten unprotected Medieval well sites were selected for field visits (including Laleston Well), see Table 6, below, whilst 7 sites of unknown period were selected for visits (including Hollybush Farm), see Table 7, below.

Table 6. Sites Selected for Field Visits: Medieval Period Prn Nprn Name Ngr Ngr (Revised) Accuracy 00083s 307778 ST FAGANS WELL ST11917712 - - 00165s 18663 FFYNNON DEILO ST06337590 - - 00389s 307716 FFYNNON DYFRIG ST06427179 - - 00746w 305628 FYNNON PEDR SS79538654 - - 00937s 32359 ST NICHOLAS'S WELL ST08937484 ST0894674843 - 00953s 32358 ST MARY'S WELL SS99987184 - - 01157w 307268 LADYS WELL, MARGAM SS80478675 SS8048386745 - 01506s 307779 PISTYLL GOLAU ST138795 ST1378779629 - 05216w see OXWICH CHURCHYARD WELL SS50428612 SS5041186126 16.4m 303016 05255w - HOLY WELL IN LLANGIWG SN72380560 - - CHURCHYARD 01664m - LALESTON WELL SS87477871 SS8748079723 -

Table 7. Sites Selected for Field Visits: Unknown Period sites Ngr Accuracy Prn Nprn Name Ngr (Revised) 05315w - FFYNNON ILLTYD IN CWM PELENNA SS81499657 - - 05218w - STINKING WELL, LLANRHIDIAN SS4973392374 - - SALTMARSH 03721s - FFYNON Y CAPEL (NORTH) SS93966960 - - 03720s - FFYNON Y CAPEL (SOUTH) SS93706917 - - 01204g - ST TEWDRIC'S WELL ST52279116 Unknown - 01420g - WELL SOUTH EAST OF THE OLD SO3617 SO36671704 - RECTORY, LLANVETHERINE 04023s - HOLLYBUSH FARM WELL ST01807432 Unknown -

Details of these sites, along with updated descriptions, photographs and plans are presented in the Gazetteer Section, distribution of sites selected for field visits are illustrated in Figure 4, below.

17 GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Figure 4. Unprotected Wells Showing Sites Selected for Site Visits (green)

18 GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

6. GAZETTEER

Gazetteer of Visited Sites: Medieval Wells

Prn 00083s Nprn 307778 Name ST FAGANS WELL Ngr ST11917712 Ngr (revised) Accuracy HER description The spring known as St Fagans's well issues from the hillside in the grounds of the Welsh Folk Museum. The opening, 0.6m high and 0.6m wide, is enclosed by stone, repaired with brick (after Dr. Eurwyn William, Keeper of Buildings, Welsh Folk Museum). A healing well; one of Jones's Class A wells: wells bearing the names of saints, the Trinity, God, Holy Innocents, or Easter. (Jones 1954)

Richard Symonds, who accompanied Charles I to St Fagans in 1645, in his diary mentioned the house which stood within the walls of the Castle, and noted in the orchard was an old spring or well “within the ” called St Fagans Well, frequently used as a cure for ‘falling sickness’ (epilepsy). The water still gushes from beneath the rock. (David, W, Trans Nat. Soc., Vol 9, 1877, 74-5; OS Card ST 17 NW 6).

NMR description NGR ST11837713: A spring, enclosed by stonework, with brick patching, possibly the water, "gushing from beneath the rock", noted in 1645 as a healing well. (source OS495 card; ST17NW6)

GGAT108 additional description The well is noted on the 1-3rd editions OS maps as St 's well; its location, just W of the W end of the S embankment of the middle fish , is marked by a circle from the 2nd edition. At the location given water was noted bubbling up within a ditched culvert adjacent to a footbridge at the fish within the grounds of St Fagans Castle. No well-head structure was noted to survive. Upslope and to the W of the latter a culverted water source was noted, now traceable by the presence of a steel inspection hatch.

Form Other Structure Period Medieval Broadclass Water Supply and Drainage Type Well Survival/Condition 1 Group Value 5 Documentation 4 Fragility/Vulnerability 2 Overall Significance D

19 GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Plate 1. Drain, possibly relating to Well site PRN 00083s at St Fagans, view to N

20 GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Prn 00165s Nprn 18663 Name FFYNNON DEILO Ngr ST06337590 Ngr (revised) Accuracy HER description Half a mile SE of (Jones 1954, 181: Ffynnon Deilo no.2); one of Jones's Class A wells (wells bearing the names of saints, the Trinity, God, Holy Innocents, Easter). The spring is enclosed by an ashlar wall 0.6m high and 0.5m wide, banked with on the outside. It forms a square with sides of 3.0m, and an opening on the E. Within the S side there is a hydram pump, and a ledge extends on each side of the pump. This stone ledge is 4.0m high and 0.5m wide, and consists of cut stone blocks. The well chamber has no dateable feature, and is now incorporated in an ornamental garden (OS card ST 07 NE 5).

NMR description NGR ST06337590: Stone walls enclose a spring-basin, c.3.0m square, serving as a garden feature (1956). (source Os495card; ST07NE5) J.Wiles 27.01.03

GGAT108 additional description The slightly elongated sub-circular pond seen today is as shown on the 1st -3rd edition OS maps; the well itself occupies the SW angle of the pond, and is a horse-shoe shaped enclosure, c. 3m in diam, enclosed by a masonry wall of local rubble construction, 0.6m high and 0.5m wide, embanked externally by earth and stone, with an entrance to the E (remnants of a sluice gate?). The remains of the hydram pump (now removed) comprise a circular ceramic-lined chamber at the SW side of the well, to either side of which extends a masonry ledge 0.5m wide, 0.4m high. A series of rough stone steps E of the well leads to a stone ledge giving access to the pond edge. Local hearsay identifies the location with a monastic site associated with St Teilo (current owners pers comm.) - as yet unconfirmed. No well head features obviously datable to the medieval period were noted. A large ash tree is located of the NW on the NW side of the well.

Form Other Structure Period Medieval Broadclass Religious, Ritual and Funerary Type Holy well Survival/Condition 4 Group Value 1 Documentation 3 Fragility/Vulnerability 2 Overall Significance B

21 GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Plate 2. View of Well PRN0165s showing well surround, view to W

22 GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Prn 00389s Nprn 307716 Name FFYNNON DYFRIG Ngr ST06427179 Ngr (revised) Accuracy HER description In Llanvithyn parish: a healing spring Ffynnon Dyfri (Jones 1954 181: Ffynnon Dyfrig no.1); Fynnon Dyfry in Coed Ffynnon Dyfrig, near Carnllwyd, parish (Jones 1954, 181: Ffynnon Dyfrig no.2).These must be duplicates; Llanfythin is part of Llancarfan, not a parish in its own right. Jones's Class A wells (wells bearing the names of saints, the Trinity, God, Holy Innocents, Easter). PRN 1557s is a duplicate entry with a less precise NGR. Edith Evans, GGAT 73 Early-Medieval Ecclesiastical Sites Project, 2003-04 (Yr4).

The spring issues from a small cutting in the N face of the hill. There was evidently a small stone structure around or over the site. The only masonry intact is on the W side of the well, and consists of a rubble wall, 1.5m long (N-S), 0.5m thick and 0.4m high. There is a large quantity of loose stone slabs and, small boulders scattered about the site, but none of the stones is ornamental in any way. There is no visible indication of the date of the structure (OS card ST 07 SE 32).

NMR description NGR ST06427179: Traces of a stone-rubble structure, about a recess in the hillslope from which a spring issues. (source Os495card; ST07SE32) J.Wiles 28.01.03

GGAT108 additional description Not visited due to poor access. Form Other Structure Period Medieval Broadclass Religious, Ritual and Funerary Type Holy well Survival/Condition 2 Group Value 1 Documentation 3 Fragility/Vulnerability 2/3 Overall Significance C

23 GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

24 GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Prn 00746w Nprn 305628 Name FYNNON PEDR Ngr SS79538654 Ngr (revised) Accuracy HER description Marked on Rees's map. A slight flow of water issues from the hillside through a stone culvert 0.4m square, consisting of two plain side stones and a lintel, which do not appear to have been cut or faced in any way (OS card SS 78 NE 21).

In woodland to SW of Graig Fawr, to the W of Margam Abbey (Jones 1954, 184 St Peter's well 6); one of Jones's Class A wells (wells bearing the names of saints, the Trinity, God, Holy Innocents, Easter).Edith Evans, GGAT 73 Early-Medieval Ecclesiastical Sites Project, 2003-04 (Yr4).

NMR description NGR SS79538654: A spring flows from the hillside through a stone culvert 0.4m square. (source s495card; SS78NE21) Possibly water supply for Margam Abbey (Nprn132). 0.75km to the E. J.Wiles 11.07.02

GGAT108 additional description Covered stone-lined culvert with slab lintel (0.58m in length and 0.09m thick) with small stone-lined rectangular water filled basin, 0.51m (E-W) and 0.80m (N-S), with slab step in front, culvert walls 3 courses high, c.0.40m, of platy slabs, drystone construction. downslope to S has traces of stone revetting for c. 4m. Coverage of moss, leaves/leaf litter/fallen trees. The future survival of the feature is threatened by fallen trees and root ball disturbance.

Form Other Structure Period Medieval Broadclass Water Supply and Drainage Type Well Survival/Condition 4 Group Value 1 Documentation 3 Fragility/Vulnerability 4/5 Overall Significance B

25 GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Plate 3. Well PRN 00746w, showing culvert opening, view to N

26 GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Prn 00937s Nprn 32359 Name ST NICHOLAS'S WELL Ngr ST08937484 Ngr (revised) ST0894674843 Accuracy - HER description St Nicholas's Well, near Tai Ffynnon, N of St Nicholas village and church (Jones 1954, 183: St Nicholas well no.1); one of Jones's Class A wells (wells bearing the names of saints, the Trinity, God, Holy Innocents, Easter). The Natural spring from which a small still issues, is now capped and faced with concrete. It is situated below a , behind a low stone wall at side of a country road. No traces of any earlier masonry was noted (OS card ST 07 SE 49).

NMR description NGR ST08937484: Near Tai Ffynnon, North of village and church.

GGAT108 additional description Site now survives as a rectilinear stone-lined pool, c. 7m (max) in length The feature is currently partly obscured by vegetation and also was in at time of visit. The site is depicted on 1st-3rd edition OS maps; and is shown on 1st and 2nd ed. OS maps as a small square feature adjacent to boundary which is crossed by the lane to the E. By 3rd edition OS the well site has been remodelled with the present larger rectangular pool shown just to S of the well's former location.

Form Documents Period Medieval Broadclass Religious, Ritual and Funerary Type Holy well Survival/Condition 2 (altered) Group Value 1 Documentation 3 Fragility/Vulnerability 2 Overall Significance C

27 GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Plate 4. Well PRN 00937s, showing rectilinear pool, view to SW

28 GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Prn 00953s Nprn 32358 Name ST MARY'S WELL Ngr SS99987184 Ngr (revised) Accuracy HER description Just NW of St Mary Church in Llanfair parish, and near to Eye Well (Jones 1954, 182: Ffynnon Fair no.11); one of Jones's Class A wells (wells bearing the names of saints, the Trinity, God, Holy Innocents, Easter). St Mary's well, name confirmed locally, is a spring of which rises in a hollow, open to the north. The spring is contained within a stone structure comprising a stone-built wall on the E and S, and upright stone slab on the N, and a brick wall on the W. It is covered, except for an opening for access on the N edge, by a large flagstone, 1.0m by 1.5m. (OS card SS 97 SE 65).

NMR description NGR SS99997187: 1. Holy well North of St Mary church. 2. A spring rising in a rectangular structure, partly stone-walled and slab-covered. Attached to a brick cistern on the W. (source Os495card; SS97SE65) Associated with: St Mary's church (Nprn325) Eye Well (Nprn32339). J.Wiles 14.01.03

GGAT108 additional description Largely as previously described, although the brick wall on W side of bathing pool and also the partially covered cistern appears to be lime mortar bonded masonry of stone blocks, and stone slab to N. The site comprises a small rectangular stone-built cistern, 2.7m (N-S) by 1.8m, and 0.59m high, slab-covered (now partly removed) on the E side of an open sub-rectangular pool, c. 4.0m (E-W) by c.3m wide, with masonry to S, E and W, its N side part slab construction. The site is in an overgrown state.

St Mary's well is named and shown on the 1st-3rd edition OS maps with Eye Well (Sulphurous) slightly to the north; the latter is no longer visible, other than a slight linear hollow. The location adjacent to the road and damage from tree growth, and the slight damage to the cistern (i.e. a slab has been removed) are indicative of a high level of vulnerability.

Form Other Structure Period Medieval Broadclass Religious, Ritual and Funerary Type Holy well Survival/Condition 4/5 Group Value 2 Documentation 3 Fragility/Vulnerability 4/5 Overall Significance A/B

29 GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Plate 5. Well PRN 00953s, showing cistern (left) and bathing pool (right), view to SSW

30 GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Prn 01157w Nprn 307268 Name LADYS WELL, MARGAM Ngr SS80478675 Ngr (revised) SS8048386745 Accuracy - HER description Lady's Well in Margam parish (Jones 1954, 182: Ffynnon Fair 13); one of Jones's Class A wells (wells bearing the names of saints, the Trinity, God, Holy Innocents, Easter). Lady's Well is a spring of fresh water which issues from below a little drystone wall, 0.25m square, flows out between two short lengths of drystone walling, 0.2m to the N (OS card SS 88 NW 50).

NMR description NGR SS80478675: A spring issuing from a drystone setting. (source Os495card; SS88NW50) J.Wiles 10.12.02

GGAT108 additional description Area visited, well site now hidden by dense vegetation. Feature indicated as Lady's Well on 1st-3rd edition OS map adjacent to path with outflow to W into Nant Cwm Phillip.

Form Other Structure Period Medieval Broadclass Religious, Ritual and Funerary Type Holy well Survival/Condition 3 (very overgrown) Group Value 4 Documentation 2/3 Fragility/Vulnerability 3 Overall Significance C

31 GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

32 GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Prn 01200g Nprn Name THORNWELL Ngr ST53839164 Ngr (revised) Accuracy HER description Healing well, supposed to be good for sore eyes. According to local tradition it was once blessed by a Bishop of Llandaff. A large thorn tree previously grew adjacent. The well is 3.0m long by 2.4m wide and is surrounded by a stone wall, which is 0.4m wide and 1.8m high, and apparently modern, with an attached stone roof. Used as a sheep dip in 1956 (OS card ST 59 SW 36).

The site is not in Jones 1954, though is an example of his class C wells ('wells which, in early literature or in surviving tradition, are known to have been primarily reputed to be healing wells, and whose names are not those of saints as in class A, and are not as closely or obviously connected with churches as those in class B').

NMR description

GGAT108 additional description No visible remains now survive; the site has been lost to 20th century housing development. Form Other Structure Period Medieval Broadclass Water Supply and Drainage Type Well Survival/Condition Destroyed Group Value - Documentation - Fragility/Vulnerability - Overall Significance D

33 GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

34 GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Prn 01506s Nprn 307779 Name PISTYLL GOLAU Ngr ST138795 Ngr (revised) ST1378779629 Accuracy - HER description Pistyll Golau, or Pistyll Goleu (Bright Water Spout) less than half a mile from Radyr church; cured sprains and weak sinews; mentioned in Life of St Cadoc (Jones 1954, 186: Pistyll Golau no.1); one of Jones's class C wells ('wells which, in early literature or in surviving tradition, are known to have been primarily reputed to be healing wells, and whose names are not those of saints as in class A, and are not as closely or obviously connected with churches as those in class B').

Rectangular depression (ST13797961), measuring 3.6m by 2.5m & 0.5m deep. Lined with stonework on 3 sides. It is now dry and has been so since 1976. A pipe enters it from the SW.

A possible connection exists with the hermit, Tylyuguay, who is mentioned in an 11th century Life of St Cadoc. He is reputed to have had a cell adjacent to Pistyll Goleu. (OS card ST 17 NW 37).

An alternative location to that given in PRN 1522s.Edith Evans, GGAT 73 Early-Medieval Ecclesiastical Sites Project, 2003-04 (Yr4) NMR description NGR ST13787962: A currently dry rectangular depression, 3.6m by 2.5m and 0.5m deep, stone-lined on three sides, is thought to be the Pistyll Goleu, associated with a 6th c. hermit. (source OS495 card; ST17NW37) J.Wiles 05.02.2003

GGAT108 additional description Site depicted on 1st and 2nd edition OS maps and named as well from 2nd edition OS map. Previous location given within area of residential housing, this is incorrect. The site is located at ST1378779629, set at the base of and at N end of quarry at narrow point in .

Rectangular in plan, 3.6m by 2.5m, and 0.5m deep, sunken with internal revetting and with slight raised banks at the N and S end, suggesting a possible gabled structure. The site is largely as previously described, except stone-lined on 4 sides, with up to 4 courses of rough stone blocks - drystone construction, visible. The remains of an FE pipe lie at the SW angle of the site; water still gushes from it. The feature is set within an area of coppiced trees, other vegetation cover including moss ferns, leaf litter. Tree growth around perimeter, and fallen trees form a particular threat, as does damage from fly tipping, vandalism, and general decay.

Form Documents Period Medieval Broadclass Water Supply and Drainage Type Holy Well Survival/Condition 4/5 Group Value 1 Documentation 4 Fragility/Vulnerability 4/5 Overall Significance A/B

35 GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Plate 6. PRN 01506s, showing well structure, view to NW

36 GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Prn 01664m Nprn Name LALESTON WELL Ngr SS87477871 Ngr (revised) SS8747979722 Accuracy - HER description No info in FI file Edith Evans, GGAT 73 Early-Medieval Ecclesiastical Sites Project, 2003-04 (Yr4)

NMR description

GGAT108 additional description Located adjacent to street, a D-shaped well with an attached rectangular porch to E shown on the 1st-3rd edition OS map. Named as a pump on the 2nd edition. The well and porch structures are of local masonry with stone slab roofs (probably corbelled inside - but not a accessible. Entrance to porch at E end under stone lintel, blocked by slab. To the S of the entrance is a late Victorian iron hand pump and stone trough. The structure remains in very good condition, and whilst not mentioned in Jones 1954, it has been included on the merit of its proximity to the church and as a good example of its type.

Form Other Structure Period Medieval Broadclass Water Supply and Drainage Type Well Survival/Condition 5 Group Value 4/5 Documentation 2/3 Fragility/Vulnerability 2/3 Overall Significance A/B

37 GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

38 GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Prn 05216w Nprn see 303016 Name OXWICH CHURCHYARD WELL Ngr SS50428612 Ngr (revised) SS5041186126 Accuracy 16.4m HER description Oxwich churchyard well was roofed and there was a large flat stone on its edge in front of the well. It was large enough for immersion. In 1855 and 1872 the nearby cliffs crumbled and fell, destroying Oxwich rectory and causing the well to dry up (Jones 1954, 184) one of Jones's Class A wells (wells bearing the names of saints, the Trinity, God, Holy Innocents, Easter). Edith Evans, GGAT 73 Early-Medieval Ecclesiastical Sites

NMR description

GGAT108 additional description No structural well-head remains now visible. A V-shaped cleft or cutting, c. 4m (N-S) by c. 1.5m (E-W), was noted; set into the slope below a prominent tree, and located within the churchyard to the S of the church, this features was presumed, but not confirmed, to be the site of the former well. Rough low kerbstones partially obscured by grass) were identified near the SE edge of the cutting, however it was not possible to determine whether these actually related to the well site itself.

Form - Period Medieval Broadclass Religious, ritual and funerary Type Holy well Survival/Condition 1/2 (buried?) Group Value 3 Documentation 3 Fragility/Vulnerability 2/3 Overall Significance D

39 GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Plate 7. View of site of well PRN 05216w, view to S

40 GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Prn 05255w (03616w) Nprn Name HOLY WELL IN LLANGIWG CHURCHYARD Ngr SN72380560 Ngr (revised) Accuracy HER description Noted during the historic churches survey as a pool of water with flagging at the rim in the SW corner at least, but the churchyard was overgrown, making it difficult to see Edith Evans, GGAT 73 Early-Medieval Ecclesiastical Sites Project, 2003-04 (Yr4)

NMR description Additional NMR info

GGAT108 additional description Well noted on 1st-3rd edition OS map, adjacent to churchyard path (E-W aligned), located NW of the church, close to the W entrance to the churchyard. The outflow extends to the SW. The field visit revealed a horseshoe-shaped cutting (c.2m square) in slope with rough flagging at SW corner and low embankment above SE side. Currently the water drains to W in shallow channel running towards churchyard gate and minor lane to W. In flood at time of visit. The well appears to have been disturbed by recent clearance activity; the well was previously recorded as 'a rectangular stone-lined well' (J Andrew pers comm.), supported by photographic evidence.

Form - Period Medieval Broadclass Religious, ritual and funerary Type Holy well Survival/Condition 3/4 (recent damage?) Group Value 4 Documentation 2 Fragility/Vulnerability 3 Overall Significance C

41 GGAT 108 Medieval and Post-medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Plate 8. PRN 05255w (03616w), view of well head and remains of low stone bank (right), now cleared of vegetation, view to E

42 GGAT 108 Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Gazetteer of Sites Visited: Wells of Unknown Period

Prn 01204g Nprn Name ST TEWDRIC'S WELL Ngr ST52279116 HER description Tewdric, King of Glamorgan said to have died at this well, and ordered that a church be built at the spot. The well has been placed near the NE corner of Mathern House by Jones (Jones 1954, 195), and also near Mathern Church (Arch Camb, 1847, 1st Series Vol 2, 88); one of Jones's Class A wells (wells bearing the names of saints, the Trinity, God, Holy Innocents, Easter). The well is 1.2m square and is surrounded by a stone wall which is 0.4m thick and 0.1m high. It has been raised with concrete and capped with brick. The well retains water, but has no cover. (OS card ST 59 SW 32)

NMR description GGAT 108 additional description Well first indicated on 3rd edition OS map, though water management features depicted in area on 1st and 2nd edition OS mapping. Site actually located c.150m NW of Mathern House, immediately W of and adjacent to minor lane to Mathern Church. A restored rectangular enclosure, c. 1.5m by 2.6m (E-W) containing 6 restored steps down to the water filled well and an original 2-centred arched opening (perpendicular) into the well head structure. Restored 1997 by Monmouth District Council. Structure protected by wooden fence and locked gate.

An excerpt from the Welsh Wells Society website gives the following description of the well (by Eirlys Gruffydd): ‘….Mae muriau isel o gerrig nadd o gwmpas y ffynnon a saith o risiau cerrig yn mynd i lawr at y dwr. Mae’r taddiad yn codi oddi mewn i ogof fechan yn y graig ac adeiladwyd bwa o gerrig o flaen yr ogof. Mae’n ffynnon ddofn a chodwyd ffens o bren o’i chwmpas a mynedfa wedi ei chloi ynddi er mwyn cadw plant ac anifeiliaid rhag mynd i’r ffynnon.' (http://www.ffynhonnaucymru.org.uk/matharn_dewdrig.htm.)

Form Building Period Unknown Broadclass Water Supply and Drainage Type Well Survival/Condition 4/5 (restored) Group Value 5 Documentation (Pre-1750) 3/4 Fragility/Vulnerability 1 Overall Significance A/B

43 GGAT 108 Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Plate 9. PRN 01204g, showing restored wellhead structure and original arch, view to WSW

44 GGAT 108 Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Prn 01420g Nprn Name WELL SOUTH EAST OF THE OLD RECTORY, LLANVETHERINE Ngr SO3617 HER description There is a local tradition for a holy well at Llanvetherine, associated with the remains of baths and other buildings (Arch Camb 1847, Vol II, 88). OS fieldworkers unable to find evidence for this tradition locally; they located two wells, both formerly in public use but with no obvious signs of antiquity: one at SO36101707 which was a seepage forming a small stagnant pond; the other, at SO36671704 was a stone chamber, 1.4m square and 0.5m deep with two courses of brick around the top, filled by a small spring. The site is enclosed with iron railings and there is no evidence in the construction of the well. (OS card ST 59 SW 32). Whilst not in Jones (Jones 1954), the relatively close proximity of the site to the church would indicate the well might belong to his Class B group, 'wells associated with churches, chapels, feasts pilgrimages'

NMR description

GGAT 108 additional description The second of the two wells, i.e. that with structural remains (at SO36671704), retains structural remains and was visited. The feature is depicted as a spring on the 1st-3rd edition OS maps draining into a very straight ditched E-W aligned channel. The field visit found the spring to be as previously described, the channel in use as a watercress bed. Despite adjacent tree growth and a fallen tree, the feature is largely intact. No features of medieval or early post-medieval date were identified.

Form Other Structure Period Unknown Broadclass Water Supply and Drainage Type Well Survival/Condition 4 Group Value 4 Documentation (Pre-1750) 2/3 Fragility/Vulnerability 2/3 Overall Significance C

45 GGAT 108 Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Plate 10. PRN 01420g, showing brick-built well surround, view to SW

46 GGAT 108 Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Prn 03720s Nprn Name FFYNON Y CAPEL (SOUTH) Ngr SS93706917 HER description Ffynon y Capel, near a house called Capel, just N of village (Jones 1954, 184); one of his Class B 'wells associated with churches, chapels, feasts pilgrimages'. This is one of two sites marked as Ffynon y Capel on the OS 6" 4th edn map, and appears the more likely as it is closer. to both the place name site Capel (PRN 422s) and the burials (PRN 414s), as well as having traces of what may be a curvilinear enclosure. Edith Evans, GGAT 73 Early-Medieval Ecclesiastical Sites Project, 2003-04 (Yr4).

NMR description GGAT 108 additional description The well is depicted on the 1st-3rd edition OS maps; on the 1st as a circle named Ffynnon y Capel on the 2nd-3rd named with a small footpath off the road leading to the well. The field visit failed to find any evidence of the well. Drainage for the adjacent road appears to have removed all signs of any remains.

Form - Period Unknown Broadclass Religious, ritual and funerary Type Holy well Survival/Condition Destroyed Group Value - Documentation (Pre-1750) - Fragility/Vulnerability - Overall Significance D

47 GGAT 108 Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

48 GGAT 108 Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Prn 03721s Nprn Name FFYNON Y CAPEL (NORTH) Ngr SS93966960 HER description Ffynon y Capel, near a house called Capel, just N of St Donats village (Jones 1954, 184); one of his Class B 'wells associated with churches, chapels, feasts pilgrimages'. This is one of two sites marked as Ffynnon y Capel on the OS 6" 4th edn map, and appears the less likely as it is further away from Capel (PRN 422s) and the possibly associated burials PRN 414s. Edith Evans, GGAT 73 Early-Medieval Ecclesiastical Sites Project, 2003-04 (Yr4).

NMR description GGAT 108 additional description The northern of two sites located in close proximity known as Ffynnon y Capel. Depicted on the 1st-3rd edition OS maps as an L-shaped pond and named Ffynnon y Capel. The field visit found the site to be an irregular- shaped tree-lined pond and no structural remains were visible at the site.

Form - Period Unknown Broadclass Religious, ritual and funerary Type Holy well Survival/Condition - No structural remains Group Value 2 Documentation (Pre-1750) 3 Fragility/Vulnerability 2 Overall Significance C

49 GGAT 108 Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Plate 11. PRN 03721s, showing irregular L-shaped pond, view to SW

50 GGAT 108 Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Prn 04023s Nprn Name HOLLYBUSH FARM WELL Ngr ST0184474332 (revised) HER description Well found during clearance work to the west of St James Chapel, Llanquian. The well was visited by Joe Cliff (Cadw Field Monument Warden). The well is stone built and covered with earth and rubble. The photos indicate a stone-lined entrance to the well and a well preserved interior. The well is located within an area of medieval settlement however the date of the well itself is unknown.

NMR description GGAT 108 additional description Inaccessible for site visit; footpath (PROW) closed off and permission to access not given. No known healing or ecclesiastic significance, although proximity to the former chapel of St James at Llanquian suggests possible ecclesiastical function. No datable features have been identified that would indicate a medieval date for the structure; whilst the form would suggest a post-medieval date for the surviving remains. The well structure is depicted o the 1st-3rd edition OS maps, however it is only named from the 2nd-3rd editions. A previous visit allowed a photographic record to be made (Sue Hughes pers comm.)

Form Other Structure Period Unknown Broadclass Water supply and drainage Type WELL Survival/Condition 4/5 Group Value 3 Documentation (Pre-1750) 2/3 Fragility/Vulnerability 3 Overall Significance A/B

51 GGAT 108 Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

52 GGAT 108 Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Prn 05218w Nprn Name STINKING WELL, LLANRHIDIAN SALTMARSH Ngr SS4973392374 (revised NGR) HER description Stinking Well, on Llanrhidian Saltmarsh (Jones 1954, 1850); one of Jones's class C wells ('wells which, in early literature or in surviving tradition, are known to have been primarily reputed to be healing wells, and whose names are not those of saints as in class A, and are not as closely or obviously connected with churches as those in class B'). Springs at SS48319281 and SS48349273. Wells at SS49269249 (Staffal Haegr) and SS49759240. Edith Evans, GGAT 73 Early-Medieval Ecclesiastical Sites Project, 2003-04 (Yr4).

NMR description GGAT 108 additional description NGR revised: SS49733 92374.

'St. Illtyd's Well, later known, for reasons that will become apparent, as Butter Well. It is an ancient well and is located in a private garden near Llanrhidian Church . Looking no more than ordinary to today's inspection, it is recorded in the Annals of Margam that, in 1185, the well became a rich source of milk and butterfat instead of its more usual supply of Welsh spring water. This was said to have flowed copiously from the well for at least three hours. Since that time, however, the well has failed to repeat its mysterious issue'. (http://www.welcometogower.co.uk/2007/08/ghost- stories-and--of.html.)

The spring, located to the N oF the church within a private garden, is first named and shown on the 2nd edition OS map, with the small adjacent rectangular privy and the outfall drain to the N. The 3rd edition shows a similar layout, though the spring is now labelled as a well. Whilst the 1st edition OS map does not show the spring it does show the associated drain leading to the N. Another potential candidate for the site mentioned in the early documents lay just outside the SW corner (at SS4963992236) of the churchyard of Llanrhidian's Church, this is named as a spring on the 1st-2nd edition OS maps, but is absent by the 3rd edition. The former of the two holy well candidates (i.e. that to the N of the church) survives as a roughly rectangular rubble stone-faced tank or pool, 2.25m (E-W) by 2.60m (N-S), and c. 0.55m deep (water level 0.30m at time of visit). The well is accessed on its W side, at the NW angle, by 3 steps, now replaced in concrete block, 1.80m (E-W) by 1.10m (N-S). A channel, 3.15m in length by 0.60m in width, drains the well and is located NE of the tank. The drain is crossed by a footbridge comprising a single stone slab and runs under a small rubble-built rectangular latrine of late 19th/early 20th century date, long disused. A slight sulphurous odour was noted in the vicinity of the well. No datable material indicative of a medieval date was identified.

Form - Period Unknown Broadclass Religious, ritual and funerary Type Holy well Survival/Condition 4 Group Value 4/5 Documentation (Pre-1750) 4 Fragility/Vulnerability 2/3 Overall Significance C

53 GGAT 108 Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Plate 12. PRN 05218w, showing masonry revetting to pool, 1m scale on steps, view to N

54 GGAT 108 Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Prn 05315w Nprn Name FFYNNON ILLTYD IN CWM PELENNA Ngr SS81499657 HER description The well appears to be the second well catalogued by Jones (1954, 183) as Ffynnon Illtud in Glamorgan. He described as being `at Craig Ddu, Michaelston-super-Avan'; Craig Ddu is actually on the opposite side of the . It is one of his Class A wells (wells bearing the names of saints, the Trinity, God, Holy Innocents, Easter). This site holds particular importance as it is the probable original location of an inscribed stone cross (00695w). (01 Evans)

NMR description GGAT 108 additional description The spring at Ffynnon Illtyd is shown on the 1st and 2nd edition OS maps located just N of the track, which ran SW-NE to pass just S of Ffynnon-Illtyd farmstead (ruinous by 2nd edition). By the 3rd edition OS map the area has been radically remodelled with the establishment of North End Colliery on the site of Ffynnon Illtyd farmstead; the site of the earlier spring appears to have been taken by a level (another well to the W is indicated for the 1st time). The field visit failed to find any remains of the original spring; the area appears to have been remodelled again since clearance of the colliery site. The area is now under dense forestry plantation

Form - Period Unknown Broadclass Religious, ritual and funerary Type Holy well Survival/Condition 1? (destroyed) Group Value 2 Documentation (Pre-1750) 3 Fragility/Vulnerability 2/3 Overall Significance D

55 GGAT 108 Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

56 GGAT 108 Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

7. RECOMMENDATIONS

Given the low numbers of well sites retaining structural remains of any note, recommendations relating to conservation are generally limited. Three well sites, namely PRN 00953s St Mary's Well, PRN 01506s Pistyll Golau, PRN 00746w Fynnon Pedr, and potentially PRN 01517g Wishing Well - Ffynnon Croft Hir, are all located within wooded areas and are to varying degrees suffering damage from un- managed vegetation cover including tree growth and potential damage from tree fall. Because of their location within woodland or on the edge of scrub woodland many of the sites are threatened by potential damage from degradation, decay and to some extent minor vandalism or other unwitting damage. This could be alleviated by putting in place simple management measures to sensitively control invasive vegetation (e.g. Japanese Knotweed, bracken, tree saplings) in the immediate vicinity of the sites. This might include the removal of any excess tree growth on the structures themselves (and immediately adjacent where possible), clearance of debris (e.g. fallen trees and fly-tipped waste) and minor conservation work under archaeological supervision. PRN 01506s lies within an area of Ancient Woodland, Hermit Wood, now a designated local reserve, and managed as community woodland. Extension of the existing path network to the well site at the southern end of Hermit Wood would provide added interest and potentially be beneficial to the reserve; this might be carried out as part of any future maintenance of the existing footpath network within the reserve.

Consolidation of standing structural remains might also be undertaken at the sites retaining more impressive remains, e.g. PRN 00953s St Mary's Well, PRN 01506s Pistyll Golau, in conjunction with limited, low-key improvements to access and the provision of interpretative signage/panels. Any works would need to be carried out under archaeological supervision.

Further protection measures based on the findings of this report, including recommendations for scheduling will form the subject of a separate annex.

8. CONCLUSIONS

Few of the wells already identified on the HER retain structural remains and even fewer retain remains of any significance: out of a total 232 sites (including 14 protected sites, i.e. c.6.03% of the total) only 39, were found to retain some form of structural remains, i.e. some 16.8% of the known resource in Southeast Wales. Of these 12 sites (30.77% of the resource identified as having structural remains were found to be currently protected as Scheduled Ancient Monuments, Listed Buildings or both, whilst 27 well sites were unprotected (i.e. 69.23%). Of the 27 unprotected sites, 7 were assessed to be of borderline National/Regional significance, and 3 of Regional significance, the remainder of local or minor interest, i.e. damaged or destroyed.

A number of the sites of borderline National/Regional significance will be recommended for consideration for protection through Scheduling.

57 GGAT 108 Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

9. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bord, J. and Bord, C. 1985, Sacred : Holy Wells and Water Lore in Britain and . HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. Bord, J. 2006, Cures and Curses: Ritual and Cult at Holy Wells, Heart of Albion Press. Bord, J. 2008, Holy Wells in Britain: A Guide, Heart of Albion Press. Cope, P. 2008, Holy Wells: Wales: a photographic journey, Seren Books. Cope, P. 2008, Well Kept Secrets: New Photographs of the Holy Wells of Wales, Quinto Press Limited. Davis, PR. 2003, Sacred Springs: in search of the holy wells and of Wales. Blorenge Books. Doughty, A. 2001, Spas and Springs in Wales. Gwasg Carreg Gwalch. Evans, EM. 2003, Early Medieval ecclesiastical sites in southeast Wales: Desk-based assessment, GGAT Report 2003/030. Gribben, A. 1992, Holy Wells And Sacred Water Sources In Britain And Ireland: an annotated bibliography, Garland bibliographies no.17, Garland reference library of the humanities vol.1594. Gruffydd, E. 1997, Ffynhonnau Cymru. Cyfrol 1, Gwasg Carreg Gwalch. Gruffydd, E. and Gruffydd, KL, 1999, Ffynhonnau Cymru. (Llyfrau Llafar Gwlad 43), Gwasg Carreg Gwalch. Gruffydd, E., Gruffydd, KL. and Hughes, JO. (ed), 1997, Ffynhonnau Cymru: Ffynhonnau Brycheiniog, Ceredigion, Maldwyn Maesyfed a Meirion v. 1 (Llyfrau Llafar Gwlad), Gwasg Carreg Gwalch. Jones, F. (1908-1993), Edwards, N. 1992 (originally published in 1954), The Holy Wells of Wales University of Wales Press. Rattue, J. 1995 (re-issued 2001), The Living Stream: holy wells in historical context, Boydell Press. Roberts, R, 2010, GGAT 102 Medieval and Post-medieval Scoping Project (unpublished GGAT report) Thomas, CJ. 2004, Sacred Welsh Waters, Capall Bann Publishing. Thompson, I. 2008, Early Hermit Sites And Well Chapels, Bluestone Book. Varner, G. 2010, Water from the Sacred Well, lulu.com. Varner, G. 2009, Sacred Wells: A Study in the History, Meaning, and Mythology of Holy Wells & Waters, Algora Publishing. Walters, C. 1991 (originally published 1898), Holy Wells, Heart of Albion Press. Williams, DH. 1994, Atlas of Cistercian Lands in Wales. Williams, DH. 2001, The Welsh Cistercians.

58 GGAT 108 Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Appendix I

Table 8. Summary of Revised Scoping Exercise Results: Medieval Sites Structural Not Early Association Remains Prn Name Ngr Protected Located• Medieval (Saint/Healing) (Pre- 1750?) 00080g FFYNNON Y GWAED ST17029297 - Yes No No No 00083s ST FAGANS WELL ST11917712 - No No Yes Yes 00118g HOLY WELL AT ST ST23679117 - No No Yes No MARY'S, RISCA 00121m FFYNNON GYNWYD, SS85988891 - No No Yes No LLANGYNWYD 00122m FFYNNON FAIR SS85548929 - No No Yes No 00150s ST TEILO'S WELL ST15567803 - No Yes Yes No 00151m FYNNON COLLWYN SS82258248 - No No Yes No 00152s ST ODECEUS'S ST15697791 - No Yes No No WELL 00160m FYNNON Y MAEN SS84328194 - No No No No 00163s FFYNNON GATTWG ST06087671 - Yes No Yes No 00165g ST GWYNLLYW'S ST3085 - Yes Yes Yes No WELL 00165s FFYNNON DEILO ST06337590 - No No Yes Yes 00168m FFYNNON GATTWG SS86758279 - No No Yes No 00170m CADOC'S WELL SS86208194 - Yes No No No 00171m ULF'S WELL SS867815 - No No No Yes 00186m COMERIS WELL SS89028025 - Yes No No No 00196m FFYNNON SS82167755 - No No No Yes TREBRENIN 00201m ST DAVIDS WELL, SS82037860 Listed No No Yes Yes NEWTON NOTTAGE Building 00202m FFYNNON FAWR SS82307809 Listed No No No Yes Building 00206g BANES WELL: ST30908805 - No No No No BEANES WELL 00217m SANDFORD'S WELL SS83667733 Listed No No Yes Yes Building 00232s FFYNNON FAIR SS90637011 - No No Yes No 00279s ST ANNES WELL, SS98117190 - No No Yes Yes LLANMIHANGEL 00279w ST MARYS WELL SS54408858 - Yes No Yes No 00297s SS96227412 - No No No Yes WELL (AKA LISWORNEY) 00354g FFYNNON GYBI (ST ST37449665 Scheduled No No Yes Yes CYBIL'S WELL) Ancient Monument 00367m CAE FFYNNON SS90548201 - No No No Yes 00376w FFYNNON SANT SN63900434 - No No No No 00389s FFYNNON DYFRIG ST06427179 - No No Yes Yes

• i.e. Not Found, Place Name Only, or Destroyed.

59 GGAT 108 Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Structural Not Early Association Remains Prn Name Ngr Protected Located• Medieval (Saint/Healing) (Pre- 1750?) 00391s FFYNNON Y CLWYF; ST06077024 - No No Yes No RAGWELL 00410m FFYNNON GRALLO SS93967969 - No No Yes No 00452m TYDFIL'S WELL SO04600681 - No No Yes No 00512g HOLY WELL ST48218955 - Yes No No No 00513s FFYNNON Y ST06006974 - No No Yes No FFLAMEIDDAN 00543m ST GWYNNO'S WELL ST03079553 - No No Yes No 00553m FFYNNON ILLTYD ST030955 - No No Yes No 00556s ST BARRUC'S WELL ST12006642 - No No Yes No 00564s ROMAN WELL ST11346667 - Yes No No No 00594m TARREN DEUSANT ST05208720 Scheduled No No No Yes Ancient Monument 00613s FFYNNON- ST18408058 - No No Yes No LLANDENNIS 00639g ST JOHN'S WELL ST3390 - Yes No Yes No 00678g VIRTUOUS WELL SO50310510 Scheduled No No Yes Yes Ancient Monument, Listed Building 00680w WELLFIELD HOLY SS7691 - Yes No Yes No WELL 00712m TAFFS WELL ST11928364 Listed Yes No Yes Yes Building 00746w FYNNON PEDR SS79538654 - No No Yes Yes 00760g FFYNNON ARTHUR ST5299 - Yes No Yes No 00783g COLD WELL ST53179967 - No No No No 00783s HOLY WELL, SS925695 - Yes No No No 00844g SITE NAME NOT SO42720936 - No No No Yes KNOWN 00907w ST MARGARETS SS70589394 - No No Yes No WELL 00923s ST JOHNS WELL ST01486829 - No No Yes Yes 00924s FFYNNON Y GREEN ST0167 - Yes No Yes No 00926s FYNON GERI ST0766 - Yes No No No 00927s COEDARHYDYGLYN ST0976 - Yes No Yes No WELL 00937m ST MARY'S WELL ST00089455 Listed No No Yes Yes PENRHYS Building 00937s ST NICHOLAS'S ST08937484 - No No Yes Yes WELL 00939s GREGORYS WELL ST00597035 - No No No No 00949s ST MARYS WELL ST17796785 - No No Yes No 00953s ST MARY'S WELL SS99987184 - No No Yes Yes 00960s EYEWELL ST0071 - Yes No No No 01006g FFYNNON FARGET ST42079253 - No No Yes No

60 GGAT 108 Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Structural Not Early Association Remains Prn Name Ngr Protected Located• Medieval (Saint/Healing) (Pre- 1750?) 01007g FFYNNON FFREID ST43259336 - No No Yes No 01052g HOLY WELL AT ST48189377 - No No No No SHIRENEWTON 01091g FFYNNON ST4599 - Yes No No No GWERCHYR 01092g FFYNNON ST4599 - Yes No Yes No WYNHAEL 01097m FFYNNON ST101891 - No No Yes No RHINGYLL 01138m FFYNNON LYGAD SS79968261 - No No Yes No 01142m LLANGYNWYD SS8687 - Yes No Yes No WELL 01143m FFYNNON WRGAN SS8687 - Yes No No No 01144m FFYNNON CAERAU SS8687 - Yes No Yes No 01145m FFYNNON VYSGAR SS8686 - Yes No Yes No 01146m FYNNON GILFACH SS85548750 - Yes No Yes No ISAF 01148m FFYNNON IAGO SS8383 - No No Yes No 01156m FFYNNON FAIR SS8592 - Yes No Yes No 01156w WICKED WELL SS8086 - Yes No No No 01157w LADYS WELL, SS80478675 - No No Yes Yes MARGAM 01158w FFYNNON GYFFYR SS8086 - Yes No No No 01160m FFYNNON ELY SS99009033 - No No No No 01162g PIN WELL, ST52219427 - No No Yes No CHEPSTOW 01164g FFYNYN GORTERYN ST526942 - No No No No 01175g SITE OF HOLY WELL ST53569417 - No No No No AT CHEPSTOW 01199g PWLL MEURIG ST516920 - No Yes Yes No 01200g THORNWELL ST53839164 - Yes No Yes No 01205g SWYNSWELL ST520915 - Yes No No No 01206g FFYNNAUN ST520920 - Yes Yes Yes No ELICHGUID 01210w FFYNNON DDEWI SS64459872 - No No Yes No (ST DAVID'S WELL) 01228g FFYNNON EURDIL SO50411290 - Yes Yes No No 01302s WELL 150 YDS SS94027518 - No No No Yes NORTH OF TY DRAW FARM 01391s FFYNON Y WAUN ST07037018 - No No Yes No 01392s FFYNON Y ST07347030 - No No Yes No BRIWLON 01433m FFYNNON IAGO SS8490 - Yes No Yes No 01462g HOLY WELL WOOD, SO49731149 - No No No Yes MONMOUTH 01492s ST PETER'S WELL ST11656929 - No No Yes No 01493g FFYNNON WERN- SO32081528 - Yes No Yes No DDU

61 GGAT 108 Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Structural Not Early Association Remains Prn Name Ngr Protected Located• Medieval (Saint/Healing) (Pre- 1750?) 01495g SITE OF HOLY WELL SO3015 - Yes No No No AT LLANDEWI SKIRID 01506s PISTYLL GOLAU ST138795 - No No Yes Yes 01507g ST MAUGHAN'S SO461171 - Yes No Yes No WELL 01508s FFYNNON FAIR ST100750 - No No Yes No 01517g WISHING WELL; SO44241714 - No No Yes Yes FFYNNON CROFT HIR 01517s PENYLAN WALL ST1978 - Yes No Yes No 01522s PISTYLL GOLAU - ST132802 - No No Yes No HOLY WELL 01556s FFYNNON SWYO ST0074 - Yes No No No 01559s SITE OF WELL AT ST18387637 - Yes No No Yes 19-20 WORKING STREET, CASTLE 01577g FFYNNON Y SO40851264 - No No Yes No CLEIFION 01589s HOWELLS WELL ST018681 - No No Yes No 01618s DRAW FARM WELL SS94057508 - No No No Yes 01664m LALESTON WELL SS87477871 - No No ? Yes 01694g ST NOE'S WELL SO4520 - Yes No Yes No 01697g PRIESTS / JACOBS / SO47042051 - No No Yes No ST MICHAELS WELL 01703g ST FFRAED'S WELL SO45972023 - No No Yes Yes (FRED) 01715s FFYNNON Y ST1673 - Yes No Yes No DRINDOD 01716s FFYNNON ST1672 - Yes No No No BRYCHAU 01729s SAMSONS WELL SS96676922 Listed No No No Yes Building 01775g ST PATRICK'S WELL, SO26351360 - No No Yes No GOVILON 01789g FFYNNON Y MARCH SO1005 - Yes No No No 01849s LLANCARFAN HOLY ST05267004 - No No Yes No WELL 01866g ST PETER'S WELL SO39230905 - No No Yes No (FFYNNON BEDR) 01907g FFYNON GOVER SO31360862 - No No Yes Yes NINE WELLS 01939g FFYNNON LWYNDU SO29221528 - Yes No No No 01975g FFYNNON SANT SO16860011 - No No Yes No SANNAN 02049g FFYNNON Y SO38380081 - No No Yes Yes CLEIFION (CHAPEL WELL) 02081s FFYNNON ECHO ST043722 Scheduled No No Yes Yes (GM555T) Ancient

62 GGAT 108 Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Structural Not Early Association Remains Prn Name Ngr Protected Located• Medieval (Saint/Healing) (Pre- 1750?) Monument 02086g FFYNNON SO29760519 - No No No No ANGOERON 02125g FFYNNON WENOG SO28190209 - No No Yes No 02195w SOUTHGATE WELL SS54868797 - No No No Yes 02278g SIMMERY (ST SO50401397 - No No Yes No MARY'S) WELL 02341w FFYNNON IAGO SS8383 - Yes No Yes No 03226g FFYNNON SO319099 - Yes No No No ANGOERON HOLYWELL 03228g THE WISHING SO301020 - No No No No WELL; HOLY WELL 03272g YSBRYDION HOLY SO2500 - Yes No No No WELL 03273g WENALLT HOLY SO242139 - No No No No WELL 03278g POSSIBLE HOLY SO27731120 - No No Yes No WELLS 03282g FFYNNON Y SO301140 - Yes No No No GARROG HOLY WELL 03616g ST MAUGHAM'S SO46301686 - Yes No Yes No HOLY WELL 03802s FFYNNON MARI SS916705 - No No No No 04362m BRECON ROAD SO04560681 - Yes No No No HOLY WELL 04610m ST PETER'S WELL, SS852824 - No No Yes No CEFN CRIBWR 04612m PISTYLL GOLAU ST03439646 - No No Yes Yes 04886g THE PADDOCKS SO50080513 - No No No Yes 04939m FFYNNON ILAN, ST10728932 - No No No No EGLWYSILAN 05214w ST HELEN'S WELL SS64439255 - No No Yes No 05216w OXWICH SS50428612 - No No Yes Yes CHURCHYARD WELL 05255w HOLY WELL IN SN72380560 - No No No Yes LLANGIWG CHURCHYARD 08383g ST JOHN'S WELL AT ST506969 - No No Yes No ROGERSTONE GRANGE

63 GGAT 108 Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Table 9. Summary of Revised Scoping Exercise Results: Post-medieval Sites Structural Not Post- Association Remains Prn Name Ngr Protected Located• 1750 (Saint/Healing) (Pre- 1750?) 00148w TALGARTHS SS42748813 - No No No Yes WELL 00203g FRIAR'S PUMP AT ST31128814 - No No No No STOW HILL 00316w TRINITY WELL SS55308945 Scheduled No No Yes Yes Ancient Monument 00319w ST PETERS WELL, SS59048836 Scheduled No No Yes Yes CASWELL Ancient Monument 00780g SITE OF WELL AT ST52499681 No Yes No No ST ARVANS 00835s SALMON WELLS, SS972766 Listed No No No? Yes PENLLYN Building 00845g SITE NAME NOT SO42690949 - No No No No KNOWN 00913s ADAMSWOOD ST196768 - No No No No PRIMARY SCHOOL 00975s FFYNNON JOHN ST11656932 - No No No No LEWIS 01151w ST THOMAS WELL SS66299336 - No No No Yes 01464g WELL AT SO48571083 - Yes No No No MITCHEL TROY 01507w SITE OF WELL AT SS65999429 - No No No No 21 EARL STREET, LANDORE 01514w SITE OF WELL AT SN67750291 - No No No No MAWR 01516w SITE OF WELL AT SN67550281 - No No No No MAWR 01517w SITE OF WELL AT SN67720270 - No No No No MAWR 01528w PENRHEOLFACH, SN67000288 - No No No No MAWR 01870s MID WELL SS96276884 Listed No No No? Yes Building 02078g FFYNNON Y RHIW SO2005 - Yes No Yes Yes NEWITH 02080s EVANSFIELD ST14857947 - Yes Yes No No ROAD, LLANDAFF 02237m SS919774 - No No No No WELL; BAPTISMAL POOL 02499s SITE OF WELL AT SS98707170 - No No No No 02557m FFYNNON DEWI SS882735 - No No Yes No

• i.e. Not Found, Place Name Only, or Destroyed.

64 GGAT 108 Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Structural Not Post- Association Remains Prn Name Ngr Protected Located• 1750 (Saint/Healing) (Pre- 1750?) 02659s SITE OF SS917688 - No No Yes No MEDICINAL WELL, VALE OF GLAMORGAN 02663w PANT Y GARTHOG SN85670577 - No No No Yes WELL, GLYNNEATH 02745s SITE OF WELL ST1454276798 - Yes No No No NEAR ELY BRIDGE 02910s SITE OF WELL TO ST0989572579 - No No No No THE EAST OF DYFFRYN HOUSE, 03234s SITE OF A WELL ST18777731 - No No No No AT PLASNEWYDD 03236s SITE OF WELL AT ST09807643 - No No No No TY FRY, VALE OF GLAMORGAN 03237s SITE OF WELL ST09787640 - No No No No NEAR TY FRY, VALE OF GLAMORGAN 03483g SITE OF WELL AT SO23330965 - Yes No No No BLAENAVON 03749m PEN-Y-LAN WELL SO0463003285 - Yes No No No 03771m GRAIG WELL ST0860482397 - Yes No No No 03784m TAI-CRIB-LAN ST1139585274 - Yes No No No WELL 03846s DUNRAVEN PARK SS887730 - Yes No No No (PART OF DURVAL FARM, DUNRAVEN) 03872w LLWYN- SS8490486853 - Yes No No No GWLADYS WATER WELL 03877w HAFOD-DECCA SS8462086556 - No No No Yes WATER WELL 03896w BROMBIL WATER- SS7958388343 - Yes No No No WELL 04137w GEIFR WELL SN8554803965 - No No No No 04236w LLETTY-LLWYD SS8051494579 - No No No No WELL 04394w GRAIG LEVEL SN9013303947 - No No No No WELL 04396w TY'R-MYNYDD SN9007904212 - No No No No WELL 04397w NANT LLYN FACH SN9052604447 - No No No No WELL 04889m MERTHYR SO0822409639 - No No No Yes COMMON SPRINGHEAD

65 GGAT 108 Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Structural Not Post- Association Remains Prn Name Ngr Protected Located• 1750 (Saint/Healing) (Pre- 1750?) 04936w PENLLERGARE 18 SS6292298540 - No No No Yes 04965m WELL AT WINCH SO02660587 - No No No No FAWR, CYFARTHFA 04966m WELL AT WINCH SO02750598 - No No No No FAWR, CYFARTHFA 04988m CWMDU WELL, SO02860511 - No No No No CYFARTHFA 05010m SITE OF WELLS SO0257806515 - No No No No ON OCHR YR MYNYDD, CYFARTHFA 05011m WELL TO THE SO0275106643 - No No No No EAST OF LLWYN- Y-CWCW, CYFARTHFA 05012m WELL AT LLWYN SO0258606729 - No No No No Y CWCW, CYFARTHFA 05013m WELL AT CLWYD SO0266206842 - No No No No Y FAGWYR, MERTHYR TYDFIL 05031m OLD WELL AT SS92708095 - No No No No BRACKLA 05037m OLD WELL AT SS91898126 - No No No Yes COITY HIGHER 05197w SITE NAME NOT SS61588813 - No No No No KNOWN 05210w FFYNNON PANT SS75549196 - No No Yes No YR ARIAN (?= BAGLAN WELL) 05401w LEADEN PIPE SS45859229 - No No No No WELL ON RYERS DOWN 05627g CINDERHILL ST. SO50551235 - No Yes No No CAR PARK 06056g PEN-Y-FFORDD SO2998022282 - No No No No WELL 06058g COED CWMYOY SO3034422244 - No No No No WELL 06059g COED CWMYOY SO3039022209 - No No No No WELL II 06096m WELL LALESTON SS8757779912 - No No No Yes 06415g SITE NAME NOT SO22870112 - No No No No KNOWN 06418g SITE NAME NOT SO21170148 - No No No No KNOWN 06429g SITE NAME NOT SO22950244 - No No No No KNOWN 07059g LINEN WELL, ST5339998670 - No No No No TINTERN

66 GGAT 108 Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Structural Not Post- Association Remains Prn Name Ngr Protected Located• 1750 (Saint/Healing) (Pre- 1750?) 07069g CHASE COTTAGE SO4703313152 - No No No No WELL 07089g PARSON'S SO5286405854 - No No No Yes ALLOTMENT WELL 07232g DARREN HOUSE ST4047494653 - No No No Yes WELL 07448g HENDRE DEER SO4591614629 - No No No No PARK WELL 07514g COED ODYN ST2457893848 - No No No No WELL 1 07515g SITE NAME NOT ST2459993772 - No No No No KNOWN 07516g CRAIG Y TRWYN ST2378796860 - No No No No WELL 08482g GREAT HOUSE ST3927498623 - No No No No FARM, LLANLLOWEL 9 08600g LITTLE SO36282138 - No No No Yes CAMPSTON WELL 09383g WELL SO5006413046 - No No No No 5852w WEAVER'S SS6258098385 - No No No Yes LODGE; MIDDLE LODGE 5854w SITE NAME NOT SS6244398263 - No No No Yes KNOWN

Table 10. Summary of Revised Scoping Exercise Results: Wells of unknown period Not Located (Not Structural Found, Early Post- Association Remains Prn Name Ngr Protected Place Medieval 1750 (Saint/Healing) (Pre- name 1750?) Only, Destroyed) 04023s HOLLYBUSH ST01807432 - No No No Yes Yes FARM WELL 03769m EGG WELL, ST0221384055 - No No No No No FFYNNON MAELWG 00736g COLD BATH, SO51880291 - No No No No Yes NINE WELLS 02259w VILLAGE WELL SS42879147 Listed No No No No Yes Building 01420g WELL SOUTH SO3617 - No No No No Yes EAST OF THE OLD RECTORY, LLANVETHERINE 01204g ST TEWDRIC'S ST52279116 - No No No No Yes WELL

67 GGAT 108 Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Not Located (Not Structural Found, Early Post- Association Remains Prn Name Ngr Protected Place Medieval 1750 (Saint/Healing) (Pre- name 1750?) Only, Destroyed) 03720s FFYNON Y SS93706917 - No No No No No CAPEL (SOUTH) 03721s FFYNON Y SS93966960 - No No No No No CAPEL (NORTH) 00051g THE LADY'S ST29208615 - No No No No No WELL: ST GWLADYS WELL 05218w STINKING WELL, SS4992 - No No No No Yes LLANRHIDIAN SALTMARSH 05315w FFYNNON SS81499657 - No No No No No ILLTYD IN CWM PELENNA

68 GGAT 108 Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Appendix II

Table 11. NMR Information Additional Prn Nprn Name Ngr NMR description NMR info 00083s 307778 ST FAGANS ST11917712 NGR ST11837713: A spring, No WELL enclosed by stonework, with brick patching, possibly the water, "gushing from beneath the rock", noted in 1645 as a healing well. (source OS495 card; ST17NW6) J.Wiles 05.02.2003 00165s 18663 FFYNNON DEILO ST06337590 NGR ST06337590: Stone walls No enclose a spring-basin, c.3.0m square, serving as a garden feature (1956). (source Os495card; ST07NE5) J.Wiles 27.01.03 00389s 307716 FFYNNON ST06427179 NGR ST06427179: Traces of a stone- No DYFRIG rubble structure, about a recess in the hillslope from which a spring issues. (source Os495card; ST07SE32) J.Wiles 28.01.03 00746w 305628 FYNNON PEDR SS79538654 NGR SS79538654: A spring flows No from the hillside through a stone culvert 0.4m square. (source s495card; SS78NE21) Possibly water supply for Margam Abbey (Nprn132). 0.75km to the E. J.Wiles 11.07.02 00923s 32355 ST JOHNS WELL ST01486829 NGR ST01486829: 1. A holy well at No Beggars Bound. 2. A spring issues into a much obscured area bound by possibly recent walls and iron rails. (source Os495card; ST06NW31) J.Wiles 22.01.03 00937s 32359 ST NICHOLAS'S ST08937484 NGR ST08937484: Near Tai No WELL Ffynnon, North of village and church. 00953s 32358 ST MARY'S WELL SS99987184 NGR SS99997187: 1. Holy well Yes North of St Mary church. 2. A spring rising in a rectangular structure, partly stone-walled and slab-covered. Attached to a brick cistern on the W. (source Os495card; SS97SE65) Associated with: St Mary's church (Nprn325) Eye Well (Nprn32339). J.Wiles 14.01.03 01157w 307268 LADYS WELL, SS80478675 NGR SS80478675: A spring issuing No MARGAM from a drystone setting. (source Os495card; SS88NW50) J.Wiles 10.12.02 01506s 307779 PISTYLL GOLAU ST138795 NGR ST13787962: A currently dry No rectangular depression, 3.6m by 2.5m and 0.5m deep, stone-lined on three sides, is thought to be the Pistyll

69 GGAT 108 Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Additional Prn Nprn Name Ngr NMR description NMR info Goleu, associated with a 6th c. hermit. (source OS495 card; ST17NW37) J.Wiles 05.02.2003 01703g 32402 ST FFRAED'S SO45972023 NGR SO45972023: Copious spring, No WELL (FRED) associated with the nearby church (Nprn221985), probably once filled a pool which must have had a retaining wall, now destroyed, although there are stones in the that may have belonged to such a structure. (source Os495card; SO42SE12) J.Wiles 20.09.02 02049g 12985 FFYNNON Y SO38380081 No point data or info on Coflein No CLEIFION (CHAPEL WELL) 05216w see OXWICH SS50428612 Information on church only Yes 303016 CHURCHYARD WELL

70 GGAT 108 Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Appendix III

Table 12. Incidence of Sites (Medieval Period) in Relation to Specific Details and Associations

Elaborate Covered well head Additional Associated Associated Single Multi- Open Segmental Bathing / Associated Associated well Corbelled Other structure Carved bath Associated Associated adjacent adjacent Prn Ngr∗ Protected well well well headed ‘Baptismal’ Prehistoric adjacent head roof roof / Well features/figures house ECM Megalith chapel site chapel site chamber chamber chamber roof pool Monument church structure head structure (existing) (former) chapel 00083s ST11917712 No Yes No No Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No 00165s ST06337590 No Yes No No Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No 00201m SS82037860 Listed Yes No No Yes No No No No No No No No No No No Yes No Building 00217m SS83667733 Listed Yes No Yes No No No Yes No No No No No No No No No No Building 00279s SS98117190 Listed Yes No No Yes No No No No Yes No No No No No No No Yes Building 00354g ST37449665 Scheduled Yes No Yes No No Yes No No No No No No No No No No Yes Ancient Monument 00389s ST06427179 No Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No 02049g SO38380081 No Yes No No Yes No No No No No No No No No No No Yes No 02081s ST043722 Scheduled No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No No No No No No No No Ancient Monument 00678g SO50310510 Scheduled Yes No No Yes No No No Yes / No No No No No No No No No No Ancient Monument, Listed Building 00746w SS79538654 No Yes No No Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No 00923s ST01486829 No Yes No No Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No 00937m ST00089455 Listed Yes No Yes No No Yes No Yes / YesYes No No No No No Yes No No Building 00937s ST0894674843 No Yes No No Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No

∗ Revised NGR used

71 GGAT 108 Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Elaborate Covered well head Additional Associated Associated Single Multi- Open Segmental Bathing / Associated Associated well Corbelled Other structure Carved bath Associated Associated adjacent adjacent Prn Ngr∗ Protected well well well headed ‘Baptismal’ Prehistoric adjacent head roof roof / Well features/figures house ECM Megalith chapel site chapel site chamber chamber chamber roof pool Monument church structure head structure (existing) (former) chapel 00953s SS99987184 No Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes No No Yes No No No No No No Yes 01157w SS8048386745No Yes No No Yes No No No No No No No No Yes No No No No 01200g ST53839164 No Yes No Yes No No No Yes No No No No No No No No No No 01506s ST1378779629 No Yes No No Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No 01517g SO44241714 No Yes No No Yes No No No No No Yes No No No No No No No 01703g SO45972023 No Yes No No Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No 01907g SO31360862 No No Yes No Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No 04612m ST03439646 No Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No 05216w SS5041186126No Yes No Yes No No No Yes No No No No No Yes No No No Yes 05255w SN72380560 No Yes No No Yes No No No No No No No Yes No No No No Yes (03616w) 01664m SS8747979722No Yes No Yes No No No Yes No No No No No No No No No Yes

72 GGAT 108 Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Table 13. Incidence of Sites (Unknown Period) in Relation to Specific Details and Associations

Elaborate Covered well head Additional Associated Associated Single Multi- Open Segmental Bathing/ Associated Associated well Corbelled Other structure/ Carved bath Associated Associated adjacent adjacent Prn Protected well well well headed ‘Baptismal’ Prehistoric adjacent Ngr head roof roof Well features/figures house ECM Megalith chapel site chapel site chamber chamber chamber roof pool Monument church structure head structure (existing) (former) chapel 04023s ST01807432 No Yes No Yes No Yes No No No No No No No Yes No No No Yes 03769m ST0221384055 No Yes No No Yes No No No No No No No No Yes No No No No 00736g SO51880291 No No Yes No Yes No No No No No Yes Yes No No No No No No 02259w SS42879147 Listed No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes No No No No No No No Yes 01420g SO3617 No Yes No No Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No 01204g ST52279116 No Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes No No No No No No No No No No 03720s SS93706917 No Yes No No No No No No No No No No No Yes No No No No 03721s SS93966960 No No No No No No No No No No No No No Yes No No No No 00051g ST29208615 No Yes No Yes No No No Yes No No No Yes No No No No No No 05218w SS4992 No Yes No No Yes No No No No No Yes No No No No No No No 05315w SS81499657 No Yes No No No No No No No Yes No No No No No No No No

73 GGAT 108 Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Appendix IV

Table 14. Incidence of Sites (Medieval Period) in Relation to Jones’s Classification (after Jones 1954, 140, 180-189, and 194-196) Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Prn Name Ngr∗ Protected Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E 00083s ST FAGANS WELL ST11917712 No Yes No No No No 00165s FFYNNON DEILO ST06337590 No Yes No No No No 00201m ST DAVIDS WELL, NEWTON SS82037860 Listed Building Yes No No No No NOTTAGE 00217m SANDFORD'S WELL SS83667733 Listed Building Yes No No No No 00279s ST ANNES WELL, LLANMIHANGEL SS98117190 Listed Building Yes No No No No 00354g FFYNNON GYBI (ST CYBIL'S WELL) ST37449665 Scheduled Ancient Monument Yes No No No No 00389s FFYNNON DYFRIG ST06427179 No Yes No No No No 02049g FFYNNON Y CLEIFION (CHAPEL SO38380081 No No Yes No No No WELL) 02081s FFYNNON ECHO (GM555T) ST043722 Scheduled Ancient Monument No No Yes No No 00678g VIRTUOUS WELL SO50310510 Scheduled Ancient Monument, No No Yes No No Listed Building 00746w FYNNON PEDR SS79538654 No Yes No No No No 00923s ST JOHNS WELL ST01486829 No Yes No No No No 00937m ST MARY'S WELL PENRHYS ST00089455 Listed Building Yes No No No No 00937s ST NICHOLAS'S WELL ST0894674843 No Yes No No No No 00953s ST MARY'S WELL SS99987184 No Yes No No No No 01157w LADYS WELL, MARGAM SS8048386745 No Yes No No No No 01200g THORNWELL ST53839164 No No No No No No 01506s PISTYLL GOLAU ST1378779629 No No No Yes No No 01517g WISHING WELL; FFYNNON CROFT SO44241714 No No No Yes No No HIR

∗ Revised NGR used

74 GGAT 108 Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Prn Name Ngr∗ Protected Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E 01703g ST FFRAED'S WELL (FRED) SO45972023 No Yes No No No No 01907g FFYNON GOVER NINE WELLS SO31360862 No Yes No No No No 04612m PISTYLL GOLAU ST03439646 No No No Yes No No 05216w OXWICH CHURCHYARD WELL SS5041186126 No Yes No No No No 05255w HOLY WELL IN LLANGIWG SN72380560 No No No No No No (03616w) CHURCHYARD 01664m LALESTON WELL SS8747979722 No No No No No No

Table 15. Incidence of Sites (Unknown Period) in Relation to Jones’s Classification (after Jones 1954, 140, 180-189, and 194-196) Jones Class Jones Class Jones Class Jones Class Jones Class Prn Name Ngr Protected A B C D E 04023s HOLLYBUSH FARM WELL ST01807432 No No No No No No 03769m EGG WELL, FFYNNON MAELWG ST0221384055 No No No No No No 00736g COLD BATH, NINE WELLS SO51880291 No No No Yes No No 02259w VILLAGE WELL SS42879147 Listed No No No No No Building 01420g WELL SOUTH EAST OF THE OLD RECTORY, SO3617 No No No No No No LLANVETHERINE 01204g ST TEWDRIC'S WELL ST52279116 No Yes No No No No 03720s FFYNON Y CAPEL (SOUTH) SS93706917 No No Yes No No No 03721s FFYNON Y CAPEL (NORTH) SS93966960 No No Yes No No No 00051g THE LADY'S WELL: ST GWLADYS WELL ST29208615 No Yes No No No No 05218w STINKING WELL, LLANRHIDIAN SALTMARSH SS4992 No No No Yes No No 05315w FFYNNON ILLTYD IN CWM PELENNA SS81499657 No Yes No No No No

75 GGAT 108 Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Appendix V

Table 16. Summary of Results of Stage 2: Medieval well sites Group Overall Prn Name Protected Survival/Condition Documentation Fragility/Vulnerability Value Significance 00083s ST FAGANS WELL - 1 5 4 2 D 00165s FFYNNON DEILO - 4 1 3 2 B 00201m ST DAVIDS WELL, Listed Building B NEWTON NOTTAGE Grade II 00217m SANDFORD'S WELL Listed Building B Grade II 00279s ST ANNES WELL, Listed Building B LLANMIHANGEL Grade II 00354g FFYNNON GYBI (ST Scheduled A CYBIL'S WELL) Ancient Monument 00389s FFYNNON DYFRIG - 2 1 3 2/3 C 02049g FFYNNON Y CLEIFION - 4? (not visited) 1/2 3 3? B (CHAPEL WELL) 02081s FFYNNON ECHO (GM555T) Scheduled A Ancient Monument 00678g VIRTUOUS WELL Scheduled A Ancient Monument, Listed Building Grade II 00746w FYNNON PEDR - 4 1 3 4/5 B 00923s ST JOHNS WELL - 3? (not visited) 1 3 3? C 00937m ST MARY'S WELL Listed Building A PENRHYS Grade II 00937s ST NICHOLAS'S WELL - 2 (altered) 1 3 2 C 00953s ST MARY'S WELL - 4/5 2 3 4/5 A/B 01157w LADYS WELL, MARGAM - 3 (very overgrown) 4 2/3 3 C

76 GGAT 108 Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Group Overall Prn Name Protected Survival/Condition Documentation Fragility/Vulnerability Value Significance 01506s PISTYLL GOLAU - 4/5 1 4 4/5 A/B 01517g WISHING WELL; - 5 ? (unable to access) 1 4/5 4 ? A/B FFYNNON CROFT HIR 01703g ST FFRAED'S WELL - 1/2 (unable to access) 1 3 3 C (FRED) 01907g FFYNON GOVER NINE - 5 ? (unable to access) 3 4/5 3? A/B WELLS 04612m PISTYLL GOLAU - 2 ? (likely damaged/destroyed) 1? 4 3-5 D 05216w OXWICH CHURCHYARD - 1/2 (buried?) 3 3 2/3 D WELL 05255w HOLY WELL IN - 3/4 (recent damage?) 4 2 3 C (03616w) LLANGIWG CHURCHYARD 01664m LALESTON WELL 5 4/5 2/3 2/3 A/B

Table 17. Summary of Results of Stage 2: Post-medieval Wells (all protected) Group Overall Prn Name Protected Survival/Condition Documentation Fragility/Vulnerability Value Significance 00316w TRINITY WELL Scheduled 1/2 3 3 1 A Ancient Monument 00319w ST PETERS Scheduled 3? (Excavated) 3 5 1 A WELL, CASWELL Ancient Monument 00835s SALMON WELLS, Listed Building 4/5 3 5 1 B PENLLYN Grade II 01870s MID WELL Listed Building 4 4 3 1 B Grade II

77 GGAT 108 Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Table 18. Summary of Results of Stage 2: Wells of Unknown Period Group Overall Prn Name Protected Survival/Condition Documentation Fragility/Vulnerability Value Significance 04023s HOLLYBUSH FARM WELL - 4/5 (see Sue Hughes) 3 2/3 3 A/B 03769m EGG WELL, FFYNNON - 4 ? (not visited) 1 1 2/3 C MAELWG 00736g COLD BATH , NINE WELLS - 2/3 (altered) 2 3 4 C 02259w VILLAGE WELL Listed 5 5 4 1 B Building Grade II 01420g WELL SOUTH EAST OF THE - 3/4 4 2/3 2/3 C OLD RECTORY, LLANVETHERINE 01204g ST TEWDRIC'S WELL - 4/5 (restored) 5 3/4 1 A/B 03720s FFYNON Y CAPEL (SOUTH) - Destroyed - - - D 03721s FFYNON Y CAPEL (NORTH) - - No structural remains 2 3 2 C 00051g THE LADY'S WELL: ST - Destroyed - - - D GWLADYS WELL 05218w STINKING WELL, - 3/4 4/5 4 2/3 C LLANRHIDIAN SALTMARSH 05315w FFYNNON ILLTYD IN CWM - Destroyed 2 3 2/3 D PELENNA

78 Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust Ltd (Projects Division)

QUALITY CONTROL

Report Title: GGAT 108: Medieval and post-Medieval Holy Wells in Glamorgan and Gwent

Report Date: March 2011

Report Number: 2011/015

Report prepared by: Richard Roberts

Position: Project Manager

Date: 04/03/11

Illustrations prepared by: Richard Roberts

Position: Project Manager

Date: 04/03/11

Illustrations checked and authorised by: Paul Jones

Position: Senior Illustrator

Date: 22/03/2011

Report checked by: Andrew Marvell

Position: Chief Executive

Date: 22/03/2011

Report checked and authorised by: Andrew Marvell

Position: Chief Executive

Date: 22/03/2011

As part of our desire to provide a quality service we would welcome any comments you may wish to make on the content or presentation of this report.

Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust Ltd. Heathfield House, Heathfield, Swansea, SA1 6LE Tel. 01792 655208; Fax. 01792 474469 Registered Charity no. 505609 Web: www.ggat.org.uk e-mail: [email protected]