Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World
Environmental Scan for British Columbia
Ministry of Advanced Education May 2008
Environmental Scan for British Columbia i
Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data Main entry under title: Higher learning and the labour market in a changing world : environmental scan for British Columbia 2008.
Available also on the Internet. ISBN 978-0-7726-5916-3
1. Education, Higher – British Columbia. 2. Labour market - British Columbia. 3. Labour supply – Effect of education on - British Columbia. 4. Social prediction - British Columbia. 5. British Columbia – Social conditions – 1991- I. British Columbia. Ministry of Advanced Education.
LC176.2.B74 2008 378.711 C2008-960022-3
Ministry of Advanced Education PO BOX 9154 STN PROV GOVT VICTORIA, B.C. V8W 9H1
Website www.gov.bc.ca/aved
Published by the Ministry of Advanced Education Information & Data Management Branch Labour Market Information Unit
Environmental Scan for British Columbia ii Contents FOREWORD...... vi INTRODUCTION...... 1 1. ECONOMIC TRENDS...... 3 1.1.ECONOMIC INDICATORS ...... 4 1.2 GLOBALIZATION...... 5 1.3 NORTH AMERICAN OUTLOOK ...... 6 1.4 CLIMATE CHANGE AND ENERGY COSTS...... 8 1.5 TECHNOLOGY, INNOVATION & THE KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY ...... 11 1.6 OUTLOOK BY INDUSTRY AND REGION...... 12 2. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS ...... 16
2.1 AN AGING POPULATION ...... 17 2.2 LOW BIRTH RATE AND SCHOOL-AGE POPULATION...... 19 2.3 IMMIGRATION...... 20 2.4 INTER-PROVINCIAL MIGRATION...... 21 2.5 OUTLOOK FOR PROVINCE & ITS REGIONS ...... 23 3. SOCIAL TRENDS ...... 24 3.1 THE PROSPERITY GAP ...... 24 3.2 WOMEN...... 28 3.3 ABORIGINAL PEOPLE...... 30 3.4 ETHNICITY AND LANGUAGE ...... 33 3.5 PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES...... 35 3.6 OUTLOOK FOR THE FUTURE...... 36 4. LABOUR FORCE TRENDS...... 37 4.1 EMPLOYMENT ...... 37 4.2 EARNINGS ...... 41 4.3 CHANGES IN WORK ARRANGEMENTS...... 44 4.4 LABOUR ORGANIZATION ...... 48 4.5 OUTLOOK ...... 51 5. EDUCATION TRENDS ...... 52 5.1 LITERACY...... 53 5.2 EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION...... 54 5.3 K-12 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION ...... 56 5.4 TRADES AND APPRENTICESHIP TRAINING ...... 60 5.5 PUBLIC POST-SECONDARY ...... 62 5.6 PRIVATE DEGREE-GRANTING INSTITUTIONS ...... 68 5.7 THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF HIGHER LEARNING...... 68 5.8 LIFE-LONG LEARNING...... 75 5.9 OUTLOOK FOR THE FUTURE...... 77 CONCLUSION...... 78 APPENDIX...... 80 ECONOMIC DATA ...... 83 DEMOGRAPHIC DATA...... 105 SOCIAL DATA...... 120 LABOUR FORCE DATA...... 146 EDUCATION DATA...... 175 REFERENCES...... 232
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 i ii Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Figures
Economic Data
Figure 1. Unemployment in B.C., 1976-2007...... 3 Figure 2. Real GDP growth, 1997-2006...... 4 Figure 3. Housing starts, 1987-2007 ...... 4 Figure 4. Employment in goods-producing industries, 1976-2007 ...... 6 Figure 5. B.C. exports by destination, 2007...... 7 Figure 6. Canada-U.S. dollar exchange rate, 1957-2007...... 7 Figure 7. U.S. visitor entries to B.C., 2000-2007...... 8 Figure 8. Change in temperature, by region, 1895-1995...... 9 Figure 9. Impact of sea-level rise in greater Vancouver and Victoria...... 10 Figure 10. Employment and economic output by sector, 2006...... 11 Figure 11. Goods & services employment as share of total employment, 2007 ...... 13 Figure 12. Change in employment, 1996-2007...... 13 Figure 13. Projected job vacancies, 2005-2015...... 14
Demographic Trends
Figure 14. Population trends, B.C. and Canada, 1976-2036 ...... 16 Figure 15. B.C. population pyramid, 1976, 2006, 2036...... 17 Figure 16. Population distribution, B.C., 1996-2036 ...... 18 Figure 17. K-12 and post-secondary population, 1996-2036 ...... 19 Figure 18. Immigrants as percentage of total B.C. population, 1911-2006...... 20 Figure 19. Net inter-provincial migration to B.C., 1996-2006...... 22 Figure 20. Net population movement for British Columbia, 2006...... 22
Social Trends
Figure 21. Persons in low income, by province, 2005 ...... 25 Figure 22. Income distribution in B.C., 1980 and 2005 ...... 25 Figure 23. Children living in low-income, by family status, B.C., 1980-2005 ...... 26 Figure 24. Income Assistance recipients as share of B.C. population, 1995-2006 ...... 27 Figure 25. Trends in Income Assistance recipients by type, 1995-2006...... 27 Figure 26. Employment Insurance recipients, B.C., 1976-2006 ...... 27 Figure 27. Government transfers to lowest income quintile, B.C., 1980 & 2005 ...... 28 Figure 28. Employment rate by gender, B.C., 1976-2007...... 29 Figure 29. Women’s earnings as a percentage of men’s earnings, B.C...... 29 Figure 30. Aboriginal population and B.C. population, by age group, 2006 ...... 31 Figure 31. Aboriginal population as percent of total pop., by college region, 2001 ...... 32 Figure 32. Educational attainment of Aboriginal population, 2001...... 32 Figure 33. Ethnic origin of British Columbians, 2006 ...... 33 Figure 34. Linguistic change in Greater Vancouver, 1996-2006 ...... 34
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 iii
Labour Force Trends
Figure 35. Unemployment in B.C. and selected provinces, 1976-2007...... 38 Figure 36. Unemployment rate, by sector, B.C., 1976-2007...... 38 Figure 37. Unemployment rate, by region, 1997, 2001 and 2007...... 38 Figure 38. Distribution of workers by establishment size, B.C., 2007...... 39 Figure 39. Youth employment and unemployment rate, B.C., 1976-2007 ...... 40 Figure 40. Youth employment rate, provincial comparison, 2007 ...... 40 Figure 41. Employment rate by educational attainment, B.C. & Canada 2007 ...... 41 Figure 42. Average hourly wage by sector, B.C., 1997-2007 ...... 42 Figure 43. Average hourly wage by age cohort, B.C., 2007 ...... 43 Figure 44. Average hourly wage by province, 2007 ...... 43 Figure 45. Duration of work week, provincial comparison, 1987-2007 ...... 45 Figure 46. Multiple job-holders as percentage of all workers, by sector, 1987-2007.…...46 Figure 47. Part-time work as percent of all work, provincial comparison, 1976-2007….46 Figure 48. Part-time work as percent of all work, by sector, B.C. 1976-2007………...…..46 Figure 49. Part-time work as percent of all work, by gender, B.C., 2007...... 47 Figure 50. Union coverage in B.C., 1946-2007……………………………………………….…..48 Figure 51. Union coverage, provincial comparison, 1997-2007………………………...49 Figure 52. Union coverage by sector, B.C., 1997-2007 ...... 50 Figure 53. Union coverage in public and private sectors, B.C., 2007...... 50 Figure 54. Wages by union coverage, provincial comparison, 2007...... 51
Education Trends
Figure 55. Educational attainment in B.C., 1997 and 2007...... 52 Figure 56. Literacy, provincial comparison, 2003...... 54 Figure 57. Regulated childcare spaces by province, 1992, 1998 and 2004...... 55 Figure 58. Distribution of regulated childcare spaces in B.C., 2003...... 56 Figure 59. Enrolment in B.C. public schools, 1991/92-2006/07...... 57 Figure 60. Enrolment in B.C. independent schools, 1991/92-2006/07……………….....57 Figure 61. Projected enrolment in B.C. public schools, 2007/08-2015/16……………...57 Figure 62. Employment by B.C. school districts, 1984-2007…………………………...58 Figure 63. Dogwood completion rates by B.C. college region, 1997/98-2005/06...... 59 Figure 64. Total registered apprentices in B.C., 1991-2007...... 60 Figure 65. Trade certifications in B.C., 1991-2005...... 61 Figure 66. Employment in B.C. post-secondary institutions, 1984-2007 ...... 63 Figure 67. Post-secondary enrolment, B.C., 1985/86-2006/07 ...... 63 Figure 68. University enrolment and projections, B.C., 1985/86-2006/07 ...... 63 Figure 69. College enrolment, by institution, 2006/07...... 64 Figure 70. Projected post-secondary enrolment to 2031, B.C……………….………………...64 Figure 71. College, institute, and university-college enrolment, 2004/06………….……….65 Figure 72. Undergraduate FTE enrolment by program type, B.C., 1985/86-2005/06…....65 Figure 73. Graduate FTE enrolment by program type, B.C., 1985/86-2005/06...... 66 Figure 74. Undergraduate degrees awarded, B.C., 1984/85-2004/05…………..……………67 Figure 75. Graduate degrees awarded, B.C., 1984/85-2005/06 ...... 67 Figure 76. Professional degrees awarded, B.C., 1984/85-2005/06 ...... 67 Figure 77. University tuition fees, by province, 1996/97-2006/07 ...... 70 Figure 78. College tuition fees, by province, 1996/97-2007/08...... 70
iv Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Figure 79. Revenue sources of B.C. colleges and universities, 1989-2007...... 71 Figure 80. Student debt, national comparison, 2000, 2003 and 2006…………………...72 Figure 81. Unemployment rate of graduates, 2000-2006………………….…………….72 Figure 82 Graduates in training-related job, 2000-2006…………………………..……………73 Figure 83. Average annual earnings by education level and gender, B.C...... 73 Figure 84. Adult learning participation provincial comparison, 1997 & 2002...... 75 Figure 85. Adult learning participation, international comparison, 2003...... 76 Figure 86. Expected hours of job-related training, international comparison ...... 76 Figure 87. Projected job openings by skill level/education, B.C., 2005-2015 ...... 77 Figure 88. Projected annual job growth by skill level/education, B.C., 2005-2015...... 77
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 v Foreword
Environmental scans consider the “big picture” trends influencing the planning and operations of organizations. They help explain major forces of change and inform sound policy responses. British Columbia faces big challenges and big opportunities. Examples of such challenges include the skilled labour shortage, the high Canadian dollar, the mountain pine beetle epidemic, high unemployment of Aboriginal people and recent immigrants, and the prosperity gap. Opportunities include B.C.’s clean energy potential and its strategic location as a gateway to the Asia-Pacific.
The Ministry of Advanced Education is responding to these challenges with a host of programs, in concert with other ministries, partnering agencies and post- secondary institutions. Key initiatives include the Aboriginal Post-Secondary Education Strategy and the Adult Opportunities Action Plan, alongside targeted labour market programs: WorkBC and industry specific initiatives such as the Forest Recruitment Task Force, Aboriginal Youth Reclamation and Prospecting Steering Committee, Early Childhood Education Human Resources Working Group, Roundtable on Technology Skills Shortages, and consortia examining skills strategies for tourism, oil and gas, and aerospace.
This environmental scan explains the major forces shaping B.C.’s labour market and higher education system. It is geared toward a broad audience in provincial ministries, and it also appeals to partnering agencies and institutions, including Service Canada and B.C.’s post-secondary institutions. Finally, it offers insight for members of the public and those outside B.C. interested in post-secondary education and the labour market. Researchers will find the data in the Appendix particularly useful.
The Ministry of Advanced Education published previous environmental scans in 1990, 1993, 1996, 1998, and 2001. More recently, it participated in the development of annual scans as part of reporting for the Labour Market Development Agreement.
The following publication reflects the contribution of a number of colleagues with the ministries of Advanced Education, Education, BC Stats, and Service Canada – B.C./Yukon Region. In addition, The Bank of Canada, Canada Millennium Scholarship Foundation, Industry Training Authority, and Statistics Canada provided useful data.
Responsibility for any errors and omissions remain with the author.
Benjamin Isitt Victoria, February 2008
vi Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Map of British Columbia
Source: B.C. Ministry of Transportation and Highways.
Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing Worldii
Introduction
Learning is a treasure that will follow its owner everywhere.
- Chinese Proverb
British Columbia – like jurisdictions across North America and the world – grapples with globalization, climate change, demographic shifts and social inequalities. The province is endowed with a vast land base, rich natural resource, and a temperate climate. However, the problems of today and the future will increasingly require fresh responses based on the acquisition of knowledge and a highly skilled population.
In the knowledge-based economy, economic and social well-being depend on the development of human resources – the people who live and work in B.C. Education – in the broadest sense of the term, from childhood to old age – is the cornerstone of personal growth and social cohesion. Those with access to education benefit from higher lifetime earnings, lower rates of unemployment and poverty, a greater sense of engagement at work and society, and healthier lifestyles. As Geoff Plant suggests in the Campus 2020 report (2007), education is integral to B.C.’s future.1
Plant challenges B.C. to become “a campus of learning,” extending from neighbourhoods and cafés to workplaces and educational institutions. He suggests that the strengths of our existing institutions can be harnessed more effectively and supplemented with new technologies to make education accessible and meaningful to all British Columbians.
This environmental scan considers the major economic, demographic, social, and labour-market trends influencing B.C.’s higher education system and workforce. It is organized around five chapters and complemented with extensive data tables and charts.
Chapter 1 explores the economic trends influencing B.C., including globalization, the North American economy, climate change, new technologies, and regional variations in economic development. Chapter 2 examines the demographic forces of change, such as the aging of the baby boom generation, the declining birth rate and school age cohort, and shifts in inter-provincial and international migration. Chapter 3 explores B.C.’s social fabric and inequalities faced by low-income groups, women, Aboriginal people, persons with disabilities, and ethnic minorities. Chapter 4 considers trends in B.C.’s labour market, such as
1 P. Geoffrey Plant, Campus 2020: Thinking Ahead (Victoria, 2007).
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 1 employment, earnings, changes in work arrangements, and labour organization. Chapter 5 examines B.C.’s education system, from early childhood education and the K-12 system to the comprehensive post-secondary system of apprenticeship and trades training, colleges, institutes, university-colleges, and universities. Enrolment trends and lifelong learning are considered, along with the costs and benefits of education.
Decisions taken today impact the future. Forward-looking public policy is based on comprehensive information, which combines historical data, current trends, and informed projections with an awareness of “best practices” in other jurisdictions. This environmental scan situates B.C.’s labour market and higher learning system in a broad national and international context. As British Columbia responds to challenges and opportunities of our changing world, a “big picture” view stands to benefit us all.
2 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World 1. Economic Trends
British Columbia’s workers and businesses are riding a wave of economic growth. Unemployment has reached a 30 year low, as the province benefits from high energy prices and a booming construction sector, tied to low interest rates and preparations for the 2010 Olympic Games (figure 1; table 4.03 in appendix).
Figure 1. Unemployment in B.C. 1976-2007
18
16
14 All 12 Industries e
10 Goods- producing 8 sector Unemployment Rat 6 Services- producing 4 sector
2
0 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t05an.
If past patterns are any indication, this boom will be cyclical. Investment in education today can prepare workers and businesses for challenging economic times in the future. Beyond the ebbs and flows of the business cycle, structural changes in the B.C. and global economies underscore the need for investing in higher learning.
In our increasingly knowledge-based economy, productivity gains are linked to research and innovation, and economic benefits flow to well trained, adaptable workers. Vulnerability in North America, related to the declining value of the American dollar and a growing trade and balance of payments deficit in the United States, suggest that B.C. would benefit from a diversified export market. Environmental challenges, such as the mountain pine beetle epidemic and other symptoms of climate change, point to the necessity of retraining workers and retooling the economy in a green direction.
British Columbia’s economy is strong by most measures – “a job-creating machine,” according to the Conference Board of Canada.2 However, general growth masks regional disparities. In the Nechako and North Coast regions of northwestern B.C., unemployment and poverty remain relatively high, particularly among Aboriginal people but also across the general population. Low employment rates are mirrored by lower rates of educational attainment and lower incomes.3 Responding to regional imbalances is integral to B.C.’s future.
2 Conference Board of Canada, Provincial Economic Outlook (Apr. 2007), 12. 3 Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007). tables cd1T30an and cd1T33an; 2006 Census.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 3
1.1. Economic Indicators
British Columbia’s economy has recovered from the downturn of the early 2000s. GDP growth exceeded three per cent in 2006 and other indicators, such as housing starts and non-residential building permits, remain strong. Inflationary pressures are manageable at around two per cent (figures 2 and 3; table 1.01 and chart 1.02). A total of 853 major capital projects ($15 million or more) were planned or underway in 2007, valued at $135 billion dollars. Construction benefited from stable interest rates, as the Bank of Canada followed the lead of the U.S. Federal Reserve. Major public infrastructure spending also fuelled B.C.’s economy: 2010 Olympic venues, the Millennium transit line, the Sea-to-Sky Highway upgrade, other road and bridge projects around the Lower Mainland, the Vancouver Convention Centre expansion, and port expansions at Vancouver, Delta and Prince Rupert.4
Figure 2. Real GDP growth, 1997-2006
5.0% 4.5% 4.0% 3.5% 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM table 379-0025 (2008).
Figure 3. Housing starts, 1987-2007
45,000 B.C. 40,000 Vancouver Census Area Victoria Census Area 35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, compiled by BC Stats (2008).
The economic outlook for B.C. and western Canada is better than for other jurisdictions, with projections of modest growth for 2008 and the medium-term. The global economy is growing, but problems loom elsewhere in North America. The U.S. may be moving toward a recession in the face of a major housing slump.
4 B.C. Ministry of Economic Development, Major Projects Inventory (September 2007).
4 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World In Ontario and eastern Canada, manufacturing is contracting, reflecting a long- term trend in auto and other sectors worsened by the rising Canadian dollar.
British Columbia’s economy remains vulnerable, particularly in terms of productivity, a key factor for competitiveness in the global knowledge-based economy. In 2006, B.C. ranked seventh among the provinces in labour productivity growth, with a 0.7 per cent annual gain in GDP per hour worked (equal to Ontario and P.E.I). Manitoba and Alberta led the country at 2.2 per cent and 1.7 per cent respectively, while the Canadian average stood at 1 per cent. Canada appeared near the bottom of OECD rankings, while developing economies such as the Slovak and Czech republics saw productivity growth around five per cent (table 1.03a).5
In B.C., services producing industries and construction remain strong, but forestry, mining, and utilities saw output fall in 2006 (table 1.04). Manufacturing shipments and exports have been weak. Volatile commodity prices, particularly for lumber and natural gas, will likely impact output, provincial revenue, and employment into the future.6 While construction is anticipated to remain strong through to 2010, a downturn is likely. Against these cyclical trends are the structural challenges presented by globalization and climate change.
1.2 Globalization
Since the 1970s, B.C. has confronted the “new reality” of globalization – characterized by free capital flows and the migration of manufacturing jobs from industrialized countries to the “global south” – China, India and other rapidly developing economies. This process has strained the goods-producing sector in B.C., like elsewhere in North America and Europe.
In the primary resource sectors of forestry, fishing, mining, and oil and gas, employment has fallen in absolute and relative terms, from a peak of 69,800 workers in 1980 to 47,300 workers in 2007. The proportion of goods sector jobs contracted from 30 per cent of total employment to 22 per cent (figure 4; tables 1.05-1.07). Even in the booming oil and gas and mining sector, employment gains are volatile and not indicative of long-term growth. Between 2002 and 2007, exports grew by 193 per cent for copper, nickel, lead and zinc; 80 per cent for coal; and 36 per cent for oil and gas. Employment more than doubled over this period, from 9,200 to 20,000 workers. However, the 2007 total was lower than employment levels from the late 1980s.7
5 B.C. Progress Board. Boosting Incomes, Confronting Demographic Change: B.C.’s “Productivity Imperative” (April 2006); Statistics Canada, “Hours worked and labour productivity in the provinces and territories,” The Daily, 27 Nov. 2007; OECD, OECD Stat Labour Productivity Growth (accessed Jan. 2008). 6 BC Stats, “B.C. Commodity Exports Are Still Largely Forest-Based,” Infoline, 8:03 (18 Jan. 2008); B.C. Ministry of Finance, Second Quarterly Report on the Economy, Fiscal Situation, and Outlook (Dec. 2007). 7 Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t05an; Industry Canada, Trade Data On-Line (2007).
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 5 In global markets, new technologies facilitate growing resource exports without growth in resource jobs. Raw and semi-processed commodities dominate B.C.’s export trade. However, there are signs of diversification. Value-added manufacturing of aerospace, computing and electronic products accounts for a growing share of B.C. exports (table 1.04).
Figure 4. Employment in goods-producing industries, 1976-2007 250,000
200,000
Agriculture
150,000 Forestry, fishing, mining, oil & gas Utilities
100,000 Construction
Manufacturing
50,000
0 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), Table cd1t05an.
B.C. producers are increasingly looking overseas, seeking to diversify export trade to guard against a North American downturn and take advantage of the surging economies of China and other countries. The Asia-Pacific Gateway Initiative, launched by the provincial government in April 2007, aims for a major expansion of shipping through the ports of Prince Rupert, Vancouver and Port Roberts (Delta). This initiative aims to make B.C. the North American portal for Asian goods.8 Reflecting this shift in B. C. trade alignments, the City of Prince George will be posting a trade mission to Beijing prior to the 2008 Olympic Games.9
1.3 North American Outlook
While B.C.’s export markets have diversified to an extent in recent years, an overwhelming proportion of the province’s goods are destined for the United States – 59 per cent in 2007. This relationship extends back to the 1800s, as U.S.- based firms invested in mining, logging and fishing enterprises and exported B.C. resources to the large American market. This relationship intensified during the Second World War as Britain faded as a world power, and became formalized in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) that came into force in 1995 (figure 5; tables 1.08-1.09).
8 See “Prince Rupert Container Port Open for Business,” BC Stats Infoline, 7:45 (9 Nov. 2007), 3-7. 9 “Prince George plans Chinese trade mission,” Business in Vancouver, 13-19 Nov. 2007; “Premier’s trade mission is an important follow-up,” Times Colonist, 28 Nov. 2007.
6 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World
Fluctuations in the U.S. economy exert a strong influence on the resource and manufacturing sectors in Canada. Recently, the sharp rise in the value of the Canadian dollar created uncertainty for B.C. exporters. From 62 cents U.S. in early 2002, the Canadian dollar surpassed $1.09-U.S. in November 2007 (figure 6; table 1.10).10
Figure 5. B.C. exports by destination, Figure 6. Canada-U.S. dollar 2007 exchange rate, 1957-2007 Other 16% (monthly average, noon)
Germany $1.25 1.5%
Korea, South $1.00 4.2% China $0.75 5.6% United States $0.50 59% Japan $0.25 13%
$0.00 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007
Source: Statistics Canada/Industry Canada, Trade Data On-Line (2008). Source: Bank of Canada, series V37426, January 2008
Currency volatility is attributed to a number of factors, including the impact of soaring commodity prices in Canada, weakness in the U.S. housing market, and the United States’ growing balance of payments deficit and trade deficit with China.11 The high Canadian dollar has the strongest impact on B.C.’s forestry, tourism, and film industries, and cost the B.C. treasury an estimated $150 million to $240 million in foregone revenue in the first fiscal quarter of 2007/08.12
Heightened security arrangements also impact trade between B.C. and the United States. Since September 2001, B.C. retailers and tourism operators have witnessed a sharp decline in U.S. visitor entries – from 620,000 in January 2001 to 393,000 in mid-2007 (figure 7; chart 1.11). This ambivalent trade outlook underscores the importance of the Asia-Pacific Gateway Initiative and port expansion projects at Prince Rupert, Delta and Vancouver.
10 Bank of Canada, series V37426, Oct. 2007. 11 Conference Board of Canada, Provincial Outlook Executive Summary (Spring 2007), 4-5. 12 “The new dollar dilemma,” Business in Vancouver, 1 Oct. 2007; “Rising dollar threatens B.C. jobs, industry,” CBC News online, 20 Sept. 2007.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 7 Figure 7. U.S. visitor entries to B.C., 2000-2007
650,000
600,000
550,000
500,000
450,000
400,000
350,000 2001 2003 2005 2007
Source: BC Stats and Statistics Canada (2007); Infoline 7:44 (2 Nov 2007).
1.4 Climate Change and Energy Costs
British Columbia’s economy is also affected by climate change and rising energy prices. Global warming has contributed to the mountain pine beetle epidemic in the Interior and generated concern over rising sea levels on the coast. Diminishing fossil fuel reserves have driven energy prices to record levels, increasing inflationary pressures on B.C. workers and business.
The mountain pine beetle epidemic demonstrates the harmful impact of climate change on B.C.’s economy. Rising temperatures in the B.C. Interior enabled the insects to survive the winter, leading to a population explosion and the destruction of huge swaths of pine forest (figure 8; images 1.12-1.13). The Ministry of Forests and Range estimates that 75 per cent of B.C.’s marketable timber may be affected.13 While the processing of beetle-killed trees is creating a short-term boom in employment and output, major structural changes are on the horizon.
13 The Ministry of Forests and Range estimates that 100 per cent of beetle-killed trees can be used as saw logs if harvested in the first two years, 50 per cent can be used in the third year, and zero per cent thereafter. See B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range, Timber Supply and the Mountain Pine Beetle Infestation in British Columbia – 2007 Update (Sept. 2007), 11.
8 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Figure 8. Change in temperature, by region, 1895-1995
Source: B.C. Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection, Indicators of Climate Change in British Columbia 2002 (Victoria, 2002).
British Columbia’s economy may also be affected by rising sea levels. A 2006 study published in the journal Science found that “the greenhouse gases that people are spewing into the atmosphere this century” could cause glaciers from Greenland to Antarctica to melt, driving sea levels up by 5-10 metres “at rates not seen since the end of the last ice age.” Half a billion people would be forced to move inland.14 “This isn’t an experiment you get to run twice,” Princeton University geoscientist Michael Oppenheimer warns.15
The Sierra Club of Canada’s B.C. chapter has projected the impact of a six metre sea level rise on the Lower Mainland and greater Victoria (figure 9; images 1.14- 1.15). The organization concluded that “91 percent of Richmond will be flooded, along with 76 percent of Delta and 32 percent of New Westminster.” In Victoria, low lying and waterfront neighbourhoods would be threatened and a portion of Oak Bay would become an island. The core transportation infrastructure of urban British Columbia – including the Vancouver and Victoria international airports and ferry terminals at Tsawwassen and Swartz Bay – would “disappear into the ocean.”16
14 Richard A. Kerr, “A Worrying Trend of Less Ice, Higher Seas,” Science, 311 (24 Mar. 2006), 1698-1701. 15 Richard A. Kerr, “A Worrying Trend of Less Ice, Higher Seas,” Science, 311 (24 Mar. 2006), 1698-1701. 16 Sierra Club of Canada B.C. Chapter, “Is the Lower Mainland Going Under?” 4 May 2006; “Is Victoria Going Under?,” 6 Dec. 2006.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 9 Figure 9. Impact of sea-level rise in greater Vancouver and Victoria
Source: Sierra Club of Canada B.C. Chapter, “Is the Lower Mainland Going Under?” 4 May 2006; “Is Victoria Going Under?,” 6 December 2006.
Action today may avert serious consequences in the future. Experts suggest that steps taken in the next 20 years – such as reducing carbon emissions – are essential to avoiding dangerous climate change.17 British Columbia is endowed with rich, renewable sources of clean energy and a growing pool of knowledge on how to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Green technologies and energy efficient construction are experiencing substantial growth as environmental concerns mount. B.C.’s post-secondary education system can help lead the transition to a green economy, deploying research capacity to solve these global problems.
17 H.J. Schelinhuber et al., eds. Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change (Cambridge University Press, 2006).
10 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World
1.5 Technology, Innovation & the Knowledge Economy
New technology and globalization have hastened the transition to a “knowledge- based economy,” as B.C. moves from a “blue-collar” resource extraction workforce to a “white-collar” workforce grounded in the services producing sector. Today, service jobs account for 78 per cent of total employment, in industries such as retail and wholesale trade; healthcare and education; professional and business services; transportation; and accommodation and food services (figure 10; chart 1.07).18
Much of the services producing sector relies on highly trained, adaptable workers – nurses, teachers, accountants, computer programmers, engineers and medical technicians. Demonstrating the skill requirements of the knowledge economy, the professional, scientific and technical services industry experienced annual job growth of more than 3.5 per cent over the decade 1996-2006 (table 1.05).19
Figure 10. Employment and economic output by sector, 2006
EM PL OYM ENT ECONOM IC OUTPUT
Goods- producing Goods-Producing sector Sector 21% 26%
Services- Services- producing Producing sector Sector
79% 74%
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2006), Table cd1t33an; CANSIM table 379-0025, prepared by BC Stats Oct 2007.
Productivity gains in the knowledge economy are linked to research and innovation. British Columbia ranked fourth in Canada in research and development spending in 2004, accounting for 1.5 per cent of GDP. 20 In terms of R & D spending by industry, B.C. ranks third, at $1.5-billion in 2005, behind Québec ($4.2-billion) and Ontario ($8.0-billion).21 Looking internationally, Canada ranks in the middle of the OECD countries, spending just less than 2 per cent of GDP compared with over 3 per cent by Israel, Sweden and Finland (table 1.16).
18 Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), Table cd1t05an. 19 Ibid. 20 B.C. Progress Board, Strategic Considerations for B.C.’s Future: Issues and Trends 2007 Report, Jun. 2007. 21 BC Stats Infoline, 7:47 (23 Nov. 2007), 2.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 11 Continued diversification of the B.C. economy – and sustained economic growth – will depend on research and innovation-intensive industries, such as clean technology, life sciences, high technology, new media and engineering. Government and the private sector can contribute to future economic growth by investing in research and innovation today.
1.6 Outlook by Industry and Region
Despite a general trend of economic growth and diversification, several B.C. industries and regions face major economic challenges. In outlying regions, the volatile goods producing sector accounts for a significant share of employment and output.22 For example, more than 30 per cent of all jobs in the Cariboo, Kootenay, North coast and Nechako regions are in the goods sector – compared with less than 20 per cent of jobs on Vancouver Island and the Lower Mainland. The proportion exceeds 43 per cent in the oil-and-gas-rich northeast, and falls below 14 per cent in metropolitan Victoria (figure 11; table 1.17-1.18).23
The loss of jobs in forestry, fishing, and other resource industries has a profound impact in resource based communities on the coast and Interior. Global competition, depletion of the most accessible and valuable timber stands and fishing stocks, and the shedding of processing and manufacturing facilities help explain this decline. Loss of primary sector employment has reduced incomes and purchasing power in resource based communities, triggering depopulation, business failure and related social problems. Such trends in primary sector employment (excluding, for the foreseeable future, oil and gas and mining) will likely continue.
New industries are emerging to fill the gap in employment and output, but with uneven results. Vancouver Island, the Lower Mainland, and the Okanagan have responded well to the loss of resource employment, but other regions have had less success. In the North coast and Nechako regions, total employment fell from 52,000 jobs in 1996 to 41,500 in 2007; the Cariboo economic region lost 2,500 jobs over the same period (figure 12; table 1.19).24
22 For regional data, see BC Stats, Quarterly Economic Statistics, Third Quarter 2007. 23 Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t33an. 24 Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t33an; BC Stats, Infoline Report, 8:1 (4 Jan. 2008).
12 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Figure 11. Goods & services employment as share of total employment, 2007
B.C. Regions
Northeast
North Coast and Nechako
Cariboo
Kootenay % Services
Thompson-Okanagan % Goods
British Columbia
M ainland/Southwest
Vancouver Island/Coast
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
B.C. Census Metropolitan Areas
Abbotsford (Census Metropolitan Area)
Vancouver (Census % Services Metropolitan Area) % Goods
Victoria (Census Metropolitan Area)
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), Tables cd1t31an and cd1t33an.
Figure 12. Change in employment, 1996-2007
25%
20%
15% 6 10%
5%
0%
-5%
-10% Change in employment 19996-200 employment in Change
-15%
-20%
-25% Thompso n-Okanagan M ainland/ So ut hwest V anco uver Koot enay Nort heast Cariboo No rt h Coast and Island/Coast Nechako Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), Table cd1T33an.
In some formerly resource-dependent communities, from Vancouver Island to the Okanagan to the Kootenays, services industries such eco-tourism have spurred economic revitalization. While hospitality jobs rarely pay wages commensurate with resource processing industries, tourism and other services have helped diversify local economies. Table 1.20 shows an international comparison of service sector employment.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 13 Employment projections developed with the Canadian Occupational Projection System (COPS) (a federal-provincial employment forecasting model) provide a picture of future trends. Across B.C., an estimated one million job vacancies will arise in the period 2005-2015, as 460,000 new jobs are created by a growing economy alongside 650,000 vacancies from permanent attrition.25 The greatest job growth will be in the services producing sector, particularly in healthcare and professional, scientific and technical services. In these occupations, employment is expected to grow at three per cent annually through to 2015 (figure 13; table 1.21-1.22).26
Figure 13. Projected job vacancies, 2005-2015
Goods-producing Sector
Agriculture
Forestry and Logging
Fishing, Hunting and Trapping
Mining and Oil & Gas Extraction New Jobs
Utilities Attrition
Construction
Wood Products & Paper Manufacturing
Manufacturing (excluding Wood & Paper)
-10,000 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 Vacancies
Services-Producing Sector
Public administration
Other services
Accommodation and food services
Information, culture and recreation
Health Care and Social Assistance
Educational Services Management, Administrative and Other Support New Jobs Other Professional Services Attrition Computer System Design Services
Professional Business Services
Finance, Insurance, Real Estate and Leasing
Transportation and Warehousing
Retail Trade
Wholesale Trade
0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 180,000
Vacancies
Source: B.C. Ministry of Advanced Education, Canadian Occupational Projection System (COPS) BC Unique Scenario, Final Forecast 05-15, Feb. 2007.
Emerging knowledge-based industries such as biotechnology – employing more than 2,000 workers in 100 B.C. firms – warn that output may be constrained by a lack of skilled workers.27 In healthcare, the supply of workers will shrink at the same time that population aging increases demand for health services. The following chapter explores these demographic trends.
25 The COPS methodology is explained in B.C. Ministry of Advanced Education, Employment Outlook for British Columbia: COPS B.C. Unique Scenario for 2005 to 2015 (Feb. 2007), Appendix 1. 26 Ibid. 27 “Shortage of skilled workers could see biotechnology sector unable to reach potential,” CKNW Radio, 27 Sept. 2007.
14 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World
Annual population change of age 18-29 cohort, by college region, 2001-36
Source: BC Stats, PEOPLE 32 B.C. College Region Population Projections (Nov. 2007)
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 15 2. Demographic Trends
Changes in B.C.’s demography impact both the labour market and the post- secondary system. The current population of 4.3 million is expected to grow to 5.7 million by 2036, with wide variations in the age distribution of the population and the sources of population change (figure 14; tables 2.01-2.02).28
Figure 14. Population trends, B.C. and Canada, 1976-2036
BC Canada 1976 2,533,791 23,449,791 2006 4,310,452 32,547,200 2036 5,738,157 39,998,500
Source: BC Stats. PEOPLE 32 (October 2007); Statistics Canada, Demography Division, 2007; CANSIM Population Projections, 2005.
The aging of the baby boom generation (born between 1945 and the early 1960s) is of great significance as these individuals reach retirement and the supply of young workers shrinks. The “baby boom echo” generation – now in their twenties – has boosted post-secondary enrolment and helped offset the skills shortage, though labour market problems still loom.
The younger age cohorts in B.C. are currently declining, reflecting low birth rates and changing lifestyle choices. This demographic shift is currently affecting the K-12 system (resulting in school closures), and traditional post-secondary enrolment will be affected over the next decade. Responding to these demographic shifts poses a major challenge both today and in the future.
British Columbia’s demography is influenced by natural population changes (birth, aging and death), international immigration and inter-provincial migration. Both forms of migration have been integral to the province’s labour market strategy for over a century. International immigration has provided a steady flow of workers. However, inter-provincial migration is far more volatile, fluctuating with B.C.’s export dependent economy. During boom years, surging resource and construction sectors have infused B.C. with arrivals from other provinces. In contrast, during recession years, B.C. has lost population to other provinces.
These demographic trends shape the province’s labour force and influence the planning and operations of its educational institutions.
28 BC Stats, PEOPLE 32 projections (Oct. 2007).
16 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World 2.1 An Aging Population
British Columbia is strongly impacted by the aging of the baby boom generation. This cohort swelled the K-12 system in the 1950s and 1960s, influenced post- secondary expansion in the 1960s and 1970s, and contributed to a surplus of workers in the 1980s and 1990s. Today, the retirement of baby boomers is the major factor contributing to the skilled labour shortage.
A 2004 study entitled Labour Force Aging and Skill Shortages in Canada and Ontario anticipated “localized, industry-specific shortages” rather than “a looming ‘crisis’”, but B.C.’s economy is already feeling the impact of labour market pressures.29 The aging population is evident from the population pyramid below (figure 15; chart 2.03). In 1976, the province was characterized by a younger population, concentrated among baby boomers in their teens and twenties. In 2006, B.C.’s population was characterized by two identifiable “population humps,” the baby boomers in their 40s and 50s and the “baby boom echo” in their teens and twenties.
Figure 15. B.C. population pyramid, 1976, 2006, 2036
90
WOMEN MEN 80
70
60
50 Age 2036
40
2006
30
1976 20
10
0 100 50 0 50 100 Thousands
Source: BC Stats, PEOPLE 32 (Oct. 2007).
Projections developed by BC Stats, using the PEOPLE (Population Extrapolation for Organization Planning with Less Error) 32 models, provide insights of the population distribution to 2036. This model projects that B.C.’s population will be increasingly concentrated among people ages 40 and above, a significant departure from previous decades. The median age is projected to increase from 38 years in the 2001 census to 47 years by 2036.30
29 Julie Ann McMullin and Martin Cooke with Rob Downie, Labour Force Ageing and Skill Shortages in Canada and Ontario (Toronto: Canadian Policy Research Networks, 2004), iii. 30 BC Stats, PEOPLE 32 (Oct. 2007); PEOPLE 32 B.C. College Region Population Projections (Nov. 2007), 5.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 17 The aging population will strongly impact the province of B.C., as the number of older workers and retirees exceeds the number of children and younger workers. In 2013, it is projected that the age 65 and older cohort will surpass the ages 18- 29 cohort for the first time in the province’s history (figure 16; chart 2.02a). Health care will be strongly impacted, as it will need to meet the demands of an aging population. However, the health care system itself will also be affected by retirements, leading to a decline in the availability of workers required to meet the demand. B.C.’s income-tax base (necessary to sustain public services) will also shrink, as demand for those services rises.31 Most B.C. industries will feel labour market pressures due to a small workforce entry cohort and a growing number of retirees.
Figure 16. Population distribution, B.C., 1996-2036 1,600,000
1,400,000 Age 65+ 1,200,000
1,000,000
Age 18-29 800,000
Population 600,000
400,000
200,000
0 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 2036 Year
Source: BC Stats, PEOPLE 32 (Oct. 2007).
Responses to an aging workforce include the elimination of mandatory retirement in B.C., effective January 2008. This measure, already adopted by Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, Québec, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Labrador, and the three northern territories, will slow job vacancies in various occupations. Labour organizations, however, have expressed concern over the possible erosion of pension entitlements and other forms of economic security for senior citizens.32
Industry and government are also responding to an aging workforce with efforts to boost labour productivity. This strategy aims to increase the economic output for every hour worked, which offers the promise of sustained growth despite a diminishing workforce. Recent attention on research and innovation reflects the drive for increased productivity.
31 McMullin and Cooke, Labour Force Aging and Skill Shortages in Canada and Ontario, 9-11. 32 B.C. Federation of Labour, Aging With Dignity (February 2007).
18 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World 2.2 Low Birth Rate and School Age Population
In contrast with trends in the 1940s and 1950s that gave rise to the baby boom generation, B.C.’s current demography reflects the province’s declining birth rate. This is a pattern that is evident throughout the industrialized world.
In a 2003 study, Dutch researcher Joëlle E. Sleebos observed that: “Fertility rates have declined in most OECD countries to levels that are well below those needed to secure generation replacement.”33 Sleebos identifies factors that contribute to low birth rates, which include: economic disincentives to pregnancy and parenting (i.e. foregone earnings and the costs of childcare); increased women’s participation in the paid labour force; and, cultural changes (i.e. a growing desire for autonomy and a shift from marriage to alternative relationships).
Fertility has fallen steadily in B.C. since the 1970s and the outcome is now apparent. In 2006, there were 210,000 children ages four and under, in contrast with 360,000 people in the 45-49 age group. While the cohort of 18-29 year-olds is projected to grow through to 2011, it will then decline in absolute and relative terms until the 2030s (tables 2.02-2.04).
Shifts in population impact B.C.’s education system, as cohorts move through the early childhood, K-12 and post-secondary systems. The number of five to 17- year-olds has decreased since the year 2000, contributing to declining enrolment in most school districts. Declines in K-12 enrolment have resulted in reduced funding, which has lead to school closures and program cuts.34 This demographic shift will impact the post-secondary system in approximately 2012, when the 18- 29 cohort is expected to decline. Current measures aimed at boosting post- secondary participation by all age groups will be essential (figure 17; table 2.02b).
Figure 17. K-12 and post-secondary population, 1996-2036
800,000 Actual Projected
750,000 Ages 18-29
700,000
650,000
600,000 Ages 5-17
550,000
500,000
1996 2001 2006 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 2036
Source: BC Stats. PEOPLE 32 (Oct. 2007).
33 Joëlle E. Sleebos, Low Fertility Rates in OECD Countries: Facts and Policy Responses (Paris: OECD, 2003), 4. 34 Enrolment is projected to decrease in 50 of B.C.’s 60 school districts. The only districts that are anticipated to see growth over the next decade are: Central Okanagan, Chilliwack, Abbotsford, Surrey, New Westminster, Peace River North, Sooke, Gulf Islands, Mission, and the Conseil Scolaire Francophone. B.C. Ministry of Education, Projection Report for Public School Headcount Enrolments, 2006/07, District and Provincial Report, (May 2007).
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 19 2.3 Immigration
Immigration has long been integral to B.C.’s development – even prior to 1871, when the province entered Confederation. Early settlers from Britain, the United States, China, Japan, and India worked in mining, railroad construction, forestry and fishing resulting in a more diverse multicultural population in the province. Until the 1920s, more than one half of British Columbians were born outside the province (figure 18; table 2.05).
Figure 18. Immigrants as percentage of total B.C. population, 1911-2006
100%
90%
80%
70% Non-immigrant 60% population
50%
40%
30%
20% Immigrant 10% population
0% 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
Source: Statistics Canada, 2006 Census, 94-577-X2006001; 2001 Census table 97f0009xcb01001.
Changes in Canadian immigration policy in the early twentieth century altered the social fabric of B.C. as well as the structure of the labour force. Immigration from China was virtually halted from the 1920s to 1950s. Japanese-Canadians, who were well established in the Georgia Strait lingcod fishery and the commercial life of the Lower Mainland, were evacuated from the coast during the Second World War and relocated to central Canada and Japan in the late 1940s.
Recent decades have seen a return to a more equitable, global immigration policy. Traditional countries of origin, such as China and India, have been augmented by an influx of immigrants from the Philippines, South Korea, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, Latin American, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe (table 2.06).
In 2006, more than 42,000 immigrants arrived in B.C., 17 per cent of all immigrants to Canada. This proportion was consistent with trends over the previous decade, as B.C. attracted the second largest share of immigrants – 389,000 from 1997 to 2006, compared with Ontario at 1.24 million. Québec was a close third, attracting 363,000 immigrants, while Alberta attracted roughly half as many immigrants as B.C. (table 2.07).35
35 Citizenship and Immigration Canada, Facts and Figures 2006 (June 2007).
20 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Immigration is important to B.C.’s labour market strategy, but it takes time for immigrants to adjust to the labour market. Very recent immigrants (those arriving in the last five years) have much higher rates of unemployment than Canadian- born British Columbians, despite impressive educational credentials. While 54 per cent of very recent immigrants held university degrees in 2007 (compared with 26 per cent of working age Canadian-born) and 18 per cent held graduate degrees (compared with 7 per cent of working age Canadian-born) very recent immigrants with university degrees were three times as likely to be unemployed.36
The 2004 study on workforce aging in Canada urged decision-makers to “use immigration policies to more directly target skills in short supply.”37 However, recognition of foreign credentials remains an obstacle to the labour force participation of skilled immigrants in B.C. and Canada generally, particularly doctors, engineers and tradespeople.38
Several targeted immigration initiatives are currently underway. In 2007, the federal government changed the Temporary Foreign Worker Program to allow for the fast-tracking of applications in Alberta and B.C., and extended the allowable time in Canada from one to two years. In B.C., foreign workers have helped fill labour shortages among farm workers in the Lower Mainland, Okanagan, and Vancouver Island, as well as tunnel workers on the Canada Line rapid transit line in Vancouver. Health care contractors are exploring an expanded role for foreign workers, and in January 2008 the provincial government signed a targeted labour market agreement with the Philippines.39
2.4 Inter-Provincial Migration
British Columbia’s population is also influenced by migration to and from other Canadian provinces. Unlike international immigration, which has provided a steady inflow of people for over a century, inter-provincial migration varies widely from year to year. For decades, the ebbs and flows of the business cycle and fluctuating commodity prices have created volatility in B.C.’s labour market. Demand for workers has surged in primary resources and construction during boom times, and then fallen rapidly during cooler periods.
During the recession of the late 1990s and early 2000s, B.C. lost population to other provinces for five consecutive years: 17,500 people in 1998, 12,400 in 1999, 14,800 in the year 2000, 7,300 in 2001, and 5,200 in 2002. British
36 Age 25-54 population; 12 month average to Sept. 2007. Statistics Canada, Labour Force Survey Immigration Series (Sept. 2007); CANSIM table 282-0003 (provided Feb. 2008); BC Stats, “Labour Market Characteristics of the Immigrant Population in B.C.,” Infoline, 7:40 (5 Oct. 2007): 1-3. 37 McMullin and Cooke, Labour Force Aging and Skill Shortages in Canada and Ontario, iv. 38 Human Resources and Social Development Canada, < http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/en/workplaceskills/credential_ recogntion/index.shtml (accessed Nov. 2007). 39 “Program speeds up access to imported labour” and “B.C. helped push Ottawa to overhaul Canada’s immigrant employee rules,” Business in Vancouver, 27 Nov. 2007; “Tourism industry seeks Filipino workers,” Globe and Mail, 4 May 2007; “B.C., Philippines sign worker agreement,” B.C. Ministry of Economic Development release, 29 Jan. 2008.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 21 Columbia lost population to all regions including Atlantic Canada, with the exception of Québec (figure 19; table 2.08). Only international immigration and natural increase prevented depopulation in B.C. over that period.40
Figure 19. Net inter-provincial migration to B.C., 1996-2006
20,000
15,000
. 10,000
5,000
0
-5,000
Net inter-provincial to migration B.C -10,000
-15,000
-20,000 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Source: BC Stats, Net Population Movement for British Columbia, 1996-2006 (CANSIM data, provided Oct. 2007).
In contrast, economic growth in recent years has produced a net inflow of people to B.C. from all provinces except Alberta. In 2006, the province experienced a net gain of 10,200 people from inter-provincial migration (figure 20; table 2.09). The Trade Investment and Labour Mobility Agreement (TILMA), signed between the governments of B.C. and Alberta in April 2006, aims to facilitate the flow of goods and workers across the provinces.
Figure 20. Net population movement for British Columbia, 2006
Source: BC Stats, Net Population Movement for British Columbia, 1996-2006 (CANSIM data, provided Oct. 2007).
BC Stats projects a levelling off of net inter-provincial migration at around 14,000 people annually in 2015. International immigration is projected to add between 30,000 and 40,000 people annually for the next three decades (chart 2.10).41
40 BC Stats, Net Population Movement for British Columbia, 1996-2006 (CANSIM data, provided Oct. 2007).
22 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World
2.5 Outlook for Province & Its Regions
Population change is shaped by many factors and is difficult to anticipate with precision. Events outside B.C. and Canada influence the movement of people, including military conflicts and environmental changes such as famines and floods. Economic conditions shape both fertility and inter-provincial and international migration. It is difficult for policy-makers to determine how and when such changes will impact B.C.’s population.
What is clear is that the province’s population is aging, which will have a major impact on B.C.’s economy, labour market and education system. This trend is creating skilled labour shortages in many industries, a phenomenon that will become more acute in upcoming years. It is also causing enrolment to decline in B.C.’s K-12 system, foreshadowing challenges for the post-secondary system within the next 10 years.
Regional variations in demographic trends are tied to economic trends discussed in Chapter 1. The sharpest population growth will occur in Greater Vancouver, the Okanagan, the Northeast, and central Vancouver Island, while northern and northwestern B.C. are projected to experience a decline in population.42
Strong population growth will translate into favourable enrolment forecasts for educational institutions in the Douglas (Burnaby), Kwantlen (Surrey), Fraser Valley, Okanagan, Malaspina, North Island and Northern Lights college regions, and potentially difficult conditions in the New Caledonia (Prince George and surrounding area) and Northwest college regions. Weak or flat population growth will also create challenging conditions in the Selkirk (West Kootenay) and Rockies (East Kootenay) college regions (see map at beginning of chapter; table 2.11; chart 2.12).
Policies such as delayed retirement, increased immigration and inter-provincial migration, and efforts to increase the fertility rate can help offset the negative effects of B.C.’s aging population. However, over the long-term, such strategies can at best supplement policies aimed at greater labour market and educational participation of the existing population.
41 BC Stats, British Columbia Population Forecast – 07/07, Table 2 Components of Change (July 2007). 42 BC Stats, PEOPLE 32 (Oct. 2007).
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 23
3. Social Trends
British Columbia’s labour market and education system can become more responsive to the province’s rich diversity – an effective policy in the face of skilled labour shortages. Education and labour market outcomes, especially among low-income groups, women, Aboriginal people, persons with disabilities and ethnic minorities, continue to be shaped by socio-economic factors.
Inequities in the labour market and education system affect individual and social well-being, increase dependency on social services and impose costs on government and the economy. Jobs go unfilled while citizens are marginalized on social assistance. Narrowing and eliminating barriers to participation makes sense from both the economic and social standpoint.
Targeted strategies can address under-representation of diverse groups in the economy and labour market. Jurisdictions such as the Scandinavian states have succeeded in reducing unemployment through “active labour market policies,” with a strong commitment to retraining and lifelong learning.43 In their study of the skills shortage in Canada, McMullin and Cooke urge similar policies to “encourage higher rates of labour force participation.”44
3.1 The Prosperity Gap
Despite economic growth, many British Columbians face persistent poverty. The most vulnerable are homeless or at risk of homelessness, and may also struggle with addictions, mental illness and other social problems. A larger number of low- income people live in substandard and unstable housing, lack childcare and have difficulty making ends meet on social assistance or low wages.
According to the 2005 Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID), B.C. had the most uneven distribution of family income of any province and the highest proportion of people in low- income. Victoria, the provincial capital, had the highest proportion of low-income people of any major metropolitan area in the country – 20 per cent of the total population in 2005 (figure 21; table 3.01).45
There is a clear correlation between income and educational attainment. The chronically poor, those defined by Statistics Canada as living in low-income for at least two years, exhibit lower levels of educational attainment. About 20 per cent of chronically poor people in B.C. had less than a high-school education in 2005, while only 7 per cent held university degrees (table 3.02).46
43 Per Kongshøj Madsen, “How Can It Possibly Fly? The Paradox of a Dynamic Labour Market in a Scandinavian Welfare State” (Aalborg: Centre for Labour Market Research, 2005). 44 McMullin and Cooke, Labour Force Aging and Skill Shortages in Canada and Ontario, 34. 45 Statistics Canada, Income Trends in Canada 1980-2005 (2007), tables 202-0802 46 Statistics Canada, Income Trends (2007), table 202-0806.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 24
Figure 21. Persons in low income47, by province, 2005
20.0
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
Percentage 8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0 Canada Nfld PEI NS NB Que. Ont. M an. Sask. Alta. B.C.
Statistics Canada, Income Trends in Canada 1980-2005 (2007), tables 202-0802.
The share of income held by the lower four-fifths of the population has declined, while the share held by the top income quintile (the most affluent 20 per cent of the population) grew from 42 per cent to 47 per cent of total income between 1980 and 2005 (figure 22; table 3.03).48
Figure 22. Income distribution in B.C., 1980 and 2005
50%
45% 40%
35% 30% 1980 25% 2005 20%
15% Share income of total 10%
5% 0% Low est Second Third Fourth Highest income income income income income quintile quintile quintile quintile quintile
Source: Statistics Canada, Income Trends (2007), table 202-0405.
Real family incomes have recovered to a level not seen since the early 1980s (tables 3.04-3.05), but poverty persists. In 2005, 18 per cent of British Columbians lived in low-income, an improvement from a peak of 21 per cent in 1996, but still high. Nearly 19 per cent of B.C. women were poor, compared with 17 per cent of men. The most striking contrast is among children. Nearly half – 48 per cent – of B.C. children in female single parent families lived in low-income in
47 Low-income cut-offs (LICOs) vary from year to year, based on analysis of expenditure data for different communities and family sizes. The methodology is described in Statistics Canada, Low Income Cut-offs for 2006 and Low Income Measures for 2005, Catalogue No. 75F0002MIE - No. 004 (2007). 48 Statistics Canada, Income Trends (2007), table 202-0405.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 25 2005, compared with 15 per cent of children in two-parent families (figure 23; table 3.06).49
Figure 23. Children living in low-income, by family status, B.C., 1980-2005
80%
70%
60%
50% Tw o-parent families 40%
30% Female lone-parent families 20%
10%
0% 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Source: Statistics Canada, Income Trends (2007), table 202-0802.
Policy changes over the past decade and recent improvements in the provincial economy have reduced the number of people on social assistance rolls – from 496,000 in 1995 (13 per cent of the population) to 162,000 in 2006 (3.7 per cent of the population). The number of British Columbians receiving “disability” assistance has nearly tripled, from 27,000 in 1995 to 72,000 in 2006 (figures 24- 25; table 3.07). Those remaining on social assistance often face multiple barriers to employment and therefore require substantial supports to achieve greater attachment to the labour market.
49 Statistics Canada, Income Trends (2007), table 202-0802.
26 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World
Figure 24. Income Assistance Figure 25. Trends in Income recipients as share of B.C. Assistance recipients by type, population, 1995-2006
1995-2006 400,000
15%
300,000
10%
200,000
5% 100,000
0% 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 0 1995 2000 2005 Source: B.C. Ministry of Employment and Income Assistance, Summary Report (Oct. 2007). Temporary[1] Disability Dependent Children . Employment Insurance (formerly Unemployment Insurance), a federal program funded by worker and employer contributions, has experienced similar trends. Changes in eligibility requirements combined with strong provincial economic growth have contributed to the lowest number of EI recipients since the 1970s, both in B.C. and Canada. In contrast with 162,000 recipients during the recession of the mid-1980s, a total of 77,400 British Columbians received benefits in 2006 – half (36,000) of whom received specialized benefits such as maternity and paternity leave (figure 26; table 3.08).50 Among the remaining claimants, the “work ready”, almost 60 per cent were formerly employed in occupations requiring a high-school education or less. Skills upgrading or retraining may be required to improve their success in the labour market.51
Figure 26. Employment Insurance recipients, B.C., 1976-2006
170,000
150,000
130,000
110,000
90,000
70,000
50,000 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM, table 276-0001.
Government transfers to different income groups have been affected by federal and provincial policies in the past decade. Transfers to the bottom income quintile (the poorest 20 per cent of the B.C. population) declined in relative and absolute
50 Statistics Canada, CANSIM, table 276-0001. 51 Service Canada, Skill Level of Work-Ready EI Claimants in B.C, Nov. 2007, custom tabulation.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 27 terms between 1980 to 2005, from $5,900 per family unit52 to $5,700 (expressed in constant 2006 dollars). In contrast, transfers to the top income quintile grew from $2,900 to $5,300 over the same period. The share of total government transfers going to the lowest income quintile dropped from 28 per cent to 17 per cent (figure 27; table 3.09).53
Figure 27. Government transfers to lowest income quintile, B.C., 1980 & 2005
1980 2005
Lowest
quintile Lowest 17 % quintile 28%
Higher Higher
quintiles quintiles 72% 83%
Source: Statistics Canada, Income Trends (2007), table 202-0301. Expressed in constant 2006 dollars.
3.2 Women
Women’s participation in the paid labour force expanded substantially in the second half of the twentieth century, as cultural changes and increased access to education and reproductive choice facilitated women’s employment. In 1977, B.C. women accounted for 37 per cent of the total provincial labour force, a proportion that increased to 47 per cent by 2007. Even in traditionally male “blue- collar” industries, such as the extraction of wood, fish, minerals, and oil and gas, women’s employment grew from 8 per cent to 16 per cent of all workers (table 3.10).54
Gender imbalances persist in the British Columbian and Canadian labour markets, and women continue to strive for income equality with men. While the employment rate of women has increased significantly since the 1970s – from 48 per cent to 69 per cent in 2007 (figure 28; table 3.11) – incomes continue to lag behind those of men. In 2007, B.C. women earned an average of 84 cents for every dollar a man earned.55
52 Includes economic families (two or more persons living together) and unattached individuals. 53 Statistics Canada, Income Trends (2007), table 202-0301. 54 Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t05an. 55 Calculated using data from Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd3t01an.
28 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Figure 28. Employment rate by gender, B.C., 1976-2007
90%
85%
80%
75%
70% Men 65% Women 60%
55%
50%
45%
40% 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t01an.
Despite the overall pattern of growing women’s participation, the B.C. labour force remains structured along gender lines. In 2007, less than 20 per cent of workers in the goods producing sector were women – and in the booming construction industry the share was even lower, at 12 per cent. In contrast, women accounted for 61 per cent of the workforce in the finance and insurance industry, and 81 per cent of workers in health and social services.56
Gender imbalances are also evident in the earnings of male and female workers. Between 1996 and 2004, the earnings gap narrowed, with women’s income rising from 80 cents for every dollar a man earned to 85 cents. However, the current economic boom – driven by the male dominated construction and resource sectors – contributed to a widening of the gap between 2004 and 2006. In 2007, the gap narrowed once again, with B.C. women earning on average $18.64 per hour, compared with $22.26 earned by men (figure 29; table 3.12-3.13).57
Figure 29. Women’s earnings as a percentage of men’s earnings, B.C.
86%
85%
84%
83%
82%
81%
80%
79%
78% 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd3t01an.
56 Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t05an. 57 Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd3t01an.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 29
Educational data from the 2001 census suggests that the earnings gap remains stubbornly wide irrespective of education level. The gap is most pronounced, however, among the least educated women. Women without a high school diploma earned on average $27,900 in 2001, compared with $39,500 for men at the same education level. Women with a trades certification earned $31,400 annually, compared with $46,700 for men. For those with a bachelors degree, the gap was $44,700 to $65,300. Women with professional degrees in law, medicine, dentistry and veterinary medicine, earned on average $85,800 in 2000, compared with $105,600 for their male peers (table 5.38).58
This gap can be explained in part by educated women choosing not to work, or working part-time, in order to raise children. However, even considering different employment patterns among men and women, earnings are not equal between the genders.
3.3 Aboriginal People
The condition of Aboriginal people in B.C. and Canada reflects persistent socio- economic disparities. First Nations, and to an extent Métis people, have lower rates of employment and educational attainment, and lower incomes. First Nations people living on reserve face substandard housing, inadequate water and sewer systems, health and social problems related to poverty and jobless rates in some communities that exceed 80 per cent.59
Through the B.C. government’s New Relationship and initiatives such as the First Nations Education Act and the Tsawwassen treaty, Aboriginal people are reclaiming a measure of control over their lives. Reconciliation with Aboriginal people in B.C. – who numbered 196,000 in the 2006 census – makes sense from an ethical standpoint, but also in terms of economics.60 The problems of an aging workforce and declining youth population, discussed in the previous chapter, can be addressed by expanding the labour force participation and post-secondary attainment of Aboriginal people.61
Aboriginal people represent the fastest growing segment of youth in B.C. Nearly half (46 per cent) of all Aboriginal people identified in the 2006 census were under the age of 25, compared with 30 per cent of the general population. The Aboriginal population is projected to grow at a rate of seven per cent to 2017, in
58 Statistics Canada, 2001 Census, table arb_t122_2001. 59 See BC Stats. “Labour Market Characteristics of the Off-Reserve Aboriginal Population in B.C.,” Earnings and Employment Trends, April 2007. 60 Centre for the Study of Living Standards, The Potential Contribution of Aboriginal Canadians to Labour Force, Employment, Productivity and Output Growth in Canada, 2001-2017 (Nov. 2007); “Improving the lives of aboriginals will reap dividends for everyone,” Vancouver Sun, 27 Nov. 2007. 61 McMullin and Cooke, Labour Force Ageing and Skill Shortages in Canada and Ontario, 34.
30 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World contrast with general population growth of one per cent (figure 30; tables 3.14 and 3.1562).
Figure 30. Aboriginal population and B.C. population, by age group, 2006
Aboriginal B.C. (inc. Aboriginal)
Age 65+ Age 0-4 A ge 0-4 Age 65+ Age 55-64 5.1% 8.3% 4.9% 14 . 6 % 7.4% A ge 5-14 11. 6 %
Age 5-14 Age 45-54 19 . 9 % Age 15-19 13 . 5 % Age 55-64 6.7% 12 . 3 %
Age 20-24 6.5%
A ge 15-19 10 . 2 % Age 45-54 16 . 1% Age 25-44 Age 20-24 28.2% Age 25-44 7.6% 27.4%
Ages 0-24 Ages 25-54 Ages 55+
Source: Statistics Canada, 2006 Census, tables 94F0043XCB01001 and 95F0300XCB01004.
In 2001 (the most recent census year for which sub-provincial data is available), the Aboriginal population exceeded 10 per cent of the total population in a number of regional districts: Alberni-Clayoquot, Squamish-Lillooet, Cariboo, Bulkley-Nechako, Peace River, Northern Rockies, and Mount Waddington. The proportion rises to between 25 per cent and 50 per cent in Kitimat, the Stikine, Skeena, and Haida Gwai. On the Central Coast, 59 per cent of the population is Aboriginal (table 3.16).63
Looking at B.C.’s college regions, the Aboriginal population (ages 15 and over) was highest in the Northwest (22.5 per cent), Thompson Rivers (10.0 per cent), New Caledonia (9.4 per cent), and North Island (8.8 per cent). It is lowest in the Kwantlen college region, around Surrey, accounting for 1.5 per cent of total population (figure 31; table 3.17).64 British Columbia’s post-secondary system is integral to increasing the labour force participation of Aboriginal people. Nearly 40 per cent of B.C. Aboriginal people over age 25 have not completed high school, compared with 25 per cent of the general population. Only five per cent of Aboriginal people hold a bachelor’s degree or higher, compared with 18 per cent of the total population over age 25 (figure 32; table 3.18).65
62 Statistics Canada, 2001 Census, tables 94F0043XCB01001 and 95F0300XCB01004; Statistics Canada, Projections of the Aboriginal Populations, Canada, Provinces and Territories (2005), table 1.1, Scenario B. 63 Statistics Canada, 1996 and 2001 Census, table 95F0489XCB01006; BC Stats, 2001 Census Fast Facts: B.C. Indian Reserves (2002) and B.C. Aboriginal Identity Population (2004.) 64 Statistics Canada, 2001 Census, Custom Run J2899 table 12. 65 Statistics Canada, 2001 Census, table 94F0043XCB01001, 95F0418XCB01006 and EPB 276.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 31 Figure 31. Aboriginal population as percent of total population (age 15+), by college region, 2001
Camosun
Capilano
Douglas
Fraser Valley
Kw antlen
Malaspina
New Caledonia
North Island
Northern Lights
Northw es t
Okanagan
Rockies
Selkirk
Thompson Rivers
Vancouver
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% Aboriginal identity population as a percentage of the total population age 15 and over
Source: Statistics Canada, 2001 Census, Custom Run J2899 table 12.
Figure 32. Educational attainment of Aboriginal population (age 25+), 2001
Aboriginal B.C. (incl. Aboriginal) Bachelor's degree or higher Bachelor's degree 5% or higher Less than high 18% school diploma 25% Less than high Trades, college, or school diploma university diploma 38% (below Bachelor's) 33%
High School graduates Trades, college, or 12% university diploma (below Bachelor's) High School Some post- Some post- 34% graduates secondary secondary 10% 14% 11%
Less than High School High School Graduates Some Post-Secondary
Source: Statistics Canada, 2001 Census, table 94F0043XCB01001, 95F0418XCB01006, and EPB 276.
Among the college regions, Aboriginal educational attainment varies considerably. About three per cent of Aboriginal people in the North Island, Northwest, New Caledonia, and Northern Lights College regions hold university degrees. In contrast, over 11 per cent of Aboriginal people in the province’s most urbanized areas – the Camosun College (Victoria) and Vancouver Community College regions – hold university degrees (table 3.19).66
In the skilled trades and college level credentials, Aboriginal attainment is higher. In fact, Aboriginal attainment of these credentials surpasses that of the non- Aboriginal population in a number of college regions, primarily in metropolitan
66 Statistics Canada, 2001 Census, Custom Run J2899 table 12. Base on Aboriginal population age 15 and over.
32 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World B.C. (Camosun, Capilano, Douglas, Fraser Valley, Kwantlen, and Vancouver but also in the East Kootenays (Rockies). This can be explained in part by lower education prerequisites for trades and college programs, and the higher proportion of non-Aboriginal people who attain educational credentials beyond college (table 3.19).67 Recent moves to expand Aboriginal participation, such as efforts by Thompson Rivers University to become the destination of choice for Aboriginal students, provide grounds for optimism.68
3.4 Ethnicity and Language
British Columbia’s population and labour force reflect a broad diversity of ethnic and linguistic groups. In the 2006 census, 30 per cent of British Columbians reported English ethnic origin. Scottish, Irish, German, and Chinese ancestry followed at 20 per cent, 15 per cent, 14 per cent and 11 per cent, respectively. British Columbia differed from the rest of Canada in the high proportion of people of British and Chinese origins, and the smaller proportion reporting French ethnic origins (9 per cent in B.C. compared with 16 per cent in Canada as a whole) (figure 33; table 3.20).69
Figure 33. Ethnic origin of British Columbians, 2006
British Columbia Canada French 9% Other 18% Eastern European 12% British Isles 35% British Isles 44% French East and Southeast 16% Asian 16% Eastern European 10% Western European Western European East and Southeast 14% 19% Asian 7%
Source: Statistics Canada, 2006 Census, table 97-562-XCB2006006.
British Columbia also varied from the Canada-wide pattern in the size of the visible minority population. In the 2006 census, 24 per cent of British Columbians reported belonging to a visible minority group, compared with 15 per cent in Canada generally. Those of Chinese and South Asian origins accounted for the largest share in B.C., followed by Filipino and Korean people. The visible minority population was concentrated in the Lower Mainland and much more dispersed elsewhere in B.C. While 40 per cent of Greater Vancouver residents
67 Statistics Canada, 2001 Census, Custom Run J2899 table 12. Base on Aboriginal population age 15 and over. 68 “Former chief's role expands as TRU tries harder to enrol more aboriginals,” Daily News (Kamloops), 27 Nov. 2007. 69 Statistics Canada, 2006 Census, table 97-562-XCB2006006. Includes single and multiple responses.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 33 belonged to a visible minority group, the proportion in Greater Victoria was 10 per cent (table 3.21).70
British Columbia is also becoming more linguistically diverse. Between 1996 and 2006, the proportion of British Columbians reporting English as a mother tongue declined from 75 per cent of the population to 71 per cent. Chinese speakers increased from 6.8 per cent to 8.4 per cent, while the proportion of Punjabi speakers grew from 2.6 per cent of the population to 3.9 per cent. The proportion with a mother tongue of French declined marginally, while Tagalog (Filipino), Spanish and a host of other languages experienced growth (figure 34; table 3.22 and image 3.23).
Figure 34. Linguistic change in Greater Vancouver, 1996-2006
Source: Statistics Canada, prepared by BC Stats.
Respectful relationships are replacing discriminatory attitudes of the past and discriminatory laws and regulations against the employment of ethnic minorities no longer exist. However, a recent survey conducted for the Department of Canadian Heritage found that one in five people identifying with an ethnic
70 Statistics Canada, 2006 Census, table 97-562-XCB2006010.
34 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World minority group had experienced discrimination in employment.71 British Columbia’s expanding cultural and linguistic diversity underscores the need for a responsive and respectful labour market and post-secondary system.
3.5 Persons with Disabilities
Persons with disabilities also experience barriers to labour force participation and educational attainment in B.C. The definition of disability changes with time and circumstance, but often signifies those “disadvantaged by reason of any persistent physical, mental, psychiatric, learning or dexterity impairment.”72 According to the 2006 Participation and Activity Limitation Survey, 16 per cent of the B.C.’s population reported having a disability – 637,000 people – including 13 per cent of the population aged 15-64.73
The employment rate of persons with disabilities in B.C. was 44 per cent in 2001, compared with 72 per cent for persons without disabilities. About 29 per cent of persons with disabilities had not completed high school (compared with 25 per cent of those without disabilities), and only 14 per cent held university degrees (compared with 22 per cent). The average annual income of persons with disabilities in Canada was $26,800 in 2001, while persons without disabilities earned $32,100 per year.74
Disability is often amplified by the perceptions, understating people’s abilities and hindering access to occupations and education. As the 2010 Human Resources Planning Committee noted: “Sometimes, it is employers’ and co- workers’ perceptions and attitudes that create the employment barrier, not lack of capacity in the worker with a disability.”75
Several initiatives are underway to break down these barriers. The B.C. Ministry of Employment and Income Assistance operates the Employment Program for Persons with Disabilities (EPPD) and created a $20-million Disability Supports for Employment endowment. Employers and educators can often accommodate persons with disabilities at a very minimal cost, through technology, training, and adjustments to work processes and scheduling.
71 Canadian Race Relations Association and Association of Canadian Studies, Analysis of the Perception of Human Rights Violations By Canadians, Dec. 2007. 72 2010 Human Resources Planning Committee, Planning for Gold: Maximizing 2010-Related Employment and Skills Opportunities in British Columbia: Connecting Labour Market Supply & Demand (Dec. 2003), 30. 73 Statistics Canada, Participation and Activity Limitation Survey (2006), table 2.11-1. See also A Profile of Disability in Canada, 2001, catalogue no. 89-577-XIE (Nov. 2002). 74 Human Resources and Social Development Canada, Disability in Canada: A 2001 Profile (Ottawa: 2003); Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 89-587-XIE, Table 1.11; Planning for Gold, 30. 75 Planning for Gold, 30.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 35 3.6 Outlook for the Future
British Columbia can respond to social and economic challenges by addressing barriers to employment and education, and narrowing income inequalities.
Narrowing the prosperity gap has benefits for low-income people and society as a whole, reducing marginalization and dependency while boosting productivity. Narrowing the gender gap – exemplified in unequal earnings and low participation of women in the resource and construction industries – makes sense economically and in terms of equality.
Improving the condition of Aboriginal people, both on and off the reserve, is essential for our collective future. Higher educational attainment of Aboriginal people will translate into increased labour force participation and better social conditions. British Columbia’s labour market and post-secondary system can also be more responsive to citizens of diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds, and persons with disabilities.
As B.C.’s population becomes more diverse in future decades, social cohesion and economic growth will rest on equality and mutual understanding, the hallmarks of an educated society.
36 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World 4. Labour Force Trends
Workers settle in B.C. and choose particular occupations for a host of reasons: the availability of work; competitive wages and compensation; flexibility in working arrangements and leisure time; opportunities for career development; and quality of life outside the workplace. B.C.’s dramatic topography and mild climate on the coast attract job seekers from across Canada and the world.
The province’s labour force is shaped by cyclical and structural trends. Economic growth in recent years has caused wages to rise and unemployment to fall to the lowest level since the 1970s. Youth unemployment is among the lowest in the industrialized world.76 These shifts in employment and earnings are closely tied to the business cycle.
Long-range structural changes also impact the labour force. British Columbia’s industrial and occupational structure is changing, influenced by the forces of globalization and technology, and the nature of work is becoming more fluid. Hinterland “blue-collar” jobs continue to give way to urban “white-collar” jobs. Fewer workers remain in one job throughout their career, as part-time work and frequent career change characterize a growing segment of the labour force. Self- employment is expanding along with other alternative work arrangements, such as “flex” shifting, “telework” and work-from-home. Technology has made home- based work increasingly viable, as barriers of communication disappear.
Labour relations are also changing as B.C.’s economy diversifies. Unionization – the highest in North America in the mid-1950s – has now reached the lowest point since the Second World War, and ranks in the middle among the Canadian provinces. About 32 per cent of B.C. workers were covered by collective bargaining agreements in 2007.
4.1 Employment
The labour force participation rate of British Columbians has reached the highest point in a decade – 77 per cent of the 15-64 age population in 2007 (table 4.01). Unemployment has fallen below five per cent, from a high of 15 per cent during the recession of the mid-1980s. Reflecting the current economic boom, the number of unemployed workers dropped from 181,000 in 2002 to 99,000 in 2007. Conditions of “full employment” are driving up wages and causing difficulties for employers seeking to fill vacancies (figure 35; table 4.02).77
76 OECD, Labour Market Statistics/OECD database (May 2007); Labour Force Statistics: 1986-2006 (2007); OECD Employment Outlook (2007). 77 Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), tables cd1t01an and cd1t01mn; CANSIM table 282-0001; Canadian Federation of Independent Business, Help Wanted: Long-Term Vacancies Grow for Canada’s Entrepreneurs (March 2007).
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 37 The employment situation is consistently better in the services producing sector than the goods producing sector, as the historic trends discussed in the first chapter (such as the decline of primary resource jobs) produce higher rates of unemployment (figure 36; table 4.03).
Figure 35. Unemployment in B.C. and selected provinces, 1976-2007 16%
14%
12% British
e Columbia 10% Alberta 8%
Ontario 6% Unemployment Rat
4% Canada
2%
0% 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t01an
Figure 36. Unemployment rate, by sector, B.C., 1976-2007
18
16
14 All 12 Industries e
10 Goods- producing 8 sector Unemployment Rat Unemployment 6 Services- producing 4 sector
2
0 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t05an
Figure 37. Unemployment rate, by region, 1997, 2001 and 2007
Vancouver Island and Coast
Low er Mainland - Southw est
Thompson - Okanagan
Kootenay 1997 2002 Cariboo 2007
North Coast & Nechako
Northeast[1]
B.C. Total
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% Unemployment Rate 1 Data for 1998 and 2006 calculated using available monthly data (3-month moving averages), because of incomplete reporting for confidentiality. Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), tables cd1t30an and cd1t30m3.
38 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Regional unemployment rates reflect this imbalance between the goods producing and services producing sectors, though all regions have seen declines in total unemployment in recent years. In 2007, unemployment remained highest in those regions most reliant on primary resource employment, such as the North coast and Nechako at eight per cent. One exception is the northeast, where oil and gas extraction and spinoff benefits drove strong job growth (figure 37; table 4.04).
British Columbia businesses, both large and small, have experienced employment growth during the current boom. In 2007, small businesses with fewer than 20 employees saw job growth of 1 per cent, while large businesses with more than 500 employees saw 4.5 per cent growth. Looking over the past decade, the share of total employment in large (100-500 employees) and very large (500+) enterprises remained stable, while employment shifted from small (up to 20 employees) to medium-sized (20-100 employees) businesses. As the following chart demonstrates, a majority of all jobs in B.C. are provided in enterprises with fewer than 100 employees, while those with more than 500 workers account for less than eight per cent of total employment (figure 38; table 4.14).78
Figure 38. Distribution of workers by establishment size, B.C., 2007
More than 500 employees, 7.9%
100 to 500 employees, 18.5% Less than 20 employees, 37.8%
20 to 99 employees, 35.8%
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t41an
Employment rates vary widely depending on age, with young people (ages 15-24) experiencing the most difficulty finding work. Youth unemployment in B.C. was in the double digits for the last three decades – peaking at 23 per cent in 1984. However, by 2007, youth unemployment had dropped to eight per cent with strong job growth. The average duration of unemployment also demonstrates this
78 Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t41an.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 39 downward trend, from 13 weeks in 1996 to less than six weeks in 2007 (figure 39; tables 4.05-4.07).79
Looking across Canada, B.C. has the second-lowest rate of youth unemployment, behind Alberta. Internationally, B.C. is only surpassed by a handful of OECD countries: Mexico, Denmark, Netherlands, Switzerland and Japan (figure 40; tables 4.08-4.09).80
Figure 39. Youth (age 15-24) employment and unemployment rate, B.C., 1976-2007
70
60
50 Employment 40 rate
30
Percentage Unemployment rate 20
10
0 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t01an
Figure 40. Youth employment rate, provincial comparison, 2007
B.C.
Alberta
Saskatchew an
Manitoba
Ontario
Quebec
New Brunswick
Nova Scotia
PEI
Nfld and Lab.
30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70%
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t01an.
79 For duration of unemployment, see Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t26an. 80 Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t01an; OECD, Labour Market Statistics/OECD database (May 2007); Labour Force Statistics: 1986-2006 (2007); OECD Employment Outlook (2007).
40 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World A strong correlation exists between educational attainment and employment. British Columbians with less than eight years of schooling had an employment rate of 22 per cent in 2007, compared with employment rates of more than 70 per cent for workers who completed post-secondary education (figure 41; table 4.10).
Figure 41. Employment rate by educational attainment, B.C. & Canada 2007
80%
70%
60%
e 50%
B.C. 40% Canada
Employment rat 30%
20%
10%
0% 0 - 8 years Some hig h Hig h Some Post - University B achelo r's Above Total, all school school post- secondary degree degree bachelor's educat io n g rad uat e secondary certificate degree levels or diploma
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t02an
4.2 Earnings
Workers’ earnings have increased as a result of economic growth and strong labour market pressures. This trend will likely continue as long as the availability of skilled workers remains in short supply. Competitive wages and compensation will be essential for attracting and retaining workers.
While wages have risen across the B.C. economy – to an average of over $20 per hour in 2007 from $18 in 2001 – there are notable variations by sector and industry. Wages in the goods-producing sector are higher than in the services producing sector, but undergo greater fluctuations due to the cyclical nature of these industries. Goods sector wages averaged $21.92 in 2007 while service sector wages average $20.11 (figure 42; table 4.11).81
81 Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd3t01an.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 41 Figure 42. Average hourly wage by sector, B.C., 1997-2007
$22.00
$21.00 Goods- producing $20.00 sector
$19.00 Services- producing sector $18.00 Average hourly wage All sectors $17.00
$16.00 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd3t01an
In service industries such as trade, transportation, and accommodation and food services, wages fell during the recessions of the late 1990s and early 2000s and have grown modestly since then. Wages in accommodation and food services remain considerably lower than all other major industrial groups – an average of $12.40 per hour in 2007. The highest wages were in professional, technical and scientific services ($25.26); forestry, fishing, mining and oil and gas ($25.42); education ($25.87); public administration ($27.21); and utilities ($28.91).82
Earnings also vary depending on the age of a worker. The average hourly wage of a worker between age 15 and 24 stood at $12.62 in 2007, while workers in the prime cohort of age 25-54 earned on average $22.19 hourly and those over age 55 earned slightly more ($23.01). British Columbia was roughly in line with Canada- wide trends on earnings among different age groups (figure 43; table 4.12).83
82 Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd3t01an. 83 Ibid.
42 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Figure 43. Average hourly wage by age cohort, B.C., 2007
$25.00
55 years $20.00 and over
25-54 years
Average hourly wage $15.00 15-24 years
$10.00 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd3t01an
Compared with other Canadian provinces, B.C. has the third-highest average hourly wage, behind Ontario and Alberta. However, looking at historical wage trends, B.C. has fallen back from having the highest wages in the country in the late 1990s (figure 44; table 4.13).84
Figure 44. Average hourly wage by province, 2007
B.C.
Alberta
Saskatchewan
M anitoba
Ontario
Quebec
New Brunswick
Nova Scotia
PEI
Nfld and Lab.
Canada
$0 $5 $10 $15 $20 $25
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd3t01an
84 Ibid.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 43 4.3 Changes in Work Arrangements
The nature of work is changing in B.C. Globalization and technology have reduced job security, giving rise to more frequent career changes and an employment landscape that is less stable than a generation ago. Workers move between different occupations and industries as economic conditions change. Forestry workers – throughout B.C. but particularly those impacted by the mountain pine beetle epidemic in the Interior – are a case in point, like fishers a decade ago.
Hours of work are also in flux. The historic decline in working hours – symbolized by the labour slogan “Eight hours for work, eight hours for rest, eight hours for what we will” – appears to have reached a plateau.85 The eight hour workday was legislated for B.C. coal miners in the early 1900s; retail workers lobbied successfully for the Saturday half holiday, a step toward the two day weekend. By the 1950s, most B.C. workers had achieved the 40 hour week, and collective bargaining agreements lowered the bar further.
However, the appropriate balance between work and leisure time continues to motivate debate. This was demonstrated in the year 2000 when France implemented the 35 hour workweek. As the skilled labour shortage deepens in B.C. and other jurisdictions, pressure will mount for an extension of working hours to increase output per worker.
British Columbia’s work week fluctuates with the business cycle and policy shifts, with periods of economic growth often corresponding to an increase in working hours. The average work- week rose sharply during the economic recovery of the late 1980s, then declined throughout the 1990s. Since 2003, working hours in B.C. have increased by an average of one hour per week. However, B.C.’s workweek has remained the second shortest in Canada, averaging 36 hours in 2007, behind Québec (35.2 hours) but considerably lower than neighbouring Alberta (38.8 hours). An upward trend will likely continue as the supply of workers tightens (figure 45; table 4.15).86
85 See Craig Heron, The Canadian Labour Movement: A Brief History (Toronto: Lorimer, 1996). 86 Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd2T12an.
44 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Figure 45. Duration of work week, provincial comparison, 1987-2007
40
39
38
British Columbia Alberta 37 Ontario Canada
36 Average Work Week (Hours) Week Work Average
35
34 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd2T12an.
Alternative work arrangements have also increased in recent years, as part-time and home-based work become more common. The 1995 Survey of Work Arrangements – the most recent Canadian study of this trend – found that only one-third of Canadians worked a “typical” Monday to Friday “9 to 5” job. Six per cent worked from home.87
In many cases, alternative work arrangements are driven by workers’ desire for flexibility. However, alternative work arrangements are also driven by economic need and a shortage of gainful employment during downturns in the business cycle. For example, in 2007, 5.8 per cent of B.C. workers held multiple jobs as they were unable to obtain sufficient hours or adequate incomes at a single job (figure 46; table 4.16).88
87 Human Resources and Social Development Canada, Flexible Work Arrangements – Gaining Ground – Applied Research Bulletin, 3:1 (April 1997). < http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/en/cs/sp/sdc/pkrf/publications/bulletins/1997-000020/page03.shtml >. 88 See also “Multiple Job Holders in B.C.,” BC Stats, Infoline, 7:46 (16 Nov. 2007), 3-7.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 45 Figure 46. Multiple job-holders as percentage of all workers, by sector, 1987-2007
8%
7%
6% Total employment
5% Goods-producing sector
4% Services-producing sector
3% Multiple-job holdersMultiple-job as percentage workers of all
2% 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), tables c1t18an and cd1t05an.
Part-time work has become more common in recent decades. From 15 per cent of total employment in the 1980s, part-time jobs accounted for 20 per cent of total employment in 2007. Despite some narrowing during the current economic boom, part-time work accounts for a significantly larger share of total employment in B.C. than in Alberta and Canada generally (figure 47; table 4.17). Part-time work is much more prevalent in the services producing sector than in the goods producing sector. Nearly one-quarter of all service jobs are part-time, compared with less than eight per cent of goods-producing jobs (figures 47-48; table 4.18).89
Figure 47. Part-time work as percent Figure 48. Part-time work as percent of all work, provincial comparison, of all work, by sector, B.C., 1976-2007 1976-2007
24% 30%
22% 25%
20% 20% Services- BC producing sector 18% Alberta 15%
Canada Goods- producing 16% 10% sector
14% 5% Part-time work as percentageofemployment total 12% 0% Part-time work as percentage of employment total 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t01an. Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t05an.
89 Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), tables cd1t01an and cd1t05an.
46 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World
Part-time work is most common in economically challenged regions and regions with a very high level of services-sector employment. The strongest performing regions – the Lower Mainland/Southwest and the Northeast – have the lowest rates of part-time work, while those regions most impacted by mill closures and the fledgling forestry sector – such as Vancouver Island/Coast – have the highest rates, between 20 per cent and 25 per cent of total employment. Economic diversification in several regions, such as Thompson-Okanagan, over the past decade has contributed to a decline in part-time work (table 4.19).90
Part-time work is also most prevalent among young workers and female workers. More than 40 per cent of workers ages 15-24 were employed part-time in 2007, down from a peak of 50 per cent in 2002 but still far higher than the rate for workers age 25-44 (14 per cent). This trend is explained in part, however, by the high participation of youth in secondary and post-secondary education. Among women, the rate of part-time work has declined during the current economic boom, but remains significantly higher than the rate for men. In 2007, nearly one third of all female workers were employed part-time, compared with less than 12 per cent of male workers in B.C. (figure 49; tables 4.20-4.21).91
Figure 49. Part-time work as percent of all work, by gender, B.C., 2007
Women Men
12% 30%
Full-time
Part-time
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t01an
Workers cite a number of reasons for working part-time, including illness, caring for a child or relative, pursuing an education, personal preference and poor business conditions. The proportion of B.C. part-time workers who cited poor business conditions declined from 28 per cent in 1997 to 9 per cent in 2007. The proportion of workers who cited child-rearing remained stable, while those citing illness, education and personal preference increased (table 4.22).92
90 Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t30an. 91 Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t01an. 92 Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t08an.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 47 4.4 Labour Organization
British Columbia’s economy has been influenced by turbulent labour relations and strong unions. The pattern of economic development on the “resource frontier” created a sense of distance between workers and employers.93 Trade unions were forged in forestry, fishing, mining and manufacturing in the early 1900s. After the Second World War, collective bargaining received legal sanction, formalizing relations between workers and employers and contributing to higher wages, growing fringe benefits and improved working conditions.
Recent decades have seen a downward trend in unionization. From a peak in the late 1950s – when 55 per cent of all wage workers were covered by collective agreements – union coverage (or “union density”) has declined to 32 per cent of the B.C. labour force. Québec is Canada’s most unionized province, with 40 per cent of workers covered by collective agreements in 2007 (figures 50-51; tables 4.23-4.24).94
Figure 50. Union coverage in B.C., 1946-2007
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10% Percentage off workers covered by collective agreements 0% 1946 1951 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
Source: B.C. Ministry of Labour, Annual Report (1946-1993); B.C. Labour Directory (1993-2002); Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t42an.
93 Paul Phillips, No Power Greater: A Century of Labour in British Columbia (Vancouver: B.C. Federation of Labour and Boag Foundation, 1967). 94 B.C. Ministry of Labour (formerly B.C. Department of Labour), Annual Report (1946-1993); B.C. Labour Directory (1993-2002); Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t42an.
48 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Figure 51. Union coverage, provincial comparison, 1997-2007
Nfld and Labrador
Pr inc e Edw ar d Is land
Nov a Sc otia
New Brunswick
Quebec 1997 2002 Ontario 2007 Manitoba
Saskatchew an
Alberta
British Columbia
20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%
Source: B.C. Ministry of Labour, Annual Report (1946-1993); B.C. Labour Directory (1993-2002); Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t42an.
The goods producing sector has been the traditional locus of unionization in B.C. However, economic woes in forestry and other resource industries, combined with growth of the heavily unionized health and education sub-sectors, have caused a reversal of this trend. In 2007, 30 per cent of goods sector workers were unionized, compared with 33 per cent of workers in the services sector. Mirroring trends in Canada and the United States, there is a huge disparity in unionization between the public and private sectors. In B.C., 20 per cent of private sector workers were unionized in 2007, compared with 77 per cent of public sector workers (figures 52-53; table 4.25).95
95 Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t42an.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 49 Figure 52. Union coverage by sector, B.C., 1997-2007
40%
35% Goods- producing sector
Services- 30% producing sector by a collective agreement Percentage of all workersPercentage of all covered
25% 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t42an
Figure 53. Union coverage in public and private sectors, B.C., 2007
Public Sector Private Sector
19% 23%
Union No union
77% 81%
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t42an
There is a strong correlation between unionization and wage levels in B.C. and all Canadian provinces. Unionized workers in B.C. earned an average wage of $24 per hour in 2007, compared with $19 for non-union workers (figure 54; table 4.26).96
96 Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd3t03an.
50 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Figure 54. Wages by union coverage, provincial comparison, 2007
$30.00
$25.00
$20.00 Union coverage $15.00 No union coverage $10.00 Average hourlywage
$5.00
$0.00 Canada Ontario Alberta British Columbia
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd3t03an
Relations between B.C. workers and employers have a major impact on the economy. Unionization shapes wages and working conditions, while industrial disputes can restrain output and disrupt services. Despite the declining role of unions in some sectors, organized labour will likely exert influence in B.C. into the future.
4.5 Outlook
The world of work is changing in the face of globalization and rapid technological change. In B.C. and other developed economies, employment is shifting from the goods producing sector to the services sector – industries like health, education and trade. This process will likely intensify in future years, as traditional work arrangements and “nine to five” job security give way to more flexible arrangements.
British Columbia’s labour market must become increasingly responsive to skills shortages in key sectors – in the short-term as the 2010 Olympic Games approach, but also for the foreseeable future. Demographic trends in North America and beyond, point to protracted shortages as the workforce ages, with the potential to restrain output and hinder economic growth. Incomes will rise as the supply of workers tightens. Education is integral to responding to growing labour market pressures of the years ahead.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 51 5. Education Trends
Education has been described as “the great equalizer” – a path to opportunity that transcends a person’s socio-economic or cultural background. Those with post- secondary education earn higher incomes, experience more fulfilling careers and lead healthier lives.97
Education also has profound social benefits. It contributes to social cohesion, reducing marginalization and crime.98 Education, particularly in the areas of research and innovation, increases productivity, a key ingredient of success in the global, knowledge-based economy. Economist Arthur Sweetman concluded in a 2002 study that: “The evidence shows that increases in educational attainment continue to have a strong impact on productivity…. For the nation it appears that high-quality education is an important source of economic growth.”99
British Columbia’s population is becoming more educated. The proportion of people over age 15 without a high-school diploma fell from 29 per cent in 1990 to 19 per cent in 2007, and the share with some post-secondary education grew from 46 per cent to 59 per cent. British Columbia ranks fifth in Canada in post- secondary attainment, behind Québec, Ontario, Alberta and Nova Scotia (figure 55; tables 5.01-5.04). In 2007, the number of university graduates in B.C. surpassed the number of high-school dropouts for the first time in history.100
Figure 55. Educational attainment in B.C. (ages 15+ pop), 1997 and 2007
1997 2007
Above bachelor's Above bachelor's degree 0 - 8 years degree 0 - 8 years 4% 7% 6% 5% Bachelor's degree Some high school 10 % Bachelor's degree 14 % Some high school 14 % 18 %
Post-secondary ` certificate or diploma High school graduate 28% Post-secondary 23% certificate or diploma 28% High school graduate 22%
Some post-secondary Some post-secondary
11% 10 %
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t02an
97 Catherine E. Ross and Chia-ling Wu, “The Links Between Education and Health,” American Sociological Review, 60 (October 1995), 719-745. 98 Dan Usher, “Education as a Deterrent to Crime,” Canadian Journal of Economics, 30:2 (May 1997): 367-384. 99 Arthur Sweetman, “Working Smarter: Education and Productivity,” Review of Economic Performance and Social Progress (2002), 176. 100 Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t02an.
52 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World However, challenges remain on the road to an educated society, the provincewide “campus of learning” envisioned in the Campus 2020 report.101 Adult literacy and early childhood education are vulnerable components of B.C.’s education system. High-school “Dogwood” completion rates vary widely within and between the regions, reflecting broader social and economic imbalances. Tertiary education – the complex system of public and private colleges, institutes, university-colleges, and universities – is challenged by limitations of access, financing, and responsiveness to the labour market.
5.1 Literacy
The ability of citizens to read is integral to their economic and personal success – a basic requirement for most occupations and “the basis for the acquisition of further knowledge.”102 However, in B.C. and Canada, a large segment of the population fails to meet minimum literacy standards.
The 2003 International Adult Literacy and Skills Survey compared literacy, numeracy and problem solving abilities in Canada and other counties, and found that: “Contrary to expectation, the report finds little improvement in literacy proficiency” since the previous survey in 1994. Nearly half of Canadians over age fifteen – 48 per cent of survey respondents – failed to meet the “minimum for persons to understand and use information contained in the increasingly difficult texts and tasks that characterize the emerging knowledge society and information economy.”103
British Columbians with the lowest proficiency in document literacy had an employment rate of 47 per cent, compared with 81 per cent for those in the highest literacy levels.104 The economic importance of basic skills was noted: “Proficiency of Canadians… in literacy, numeracy and problem solving is clearly linked to their labour market outcomes.”105
British Columbia ranked third among the Canadian provinces, behind Alberta and Saskatchewan, while the Yukon territory received the highest scores for literacy, numeracy and problem solving. Internationally, literacy scores for B.C. and Canada were behind Norway but above other major countries surveyed (Switzerland, the United States, and Italy) (figure 56; tables 5.05-5.06).
101 P. Geoffrey Plant, Campus 2020: Thinking Ahead (2007). 102 Human Resources and Social Development Canada, Building on our Competencies: Canadian Results of the International Adult Literacy and Skills Survey 2003 (Ottawa: Minister of Industry, 2005), 73. 103 Ibid, 7 and 26. 104 Ibid., 162 (Table 4.3). 105 Ibid., 10.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 53 Figure 56. Literacy, provincial comparison, 2003
(% of pop. age 15+ meeting minimum standards) 100%
90%
80%
70%
60% Ages 16 and over 50% Ages 16-25 40%
30%
20%
10% % of pop that meets minimum standard% meets of pop that proseof minimum literacy
0%
d N B T PE S B C T* N N QC O M SK AB B YK W N Nfl N Canada Source: HRSDC, International Adult Literacy and Skills Survey (2003), tables 1.2, 1.3, and 2.5.
The International Adult Literacy and Skills Survey also provides insight on the link between literacy and civic engagement. Over 80 per cent of British Columbians in the highest literacy levels reported involvement in civic and social groups, such as volunteer organizations. Among the lowest literacy level, only 52 per cent were active in such groups (table 5.07).106
Initiatives to improve literacy in B.C. appear to be having an effect. The province’s Grade 4 students ranked fifth out of 45 jurisdictions in the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study of 2006 – behind only Russia, Hong Kong, Alberta, and Singapore.107 Such initiatives are essential for expanding educational attainment and ensuring a skilled workforce for the future.
5.2 Early Childhood Education
Growing attention is being placed on the importance of early childhood education and care in B.C. and across the country. In part, this interest reflects concern for the intellectual and social development of children. Studies point to the benefits of participation in formal learning at an early age.108 This trend also reflects a shortage of childcare spaces and labour market pressures created by the growing participation of women in the paid labour force.
Women and men without access to childcare experience barriers to education and labour force participation. The 2005 outcomes survey for Adult Basic Education (ABE) in B.C. found that 50 per cent of students who failed to complete ABE
106 Civic engagement rates were based on a composite of 12 questions on social participation. See table 5.2. 107 Ina V. Mullis et al., Progress in International Reading Literacy Study 2006 – International Report (Boston: International Study Centre, 2007), 37. 108 According to the Early Years Study 2, released in March 2007: “Like schools, early childhood programs contribute to the general health of children, further educational achievement and enhance labour market availability and stability and social cohesion.” Council for Early Childhood Development, Early Years Study 2: Putting Science into Action (March 2007), p. 136; Sheila B. Kamerman, “Early Childhood Education and Care: An Overview of Developments in the OECD Countries,” International Journal of Education Research, 33:1 (2000): 7-29.
54 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World fundamental programs were parents.109 Active policies to ease such barriers include financial subsidies and the expansion of childcare spaces.
As Martha Friendly and Jane Beach conclude in Early Childhood Education and Care in Canada 2004, a majority of the estimated 70 per cent of Canadian children with working parents are cared for by family members, in-home caregivers or other unregulated providers. Only in Québec and Prince Edward Island does the proportion of regulated childcare spaces exceed 15 per cent of the under 12 age cohort, despite improvements in all provinces in the past decade (figure 57; table 5.08).
Figure 57. Regulated childcare spaces by province (% of age 0-12 population), 1992, 1998 and 2004
New foundland & Lab.
Pr inc e Edw ar d Is land
Nov a Sc otia
New Brunswick
Quebec
Ontario 1992 1998 Manitoba 2004 Saskatchew an
Alberta
British Columbia
Canada
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% Registered childcare spaces as a percentage of age 0-12 population
Source: Martha Friendly and Jane Beach, Early Childhood Education and Care in Canada 2004 (May 2005).
In Québec, a provincially run system of subsidized pre-school ($7 per day paid by parents) and after-school care run by the Ministry of Education explain the relatively high ratio – three regulated spaces for every ten children.110 However, Friendly and Beach conclude that: “No region of Canada yet provides a system of well designed and funded early childhood education and care services to meet the needs of a majority of families and children.”111
In B.C., the number of regulated childcare spaces doubled between 1992 and 2004, from 7 per cent of the age 0-12 cohort to 14 per cent. Of the 80,230 regulated spaces in B.C., about 20,000 were full time for children under age three.. The remainder were part-time pre-school (17,700 spaces), out-of-school care (23,100 spaces), regulated family care (17,400) and child-minding and
109 B.C. Outcomes Working Group and BC Stats, 2005 ABE Survey: Report of Findings from the B.C. College and Institute Adult Basic Education (ABE) Outcomes Survey (2006), pp. 3 and 14. 110 See Michael Baker, Jonathan Gruber, and Kevin Milligan, Universal Childcare, Maternal Labor Supply, and Family Wellbeing (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2006). 111 Martha Friendly and Jane Beach, Early Childhood Education and Care in Canada 2004 (May 2005), xv.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 55 alternate care (2,400) (figure 58; table 5.09). The provincial government subsidized 11,000 childcare spaces.112
Figure 58. Distribution of regulated childcare spaces in B.C., 2003
22% Centre-based spaces
Regulated family 78% child care
Source: Friendly and Beach, Early Childhood Education and Care in Canada 2004 (2005).
5.3 K-12 Primary and Secondary Education
British Columbia’s system of K-12 primary and secondary schooling consists of 2,010 public and independent schools and 60 school districts.113 While literacy and graduating rates are improving, the public system faces major fiscal challenges related to a declining school-age population.
Kindergarten occupies a grey area in B.C. and Canada between pre-school care and more structured, fully-funded learning. It is delivered unevenly across the provinces. Only Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Québec, and the francophone school boards in Ontario offer kindergarten/maternelle on a full-time basis within the school system. On Prince Edward Island, kindergarten was not publicly funded until the year 2000; it is now delivered through community care centres, rather than schools.114
British Columbia incorporated kindergarten into the public school system in the 1970s. In 2004, 36,552 children were enrolled. Full-time kindergarten is available to children in specific groups, such as Aboriginal children, those with special needs and English-as-a-Second-Language (ESL) students. About 4,000 B.C. children attended full-time kindergarten in 2004.115
The public K-12 system in B.C. is currently facing the biggest demographic challenge in a generation, as the decline in the school-age population (discussed in Chapter 2) translates into declining enrolment. Only ten of the province’s 60 school districts are projected to see enrolment growth over the next decade. 116
112 Friendly and Beach, Early Childhood Education, 131-139. 113 B.C. Ministry of Education, 2006/07 Summary of Key Information (February 2007), pp, 28-29. 114 Friendly and Beach, Early Childhood Education, 16, 28, 42, 56, 70. 115 Friendly and Beach, Early Childhood Education, 129. 116 Enrolment is projected to increase in Central Okanagan, Chilliwack, Abbotsford, Surrey, New Westminster, Peace River North, Sooke, Gulf Islands, Mission, and the Conseil Scolaire Francophone. B.C. Ministry of Education, Projection Report
56 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Falling enrolment has created financial shortfalls for school districts, which receive funds on a per-pupil basis, resulting in school closures and other cost- cutting measures. Employment in B.C. school boards reached a plateau in the mid-1990s, declined from 2002 to 2004, and has been increasing over the past two years (figures 59-62; tables 5.10-5.14).
Figure 59. Enrolment in B.C. public Figure 60. Enrolment in B.C. schools, 1991/92-2006/07 (Student independent schools, FTEs) 1991/92-2006/07 (Student FTEs) 660,000 70,000
640,000 65,000 620,000 60,000 600,000
580,000 55,000
560,000 Students (FTEs) 50,000 Students (FTEs) 540,000 45,000 520,000 40,000 500,000 1991/1992 1996/1997 2001/2002 2006/2007 1991/1992 1996/1997 2001/2002 2006/2007 Source: B.C. Ministry of Education, Number of Students, prepared Oct. Source: B.C. Ministry of Education, Number of Students, prepared Oct. 2007. 2007.
Figure 61. Projected enrolment in B.C. public schools, 2007/08-2015/16
575,000
570,000
565,000
560,000 )
555,000
550,000 Students (FTEs 545,000
540,000
535,000
530,000 2007/08 2009/10 2011/12 2013/14 2015/16
Source: B.C. Ministry of Education, 2006/07 Summary of Key Information (2007), 2, based on 2005/06 analysis by Resource Management Department.
for Public School Headcount Enrolments, 2006/07, District and Provincial Report, (May 2007); Statistics Canada, CANSIM, table 183-0002; prepared by BC Stats, Nov. 2007.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 57 Figure 62. Employment by B.C. school districts, 1984-2007
90,000
80,000
70,000
Employees 60,000
50,000
40,000 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004
Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM, table 183-0002; prepared by BC Stats 2007. In contrast with declining enrolment and school closures in the public system, B.C.’s independent schools have experienced steady and substantial enrolment growth over the past decade. From 42,600 students in the 1991/92 academic year, enrolment in independent schools expanded to 67,900 students in 2006/07 (figure 60; table 5.10).117
To counter declining enrolments, graduation rates at B.C.’s public schools are improving, though regional variations persist. Over the past decade, the percentage of B.C. students earning their Dogwood (Grade 12) diploma increased from 68 per cent to 78 per cent. The “Dogwood rate”118 improved in all college regions. However, in the Thompson Rivers college region, the rate has declined in recent years. In contrast, the Northern Lights college region has seen a sharp improvement from a Dogwood rate of 49 per cent in 1997/98 to 73 per cent in 2005/06 (figure 63; table 5.12-5.13).119
117 B.C. Ministry of Education, 2006/07 Summary of Key Information (2007), 2. 118 The “Dogwood rate” is calculated by following a particular Grade 8-entry cohort through the secondary system and determining the percentage that receive a Dogwood within six years. Rates are calculated for each district. 119 Ministry of Education, Completion Rate by School District, provided Nov. 2007.
58 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Figure 63. Dogwood completion rates by B.C. college region, 1997/98-2005/06
Camosun
Capilano
Douglas
Fraser Valley
Kw antlen
Malas pina
New Caledonia
North Is land 1997/98 2001/02 Northern Lights 2005/06
Northw est
Okanagan
Rockies
Selkirk
Thompson Rivers
Vancouver
British Columbia
45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70% 75% 80% 85% 90%
Source: Ministry of Education, Completion Rate by School District, provided Nov. 2007.
The Dogwood rate is one measure of B.C.’s K-12 system; another is student transitions from high school to post-secondary. The Student Transitions Project, a joint initiative of the Ministries of Education and Advanced Education and public post-secondary institutions, tracks the educational activity of B.C. youth after they obtain their Dogwood. The most recent data, looking at the class of 2001/02 in the four years following graduation, shows that 70 per cent of B.C. Grade 12 graduates pursued post- secondary education in the B.C. public system. The highest transition rates were among women and students who spoke a language other than English at home: 72 per cent of female high-school graduates pursued post-secondary education within four years of graduation, compared with 68 per cent of males. The transition rate for students who spoke a language other than English was 78 per cent, compared with 68 per cent for English-speaking students.120
Regionally, the highest transition rates were in greater Vancouver (around 80 per cent), while the lowest rates were in the Okanagan (55 per cent) and Rockies (58 per cent) college regions. This pattern extends to the transition of 2004/05 high- school graduates directly to post-secondary. Douglas (69 per cent) and Vancouver (66 per cent) had the highest transition rates, while North Island (44 per cent) and Okanagan (37 per cent) had the lowest. However, this does not suggest a simple metropolis-hinterland dichotomy. The Selkirk college region, in the West
120 B.C. Ministry of Education and Ministry of Advanced Education, Student Transitions Project: Report prepared in response to Research Question 3 (Oct. 2007), 6-7 and figure 3; B.C. Ministry of Education, Student Transitions to B.C. Public Post-Secondary Institutions, 2001/02-2003/04 (Oct. 2006).
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 59 Kootenays, had an immediate transition rate of 62 per cent, surpassing urban college regions such as Camosun (Greater Victoria), where only 45 per cent of 2004/05 graduates went directly into B.C. public post-secondary (table 5.15).121
5.4 Trades and Apprenticeship Training
The skills shortage has heightened attention on B.C.’s trades and apprenticeship training system. The Industry Training Authority of B.C. (ITA), formed in 2004 with responsibility over trades certifications, represents the most recent attempt to forge a system that is responsive to industry, educational institutions, and trainees.
Re-organization of B.C.’s trades and apprenticeship system since the 1990s has contributed to a decline in the number of trade certifications awarded – from about 3,300 in 1993 to fewer than 2,000 in 2004. In both internationally recognized Red Seal trades, and certifications specific to B.C., the number of qualified trades people has not kept pace with vacancies created by a growing economy and large number of retirees. However, recent enrolment growth since the founding of the ITA suggests this trend may be changing (figures 64-65; tables 5.16-5.18).122
Figure 64. Total registered apprentices in B.C., 1991-2007
35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005
Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM table 477-0051.
121 B.C. Ministry of Education and Ministry of Advanced Education, Student Transitions Project: Report prepared in response to Research Question 3 (Oct. 2007), figure 4. 122 Statistics Canada, CANSIM tables 477-0051 and 477-0052; Industry Training Authority of B.C., “Registered Apprentices” and “Certificates and Red Seals Issued,” provided Nov. 2007.
60 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World
Figure 65. Trade certifications in B.C., 1991-2005
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005
Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM table 477-0052.
The B.C. government is exploring a number of strategies to increase apprenticeship and trades certification. The Ministry of Economic Development’s WorkBC Labour Market Plan proposes an expansion of ITA-administered Industry Training Organizations and also tax credits for employers and trainees to boost apprenticeship completion. Such initiatives are designed “to ensure skills shortages do not compromise the tremendous economic progress we have made in recent years.”123
Youth programs are also underway, such as Accelerated Credit Enrolment in Industry Training (ACE IT) and the Secondary School Apprenticeship Program. Between 2004 and 2007, youth enrolment in apprenticeship and trades training grew from 861 participants to nearly 5,000.124
123 Ministry of Economic Development, WorkBC: An action plan to address skills shortages in B.C. (2007), 5. 124 Industry Training Authority of British Columbia, Media release, “B.C. high-school students turn to trades as university interest declines,” 29 Oct. 2007.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 61 5.5 Public post-secondary
British Columbia’s system of public colleges, institutes, university-colleges, and universities offers a broad range of programs in all regions – enrolling approximately 430,000 students and 163,000 student FTEs in the 2006/07 academic year.125
The University of British Columbia (founded at the turn of the 20th century as an affiliate of McGill University) achieved stand-alone degree-granting status in 1915 and located to Point Grey in 1925. After the Second World War, growing demand among war veterans, and, later, baby boomers, fuelled expansion. Victoria College became the University of Victoria in 1964, and Simon Fraser University opened on Burnaby Mountain a year later.126
The influential Macdonald Report of 1962, authored by UBC president John Barfoot Macdonald, provided a template for the network of regional community colleges that developed in the 1960s and 1970s.127 The colleges combined university-transfer programs with vocational training, alongside the B.C. Institute of Technology.
New institutions opened in the 1980s – including the Emily Carr Institute of Art and Design, the Justice Institute of B.C., the Pacific Marine Training Institute and the Open Learning Institute. Existing institutions in outlying population centres were transformed into degree-granting university-colleges: Cariboo, Okanagan, Malaspina (and later Kwantlen and Fraser Valley).
In the 1990s and since, new universities emerged – Royal Roads University (divested from the Department of National Defence), and the University of Northern B.C. at Prince George in 1994. In April 2005, Thompson Rivers University opened in Kamloops, acquiring the operations of University College of the Cariboo and Open Learning Agency, and UBC Okanagan began operations in Kelowna.
Growth of B.C.’s post-secondary system is apparent in both employment and enrolment numbers. Between 1984 and 2007, employment at B.C. post-secondary institutions grew from 21,100 to 48,000 workers. University and college enrolment climbed steadily over most of this period (figures 66-68; tables 5.14, 5.19-5.20).
125 Ministry of Advanced Education, Information and Data Management Branch, Central Data Warehouse, Dec. 2007; The University Presidents’ Council, TUPC Table 3.2 Distribution by Gender – Fall Headcounts. 126 This history is derived from John D. Dennison, “Higher Education in British Columbia: 1945-1995” (June 1996). 127 John B. Macdonald, Higher Education in British Columbia and a Plan for the Future (Vancouver: UBC, 1962).
62 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Figure 66. Employment in B.C. post-secondary institutions, 1984-2007
50,000
45,000
40,000
35,000 Employees 30,000
25,000
20,000 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004
Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM, table 183-0002; prepared by BC Stats, Nov. 2007.
Figure 67. Post-secondary enrolment, B.C., 1985/86-2006/07
180,000
160,000
140,000
120,000
100,000 Actual Student FTEs Student Actual 80,000
60,000 1985/86 1990/91 1995/96 2000/01 2005/06
NOTE: Student FTEs in the college sector were recalibrated in 2005/06, based on a new counting methodology. Source: Ministry of Advanced Education, Funding and Analysis Branch, Summary of B.C. Post-Secondary Actual FTEs 1985/85-2004/05 (prepared Oct. 2007); Actual FTEs and Utilization Rate 1990/1991-2006/2007 (2007); Post- Secondary System Funded FTE Allocations 1990/91 to 2010/11 by Sector (2007).
Figure 68. University enrolment and projections, B.C., 1985/86-2006/07
40,000
35,000 30,000 UBC
25,000 SFU
UVIC 20,000 UNBC 15,000
Actual FTEs Student RRU 10,000 TRU* 5,000 0 1985/86 1990/91 1995/96 2000/01 2005/06
NOTE: Student FTEs in the college sector were recalibrated in 2005/06, based on a new counting methodology Source: Ministry of Advanced Education, Funding and Analysis Branch, Summary of B.C. Post-Secondary Actual FTEs 1985/85-2004/05 (prepared Oct. 2007); Actual FTEs and Utilization Rate 1990/1991-2006/2007 (2007); Post- Secondary System Funded FTE Allocations 1990/91 to 2010/11 by Sector (2007).
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 63 A report prepared for the Ministry of Advanced Education in October 2006 founds a negative correlation between economic growth and post-secondary enrolment. According to the Canadian Council on Learning study: “When the economy is strong, post-secondary enrolment declines, and when the economy weakens, enrolment tends to increase.”128 Facing a strong job market, competition from universities and university-colleges, and declining youth population in some regions, the colleges of New Caledonia, Northern Lights, and Capilano have all experienced a decline in enrolment (figure 69; table 5.21-5.22).129
Figure 69. College enrolment, by institution, 2006/07
Camosun
Capilano
Douglas
Langara
New Caledonia
North Island
Northern Lights
Northw est
Okanagan
Roc kies*
Selkirk
Vancouver
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 Actual Student FTEs
Source: Ministry of Advanced Education, Funding and Analysis Branch, Summary of Actual FTEs 1985/86-2006/07.
Longer-term enrolment projections for B.C. post-secondary institutions indicate sharp growth until 2014, followed by a decline to levels below current enrolment growth between 2020 and 2026. This trend, tied to the small youth population (ages 0-17) discussed earlier and based on recent Statistics Canada data, must inform the planning of government and institutions (figure 70; table 5.23).130
Figure 70. Projected post-secondary enrolment to 2031, B.C. (difference from 2003/04-2005/06 average) 10,000
8,000
Ages 17 to 19 6,000
4,000 Ages 20 to 24
2,000 Ages 25 to 29
0 Ages 17 to 29 (2003-2006) and projected enrolment Difference between average enrolment -2,000
-4,000 2006/07 2010/11 2014/15 2018/19 2022/23 2026/27 2030/31 Source: Statistics Canada, Postsecondary Enrolment Trends to 2031 (Nov. 2007), Catalogue no. 81-595-MIE2007058, tables 6.11.1 to 6.11.3.
128 Canadian Council of Learning, Factors Influencing Post-Secondary Enrolment Increases and Decreases (Oct 2006), 43. 129 For population changes see BC Stats, People 32 (2007). 130 Statistics Canada, Postsecondary Enrolment Trends to 2031, Catalogue no. 81-595-MIE2007058 (Nov 2007), tables 6.11.1 to 6.11.3.
64 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World British Columbia’s colleges and institutes sector offers a diversity of programs – from applied and apprenticeship training to university transfer programs in the arts and sciences and other fields. In 2004/05 (the most recent academic year for which program-level enrolment numbers are available) university transfer and applied programs each accounted for about 40 per cent of full-time equivalent (FTE) spaces; 15 per cent of FTEs were in adult basic education and 2 per cent were in apprenticeship131 programs (figure 71; table 5.24).
Figure 71. College, institute, and university-college enrolment by program type, 2004/05 Adult Basic Education 15%
Apprenticeship 2% University Transfer/University College 42%
Applied & Professional 41%
Source: Ministry of Advanced Education, Funding and Analysis Branch, Summary of Actual FTE's by Major Program (2007).
University enrolment data shows the predominance of arts and sciences programs but also growth in new areas. In 2005/06, Arts students accounted for 42 per cent of university FTEs, compared with 24 per cent in the Sciences, 10 per cent each in Commerce/Business Administration and Applied Sciences, and 7 per cent each in Education and other fields (figure 72; table 5.25).
Figure 72. Undergraduate FTE enrolment by program type, B.C., 1985/86-2005/06
Other Applied Sciences 25,000 7% 10%
20,000 Arts Science ) 24% Science 15,000
Education
10,000 Commerce/ Business Admin. Arts
Student Enrolment (Actual FTEs Enrolment Student 42% Applied Sciences Education 7% 5,000
Commerce/ Business Admin. 0 10% 1984/85 1989/90 1994/95 1999/00 2004/05 2005/06 Undergraduate FTE Enrolment
Source: The University Presidents' Council, TUPC Facts and Figures (2007), table 4.1
131 Until 2004/05, apprenticeship FTEs were calculated based on hours of instruction, about one-sixth of total headcount.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 65 Graduate student enrolment has grown substantially since the 1980s, from 5,000 FTEs in 1984/85 to 12,800 in the 2005/06 academic year. Master of Arts and related programs (including Master of Business Administration) remain the most popular graduate field, despite a dip in enrolment in recent years. Growth is more stable in Doctoral and Master of Science programs (figure 73; table 5.25).
Figure 73. Graduate FTE enrolment by program type, B.C., 1985/86-2005/06
14,000
12,000 Doctoral Graduate 33%
) 10,000 Total
M.A. M.A. 43% 8,000 Doctoral
6,000 M.Sc.
Graduate enrolment (actual FTEs 4,000
2,000
M.Sc. 0 24% 1984/85 1989/90 1994/95 1999/00 2004/05
2005/2006 Graduate FTE Enrolment
Source: The University Presidents' Council, TUPC Facts and Figures (2007), table 4.1.
Data on degrees awarded by B.C. universities provides additional detail on program shifts within the post-secondary system. While Arts and Sciences continue to account for the largest share of undergraduate degrees awarded, the Masters of Business Administration has become the most common graduate degree. The number of graduate degrees awarded has increased every year, reaching 4,524 in 2005/06.
Professional programs such as Nursing have seen sharp (though volatile) growth, while there has been a decline in the number of Ph.D. degrees awarded. Until recently, the number of Doctor of Medicine degrees awarded had not grown since the 1980s, reflecting stagnant capacity. However, demonstrating increased resources in this vital area – and the expansion of student spaces in Vancouver, Victoria and Prince George – medical program enrolment at B.C. universities has expanded from 1035 students in 2000/01 to 1522, in the 2005/06 academic year (figures 74-76; table 5.26).
B.C.’s colleges, university-colleges, institutes, and universities will likely become more diverse in program offerings, reflecting change in the economy and labour force.
66 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Figure 74. Undergraduate degrees awarded, B.C., 1984/85-2005/06 6,000 Bachelor of Arts 5,000
4,000 Bachelor of Commerce/Busines 3,000 s Administration
Bachelor of
Degress2,000 awarded Education
1,000 Bachelor of 0 Science 1984/85 1989/90 1994/95 1999/00 2004/05
Figure 75. Graduate degrees awarded, B.C., 1984/85-2005/06
1,200 Master of Arts
1,000 Master of Business 800 Administration Master of 600 Educ ation
Master of
Degrees awarded 400 Science
200 Doctor of Philosophy
0 1984/85 1989/90 1994/95 1999/00 2004/05
Figure 76. Professional degrees awarded, B.C., 1984/85-2005/06
700
Bachelor of 600 Science in Nurs ing 500 Bachelor of 400 Law s
300 Bachelor of Social Work Degrees awarded 200
Doc tor of 100 Medicine
0 1984/85 1989/90 1994/95 1999/00 2004/05
Source: The University Presidents Council, TUPC Table 5.1 Degrees Conferred By Type (Academic Year), last updated 31 Jan 2007.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 67 5.6 Private Post-Secondary Institutions
British Columbia’s post-secondary education system includes a growing number of private universities and hundreds of private vocational training institutes.
Trinity Western University became B.C.’s first private university in 1985, when Trinity Western College in Langley receive degree-granting status from the province.132 In recent years, more private degree-granting institutions have opened, such as University Canada West in Victoria and Quest University in Squamish. Similar to Ontario and New Brunswick, B.C. authorizes and regulates private universities through the Degree Authorization Act (2002). As of January 2008, a total of 16 private and out-of-province public post-secondary institutions were authorized to offer degree programs in B.C., enrolling about 3700 domestic and international students.133
Private universities often have a highly international student body, offering condensed programs at higher fees. Challenges have been highlighted by the high- profile closure of several institutions, such as Vancouver’s Lansbridge University in May 2007. Geoff Plant identified the need for better regulation of private institutions in his Campus 2020 report, to avoid undue damage to the “B.C. brand” as a point of attraction for international students.134 With 5 per cent of the global foreign student body attending Canadian institutions, such recommendations deserve attention.135
Alongside private degree-granting institutions, B.C. has hundreds of private career training institutions that offer instruction for occupations ranging from truck driving to hairstyling. These institutions are spread throughout the province and reflect regional economic patterns, as table 5.27 demonstrates. An overwhelming number of participants in Greater Vancouver pursue training as administrative officers (11,750 of 23,052 students in 2006), while truck driving is the largest program in every other region with the exception of Sea-to-Sky Hwy/Sunshine Coast. The Private Career Training Institutions Agency (PCTIA) administers these institutions, which enrolled 40,900 students in 2006 and awarded 29,800 credentials.136
5.7 The Costs and Benefits of Higher Learning
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) observed in 2006 that “Canada spends a lot on tertiary education relative to its OECD peers.” Canada devoted 2.4 per cent of GDP to higher learning, the third
132 John D. Dennison, “Higher Education in British Columbia: 1945-1995” (June 1996), 7. 133 Data provided by B.C. Ministry of Advanced Education, Policy and System Quality Branch, Jan. 2008. 134 Plant, Campus 2020: The Report, 53-55. 135 OECD, Education at Glance 2006 – Briefing Note for Canada (2007), based on chart C3.2. 136 Private Career Training Institutions Agency, B.C., Private Career Training Institution Enrolment: A Sector Report for the Year 2006 (Jun. 2007).
68 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World highest after Chile and Israel. In terms of dollars spent per student, Canada also ranked third, behind Switzerland and the United States, spending $19,992 in 2002.
This high level of tertiary (post-secondary) education spending is explained in part by the large role of private financing in Canada. While OECD countries such as Greece, Denmark, Norway, Finland, and Turkey invest more than 95 cents of every dollar spent on tertiary education, in Canada the public share is 56 cents, near the bottom of OECD rankings (table 5.28). As Education at a Glance notes: “The high contribution of the private sector in Canada results from a comparatively high level of tuition fees.”137
Tuition fees in Canada – which, according to the OECD, averaged $4,347 in 2006/07 – were among the highest of the OECD countries, while Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, the Czech Republic and Iceland charged no fees. Australia, Japan, Korea, the United States, and Chile charged students more for tertiary education than Canada.138
University and college tuition fees have surged in most Canadian provinces over the past decade – an average increase of 64 per cent across the country and 92 per cent in B.C. British Columbia is now close to the national average and ranked in the middle of the provinces at $4,960, behind Saskatchewan ($5,063), Ontario ($5,160), New Brunswick ($5,328), and Nova Scotia ($6,571). University tuition fees are frozen in Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Newfoundland & Labrador, and lowest in Québec, at $1,916 per year (for Québec residents). Responding to declining enrolments, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia universities reduced tuition by an average of about 9 per cent for the 2007/08 academic year.139
137 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Education at a Glance 2006 (2007), Briefing Note for Canada, 8. 138 Ibid, 8. 139 Statistics Canada, “University Tuition Fees,” The Daily, 18 Oct. 2007.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 69 Figure 77. University tuition fees, by province, 1996/97-2006/07
$7,000
$6,000
$5,000
$4,000 1996/97 2001/02 $3,000 2006/07
$2,000 Average fees tuition annual
$1,000
$0 BC AB SK MB ON QC NB PEI NS NL Canada
Source: Statistics Canada, Survey of Tuition and Living Accommodation Costs for Full-Time Students (2007).
College tuition fees follow similar trends. B.C. is in the middle with average college fees of $2,791 in 2007/08. The Atlantic provinces charge the highest fees, while Québec offers free college education for residents (figures 77-78; tables 5.29-5.31).140
Figure 78. College tuition fees, by province, 1996/97-2007/08 $4,000
$3,500
$3,000
$2,500 1996/97 $2,000 2001/02 2007/08 $1,500
$1,000
Average tuition feesAverage for tuition two semesters of $500 full-time study two-yearfull-time in programs college
$0 B.C. AB SK MB ON QC [1] NB PEI NS NL Canada
1 Québec does not charge college tuition fees for Québec residents. Source: B.C. Ministry of Advanced Education, Funding and Analysis Branch, Interprovincial Comparisons-College Programs Average Base Tuition, Sept. 2007.
Student financing of higher learning was discussed by UBC President Stephen Toope at the 2007 annual general meeting of UBC-Okanagan: “We need a fundamental discussion about how it is students fund their education. My own sense is that there has to be a rebalancing. More direct support by way probably of
140 Statistics Canada, Survey of Tuition and Living Accommodation Costs for Full-Time Students (2007); B.C. Ministry of Advanced Education Funding and Analysis Branch, Interprovincial Comparisons – College, Sept. 2007.
70 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World bursaries or grants and less reliance on loans.”141 Geoff Plant acknowledged the financial barriers to education in the Campus 2020 report, with reference to First Generation learners (students from families that had never before attained post- secondary education): “Programs such as grant funding may be the only effective tool for reaching this group.”142 Housing subsidies were also cited as a financial incentive for educational attainment.
Government spending on post-secondary education has increased in B.C., in tandem with rising tuition fees, but the distribution between different revenue sources has narrowed. Provincial government transfers to B.C. post-secondary institutions grew from $1.1-billion in 1999/2000 to $1.7-billion in 2007/08 (colleges, institutes and university-colleges received $720-million and universities received $990-million). Mirroring national trends, provincial government transfers account for the largest share of university and college operating funds, at the same time that the share of tuition fees grows (figure 79; tables 5.32-5.34).
Figure 79. Revenue sources of B.C. colleges and universities, 1989-2007
3,500,000
3,000,000
2,500,000
2,000,000 Prov. Gov Tuitiion 1,500,000 Fed. Gov Thousands ofdollars 1,000,000
500,000
0 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
1989 2007
Other [1] Other[1] $1,077,363, 25%
$207,273, 16%
Tuitiion Prov. Gov, $166,804, 13% Prov. Gov $1,922,845, 44% $832,232 65% Fed. Gov, $81,282, 6% Tuitiion $1,023,960, 23% $1.29 BILLION Fed. Gov $372,582, 8%
$4.40 BILLION
* The sharp increase in the B.C. government transfer in 1999 includes a one-time transfer of $1.825 billion to write off the debt of the province's universities and colleges. 1 Includes sale of goods and services, investment income, and other revenue sources. Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM table 385-2007.
141 “Toope calls for review of student loan support system,” Kelowna Capital News, 28 Nov. 2007. 142 P. Geoffrey Plant, Campus 2002: The Report (2007), 87.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 71 The shift from government transfers to tuition fees has had an impact on the debt levels of some students. According to the Canadian College Student Survey and Canadian Undergraduate Survey, student debt in B.C. rose from $9,800 in 2000 to $15,500 in 2006. Among those B.C. students with loans, the average debt rose from $22,750 to $26,700 (figure 80; table 5.35). Student outcomes surveys of baccalaureate graduates, conducted two years after graduation, indicate that median indebtedness rose from $15,000 for the graduating class of 2002 to $20,000 from the class of 2004 (table 5.36).143 Recent moves by government toward debt-forgiveness may help offset this trend.
Figure 80. Student debt, national comparison, 2000, 2003 and 2006 $30,000
$25,000
$20,000 2000 $15,000 2003 2006 $10,000
$5,000 (adjusted for inflation, expressed 2006$) in (adjusted for inflation, Average students of debt student debt with
$0 British Western Ontario Quebec Atlantic CANADA Columbia Canada
Source: Canadian College Student Survey & Canadian Undergraduate Survey Consortium, Report on Student Debt (2007), tables 3 and 5.
Offsetting the impact of rising tuition fees and student debt load is the improved employment and earning potential of post-secondary graduates. According to student outcomes surveys, unemployment among college and university graduates has fallen sharply in recent years. A clear majority of graduates are working in training-related jobs (figures 81-82; table 5.37).
Figure 81. Unemployment rate of graduates, 2000-2006 20%
18%
16%
14% 2000 12% 2002 10% 2004 8% 2006 6%
4%
2%
Unemployment rate of graduates the in labour force 0% Urban Colleges Rural Colleges Institutes University- Univ ers ities Colleges
143 The University Presidents Council, B.C. University Student Outcomes Surveys of Baccalaureate Graduates (2004 survey of 2002 graduates, 2006 survey of 2004 graduates).
72 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Figure 82. Graduates in training-related job, 2000-2006
90%
80%
70%
60% 2000 50% 2002
40% 2004 2006 30%
20% Percentage of graduates training in related job 10%
0% Urban Colleges Rural Colleges Institutes University-Colleges Universities Source: College & Institutes Student Outcomes, Student Outcomes Reporting System custom tabulation by AVED IDMB Nov 2007; The University Presidents Council, B.C. University Student Outcomes Surveys of Baccalaureate Graduates (1995 survey of 1993 graduates, 1997 survey of 1995 graduates, 1999 survey of 1997 graduates, 2000 survey of 1998 graduates, 2002 survey of 2000 graduates, 2004 survey of 2002 graduates, 2006 survey of 2004 graduates).
The increased earning power of post-secondary graduates is evident from 2001 census data. While a worker with a high-school diploma earned on average $38,000 per year (constant 2000 dollars), a worker with a trades certification earned $43,000 and a bachelor-degree graduates earned $57,000. Those holding professional degrees in medicine, veterinary medicine, dentistry, and optometry earned more than $100,000 per year. This financial benefit is amplified over a working career (figure 83; tables 5.38-5.39).
Figure 83. Average annual earnings by education level and gender, B.C. (constant 2000$)
$120,000
$100,000
$80,000
B.C. $60,000 Men Women
$40,000 Average annual income annual Average
$20,000
$0 Average None Secondary Trades Non- University Bachelor's University Degree in Master's Earned (high) certificate universit y certificate degree(s) certificate medicine, degree(s) doctorate school or diploma certificate or diploma or diploma dentistry, degree graduation or diploma below ab o ve veterinary certificate bachelor bachelor medicine, or optometry
Source: Statistics Canada, 2001 Census, table arb_t122_2001.
The financial benefits of post-secondary education extend beyond individual earnings. A 2007 study released by the B.C. College Presidents demonstrated the
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 73 economic impact of the province’s colleges. The report estimated that $19.6- million was saved annually in public expenditures on health, social assistance, and crime. An additional $23.9-million was generated in tax revenue from college student spending. College operations – including capital expenditures and consumer spending of faculty and staff – generated $288-million in provincial tax revenue. Finally, the increased productivity of B.C. workers who had been educated within the province’s college system generated an estimated $7.4-billion in economic activity. The report concluded that B.C. taxpayers received a return of $3.80 for every dollar invested in the college system.144
144 CC Benefits, Economic Contribution of B.C. Colleges: Analysis of Investment Effectiveness and Economic Growth, prepared for B.C. College Presidents (August 2007).
74 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World 5.8 Life-Long Learning
As the workforce ages and globalization and technology transform the economy, opportunities for lifelong learning will be required across all regions of B.C. Job- related training, on-the-job training and other forms of adult education are essential to expand B.C.’s skills base and increase productivity in the knowledge- based global economy.
British Columbia is already a leader in lifelong learning in Canada. In the 2003 Adult Education and Training Survey (the most recent study of this kind), B.C. led all Canadian provinces in the participation of adults in formal job-related training. Over 38 per cent of B.C. workers had engaged in training in the past year, an increase from 32 per cent in 1997. Women and young workers were more likely to participate in training, and ongoing training was most common among those with the highest levels of educational attainment. More than half of university-degree holders participated in job-related training, compared with 18 per cent of workers with a high-school education or less (figure 84; table 5.40).145
Figure 84. Adult learning participation* provincial comparison, 1997 & 2002
Nfld and Lab
PEI
Nov a Sc otia
New Bruns w ick
Quebec 1997 Ontario 2002 Manitoba
Saskatchew an
Alberta
B.C.
Total
15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%
* Percentage of workers ages 25-64 years engaged in formal job-related training . Source: Statistics Canada, Adult Education and Training Survey, 2003; Valerie Peters, Working and Training: First Results of the 2003 Adult Education and Training Survey (Ottawa 2004).
Internationally, Canada ranked seventh among the OECD countries in adult learning participation in 2003. Sweden, Denmark, the United States, and Finland had the highest rates, while Spain, Hungary, Italy and Greece had the lowest. Comparing the amount of time devoted to job-related training, Denmark led, with workers spending an average of 934 hours over a 40-year career. The total for Canada was 586 hours, above the OECD average of 389 hours (figures 85-86; table 5.41).146
145 Statistics Canada, Adult Education and Training Survey, 2003; Valerie Peters, Working and Training: First Results of the 2003 Adult Education and Training Survey (Ottawa 2004). 146 OECD, Education at a Glance 2006, table c5.1a.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 75 Figure 85. Adult learning participation, international comparison, 2003
Sweden Denmark
United States
Finland Switzerland United Kingdom
Canada Slovak Republic France
Austria
Belgium Luxembourg
Germany
Czech Republic Ireland Netherlands OECD Average Poland Portugal 18.0% Spain
Hungary Italy Greece
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%
% of labour force age 24-64 engaged in non-formal job-related training (2003)
Figure 86. Expected hours of job-related training (in a 40-year career), international comparison
Denmark
Switzerland
France Finland Sweden Canada
United States Belgium Austria Germany Portugal
United Kingdom Netherlands Hungary Spain
Slovak Republic
Ireland OECD Average Czech Republic 389 hours Luxembourg Poland
Greece
Italy
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000
Expected hours of job-related training over 40-year w orking career
Source: OECD, Education at a Glance 2006, table c5.1a.
British Columbia’s post-secondary education system is well-adapted for lifelong learning. As a recent Canadian study noted, the B.C. system of articulation between different programs serves as an example to other jurisdictions, facilitating the transfer of course work and credits between institutions.147 Incentives to lifelong learning include the recent decision of the B.C. government to eliminate tuition fees for Adult Basic Education.
147 Canadian Council on Learning, Towards an Effective Adult Learning System: Report on a Series of Regional Roundtables (Nov. 2007), 7.
76 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World 5.9 Outlook for the Future
Post-secondary education is integral to B.C.’s social and economic success. From a resource-extraction economy, the province is moving rapidly toward a knowledge-based economy. Future decades will see growing skill requirements in most industries and occupations. Nearly three-quarters of all job openings in B.C. in the years 2005 to 2015 will require education beyond high school. The strongest rate of job growth will be in occupations requiring a university degree. The post-secondary education system must meet this demand (figures 87-88; table 5.42).148
Figure 87. Projected job openings by skill level/education, B.C., 2005-2015 Less Than High School, 136,840 12%
Univ ers ity Degree, High School Diploma, 332,280 152,050 30% 14%
Some Post-Secondary , 492,580 44%
Figure 88. Projected annual job growth by skill level/education, B.C., 2005-2015
3.0%
2.5%
2.0%
1.5%
1.0% Porjected growth annual in employment by education level 0.5%
0.0% Univ ersity Some Post- High School Less Than Degree Secondary Diploma High School
Source: B.C. Ministry of Advanced Education, Employment Outlook for British Columbia: COPS B.C. Unique Scenario for 2005 to 2015, Feb. 2007.
148 B.C. Ministry of Advanced Education, Employment Outlook for British Columbia: COPS B.C. Unique Scenario for 2005 to 2015, Feb. 2007.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 77 Conclusion
This environmental scan has considered the “big picture” trends influencing higher education and the labour market in British Columbia. We face major opportunities and challenges, related to economic, demographic, and social trends.
Globalization and technology will continue to transform B.C.’s economy, reducing the role of primary-resource employment. Vulnerability in the American economy will require a diversification of B.C.’s export and tourism trade, situating the province as the North American gateway to the Asia-Pacific. Climate change will precipitate a major retooling of B.C.’s economic and social life. Interior communities will adapt to the mountain pine-beetle epidemic, while coastal areas face turbulent weather patterns and the prospect of rising sea levels.
The labour market of the future will be increasingly centred in the knowledge- based industries – health and education services and professional, scientific and technical occupations geared toward green technology and energy. The knowledge economy has favoured metropolitan B.C. over outlying regions. Concerted action is therefore needed to narrow regional disparities in educational attainment, employment and prosperity.
Strong economic conditions and the aging of the baby-boom generation are creating a skilled labour shortage that will only deepen in future years. This problem is not unique to B.C., as all industrialized countries grapple with declining fertility rates and smaller youth populations. Immigration will remain important to population growth, but more effort is needed to assist the labour- force integration of recent immigrants – who are much better educated on average than Canadian-born workers but face significantly higher unemployment rates. Interprovincial migration will remain a less reliable source of workers, particularly during times of economic recession when B.C. loses population to other Canadian provinces.
Addressing social inequality is important for individual citizens and B.C. generally. The “prosperity gap” between low-income people and the affluent population has widened in recent decades, contributing to marginalization and visible homelessness in Vancouver, Victoria, and smaller urban centres. The prosperity gap is particularly evident with Aboriginal people, who have persistently lower levels of labour force participation and educational attainment, and higher rates of poverty and poor health. Women, ethnic minorities, persons with disabilities, and those who speak a language other than English also face inequalities in the labour market. Targeted strategies for these groups – and improved access to education, housing, and social supports – can narrow the prosperity gap.
78 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World British Columbia’s employment situation has improved significantly in recent years, as the provincial unemployment rate and youth unemployment rate reach the lowest level in more than three decades. Incomes are the third highest in Canada. Structural changes can also be discerned within the B.C. labour force. There is greater flexibility in employment arrangements and less job security. Part-time work and multiple-job holding has become increasingly common, alongside flexible work arrangements such as “flex” shifting, work-from-home, and job-sharing. Such arrangements will likely increase as technology removes barriers of communication that traditionally shaped work environments. British Columbia’s labour force is also influenced by the long-term decline in unionization, as the percentage of workers covered by collective agreements approaches 30 per cent (from 55 per cent in the 1950s) and the gap between unionization in the public and private sectors widens.
Education is integral to B.C.’s response to shifting economic, demographic, social and labour-force trends. From early-childhood education and K-12 schooling to the network of public and private post-secondary education institutions, a comprehensive education system is essential to the province’s future. Literacy and lifelong learning are particularly important for personal well-being and addressing the skills shortage.
British Columbia is becoming a more educated society. Recent years have seen improvements in literacy rates, Dogwood attainment, and post-secondary participation, and a growing number of credentials issued by industry training organizations and public and private post-secondary institutions, British Columbia leads Canada in job-related training and lifelong learning. Ongoing pursuit of access, financing, and quality will ensure a sustainable and effective education system over the long-term.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 79 Appendix
Economic Data 83
1.01. Economic indicators, B.C. 1997-2006………………………………………………………... 1.02. Housing Starts, 1987-2007……………………………………………………………………. 1.03. Productivity, provincial comparison, 2006………………………………………………… 1.04. Economic output by industry, 1997-2006……………………………………………………. 1.05. Employment by industry, 1976-2007.………………………………………………………... 1.06 Employment in primary resource industries, 1987-2007……………………………………. 1.07. Employment and output by sector, 2006.……………………………………………………. 1.08. Exports by kind, 2002-2007…………………………………………………………………… 1.09. Exports by destination, 2003-2007…………………………………………………………… 1.10. Canada-U.S. dollar exchange rate, 1957-2007……………………………………………... 1.11. U.S. Visitor Entries to B.C., 2000-2007………………………………………………………. 1.12. Change in temperature, by region, 1895-1995……………………………………………… 1.13. Area impacted by mountain pine beetle……………………………………………………… 1.14. Projected impact of rising sea levels in Lower Mainland…………………………………… 1.15. Projected impact of rising sea levels in greater Victoria……………………………………. 1.16. Research and development spending, international comparison, 2001-2006…………... 1.17. Employment by sector, by development region, 2007……………………………………… 1.18. Employment by sector, by census metropolitan area, 2007……………………………….. 1.19. Total employment, by development region and census area, 1996-2007……………….. 1.20. Services-sector employment, international comparison, 1995 and 2005………………… 1.21. Projected job vacancies by industry, 2005-2015.…………………………………………... 1.22. Projected job vacancies by development region, 2006-2011……………………………...
Demographic Data 105
2.01. Projected population, B.C. and Canada, 1976-2036……………………………………….. 2.02. Population change by age cohort and gender, 1996-2036………………………………… 2.03. B.C. population pyramid by gender and age, 1976, 2006, 2036…………………………. 2.04. Components of population change, 1975/76-2035/36…………………………………….. 2.05. Immigrants as percentage of total B.C. population, 1911-2006…………………………… 2.06. Immigration to B.C., by country of origin, 2005 and 2006………………………………….. 2.07. Immigration to Canada, by province, 1997-2006…………………………………………… 2.08. Net inter-provincial migration to B.C., 1996-2006…………………………………………... 2.09. Net population movement for B.C., 2006……………………………………………………. 2.10. Projected inter-provincial and international migration to B.C., 2007-2035……………….. 2.11. Projected population change by B.C. college region, 2010, 2020, 2030…………………. 2.12. Annual population growth (ages 18-29), by college region, 2001-2036…………………..
Social Data 120
3.01. Persons in low income, by province and metropolitan area, 2005……………………….. 3.02. The chronically poor, by education level, B.C., 1994-2005……………………………….. 3.03. Income distribution in B.C., 1980-2005……………………………………………………… 3.04. Change in real family income, B.C. and Canada, 1980-2005……………………………... 3.05. B.C. families earning less than $10,000 per year, 1980-2005…………………………….. 3.06. Persons in low income, by age, gender and family status, 1980-2005…………………... 3.07. Income assistance recipients in B.C., 1995-2006…………………………………………... 3.08. Employment Insurance recipients, B.C. and Canada, 1976-2006………………………… 3.09. Average government transfers to family units, 1980-2005……………………………….... 3.10. Women’s employment by industry, B.C. and Canada, 1977, 1987, 1997 and 2007……. 3.11. Women’s participation in paid labour force, 1976-2007…………………………………….
80 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World 3.12. Average hourly wages by gender and province, 1997, 2001 and 2007…………………. 3.13. The wage gap in B.C., 1997-2007……………………………………………………………. 3.14. Aboriginal population and total B.C. population, by age group, 2006…………………….. 3.15. Projected growth of Aboriginal population, B.C. and Canada, 2001-2017……………….. 3.16. Aboriginal population, by regional district, 1996 and 2001…………………………..…….. 3.17. Aboriginal population, by college region, 2001……………………………………………… 3.18. Educational attainment of Aboriginal population, by age group, 2001……………………. 3.19. Educational attainment of Aboriginal population, by college region, 2001……………….. 3.20. Ethnic origin of B.C. population, 2006………………………………………………………... 3.21. Visible minorities as percent of population age 15+ years, 2006…..……………………... 3.22. Mother tongue of B.C. population, 1996, 2001 and 2006………………………………….. 3.23. Persons with non-English language as mother tongue, 1986 and 1996………………….
Labour Force Data 146
4.01. Characteristics of B.C. labour force, 1976-2007……………………………………………. 4.02. Unemployment in B.C. and selected provinces, 1976-2007………………………………. 4.03. Unemployment rate, by sector and industry, 1976-2007…………………………………... 4.04. Unemployment rate, by region, 1995-2007………………………………………………….. 4.05. Employment rate, by age cohort, B.C, 1976-2007………………………………………….. 4,06. Average duration of employment, by age group, B.C., 1976-2007……………………….. 4.07. Labour force characteristics of B.C. youth, 1976-2007…………………………………….. 4.08. Youth employment and unemployment, provincial comparison, 1977-2007…………….. 4.09. Unemployment rate, international comparison, 1995 and 2005…………………………... 4.10. Employment rate, by educational attainment, B.C., 1990-2007…………………………… 4.11. Average hourly wage by sector, B.C., 1997-2007………………………………………….. 4.12. Average hourly wage by age cohort, B.C. and Canada, 1997-2007……………………… 4.13. Average hourly wage by province, 1997-2007……………………………………………… 4.14. Number of workers by establishment size, B.C., 1997-2007...... 4.15. Duration of work week, 1987-2007…………………………………………………………… 4.16. Multiple job-holders as percentage of all workers, by sector, 1987-2007………………... 4.17. Full-time and part-time work, provincial comparison, 1976-2007…………………………. 4.18. Part-time work as percent of all work, by sector, B.C., 1976-2007……………………….. 4.19. Part-time work as percent of all work, by B.C. development region, 1995-2007………... 4.20. Part-time work as percent of all work, by age, B.C., 1976-2007………………………….. 4.21. Part-time work as percent of all work, by gender, B.C., 1976-2007………………………. 4.22. Reasons for part-time work, B.C., 1997-2007………………………………………………. 4.23. Union coverage in B.C., 1946-2007………………………………………………………….. 4.24. Union coverage, provincial comparison, 1997-2007……………………………………….. 4.25. Union coverage by industry and sector, B.C., 1997-2007…………………………………. 4.26. Wages by union coverage, provincial comparison, 1997-2007……………………………
Education Data 175
5.01. Educational attainment, by province, 2007………………………………………………….. 5.02. Educational attainment in B.C., 1990-2007………………………………………………….. 5.03. Educational attainment, by B.C. college region, 2001……………………………………… 5.04. Educational attainment, by B.C. college region, 2001……………………………………… 5.05. Literacy by age cohort, Canada, 2003……………………………………………………….. 5.06. Literacy, provincial comparison, 2003………………………………………………………... 5.07. Civic engagement by literacy level, provincial comparison, 2003………………………… 5.08. Early childhood education/care, regulated spaces by province, 1992-2004…………….. 5.09. Regulated childcare spaces in B.C., 2002/2003……………………………………………. 5.10. K-12 enrolment (FTEs), 1991/1992-2006/2007…………………………………………….. 5.11. K-12 enrolment projections (public schools), 2007/08- 2015/16………………………….. 5.12. Dogwood graduates, by B.C. college region, 1991/92- 2006/07......
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 81 5.13. Dogwood completion rate, by college region and school district, 1997/98-2005/06……. 5.14. Employment in education sector, B.C. and Canada, 1984-2007………………………….. 5.15. Transition rate of secondary school graduates, by B.C. college region of high school…. 5.16. Total registered apprentices, B.C., Canada and selected provinces, 1991-2005……….. 5.17. Apprenticeship completions, B.C., Canada and selected provinces, 1991-2005……….. 5.18. Apprenticeship enrolment by trade, 2004/05-2007/08...... 5.19. Post-secondary enrolment, B.C., 1985/86-2006/07...... 5.20. University enrolment by institution, 1985/86-2006/07………………………………………. 5.21. College enrolment, by institution, 1985/86-2006/07...... 5.22. University-college and institute enrolment, by institution, 1985/06-2006/07……………... 5.23. Post-secondary enrolment projections to 2031, B.C……………………………………….. 5.24. College, university-college & institute FTE enrolment by program type,1985/86-2004/05 5.25. University FTEs, by field of study and program type, 1985/86-2005/06…………………. 5.26. University degrees awarded, 1984/85-2005/06……………………………………………... 5.27. Private career training enrolment and completion, by region, 2006………………………. 5.28. Public spending on tertiary education, international comparison, 1995 and 2003………. 5.29. University tuition fees, provincial comparison, 1996/07-2006/07...... 5.30. College tuition fees, provincial comparison, 1996/07-2007/08……………………………. 5.31. Tuition fees at B.C. post-secondary institutions, 2000/01-2007/08……………………….. 5.32. Operating grants for B.C. post-secondary institutions, 1999/00-2007/08………………… 5.33. University and college revenue, provincial comparison, 1989-2007……………………… 5.34. Revenue and expenditures of B.C. post-secondary institutions, 2006/07……………….. 5.35. Student debt, national comparison, 2000, 2003 and 2006………………………………... 5.36. University student financing and debt, B.C., 2000-2006…………………………………… 5.37. Post-completion employment outcomes, by institution type, 2000-2006………………… 5.38. Annual earnings by educational attainment and gender, 2001……………………………. 5.39. Lifetime earnings by educational attainment and gender, 2001…………………………... 5.40. Adult learning participation, by gender, age, education & province, 1997 and 2002…… 5.41. Adult learning, international comparison, 2003……………………………………………… 5.42. Projected job openings by skill level/education, 2005-2015………………………………..
82 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World 1. Economic Data
Table 1.01. Economic indicators, B.C. 1997-2006
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
GDP at basic prices (billions, 2002$) 111.6 112.9 116.3 121.5 122.8 126.8 130.0 135.4 141.2 146.3
GDP per capita (chained 2002$) 30,689 30,822 31,587 32,823 32,709 33,579 34,037 34,880 35,962 36,649
Real GDP growth 3.2% 1.3% 3.2% 4.6% 0.6% 3.6% 2.3% 3.7% 4.5% 3.3%
Consumer Price Index (2002=100) 93.1 93.4 94.4 96.1 97.7 100.0 102.2 104.2 106.3 108.1
Inflation rate (annual average) 1.70% 0.32% 1.06% 1.77% 1.64% 2.30% 2.15% 1.92% 1.98% 1.67%
Housing Starts 29,351 19,931 16,309 14,418 17,234 21,625 26,174 32,925 34,667 36,443
Exports (billions) 27.4 26.9 30.2 35.5 32.9 30.1 29.3 32.2 35.5 34.8
Source: B.C. Stats, Economic Activity: British Columbia and Canada (November 2007); Statistics Canada, CANSIM, table 379-0025 (2008); Consumer Price Index (2007); Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation; Industry Canada, Export data.
1.01a. Real GDP growth, 1997-2006
5.0% 4.5% 4.0% 3.5% 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Source: Canada, CANSIM, table 379-0025 (2008).
Chart 1.02. Housing Starts, 1987-2007
45,000 B.C. 40,000 Vancouver Census Area Victoria Census Area 35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, compiled by BC Stats (2008).
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 83 Table 1.03. Productivity, provincial comparison, 2006
Canada Nfld and Prince Nova New Quebec Ontario Manitoba Sask. Alberta British Labrador Edward Scotia Brunswick Columbia Island Annual labour productivity growth (real GDP per hour 1.0 1.1 0.7 1.4 1.2 0.8 0.7 2.2 -2.1 1.7 0.7 worked)
Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM tables 383-0009 and 383-0010. 2.5%
2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% -0.5% -1.0% -1.5% -2.0%
% annual change in real GDP per hour worked hour per GDP real in change annual % -2.5% Can. Nfld and PEI NS NB Que. Ont. Man. Sask. Alta. B.C. Lab.
1.03a. Productivity, international comparison, 2006
Slovak Republic
Czech Republic
Greece
Hungary
Korea
Finland
Poland
Sweden
Mexico
Germany
United Kingdom
Ireland
Austria
Euro-zone
OECD
Switzerland
Spain
G7 countries
Belgium
Japan
New Zealand
NAFTA
Italy
United States
France
Canada
Denmark
Norway
Australia
Luxembourg
Portugal
Netherlands
Iceland
-3%-2%-1%0%1%2%3%4%5%6% % annual change in real GDP per hour worked
Source: OECD, OECD Stat Labour Productivity Growth (accessed Jan. 2008).
84 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 1.04. Economic output1 by industry, 1997-2006
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Goods-Producing 27,806 27,189 28,446 30,470 29,686 30,449 31,151 32,931 34,084 35,151 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting 4,779 4,692 4,536 4,470 4,588 4,542 4,772 5,240 5,331 5,287 Mining and oil and gas extraction 2,646 2,804 2,808 2,821 3,586 3,697 3,534 3,526 3,537 3,514 Utilities 2,468 2,534 2,576 2,591 2,024 2,403 2,408 2,368 2,587 2,560 Construction 6,434 5,932 5,718 5,635 5,854 6,153 6,686 7,557 7,956 8,758 Manufacturing 11,479 11,228 12,809 14,954 13,634 13,654 13,751 14,241 14,674 15,031 Service-Producing 76,748 78,650 80,560 83,445 85,320 88,227 90,599 94,026 97,335 101,293 Wholesale trade 4,932 5,329 5,368 5,539 5,628 5,940 6,196 6,648 7,157 7,853 Retail trade 6,050 6,236 6,370 6,707 6,968 7,155 7,369 7,748 8,086 8,562 Transportation and warehousing 6,590 6,679 6,956 7,458 7,344 7,413 7,579 8,148 8,578 8,944 Information and cultural industries 3,618 3,827 4,046 4,287 4,389 4,986 5,435 5,591 5,841 5,969 Finance/insurance, real estate & management 23,606 23,903 24,630 25,055 25,756 26,765 27,410 28,631 29,868 31,006 Professional, scientific & technical services 4,012 4,485 4,405 4,716 4,820 4,937 5,063 5,178 5,301 5,482 Administrative, waste management & remediation 2,012 2,047 2,041 1,977 2,067 2,190 2,213 2,319 2,435 2,564 Educational services 5,406 5,588 5,753 5,887 5,978 6,021 6,099 6,164 6,212 6,341 Health care and social assistance 7,224 7,269 7,340 7,719 7,889 7,933 8,090 8,192 8,239 8,403 Arts, entertainment and recreation 1,128 1,124 1,213 1,224 1,282 1,307 1,327 1,330 1,355 1,419 Accommodation and food services 3,594 3,563 3,543 3,630 3,611 3,653 3,703 3,801 3,839 4,035 Other services (except public administration) 2,812 2,779 2,847 3,010 3,235 3,383 3,502 3,586 3,626 3,755 Public administration 5,764 5,821 6,050 6,236 6,354 6,546 6,615 6,690 6,797 6,961 2 All industries 104,554 105,827 109,008 113,919 115,139 118,806 121,769 126,791 131,139 136,050
Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM table 379-0025, prepared by BC Stats Oct 2007 1 GDP at basic prices, chained 1997 dollars; 2 Varies from aggregate of components, because of use of chained data.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 85 Table 1.05. Employment by industry, 1976-2007 (thousands)
1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 Goods-producing sector 323.8 337.8 348.1 361.3 373.7 390.2 338.5 322.2 316.9 333.3 Agriculture 17.6 20.7 20.9 21.3 18.9 20.5 25.9 29.7 28.1 33.1 Forestry, fishing, mining, oil & gas 49.2 46.8 50 57.9 69.8 69.2 52.9 53.4 56.4 63.4 Utilities 12.7 12.5 11.1 10.2 12.1 13.8 15.9 14.3 11.7 9.7 Construction 85.6 91.2 89.1 91.1 95 110.2 91.2 83 74.8 74.6 Manufacturing 158.7 166.6 177 180.9 177.9 176.4 152.6 141.9 145.8 152.5 Services-producing sector 737.1 751.3 789.4 827.3 892.8 929.4 914.9 922.6 928.1 940.2 Trade 178.4 179.5 194.2 196.9 211.2 212.7 203.5 200.6 205.6 206.6 Transportation and warehousing 78.4 75.8 76 88.9 89.2 94.1 90.7 91.4 86.4 87.1 Finance, insurance, real estate & leasing 66.1 68.2 73.8 76.6 83.4 83.7 85.7 86.1 86.3 87.2 Professional, scientific & technical services 31.2 35 34.8 41.2 48.5 57.8 54.5 54.7 50.4 50.8 Business, building & other support services 16.9 17.6 21 20.2 22.7 22.9 25.9 26.6 29.1 32.9 Educational services 73.8 71.8 73.3 72.2 73.6 74.2 72.3 76.2 77.5 81.1 Health care & social assistance 79.8 87.9 95.6 98.8 102.3 104.7 107.3 114.1 115.9 117.9 Information, culture & recreation 45.9 39.7 39.9 42.7 49.3 53.1 55.3 53.8 52.3 50.1 Accommodation & food services 60.7 62.1 64.1 71.7 82.5 84.4 83.1 82.1 89 83.9 Other services 41.5 42.9 46.2 50.2 55.6 60.1 56.1 61.7 60.6 67.8 Public administration 64.5 70.9 70.6 67.9 74.4 81.8 80.6 75.4 75 74.8 Total employment 1060.9 1089.1 1137.5 1188.5 1266.4 1319.6 1253.4 1244.9 1245.1 1273.5
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 Goods-producing sector 323.2 333.8 351.5 383.8 389.0 377.7 371.0 382.8 401.5 405.1 408.2 Agriculture 33.9 31.7 31.1 32.0 28.1 30.3 29.2 32.7 29.8 25.7 30.7 Forestry, fishing, mining, oil & gas 52.7 49.5 50.3 55.0 52.1 51.4 47.2 44.3 49.5 54.8 55.1 Utilities 9.1 9.3 9.5 11.0 12.5 12.4 11.2 12.2 12.5 10.6 10.3 Construction 72.1 80.4 91.6 108.4 119.7 113.2 116.3 116.1 125.7 126.0 119.3 Manufacturing 155.4 162.9 169.1 177.4 176.6 170.5 167.1 177.6 184.0 188.1 192.8 Services-producing sector 1003.7 1043.9 1083.1 1124.5 1170.6 1199.8 1246.2 1285.1 1341.7 1380.5 1408.2 Trade 216.9 233.9 246.3 250.6 264.7 259.4 261.9 270.8 283.6 294.0 291.2 Transportation and warehousing 87.4 85.4 88.5 90.7 91.9 97.3 101.8 100.2 98.5 97.1 100.3 Finance, insurance, real estate & leasing 90.5 90.5 96.3 98.7 102.1 103.6 110.9 114.6 117.1 116.7 124.0 Professional, scientific & technical services 57.4 67.0 77.7 82.4 87.6 93.9 86.7 96.7 101.3 104.2 108.2 Business, building & other support services 32.8 35.0 36.4 35.4 37.1 38.8 41.0 45.9 52.6 55.7 60.1 Educational services 83.3 84.0 86.6 88.2 89.0 98.3 107.4 113.8 121.8 124.1 118.4 Health care & social assistance 121.2 124.7 128.6 138.1 148.8 155.7 164.1 165.4 172.9 179.0 183.3 Information, culture & recreation 67.4 67.0 64.1 68.4 68.7 67.9 65.4 66.9 77.8 84.3 84.5 Accommodation & food services 95.8 99.7 104.6 113.4 115.2 119.1 128.1 117.5 126.8 134.4 140.8 Other services 72.4 75.3 74.1 76.7 75.6 74.7 80.6 93.5 91.5 89.0 91.3 Public administration 78.5 81.3 79.9 81.9 89.9 91.1 98.4 99.8 97.7 102.1 106.1 Total employment 1326.8 1377.7 1434.6 1508.3 1559.6 1577.5 1617.2 1668.0 1743.2 1785.6 1816.4
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Goods-producing sector 417.3 408.5 393.8 406.3 382.3 392.2 416.4 436.9 452.7 463.9 495.7 Agriculture 34.0 33.0 28.1 29.7 25.5 29.0 32.9 36.9 38.7 34.7 36.2 Forestry, fishing, mining, oil & gas 54.0 51.3 48.5 52.7 40.7 37.6 45.5 35.6 37.5 43.8 47.3 Utilities 9.9 11.1 11.1 10.3 10.5 11.0 11.3 9.2 10.3 8.6 10.3 Construction 123.1 117.2 114.3 111.1 110.7 118.1 119.8 144.0 168.0 179.3 196.9 Manufacturing 196.2 195.9 191.8 202.5 194.9 196.6 206.8 211.2 198.2 197.5 205.1 Services-producing sector 1443.2 1449.9 1500.5 1525.0 1539.3 1572.8 1598.3 1625.8 1677.8 1731.6 1770.6 Trade 297.7 289.7 304.8 300.8 303.3 324.9 327.8 315.8 334.6 353.7 365.0 Transportation and warehousing 108.0 105.6 115.9 116.9 112.4 112.9 119.6 116.5 118.7 119.5 125.6 Finance, insurance, real estate & leasing 127.7 122.3 121.0 118.3 120.9 123.3 124.5 129.2 132.9 138.0 145.0 Professional, scientific & technical services 112.1 122.8 135.8 135.8 139.2 136.1 139.3 146.3 163.6 167.6 166.3 Business, building & other support services 62.6 66.6 64.8 71.2 71.2 71.8 79.7 81.9 90.3 98.8 98.5 Educational services 120.3 118.3 127.3 136.6 138.3 139.3 140.1 135.9 146.1 156.0 156.1 Health care & social assistance 191.3 197.4 193.3 201.2 196.8 211.6 213.3 219.2 217.4 232.2 239.7 Information, culture & recreation 88.6 93.3 90.9 98.5 105.6 106.0 108.7 114.8 112.1 113.2 117.8 Accommodation & food services 142.2 146.8 149.1 154.5 163.7 162.5 159.4 175.3 175.8 170.5 172.7 Other services 92.0 93.3 105.1 98.7 98.3 96.3 92.8 93.7 91.2 90.8 88.0 Public administration 100.7 93.8 92.5 92.4 89.5 88.1 93.0 97.2 95.1 91.3 95.9 Total employment 1860.5 1858.4 1894.4 1931.3 1921.6 1965.0 2014.7 2062.7 2130.5 2195.5 2266.3
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), Table cd1t05an.
86 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World 1.05a. Trends in Employment by Sector
2,000,000
1,750,000
1,500,000
1,250,000 Goods- producing 1,000,000 sector Services- 750,000 producing sector
500,000
250,000
0 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
1.05b. Trends in Goods-producing Sector Employment
250,000
200,000
Agriculture
150,000 Forestry, fishing, mining, oil & gas Utilities
100,000 Construction
Manufacturing
50,000
0 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), Table cd1t05an.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 87 1.05c. Trends in Services-Producing Sector Employment
Trade
Transportation and w arehousing
Finance, insurance, real estate & leasing
Professional, scientific & technical services
Business, building & other support services 1977
Educational services 1987 1997 Health care & social assistance 2007
Information, culture & recreation
Accommodation & food services
Other services
Public administration
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Total employment
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), Table cd1t05an.
1.05d. Employment by industry, 2007
A griculture Public administration 2% Forestry, fishing, 4% mining, oil and gas Utilities 2% Other services 0% 4% Construction Accommodation and food 9% services 8%
Information, culture and M anufacturing
recreation 9%
5%
Goods-producing
Services-producing
Health care and social
assistance
11%
Trade 16 %
Educational services
7%
Transportation and Business, building and other wareho using support services 6% 4% Finance, insurance, real estate Professional, scientific and and leasing technical services 6% 7%
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), Table cd1t33an.
88 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 1.06. Employment in primary resource industries, 1987-2007
Forestry and logging with Fishing, hunting and Mining and oil and gas support activities trapping extraction Total 1987 24,000 6,100 19,400 49,500 1988 25,300 6,400 18,600 50,300 1989 26,500 7,100 21,500 55,000 1990 26,300 6,900 18,900 52,100 1991 26,800 6,700 17,900 51,400 1992 26,300 4,900 15,900 47,200 1993 26,200 6,300 11,800 44,300 1994 31,100 6,300 12,100 49,500 1995 36,100 4,500 14,200 54,800 1996 32,300 5,200 17,600 55,100 1997 32,200 5,400 16,300 54,000 1998 30,200 3,400 17,700 51,300 1999 30,000 3,800 14,800 48,500 2000 35,500 4,300 12,800 52,700 2001 24,700 4,700 11,300 40,700 2002 25,300 3,100 9,200 37,600 2003 27,700 4,600 13,300 45,500 2004 21,500 2,900 11,100 35,600 2005 21,600 2,100 13,800 37,500 2006 21,700 2,700 19,400 43,800 2007 24,300 2,900 20,000 47,300 % change 1987-2007 1.2% -110.3% 3.0% -4.7%
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), Table cd1t05an.
1.06a. Employment in primary resource industries, 1987-2007 60,000
50,000 Forestry and logging with support activities 40,000 Fishing, hunting and trapping 30,000
Mining and oil 20,000 and gas extraction
10,000 Total
0 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), Table cd1t05an.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 89 Chart 1.07. Employment and economic output1 by sector, 2006
EM PL OYM ENT ECONOMIC OUTPUT
Goods- producing Goods-Producing sector Sector 21% 26%
Services- Services- producing Producing sector Sector 79% 74%
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2006), Table cd1t33an; CANSIM table 379-0025 (2008). 1 GDP at basic prices.
90 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 1.08. Exports by kind, 2002-2007(thousands of $CDN)
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2002-2007 % Change Sawmills and Wood Preservation 6,938,711 5,761,693 7,336,550 6,752,794 6,338,924 5,267,504 -1,671,207 -24.1% Oil and Gas Extraction 1,913,705 2,863,115 2,529,877 3,943,232 3,021,473 2,603,533 689,828 36.0% Pulp Mills 2,812,385 2,831,731 3,043,156 2,642,997 2,886,798 3,379,243 566,858 20.2% Coal Mining 1,373,388 1,450,190 1,583,408 2,991,724 2,845,170 2,483,305 1,109,917 80.8% Copper, Nickel, Lead and Zinc Ore Mining 405,402 430,053 610,797 1,030,563 1,691,848 1,188,449 783,047 193.2%
Paper Mills,y g 1,856,930 1,603,679 1,587,532 1,471,451 1,467,704 1,409,096 -447,834 -24.1% Manufacturing 1,100,647 1,303,221 1,553,586 1,374,319 1,266,046 976,657 -123,990 -11.3%
Alumina and Aluminum(p Production and ) Processing g 481,644 495,817 628,303 618,861 725,651 795,117 313,473 65.1% Refining 349,932 368,091 448,239 374,272 639,563 834,781 484,849 138.6% Seafood Product Preparation and Packaging 564,876 580,878 588,768 567,950 508,962 407,139 -157,737 -27.9% Logging 536,451 476,950 444,362 560,353 506,796 393,471 -142,980 -26.7% Other Metal Ore Mining 158,041 137,095 334,815 587,801 415,805 454,817 296,776 187.8%
Other Industrial Machinery Manufacturing p 355,053 376,553 424,099 435,200 414,121 302,269 -52,784 -14.9% Manufacturingg, g, 205,104 265,487 334,777 374,016 357,853 248,931 43,827 21.4% Instruments Man. 266,195 289,784 346,626 323,197 357,036 287,774 21,579 8.1% Recyclable Metal Wholesaler-Distributors 124,459 145,220 158,502 223,937 345,693 405,192 280,733 225.6% Animal Aquaculture 292,687 244,410 205,725 277,214 327,482 335,937 43,250 14.8% Electric Power Generation 288,189 382,659 291,466 675,748 323,622 616,430 328,241 113.9% Other Plastic Product Manufacturing 262,003 265,689 266,561 267,604 290,508 233,792 -28,211 -10.8% Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing 264,143 189,074 232,728 282,474 260,214 245,675 -18,468 -7.0% Aerospace Product and Parts Manufacturing 134,507 119,215 132,990 206,740 232,930 263,043 128,536 95.6% Food Crops Grown Under Cover 68,839 201,594 250,125 255,478 225,833 251,522 182,683 265.4% Millwork 197,684 184,799 204,706 238,073 215,468 197,111 -573 -0.3% Paperboard Mills 258,484 203,980 222,900 205,169 210,033 234,161 -24,323 -9.4% Computer and Peripheral Equipment Manufacturing 83,503 87,817 117,382 137,424 199,578 213,684 130,181 155.9% Others 8,774,393 8,075,774 8,366,853 8,691,552 8,756,240 8,087,831 -686,562 -7.8% TOTAL (ALL INDUSTRIES) 30,067,356 29,334,566 32,244,833 35,510,144 34,831,350 32,116,463 2,049,107 6.8%
Source: Statistics Canada and Industry Canada, Trade Data On-Line (2008).
1.08a. Exports by kind, 2007
Other 25% Wood and Paper products 37%
Electric Power 2% Food Products 3% Manufactured goods 6% Mining and Metal Oil and gas Products 8% 19%
Source: Statistics Canada and Industry Canada, Trade Data On-Line (2008).
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 91 Table 1.09. Exports by destination, 2003-2007
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 % of total % of total % of total % of total % of total Value exports Value exports Value exports Value exports Value exports
TOTAL $29,334,565,689 100.00% $32,244,833,321 100.00% $35,510,144,317 100.00% $34,831,350,149 100.00% $32,116,463,196 100.00%
United States $19,517,337,225 66.53% $20,858,361,209 64.69% $22,880,205,685 64.43% $21,297,850,080 61.15% $19,097,371,393 59.46%
Japan $3,706,367,260 12.63% $3,843,572,641 11.92% $4,208,486,944 11.85% $4,750,341,199 13.64% $4,132,038,850 12.87%
China $967,392,967 3.30% $1,273,212,932 3.95% $1,361,154,660 3.83% $1,527,903,410 4.39% $1,805,634,721 5.62%
Korea, South $788,502,511 2.69% $931,227,422 2.89% $1,180,409,885 3.32% $1,380,189,763 3.96% $1,338,536,546 4.17%
Germany $389,243,437 1.33% $443,921,645 1.38% $499,635,836 1.41% $494,436,346 1.42% $495,518,601 1.54%
Taiwan $444,552,020 1.52% $500,859,329 1.55% $512,676,823 1.44% $535,234,696 1.54% $472,763,090 1.47%
Italy $468,263,887 1.60% $465,029,893 1.44% $568,917,020 1.60% $473,143,199 1.36% $445,166,461 1.39%
United Kingdom $336,524,961 1.15% $388,837,294 1.21% $457,604,764 1.29% $421,708,121 1.21% $435,097,385 1.35%
Netherlands $235,392,882 0.80% $329,507,406 1.02% $318,328,862 0.90% $391,804,986 1.12% $428,934,789 1.34%
Australia $213,086,461 0.73% $239,912,203 0.74% $204,416,259 0.58% $187,114,598 0.54% $242,512,336 0.76%
Brazil $147,969,849 0.50% $156,506,370 0.49% $225,892,295 0.64% $256,781,028 0.74% $242,254,738 0.75%
India $111,700,238 0.38% $150,207,524 0.47% $206,159,799 0.58% $349,785,417 1.00% $241,706,594 0.75%
Hong Kong $242,567,020 0.83% $336,037,192 1.04% $320,839,784 0.90% $284,057,514 0.82% $239,423,250 0.75%
Mexico $111,335,294 0.38% $202,817,625 0.63% $243,394,633 0.69% $193,843,362 0.56% $206,941,555 0.64%
France $166,920,487 0.57% $199,258,826 0.62% $195,168,343 0.55% $178,063,852 0.51% $172,090,376 0.54%
Belgium $184,819,175 0.63% $221,583,951 0.69% $226,970,412 0.64% $183,325,658 0.53% $168,544,014 0.52%
Indonesia $121,848,742 0.42% $180,160,727 0.56% $134,735,297 0.38% $128,344,089 0.37% $145,603,271 0.45%
Philippines $117,390,570 0.40% $130,339,218 0.40% $162,114,259 0.46% $208,581,995 0.60% $144,439,837 0.45%
Thailand $96,785,098 0.33% $134,850,270 0.42% $102,079,195 0.29% $116,069,060 0.33% $140,666,588 0.44%
Turkey $60,843,746 0.21% $103,945,813 0.32% $151,887,846 0.43% $148,801,493 0.43% $110,268,756 0.34% Chile $55,887,254 0.19% $61,251,089 0.19% $85,767,125 0.24% $101,299,701 0.29% $81,607,373 0.25%
Source: Statistics Canada and Industry Canada, “Trade Data On-Line” (2008).
1.09a. Exports by destination, 2007
Other 16% Germany 1.5% Korea, South 4.2% China 5.6% United States 59% Japan 13%
Source: Statistics Canada and Industry Canada, "Trade Data On-Line" (2008).
92 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Chart 1.10. Canada-U.S. dollar exchange rate, 1957-2007 (monthly average, noon)
$1.25
$1.00
$0.75
$0.50
$0.25
$0.00 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007
Source: Bank of Canada, series V37426, January 2008.
Chart 1.11. U.S. Visitor Entries to B.C., 2000-2007
650,000
600,000
550,000
500,000
450,000
400,000
350,000 2001 2003 2005 2007
Source: BC Stats and Statistics Canada (2007); BC Stats, Infoline, 7:44 (2 Nov. 2007), p. 2.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 93 Image 1.12. Change in temperature, by region, 1895-1995
Source: B.C. Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection, Indicators of Climate Change in British Columbia 2002 (Victoria, 2002)
Image 1.13. Area impacted by mountain pine beetle
Projected percentage of total timber volume killed by 2015, by forest management area
Source: B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range, Timber Supply and the Mountain Pine Beetle Infestation in British Columbia – 2007 Update (September 2007).
94 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Image 1.14. Projected impact of rising sea levels in Lower Mainland
Sources: Sierra Club of Canada B.C. Chapter, “Is the Lower Mainland Going Under?” 4 May 2006. R. Kerr. "A Worrying Trend of Less Ice, Higher Seas." Science, 311 (24 March 2006) Schelinhuber, H.J. et al., eds. Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change. (Cambridge University Press, 2006).
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 95 Image 1.15. Projected impact of rising sea levels in greater Victoria
█ 6 metre sea-level rise █ 25 metre sea-level rise
Source: Sierra Club of Canada, B.C. Chapter, “Is Victoria Going Under?”, 6 December 2006.
96 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 1.16. Research and development spending, international comparison, 2001-2006 (% of GDP)
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Austria 2.04 2.12 2.23 2.22 2.42 2.45 Belgium 2.08 1.94 1.89 1.87 1.86 1.85 Canada 2.09 2.04 2.01 2.02 1.98 1.97 Czech Republic 1.21 1.20 1.25 1.25 1.41 1.54 Denmark 2.39 2.51 2.58 2.50 2.45 2.43 Finland 3.30 3.36 3.43 3.45 3.48 3.45 France 2.20 2.23 2.17 2.15 2.13 2.12 Germany 2.46 2.49 2.52 2.49 2.48 2.51 Greece 0.51 .. 0.50 0.48 0.51 0.50 Hungary 0.92 1.00 0.93 0.88 0.94 1.00 Iceland 2.96 2.97 2.83 .. 2.78 .. Ireland 1.10 1.11 1.18 1.25 1.26 1.32 Italy 1.09 1.13 1.11 1.10 1.10 .. Japan 3.12 3.17 3.20 3.17 3.33 .. Korea 2.59 2.53 2.63 2.85 2.98 .. Luxembourg .. .. 1.66 1.66 1.61 .. Mexico 0.39 0.44 0.43 0.47 0.51 .. Netherlands 1.80 1.72 1.76 1.78 1.73 .. New Zealand 1.14 .. 1.19 .. 1.17 .. Norway 1.59 1.66 1.71 1.59 1.53 1.49 Poland 0.62 0.56 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.56 Portugal 0.80 0.76 0.74 0.77 0.81 .. Slovak Republic 0.63 0.57 0.58 0.51 0.51 0.49 Spain 0.92 0.99 1.05 1.06 1.12 .. Sweden 4.25 .. 3.95 3.71 3.89 3.82 Switzerland ...... 2.90 .. .. Turkey 0.72 0.66 0.61 0.67 0.79 .. United Kingdom 1.83 1.83 1.79 1.73 1.78 .. United States 2.76 2.66 2.66 2.59 2.62 2.62 EU (27) 1.76 1.76 1.76 1.73 1.74 .. OECD Average 2.27 2.23 2.24 2.21 2.26 .. Non-member countries ...... Argentina 0.43 0.39 0.41 0.44 0.46 0.50 China 0.95 1.07 1.13 1.23 1.33 1.43 Israel 4.77 4.75 4.45 4.43 4.49 4.53 Romania 0.39 0.38 0.39 0.39 0.41 0.46 Russian Federation 1.18 1.25 1.28 1.15 1.07 1.08 Singapore 2.11 2.15 2.12 2.24 2.36 .. Slovenia 1.55 1.52 1.32 1.45 1.49 .. South Africa 0.73 .. 0.80 0.86 0.92 .. Taiwan 2.08 2.18 2.31 2.38 2.46 ..
Source: OECD, OECD.Stat Main Science and Technology Indicators (accessed Jan. 2008).
Israel
Sweden
Finland
Japan
Korea
Iceland
Unit ed St at es
Germany
Taiwan
Denmark
Austria
Sing ap o re
OECD Average
France
Canada
Belgium
Unit ed King do m
EU (2 7)
Netherlands
Luxembo urg
Norway
Slovenia Czech Republic 2005 China
Ireland
New Zealand
Spain
Italy
Russian Federation
Hungary
So ut h A f rica
Po rt ug al
Turkey
Po land
Slovak Republic
Greece
M exico
Argentina
Romania
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% Research and development spending as % of GDP
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 97 Table 1.17. Employment by sector, by development region, 2007
Goods Sector Services Sector Total
Vancouver Island/Coast 70,300 308,100 378,300
Mainland/Southwest 274,700 1,117,500 1,392,200
Thompson-Okanagan 67,900 188,700 256,700
Kootenay 26,100 51,000 77,100
Cariboo 27,200 56,600 83,800
North Coast and Nechako 13,600 28,000 41,500
Northeast 15,900 20,700 36,700
British Columbia 495,700 1,770,600 2,266,300
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), Table cd1t33an.
1.17a. Employment by sector, by development region, 2007
Vancouver Island/Coast
M ainland/Southwest
Thompson-Okanagan
Goods Sector Kootenay Services Sector
Cariboo
North Coast and Nechako
Northeast
0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 1,000,000 1,200,000
1.17b. Goods and services employment as share of total employment, by region, 2007
Northeast
Kootenay
North Coast and Nechako
Cariboo % Goods
Thompson-Okanagan % Services
British Columbia
M ainland/Southwest
Vancouver Island/Coast
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
98 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 1.18. Employment by sector, by census metropolitan area, 2007
Goods Sector Services Sector Total
Vancouver (Census Metropolitan Area) 211,900 975,200 1,187,100
Victoria (Census Metropolitan Area) 24,000 151,200 175,200
Abbotsford (Census Metropolitan Area) 24,900 57,500 82,300
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), Table cd1t31an.
1.18a. Employment by sector, by census metropolitan area, 2007
Vancouver (Census Metropolitan Area)
Goods Sector Victoria (Census Services Sector M etropolitan Area) Total
Abbotsford (Census Metropolitan Area)
0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 1,000,000 1,200,000
1.18b. Goods and services employment as share of total employment, by CMA, 2007
Abbotsford (Census Metropolitan Area)
Vancouver (Census % Goods Metropolitan Area) % Services
Victoria (Census Metropolitan Area)
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 99 Table 1.19. Total employment, by development region and census area, 1997-2007
Change 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 1997-2007 Vancouver Island/Coast 322,000 315,500 330,000 327,400 307,300 317,400 319,100 334,200 350,000 369,500 378,300 14.9% Mainland/Southw est 1,098,900 1,103,900 1,130,100 1,164,600 1,175,000 1,216,700 1,251,400 1,275,300 1,307,300 1,342,700 1,392,200 21.1% Thompson- Okanagan 206,100 207,400 206,100 210,300 210,200 208,100 218,800 229,700 244,000 253,700 256,700 19.7%
Kootenay 65,300 70,000 69,400 70,800 70,400 66,600 67,400 67,100 69,200 69,500 77,100 15.3%
Cariboo 83,300 82,700 81,400 79,100 79,400 78,000 78,200 80,700 80,100 82,900 83,800 0.6% North Coast and Nechako 51,800 47,300 46,700 47,300 46,600 44,900 44,800 42,400 45,700 43,100 41,500 -24.8%
Northeast 33,100 31,600 30,700 31,800 32,500 33,200 34,900 33,300 34,300 34,000 36,700 9.8%
1 Vancouver 966,400 970,800 996,000 1,032,100 1,039,100 1,072,100 1,103,500 1,127,500 1,155,700 1,187,100 1,222,700 21.0%
1 Victoria 149,800 147,200 155,300 155,300 150,800 155,700 158,700 162,000 169,300 175,200 182,900 18.1%
1 Abbotsford 68,200 66,900 66,900 68,300 71,400 75,200 74,900 78,500 78,300 82,300 84,800 19.6%
British Columbia 1,860,500 1,858,400 1,894,400 1,931,300 1,921,600 1,965,000 2,014,700 2,062,700 2,130,500 2,195,500 2,266,300 17.9%
1 Census Metropolitan Area. Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), Tables cd1t31an and cd1t33an.
1.19a. Annual change in regional employment, 1997-2007
30%
20% 7
10%
0%
-10% Change in employment 1997-200 employment Change in
-20%
-30% M ainland/ Sout hwest Thompson-Okanagan Koot enay V ancouver Nort heast Cariboo Nort h Coast and Island/Coast Nechako
100 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 1.20. Services-sector employment as share of total employment, international comparison, 1995 and 2005
Wholesale and retail Education, health, Transport, storage and Real estate, renting Public administration trade, restaurants and Finance and insurance social work and other communication and business services and finance hotels services 2005 1995 2005 1995 2005 1995 2005 1995 2005 1995 2005 1995
Australia2 24.7 25.4 6.4 6.5 3.6 3.9 12.1 9.5 5.8 6.2 22.4 20.4
Austria 21.9 21.1 6.9 7.2 3.1 3.2 9.6 6.3 6.8 7.2 20.3 18.1
Belgium 17.2 18.0 6.9 7.1 3.3 3.7 15.6 11.7 9.9 9.6 22.6 21.0
Canada 24.0 23.3 6.8 7.3 5.2 5.4 11.6 8.2 5.2 6.1 21.5 22.2
Czech Republic 18.0 17.3 7.3 7.3 1.5 1.6 9.8 7.3 6.4 5.8 14.9 13.7
Denmark 19.0 17.9 6.5 6.6 3.0 3.0 11.2 7.9 6.0 7.1 29.2 28.5
Finland 15.8 14.8 7.2 7.7 1.6 2.3 10.3 7.4 7.3 7.6 26.4 24.7
France 16.9 16.0 6.3 6.1 3.1 3.2 14.8 11.7 8.6 9.5 22.7 21.5
Germany 19.8 18.8 5.4 6.0 3.2 3.4 13.0 8.0 7.0 8.1 21.2 18.0
Greece 20.5 19.3 6.5 6.6 2.6 2.3 6.8 4.9 7.8 7.4 17.1 14.7
Hungary 17.8 15.9 7.7 8.9 2.1 2.3 6.9 3.6 7.8 7.3 19.4 20.3
Iceland3 16.6 16.4 6.2 7.4 3.9 3.9 9.1 5.5 5.2 12.6 30.1 17.0
Ireland 20.2 19.4 6.1 5.1 4.5 3.8 8.5 6.0 5.0 5.6 21.6 20.4
Italy 20.4 20.2 6.4 6.3 2.4 2.7 11.1 7.3 5.7 6.6 16.7 16.4
Japan4 18.0 17.1 5.8 5.9 2.7 3.1 1.5 1.5 3.3 3.3 27.8 23.4
Korea 26.3 26.8 6.2 5.2 3.4 3.5 8.7 4.2 3.4 3.2 16.0 9.9
Luxembourg 18.5 21.1 7.5 7.0 11.0 10.3 17.1 9.9 5.4 5.4 15.3 14.6
Mexico5 19.3 26.3 6.0 5.1 0.5 1.1 3.5 2.6 4.6 4.4 .. 8.1
Netherlands 19.0 20.0 6.3 5.8 3.8 3.5 15.9 11.5 7.3 7.0 22.4 25.1
New Zealand 26.4 26.3 6.2 6.0 3.0 3.8 12.3 9.3 3.3 4.5 25.7 23.6
Norway 16.4 16.5 9.0 10 2.3 2.7 10.3 6.6 7.4 9.0 28.5 26.1
Poland 17.4 14.2 5.7 5.9 2.1 1.7 7.5 3.2 6.6 2.6 16.0 14.7
Portugal 22.0 19.3 3.8 3.5 1.8 2.6 5.7 5.7 7.2 8.0 14.7 17.2
Slovakia 20.2 12.1 7.0 7.9 1.7 1.2 7.4 3.9 6.9 6.1 18.1 18.4
Spain 22.4 20.9 5.7 5.9 2.1 2.7 8.5 5.7 7.6 8.8 15.2 19.0
Sweden 15.4 15.5 6.6 6.9 2.1 2.1 11.7 8.3 6.2 7.9 32.8 32.4
Switzerland67 21.3 22.4 6.6 6.4 5.7 5.4 10.3 7.8 3.9 3.5 19.0 16.3
Turkey3 19.2 13.0 5.0 5.0 1.1 .. 2.5 .. 5.7 .. 9.4 ..
United Kingdom 24.2 23.1 5.9 5.8 4.1 4.4 15.4 12.4 6.4 7.1 23.8 23.8 8 21.4 24.1 4.8 5.0 4.5 4.7 15.0 10.6 8.4 9.1 24.7 21 United States
Sources: OECD, National Accounts of OECD Countries (2006); OECD Structural Analysis Statistics (2006); Labour Force Statistics: 1985- 2005 (2006). 1 According to the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), Revision 3 (1990). 2 Not including sanitary and similar services. 3 Data from OECD, Annual Labour Force Statistics (2006). 4 Hotels and restaurants are included in Real Estate etc. totals 5 Number of employees. 6 Full-time equivalents. 7 Estimates are based on earlier, US-SIC based National Accounts. 8 Public education services are included in Public Administration and Finance. .. Not available or not applicable.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 101 Table 1.21. Projected job vacancies by industry, B.C., 2005-2015
Vacancies 2005-2015 % Annual Industry 2005 2015 Growth New Jobs Attrition Total Goods-producing sector Agriculture 38,720 40,500 0.5% 1,780 12,450 14,230 Forestry and Logging with support activities 21,620 20,740 -0.4% -880 7,010 6,130 Fishing, Hunting and Trapping 2,080 2,080 0.0% 0 500 500 Oil and Gas Extraction 2,480 2,010 -2.1% -470 720 250 Mining (except Oil and Gas) 6,970 8,910 2.5% 1,940 2,320 4,260 Support Activities for Mining and Oil and Gas Extraction 4,370 5,380 2.1% 1,010 1,270 2,280 Utilities 10,340 10,560 0.2% 220 3,260 3,480 Construction 167,990 200,580 1.8% 32,590 52,100 84,690 Food and Beverage Products 31,510 32,910 0.4% 1,400 8,260 9,660 Wood Product Manufacturing 45,790 47,910 0.5% 2,120 12,280 14,400 Paper Manufacturing 12,270 10,910 -1.2% -1,360 3,200 1,840 Printing and Related Support Activities 7,940 7,600 -0.4% -340 2,230 1,890 Rubber, Plastics and Chemicals 13,200 15,260 1.5% 2,060 3,670 5,730 Manufactured Mineral Products 13,670 14,370 0.5% 700 4,180 4,880 Metal Fabrication and Machinery (excluding electrical) 28,150 34,440 2.0% 6,290 8,600 14,890 Computer, Electronic and Electrical Products 11,060 13,280 1.8% 2,220 3,330 5,550 Motor Vehicle, Body, Trailer & Parts Manufacturing 3,520 3,530 0.0% 10 940 950 Other Transportation Equipment Manufacturing 5,770 6,100 0.6% 330 1,660 1,990 Other Manufacturing 25,280 25,880 0.2% 600 7,010 7,610 Services-producing sector Wholesale Trade 79,790 101,980 2.5% 22,190 24,880 47,070 Retail Trade 254,820 295,450 1.5% 40,630 61,400 102,030 Transportation and Warehousing 118,660 146,550 2.1% 27,890 41,260 69,150 Finance, Insurance, Real Estate and Leasing 132,920 157,950 1.7% 25,030 44,450 69,480 Professional Business Services 91,430 116,670 2.5% 25,240 28,610 53,850 Computer System Design Services 32,420 48,220 4.0% 15,800 7,030 22,830 Other Professional Services 39,790 51,570 2.6% 11,780 13,590 25,370 Management, Administrative and Other Support 90,270 117,330 2.7% 27,060 29,530 56,590 Educational Services 146,080 181,100 2.2% 35,020 60,490 95,510 Health Care and Social Assistance 217,430 304,200 3.4% 86,770 78,170 164,940 Information, culture and recreation 112,120 138,190 2.1% 26,070 30,600 56,670 Accommodation and food services 175,770 222,910 2.4% 47,140 35,880 83,020 Other services 91,210 103,570 1.3% 12,360 29,290 41,650 Public administration 95,130 103,010 0.8% 7,880 32,450 40,330 All 2,130,550 2,591,660 2.0% 461,110 652,630 1,113,740
Source: B.C. Ministry of Advanced Education, Canadian Occupational Projection System (COPS) B.C. Unique Scenario, Final Forecast 05- 15, February 2007.
102 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World 1.21a. Projected job vacancies, B.C., 2005-2015
Goods-Producing Sector
Agriculture
Forestry and Logging
Fishing, Hunting and Trapping
Mining and Oil & Gas Extraction New Jobs
Utilities Attrition
Construction
Wood Products & Paper Manufacturing
Manufacturing (excluding Wood & Paper)
-10,000 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 Vacancies
Services-Producing Sector
Public administration
Other services
Accommodation and food services
Information, culture and recreation
Health Care and Social Assistance
Educational Services Management, Administrative and Other Support New Jobs Other Professional Services Attrition Computer System Design Services
Professional Business Services
Finance, Insurance, Real Estate and Leasing
Transportation and Warehousing
Retail Trade
Wholesale Trade
0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 180,000
Vacancies
Source: B.C. Ministry of Advanced Education, Canadian Occupational Projection System (COPS) B.C. Unique Scenario, Final Forecast 05- 15, February 2007.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 103 Table 1.22. Projected job vacancies by development region, 2006-2011
2006 2011 % total change Goods Services Total Goods Services Total (annual average) Vancouver Island/Coast 74,850 294,640 369,490 83,710 310,230 393,940 1.3% Mainland/Southwest 250,120 1,092,600 1,342,720 290,100 1,191,560 1,481,650 2.1% Thompson-Okanagan 64,630 189,090 253,720 77,350 207,540 284,890 2.5% Kootenay 21,710 47,800 69,510 25,020 51,980 77,000 2.2% Cariboo 25,090 57,820 82,910 27,710 62,360 90,070 1.7% North Coast & Nechako 15,540 27,550 43,090 18,750 30,790 49,540 3.0% Northeast 11,940 22,080 34,020 13,760 25,460 39,220 3.1% BC Total 463,880 1,731,580 2,195,460 536,400 1,879,920 2,416,310 2.3%
Source: BC Stats, Regional Employment Projections (July 2007).
1.22a. Projected job vacancies by development region, 2006-2011
160,000
140,000
120,000
Services- producing 100,000 sector
Goods- 80,000 producing
New jobs sector
60,000
40,000
20,000
0 Vancouver M ainland/ Thompson- Kootenay Cariboo North Coast & Northeast Island/Coast Southwest Okanagan Nechako
104 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World 2. Demographic Data
Table 2.01. Projected population, B.C. and Canada, 1976-2036
1 BC % change Canada % change 1976 2,533,791 1.35% 23,449,791 1.31% 1977 2,569,702 1.40% 23,725,921 1.16% 1978 2,613,998 1.69% 23,963,370 0.99% 1979 2,662,990 1.84% 24,201,801 0.99% 1980 2,743,224 2.92% 24,516,071 1.28% 1981 2,823,933 2.86% 24,820,393 1.23% 1982 2,872,920 1.71% 25,117,442 1.18% 1983 2,905,476 1.12% 25,366,969 0.98% 1984 2,945,635 1.36% 25,607,651 0.94% 1985 2,974,277 0.96% 25,842,736 0.91% 1986 3,004,104 0.99% 26,101,155 0.99% 1987 3,050,160 1.51% 26,448,855 1.31% 1988 3,115,357 2.09% 26,795,383 1.29% 1989 3,197,880 2.58% 27,281,795 1.78% 1990 3,290,814 2.82% 27,697,530 1.50% 1991 3,373,464 2.45% 28,031,394 1.19% 1992 3,468,445 2.74% 28,366,737 1.18% 1993 3,567,406 2.77% 28,681,676 1.10% 1994 3,675,699 2.95% 28,999,006 1.09% 1995 3,777,004 2.68% 29,302,091 1.03% 1996 3,874,276 2.51% 29,610,757 1.04% 1997 3,948,544 1.88% 29,907,172 0.99% 1998 3,983,077 0.87% 30,157,082 0.83% 1999 4,011,342 0.70% 30,403,878 0.81% 2000 4,039,198 0.69% 30,689,035 0.93% 2001 4,078,447 0.96% 31,021,251 1.07% 2002 4,115,413 0.90% 31,372,587 1.12% 2003 4,155,370 0.96% 31,676,077 0.96% 2004 4,203,807 1.15% 31,995,199 1.00% 2005 4,260,246 1.32% 32,312,077 0.98% 2006 4,320,255 1.39% 32,649,482 1.03% 2007 4,380,256 1.37% 32,976,026 0.99% 2008 4,417,508 .. [2] 33,095,000 .. [2] 2009 4,471,537 1.21% 33,367,500 0.82% 2010 4,527,176 1.23% 33,639,400 0.81% 2011 4,583,154 1.22% 33,909,700 0.80% 2012 4,640,454 1.23% 34,180,700 0.79% 2013 4,697,532 1.22% 34,452,100 0.79% 2014 4,753,432 1.18% 34,723,800 0.78% 2015 4,808,268 1.14% 34,995,400 0.78% 2016 4,862,254 1.11% 35,266,800 0.77% 2017 4,915,849 1.09% 35,537,600 0.76% 2018 4,968,991 1.07% 35,807,600 0.75% 2019 5,021,484 1.05% 36,076,400 0.75% 2020 5,073,307 1.02% 36,343,500 0.73% 2021 5,124,395 1.00% 36,608,500 0.72% 2022 5,174,369 0.97% 36,870,900 0.71% 2023 5,223,189 0.93% 37,130,100 0.70% 2024 5,270,716 0.90% 37,385,400 0.68% 2025 5,316,881 0.87% 37,636,400 0.67% 2026 5,361,651 0.84% 37,882,700 0.65% 2027 5,405,297 0.81% 38,123,600 0.63% 2028 5,447,867 0.78% 38,359,000 0.61% 2029 5,489,228 0.75% 38,588,500 0.59% 2030 5,529,316 0.73% 38,812,100 0.58% 2031 5,568,006 0.69% 39,029,400 0.56% 2032 5,605,079 0.66% 39,238,800 0.53% 2033 5,640,629 0.63% 39,440,200 0.51% 2034 5,674,645 0.60% 39,633,900 0.49% 2035 5,707,038 0.57% 39,819,900 0.47% 2036 5,738,157 0.54% 39,998,500 0.45%
1 Canada data for 2008-2036 based on Statistics Canada's Scenario 3 projections. 2 Annual change not provided due to transition from actual to projected data. * B.C. and Canada data for 1976-2006 based on estimates for July 1st of each year. Source: BC Stats, PEOPLE 32 (October 2007); Statistics Canada, CANSIM tables 051-0001and 052-0004.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 105 2.01a. Rate of population growth, B.C. and Canada, 1976-2036
3.5% Actual Projected 3.0%
2.5%
2.0%
British Columbia 1. 3 7 % 1.5% (2006-07)
1.0%
0.5% Canada 0.99% (2006-07)
0.0% 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 2036
Source: BC Stats, PEOPLE 32 (October 2007); Statistics Canada, CANSIM tables 051-0001and 052-0004.
106 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 2.02. Population change by age cohort and gender, 1996-2036
Age 0-18 % change Age 18-29 % change Age 65+ % change Total Pop % change Tot. Male % change Tot. Female % change 1996 953,416 1.8% 654,778 46.5% 486,504 2.3% 3,874,276 2.5% 1,929,366 2.5% 1,944,910 2.5% 1997 965,152 1.2% 660,489 0.9% 498,530 2.4% 3,948,544 1.9% 1,965,016 1.8% 1,983,528 1.9% 1998 964,139 -0.1% 654,926 -0.8% 509,444 2.1% 3,983,077 0.9% 1,980,854 0.8% 2,002,223 0.9% 1999 959,351 -0.5% 651,296 -0.6% 518,992 1.8% 4,011,342 0.7% 1,993,554 0.6% 2,017,788 0.8% 2000 953,949 -0.6% 647,536 -0.6% 528,578 1.8% 4,039,198 0.7% 2,006,031 0.6% 2,033,167 0.8% 2001 949,362 -0.5% 650,947 0.5% 539,635 2.0% 4,078,447 1.0% 2,024,144 0.9% 2,054,303 1.0% 2002 939,315 -1.1% 660,856 1.5% 550,412 2.0% 4,115,413 0.9% 2,040,891 0.8% 2,074,522 1.0% 2003 929,679 -1.0% 671,528 1.6% 562,072 2.1% 4,155,370 1.0% 2,060,656 1.0% 2,094,714 1.0% 2004 922,051 -0.8% 684,300 1.9% 574,191 2.1% 4,203,315 1.1% 2,083,662 1.1% 2,119,653 1.2% 2005 917,199 -0.5% 696,253 1.7% 586,408 2.1% 4,257,833 1.3% 2,111,174 1.3% 2,146,659 1.3% 2006 913,261 -0.4% 705,527 1.3% 601,511 2.5% 4,310,452 1.2% 2,136,895 1.2% 2,173,557 1.2% 2007 906,699 -0.7% 717,437 1.7% 618,270 2.7% 4,364,565 1.2% 2,162,876 1.2% 2,201,689 1.3% 2008 899,778 -0.8% 728,618 1.5% 636,576 2.9% 4,417,508 1.2% 2,188,295 1.2% 2,229,213 1.2% 2009 893,770 -0.7% 736,661 1.1% 655,663 2.9% 4,471,537 1.2% 2,214,275 1.2% 2,257,262 1.2% 2010 889,645 -0.5% 741,751 0.7% 674,436 2.8% 4,527,176 1.2% 2,241,028 1.2% 2,286,148 1.3% 2011 886,635 -0.3% 743,566 0.2% 695,557 3.0% 4,583,154 1.2% 2,267,881 1.2% 2,315,273 1.3% 2012 885,321 -0.1% 742,912 -0.1% 725,716 4.2% 4,640,454 1.2% 2,295,372 1.2% 2,345,082 1.3% 2013 884,862 -0.1% 740,053 -0.4% 755,786 4.0% 4,697,532 1.2% 2,322,712 1.2% 2,374,820 1.3% 2014 884,414 -0.1% 734,969 -0.7% 785,028 3.7% 4,753,432 1.2% 2,349,416 1.1% 2,404,016 1.2% 2015 884,837 0.0% 727,843 -1.0% 815,561 3.7% 4,808,268 1.1% 2,375,522 1.1% 2,432,746 1.2% 2016 887,345 0.3% 720,301 -1.0% 846,049 3.6% 4,862,254 1.1% 2,401,146 1.1% 2,461,108 1.2% 2017 891,525 0.5% 713,790 -0.9% 877,131 3.5% 4,915,849 1.1% 2,426,482 1.0% 2,489,367 1.1% 2018 896,468 0.6% 707,953 -0.8% 909,435 3.6% 4,968,991 1.1% 2,451,527 1.0% 2,517,464 1.1% 2019 901,827 0.6% 700,413 -1.1% 943,513 3.6% 5,021,484 1.0% 2,476,183 1.0% 2,545,301 1.1% 2020 907,948 0.7% 692,010 -1.2% 979,353 3.7% 5,073,307 1.0% 2,500,446 1.0% 2,572,861 1.1% 2021 914,728 0.7% 685,629 -0.9% 1,015,017 3.5% 5,124,395 1.0% 2,524,276 0.9% 2,600,119 1.0% 2022 920,308 0.6% 679,577 -0.9% 1,050,912 3.4% 5,174,369 1.0% 2,547,463 0.9% 2,626,906 1.0% 2023 925,959 0.6% 674,879 -0.7% 1,087,455 3.4% 5,223,189 0.9% 2,569,991 0.9% 2,653,198 1.0% 2024 930,959 0.5% 670,782 -0.6% 1,123,148 3.2% 5,270,716 0.9% 2,591,792 0.8% 2,678,924 1.0% 2025 935,478 0.5% 666,935 -0.6% 1,159,405 3.1% 5,316,881 0.9% 2,612,834 0.8% 2,704,047 0.9% 2026 939,226 0.4% 664,205 -0.4% 1,194,757 3.0% 5,361,651 0.8% 2,633,114 0.8% 2,728,537 0.9% 2027 942,262 0.3% 664,172 0.0% 1,228,976 2.8% 5,405,297 0.8% 2,652,835 0.7% 2,752,462 0.9% 2028 944,319 0.2% 666,179 0.3% 1,265,287 2.9% 5,447,867 0.8% 2,672,031 0.7% 2,775,836 0.8% 2029 945,594 0.1% 669,293 0.5% 1,299,448 2.6% 5,489,228 0.8% 2,690,636 0.7% 2,798,592 0.8% 2030 946,157 0.1% 673,288 0.6% 1,329,061 2.2% 5,529,316 0.7% 2,708,634 0.7% 2,820,682 0.8% 2031 945,982 0.0% 678,555 0.8% 1,354,074 1.8% 5,568,006 0.7% 2,725,973 0.6% 2,842,033 0.8% 2032 945,180 -0.1% 685,001 0.9% 1,375,398 1.6% 5,605,079 0.7% 2,742,519 0.6% 2,862,560 0.7% 2033 943,919 -0.1% 690,724 0.8% 1,396,749 1.5% 5,640,629 0.6% 2,758,314 0.6% 2,882,315 0.7% 2034 942,322 -0.2% 696,961 0.9% 1,418,720 1.5% 5,674,645 0.6% 2,773,362 0.5% 2,901,283 0.7% 2035 940,376 -0.2% 702,967 0.9% 1,440,542 1.5% 5,707,038 0.6% 2,787,637 0.5% 2,919,401 0.6%
2036 938,506 -0.2% 708,840 0.8% 1,460,938 1.4% 5,738,157 0.5% 2,801,334 0.5% 2,936,823 0.6%
Source: BC Stats. PEOPLE 32 (October 2007).
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 107 2.02a. Youth population compared to retirement-age population, 1996-2036
1,600,000 Actual Projected
1,400,000 Age 65+ 1,200,000
1,000,000
Age 18-29 800,000
Population 600,000
400,000
200,000
0 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 2036
Year
Source: BC Stats. PEOPLE 32 (October 2007).
2.02b. K-12 (ages 5-17) and post-secondary entry (ages 18-29) population, 1996-2036
800,000
Actual Projected
750,000 Ages 18-29
700,000
650,000
600,000 Ages 5-17
550,000
500,000
1996 2001 2006 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 2036
Source: BC Stats. PEOPLE 32 (October 2007).
108 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Chart 2.03. B.C. population pyramid by gender and age, 1976, 2006, 2036
90
WOMEN MEN 80
70
60
50 A ge 2036
40
2006
30
1976
20
10
0 100 50 0 50 100
Thousands
Source: BC Stats. PEOPLE 32 (October 2007).
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 109 Table 2.04. Components of population change, 1975/76-2035/36 (thousands)
Natural Pop Change International Immigration Interprovincial Migration TOTAL % Growth Births Deaths Net Rate In Out Net In Out Net 1975/76 36.1 19.1 17.0 0.67% 25.0 4.2 20.8 58.6 63.6 -5.0 34.2 1.4% 1976/77 36.2 18.2 18.0 0.70% 16.8 3.4 13.3 58.1 52.3 5.8 35.9 1.4% 1977/78 36.7 18.9 17.8 0.68% 13.7 4.3 9.5 63.7 45.4 18.3 44.3 1.7% 1978/79 38.0 19.1 18.9 0.71% 13.3 4.2 9.1 67.8 45.6 22.2 49 1.9% 1979/80 38.9 19.2 19.7 0.72% 23.6 2.9 20.7 81.7 40.7 41.1 80.2 3.0% 1980/81 40.9 19.7 21.2 0.75% 24.2 2.5 21.7 84.3 45.3 39.0 80.7 2.9% 1981/82 42.7 20.2 22.5 0.78% 23.5 3.8 19.7 55.9 48.8 7.0 49 1.7% 1982/83 42.4 20.3 22.1 0.76% 15.5 4.2 11.3 44.1 44.7 -0.6 32.6 1.1% 1983/84 43.7 20.4 23.3 0.79% 15.2 4.5 10.7 43.3 36.9 6.4 40.2 1.4% 1984/85 43.5 20.8 22.7 0.76% 13.1 5.0 8.1 40.6 42.5 -2.0 28.6 1.0% 1985/86 42.4 21.4 21.0 0.70% 17.1 4.4 12.7 44.4 48.2 -3.7 29.8 1.0% 1986/87 42.2 21.3 20.9 0.69% 19.2 4.3 14.9 54.2 44.7 9.5 46.1 1.5% 1987/88 41.9 22.7 19.2 0.62% 26.9 3.3 23.6 64.2 42.6 21.6 65.2 2.1% 1988/89 43.6 22.6 21.0 0.66% 34.6 3.2 31.3 71.2 41.8 29.4 82.5 2.6% 1989/90 45.2 23.3 21.9 0.67% 33.6 3.3 30.2 82.2 42.2 40.0 92.9 2.9% 1990/91 45.1 23.7 21.4 0.63% 27.3 3.4 24.0 73.8 39.7 34.1 82.7 2.5% 1991/92 46.1 24.3 21.8 0.63% 33.5 6.9 26.5 77.7 39.7 38.0 95 2.8% 1992/93 46.0 25.6 20.4 0.57% 36.9 7.0 29.9 78.8 38.7 40.1 99 2.9% 1993/94 46.4 25.5 20.9 0.57% 47.5 6.7 40.8 76.5 38.7 37.9 108.3 3.0% 1994/95 47.0 26.3 20.7 0.55% 48.8 6.2 42.6 70.8 41.5 29.3 101.3 2.8% 1995/96 46.9 27.0 19.9 0.51% 53.2 5.8 47.4 67.0 44.9 22.0 97.3 2.6% 1996/97 45.3 27.6 17.7 0.45% 56.1 10.2 45.8 59.4 49.6 9.9 74.3 1.9% 1997/98 43.6 27.9 15.7 0.39% 39.2 11.2 28.0 51.5 61.6 -10.0 34.5 0.9% 1998/99 42.6 27.8 14.8 0.37% 38.5 11.4 27.1 43.3 57.8 -14.5 28.3 0.7% 1999/00 41.6 27.7 13.9 0.34% 40.7 13.0 27.7 43.5 58.1 -14.6 27.9 0.7% 2000/01 40.4 27.8 12.6 0.31% 46.4 12.2 34.2 43.3 51.6 -8.3 39.2 1.0% 2001/02 39.9 28.7 11.2 0.27% 46.1 11.8 34.3 47.2 55.7 -8.6 37 0.9% 2002/03 40.5 28.7 11.8 0.28% 38.8 9.6 29.2 48.1 49.1 -1.0 40 1.0% 2003/04 40.2 29.8 10.4 0.25% 39.6 10.0 29.6 50.4 42.5 7.9 47.9 1.2% 2004/05 40.6 30.1 10.5 0.25% 45.9 10.1 35.8 54.3 46.1 8.2 54.5 1.3% 2005/06 40.9 30.0 10.9 0.25% 48.1 10.1 37.9 55.8 52.0 3.8 52.6 1.2% 2006/07 41.4 31.3 10.1 0.23% 45.3 10.2 35.2 64.9 56.1 8.9 54.1 1.3% 2007/08 41.8 33.2 8.6 0.19% 43.2 9.7 33.4 64.6 53.6 11.0 52.9 1.2% 2008/09 42.5 34.2 8.3 0.19% 42.4 9.0 33.4 64.3 52.1 12.2 54 1.2% 2009/10 43.0 35.1 7.9 0.17% 42.7 8.9 33.8 65.4 51.5 13.9 55.6 1.2% 2010/11 43.5 36.0 7.5 0.16% 41.7 8.9 32.8 66.4 50.6 15.7 56 1.2% 2011/12 43.9 37.0 6.9 0.15% 43.0 8.9 34.1 66.7 50.4 16.2 57.3 1.3% 2012/13 44.4 37.9 6.5 0.14% 43.1 8.9 34.3 66.7 50.4 16.3 57.1 1.2% 2013/14 44.9 38.8 6.1 0.13% 43.2 8.9 34.3 65.9 50.4 15.5 55.9 1.2% 2014/15 45.3 39.7 5.6 0.12% 43.7 9.0 34.7 64.7 50.2 14.5 54.8 1.2% 2015/16 45.5 40.6 4.9 0.10% 44.0 9.0 35.1 64.0 50.0 14.0 54 1.1% 2016/17 45.7 41.5 4.2 0.09% 44.3 8.9 35.4 64.0 50.0 14.0 53.6 1.1% 2017/18 45.8 42.4 3.4 0.07% 44.7 8.9 35.7 64.0 50.0 14.0 53.1 1.1% 2018/19 45.7 43.3 2.4 0.05% 45.0 8.9 36.0 64.0 50.0 14.0 52.5 1.1% 2019/20 45.7 44.2 1.5 0.03% 45.3 8.9 36.4 64.0 50.0 14.0 51.8 1.0% 2020/21 45.6 45.2 0.4 0.01% 45.6 8.9 36.7 64.0 50.0 14.0 51.1 1.0% 2021/22 45.4 46.4 -1.0 -0.02% 45.9 8.9 37.0 64.0 50.0 14.0 50 1.0% 2022/23 45.2 47.7 -2.5 -0.05% 46.2 8.9 37.3 64.0 50.0 14.0 48.8 0.9% 2023/24 44.9 49.0 -4.1 -0.08% 46.4 8.9 37.6 64.0 50.0 14.0 47.5 0.9% 2024/25 44.7 50.3 -5.6 -0.11% 46.7 8.9 37.8 64.0 50.0 14.0 46.2 0.9% 2025/26 44.4 51.8 -7.4 -0.14% 46.9 8.8 38.1 64.0 50.0 14.0 44.8 0.8% 2026/27 44.2 52.9 -8.7 -0.16% 47.2 8.8 38.3 64.0 50.0 14.0 43.6 0.8% 2027/28 44.0 54.1 -10.1 -0.19% 47.4 8.8 38.6 64.0 50.0 14.0 42.6 0.8% 2028/29 43.8 55.3 -11.5 -0.21% 47.6 8.8 38.8 64.0 50.0 14.0 41.4 0.8% 2029/30 43.6 56.6 -13.0 -0.24% 47.8 8.8 39.1 64.0 50.0 14.0 40.1 0.7% 2030/31 43.3 57.9 -14.6 -0.26% 48.0 8.7 39.3 64.0 50.0 14.0 38.7 0.7% 2031/32 43.2 59.6 -16.4 -0.29% 48.2 8.7 39.5 64.0 50.0 14.0 37.1 0.7% 2032/33 43.1 61.3 -18.2 -0.32% 48.3 8.7 39.7 64.0 50.0 14.0 35.5 0.6% 2033/34 43.1 63.0 -19.9 -0.35% 48.5 8.6 39.9 64.0 50.0 14.0 34 0.6% 2034/35 43.1 64.7 -21.6 -0.38% 48.6 8.6 40.0 64.0 50.0 14.0 32.4 0.6% 2035/36 43.3 66.4 -23.1 -0.40% 48.8 8.6 40.2 64.0 50.0 14.0 31.1 0.5%
Source: BC Stats, Population Forecast 07/07, 2007.
110 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World 2.04a. Births and deaths in B.C., 1975/76-2035/36
70,000 Actual Projected 60,000
50,000 Bir ths 40,000
30,000 De ath
20,000
10,000
0
1975/76 1980/81 1985/86 1990/91 1995/96 2000/01 2005/06 2010/11 2015/16 2020/21 2025/26 2030/31 2035/36
Source: BC Stats, Population Forecast 07/07, 2007.
2.04b. Rate of natural increase, 1975/76-2035/36
1.00%
Actual Projected 0.80%
0.60%
0.40%
0.20%
0.00%
-0.20%
-0.40%
-0.60% 1975/76 1980/81 1985/86 1990/91 1995/96 2000/01 2005/06 2010/11 2015/16 2020/21 2025/26 2030/31 2035/36
Source: BC Stats, Population Forecast 07/07, 2007.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 111 Table 2.05. Immigrants as percentage of total B.C. population, 1911-2006
1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
Immigrants 223,158 260,536 319,529 304,729 339,197 423,132 496,655 627,560 630,670 723,170 903,190 1,009,820 1,119,215
Non-immigrants 169,322 264,046 374,734 513,132 826,013 1,205,950 1,687,965 2,086,055 2,218,915 2,496,300 2,756,535 2,821,870 2,904,240
Total Pop 392,480 524,582 694,263 817,861 1,165,210 1,629,082 2,184,620 2,713,615 2,849,585 3,247,505 3,689,760 3,868,875 4,023,455
% 56.9% 49.7% 46.0% 37.3% 29.1% 26.0% 22.7% 23.1% 22.1% 22.3% 24.5% 26.1% 27.8%
Source: Statistics Canada, 2006 Census, Catalogue No. 94-577-X2006001; 2001 Census, table 97f0009xcb01001.
2.05a. Immigrants as percentage of total B.C. population, 1911-2006
100%
90%
80%
70% Non-immigrant 60% population
50%
40%
30%
20% Immigrant 10% population
0% 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
112 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 2.06. Immigration to B.C., by country of origin, 2005 and 2006
2006 2005 China 10,946 13,688 India 5,979 5,753 Philippines 3,738 4,183 U.S.A. 2,443 1,956 South Korea 2,327 2,517 Taiwan 1,920 2,240 Iran 1,696 1,297 England 1,577 1,293 Pakistan 571 654 Japan 567 551 Vietnam 513 359 Russia 459 498 Hong Kong 426 677 Thailand 423 not available Romania 418 365 Mexico 418 442 Australia 356 358 Germany 351 350 South Africa 343 292 United Arab Emirates 261 not available Other 6,476 6,769 TOTAL 42,208 44,734
Source: BC Stats, "B.C. Immigration by Top 10 Source by Class 2006" (June 2007) (based on Citizenship and Immigration Canada data).
2.06a. Immigrants to B.C., 2005 and 2006
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
2006 8,000 2005
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
. na .A an hi India S w Iran C U. Korea Japan lippines h Tai England hi Pakistan P Sout
Source: BC Stats, "B.C. Immigration by Top 10 Source by Class 2006" (June 2007) (based on Citizenship and Immigration Canada data).
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 113 Table 2.07. Immigration to Canada, by province, 1997-2006
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Canada 216,038 174,195 189,957 227,459 250,641 229,049 221,351 235,824 262,239 251,649 Atlantic 663 723 660 758 798 706 665 795 1,091 5,307 Quebec 27,936 26,622 29,155 32,503 37,601 37,591 39,553 44,243 43,312 44,677 Ontario 117,737 92,397 104,166 133,505 148,640 133,592 119,723 125,092 140,524 125,914 Manitoba 3,703 2,997 3,725 4,635 4,593 4,619 6,502 7,426 8,096 10,051 Saskatchewan 1,734 1,564 1,729 1,882 1,704 1,668 1,668 1,942 2,107 2,724 Alberta 12,832 11,188 12,089 14,363 16,408 14,767 15,837 16,473 19,404 20,717 North 189 125 149 155 173 122 162 159 161 172 BC 47,836 35,973 36,126 37,430 38,474 34,055 35,231 37,028 44,772 42,208
Source: Citizenship and Immigration Canada, "Facts and Figures 2006" (June 2007).
2.07a. Immigration to Canada, by province, 2006
Quebec, 44,677, 18%
Atlantic provinces, 5,307, 2%
British Columbia, Ontario, 125,914, 42,208, 17% 50%
North, 172, 0%
Alberta, 20,717, 8%
Saskatchewan, 2,724, 1% Manitoba, 10,051, 4%
Source: Citizenship and Immigration Canada, "Facts and Figures 2006" (June 2007).
114 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 2.08. Net inter-provincial migration to B.C., 1996-2006
Atlantic Quebec Ontario Manitoba Sask Alberta Territories Prov. total Int'l Grand total 1996 1,375 3,276 10,398 1,537 213 825 174 17,798 47,617 65,415 1997 994 2,336 4,559 1,697 202 -8,105 297 1,980 38,318 40,298 1998 -277 709 286 -36 -982 -17,716 495 -17,521 24,380 6,859 1999 -1,061 341 -2,055 293 466 -10,382 -15 -12,413 28,644 16,231 2000 -479 164 -3,790 453 563 -11,850 156 -14,783 29,266 14,483 2001 -56 335 -437 865 749 -8,864 130 -7,278 35,978 28,700 2002 -348 34 -102 586 379 -5,753 -12 -5,216 30,227 25,011 2003 -82 177 3,035 1,074 621 -564 -206 4,055 31,795 35,850 2004 675 577 5,154 950 1,144 -1,200 251 7,551 32,170 39,721 2005 1,145 1,058 5,396 2,172 1,142 -3,733 254 7,434 41,010 48,444 2006 449 2,033 6,541 2,296 450 -1,923 375 10,221 38,055 48,276 1996-2006 2,335 11,040 28,985 11,887 4,947 -69,265 1,899 8,172 377,460 377,460
Source: BC Stats, Net Population Movement for British Columbia, 2006 (CANSIM data, provided Oct. 2007).
2.08a. Net inter-provincial migration to B.C., 1996-2006
20,000
15,000
. 10,000
5,000
0
-5,000
Net inter-provincial migration-10,000 to B.C
-15,000
-20,000 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Source: BC Stats, Net Population Movement for British Columbia, 2006 (CANSIM data, provided Oct. 2007).
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 115 Image 2.09. Net population movement for B.C., 2006
Net Inflow: 48,276 Persons
Source: BC Stats, Net Population Movement for British Columbia, 2006 (CANSIM data, provided Oct. 2007).
Chart 2.10 Projected inter-provincial & international migration to B.C., 2007-2035 (net)
45,000
40,000
35,000
30,000
25,000 Interprovincial
20,000 International
15,000
10,000
5,000
0 2007-08 2012-13 2017-18 2022-23 2027-28 2032-33
Source: BC Stats, British Columbia Population Forecast – 07/07, Table 2 Components of Change (July 2007).
116 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 2.11. Projected population change by B.C. college region, 2010, 2020, 2030
2010 2020 2030
Population % Annual Change Population % Annual Change Population % Annual Change
Camosun 373,055 0.80% 403,040 0.70% 425,880 0.42%
Capilano 260,971 1.07% 286,775 0.84% 307,948 0.56%
Douglas 612,816 1.99% 731,865 1.54% 839,121 1.18%
Fraser Valley 286,615 1.59% 331,418 1.29% 370,838 1.00%
Kwantlen 904,247 1.79% 1,067,973 1.49% 1,206,513 1.01%
Malaspina 259,587 1.21% 288,716 0.95% 312,043 0.64%
New Caledonia 143,527 -0.04% 145,689 0.17% 147,833 0.13%
North Island 157,777 0.64% 169,188 0.71% 181,015 0.59%
Northern Lights 73,501 1.39% 82,202 0.82% 87,359 0.44%
Northwest 74,675 -0.13% 74,225 -0.03% 73,650 -0.07%
Okanagan 398,863 1.24% 444,953 0.95% 481,724 0.66%
Rockies 78,338 0.09% 79,950 0.18% 80,818 0.03%
Selkirk 77,569 0.04% 79,403 0.29% 81,247 0.15%
Thompson Rivers 177,166 0.43% 186,938 0.53% 196,485 0.46%
Vancouver 650,503 0.94% 703,170 0.67% 739,160 0.40%
BC 4,527,176 1.23% 5,073,307 1.02% 5,529,316 0.73%
Source: BC Stats, PEOPLE 32 (October 2007).
2.11a. Projected population by college region, 2010, 2020, 2030
Camos un Capilano
Douglas Fraser Valley Kw antlen
Malaspina New Caledonia 2010 North Island 2020 Northern Lights 2030 Northw est
Okanagan Rockies
Selkirk Thompson Rivers Vancouver
0 250,000 500,000 750,000 1,000,000 1,250,000
Source: BC Stats, PEOPLE 32 (October 2007).
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 117 2.11b. Projected rate of annual population change (all ages), by college region, 2010, 2020, 2030
BC
Camosun
Capilano
Douglas
Fraser Valley
Kw antlen
Malaspina 2010 New Caledonia 2020 North Island 2030 Northern Lights
Northw est
Okanagan
Roc kies
Selkirk
Thompson Rivers
Vancouver
-0.5% 0.0% 0.5% 1.0% 1.5% 2.0% Projected rate of annual population change
Source: BC Stats, PEOPLE 32 (October 2007).
118 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Image 2.12. Annual population growth (ages 18-29), by college region, 2001-2036
Source: BC Stats, PEOPLE 32 B.C. College Region Population Projections (Nov. 2007).
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 119 3. Social Data
Table 3.01. Persons in low income1, by province and metropolitan area, 2005
Total Male Female Ages Ages Ages Ages Ages Ages All 0-18 65 + All 0-18 65 + All 0-18 65 + Canada 15.3 16.8 14.5 14.4 17.4 9.4 16.2 16.1 18.6 Atlantic Provinces 13.6 15.8 13.2 12.4 16.0 8.4 14.8 15.5 17.0 Newfoundland & Labrador 14.9 18.9 14.4 14.2 20.0 9.7 15.7 17.7 18.3 Prince Edward Island 10.0 8.9 14.9 8.8 9.8 10.3 11.3 7.8 18.6 Nova Scotia 13.2 15.3 13.0 11.9 14.7 7.5 14.5 15.8 17.4 New Brunswick 13.9 15.7 12.3 12.5 16.2 8.2 15.4 15.1 15.4 Quebec 17.0 15.0 21.6 15.4 16.3 13.2 18.5 13.6 28.1 Ontario 14.5 17.3 11.0 14.0 17.4 8.1 15.0 17.2 13.4 Prairie Provinces 13.8 15.4 13.1 12.9 15.4 8.0 14.6 15.3 17.3 Manitoba 17.0 20.1 18.4 16.2 21.0 13.4 17.7 19.1 22.3 Saskatchewan 16.3 20.7 14.8 14.7 19.2 10.0 17.9 22.4 18.5 Alberta 11.9 12.2 10.0 11.3 12.4 4.9 12.6 12.0 14.4 British Columbia 17.6 20.9 13.8 16.6 22.9 8.5 18.5 18.7 18.3 Metropolitan Areas - Total 17.2 19.6 17.4 16.3 20.3 12.6 18.1 18.9 21.2 Halifax, NS 14.0 17.5 10.2 12.5 16.5 .. 15.4 18.5 12.7 Québec, Que. 16.5 12.4 25.0 14.7 10.4 22.8 18.3 14.7 26.2 Montréal, Que. 19.8 16.7 25.9 18.3 18.2 17.1 21.2 14.9 32.9 Ottawa-Gatineau, Ont.-Que. 15.1 17.7 12.2 14.3 15.5 6.2 16.0 19.9 16.8 Toronto, Ont. 17.5 23.0 15.9 17.8 24.0 15.5 17.3 22.0 16.3 Hamilton, Ont. 15.0 18.1 19.3 12.5 15.2 14.8 17.6 21.7 23.0 St. Catharines-Niagara, Ont. 14.2 16.5 6.1 9.8 13.5 .. 18.1 20.0 9.7 Kitchener, Ont. 14.7 16.4 8.8 14.2 20.6 .. 15.1 11.7 12.2 London, Ont. 16.2 24.0 3.7 16.0 25.3 .. 16.3 23.0 .. Windsor, Ont. 13.5 16.4 18.1 12.6 22.3 .. 14.5 10.0 25.1 Winnipeg, Man. 18.7 22.1 23.6 17.5 23.7 15.2 19.8 20.4 29.7 Calgary, Alta. 12.7 16.4 9.1 12.3 17.7 .. 13.0 15.2 15.3 Edmonton, Alta. 13.1 10.8 15.1 11.2 8.8 8.4 15.0 13.2 20.7 Vancouver, B.C. 19.8 25.8 17.5 18.1 27.6 12.8 21.5 23.7 21.3 Victoria, B.C. 20.0 25.5 13.4 24.7 31.1 11.8 14.8 .. 14.8 All other metropolitan areas 12.7 13.0 11.0 11.7 13.6 5.6 13.6 12.4 15.5
Source: Statistics Canada, Income Trends in Canada 1980-2005 (2007), table 202-0802. 1 Low-income cut-offs (LICOs) vary from year to year, based on analysis of expenditure data for different communities and family sizes. The methodology is described in Statistics Canada, Low Income Cut-offs for 2006 and Low Income Measures for 2005, Catalogue No. 75F0002MIE - No. 004 (2007).
1 3.01a. Persons in low income , by province, 2005
20.0
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
Percentage 8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0 Canada Nfld PEI NS NB Que. Ont. M an. Sask. Alta. B.C.
120 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 3.02. The chronically poor1, by education level, B.C., 1994-2005
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Less than high school 15.6% 13.3% 14.6% 15.4% 14.1% 14.6% 15.7% 14.3% 15.7% 16.4% 16.4% 19.4%
Graduated high school 13.2% 9.1% 6.8% 8.9% 8.7% 9.7% 12.3% 10.3% 10.9% 11.8% 10.4% 11.7% Some postsecondary (without degree, certificate or diploma) 15.0% 15.5% 20.0% 16.9% 16.7% 16.3% 14.7% 11.9% 15.1% 13.1% 12.1% 15.7%
Non-university (with certificate/diploma) 9.7% 9.1% 8.8% 10.8% 9.1% 10.0% 10.7% 10.5% 9.2% 10.7% 10.1% 11.5%
University degree 4.3% 4.0% 2.0% 11.8% 9.6% 6.5% 7.5% 7.1% 6.2% 7.7% 7.9% 7.3%
All education levels 12.5% 11.2% 11.8% 13.1% 12.3% 12.6% 12.9% 11.7% 11.6% 12.4% 12.1% 13.9%
1 Indicates the percentage of persons living below low-income cut-off for at least two years. Source: Statistics Canada, Income Trends (2007), table 202-0806.
3.02a. The chronically poor1, by education level, B.C., 1994-2005
20%
18%
16% Less than 14% high school
12% Graduated 10% high school
8% University degree 6%
4%
2% Percentage low-income in living for of population at least two years 0% 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
1 Indicates the percentage of persons living below low-income cut-off for at least two years. Source: Statistics Canada, Income Trends (2007), table 202-0806.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 121 Table 3.03. Income distribution in B.C., 1980-2005
Lowest quintile Second quintile Third quintile Fourth quintile Highest quintile 1980 3.8% 11.0% 18.2% 25.6% 41.5% 1981 4.3% 10.7% 17.9% 25.7% 41.4% 1982 4.2% 10.7% 17.6% 25.0% 42.5% 1983 4.4% 10.2% 17.5% 25.6% 42.2% 1984 4.6% 10.1% 17.0% 25.1% 43.3% 1985 4.3% 9.9% 16.8% 25.3% 43.7% 1986 4.6% 10.2% 17.4% 25.1% 42.7% 1987 4.6% 10.4% 16.7% 24.6% 43.7% 1988 4.8% 10.6% 17.3% 25.3% 42.0% 1989 5.1% 10.7% 17.5% 25.1% 41.6% 1990 4.1% 9.9% 16.7% 25.1% 44.1% 1991 4.4% 9.8% 16.6% 25.4% 43.8% 1992 4.3% 9.9% 16.2% 24.4% 45.3% 1993 4.2% 9.7% 16.6% 24.7% 44.9% 1994 4.4% 9.6% 16.4% 24.9% 44.7% 1995 4.4% 9.7% 16.2% 24.5% 45.2% 1996 3.8% 9.3% 16.2% 25.1% 45.6% 1997 3.8% 9.2% 16.1% 24.9% 46.0% 1998 3.7% 9.4% 16.2% 25.0% 45.7% 1999 3.7% 9.3% 16.0% 24.8% 46.1% 2000 3.9% 9.4% 15.8% 24.8% 46.1% 2001 3.4% 9.4% 15.7% 24.5% 46.9% 2002 3.9% 9.3% 15.5% 23.6% 47.8% 2003 3.9% 9.6% 15.8% 24.5% 46.3% 2004 3.8% 9.7% 15.8% 24.4% 46.2% 2005 3.8% 9.5% 15.7% 24.1% 46.8%
Source: Statistics Canada, Income Trends (2007), table 202-0405.
3.03a. Income distribution in B.C., 1980 and 2005 50%
45%
40%
35%
30% 1980 25% 2005 20%
Share of total income total of Share 15%
10%
5%
0% Low est income Second income Third income Fourth income Highest income quintile quintile quintile quintile quintile
122 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 3.04. Change in real family1 income, B.C. and Canada, 1980-2005 (constant 2005$)
$64,000
$62,000
$60,000
$58,000 Canada BC $56,000
Average income annual $54,000
$52,000
$50,000 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Source: Statistics Canada, Income Trends, table 202-0401 (2007) 1 Includes economic families (two or more persons living together) and unattached individuals.
Table 3.05. B.C. families1 earning less than $10,000 per year, 1980-2005 (constant 2005$)
10%
9%
8%
7% ilies 6%
5%
4%
3% Percentage fam of all
2%
1%
0% 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Source: Statistics Canada, Income Trends, table 202-0401 (2007) 1 Includes economic families (two or more persons living together) and unattached individuals.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 123 Table 3.06. Persons in low income, by age, gender and family status, 1980-2005
BRITISH COLUMBIA
Total Male Female Children (under 18) Female lone- Two-Parent parent Total 0-18 years 18-64 years 65+ Total 0-18 years 18-64 years 65+ Families families 1980 13.1% 10.8% 15.8% 8.0% 26.4% 15.4% 16.6% 14.1% 40.0% 5.5% 56.7% 1981 14.6% 12.7% 16.4% 10.9% 26.0% 16.5% 16.8% 14.1% 39.1% 8.6% 61.2% 1982 16.6% 14.5% 18.7% 11.9% 20.4% 18.7% 19.8% 14.7% 36.6% 12.0% 62.4% 1983 17.9% 16.1% 20.3% 13.6% 22.6% 19.7% 19.5% 17.8% 38.1% 12.8% 51.9% 1984 19.9% 18.2% 20.9% 16.3% 22.3% 21.5% 20.8% 18.4% 35.8% 15.7% 63.0% 1985 20.4% 18.1% 19.1% 16.4% 20.4% 22.6% 19.4% 19.4% 34.4% 14.7% 64.6% 1986 18.3% 16.1% 17.5% 13.8% 19.5% 20.5% 17.5% 17.6% 32.3% 12.9% 66.8% 1987 17.4% 15.1% 16.9% 13.1% 17.5% 19.6% 17.7% 17.4% 31.1% 10.4% 70.7% 1988 14.7% 12.2% 15.4% 10.0% 16.6% 17.2% 16.0% 14.2% 32.6% 8.4% 65.9% 1989 14.1% 11.4% 15.2% 10.3% 14.1% 16.7% 15.0% 15.1% 29.0% 8.6% 62.0% 1990 16.7% 14.4% 17.8% 13.5% 14.0% 18.9% 18.8% 17.0% 27.5% 11.1% 63.9% 1991 16.3% 15.0% 19.7% 15.0% 14.3% 17.6% 19.4% 16.9% 28.3% 9.1% 59.5% 1992 18.5% 16.5% 19.7% 15.7% 13.2% 20.4% 20.0% 18.9% 27.7% 13.8% 57.5% 1993 18.8% 16.6% 22.0% 15.9% 15.4% 20.9% 22.6% 18.8% 29.5% 12.5% 68.6% 1994 19.4% 17.2% 20.0% 17.2% 10.9% 21.5% 21.2% 19.2% 26.3% 14.8% 60.0% 1995 19.5% 18.4% 21.6% 18.4% 11.5% 20.5% 22.6% 18.9% 25.5% 16.4% 58.9% 1996 21.2% 20.0% 24.0% 19.5% 13.0% 22.4% 23.1% 22.0% 26.3% 15.8% 66.7% 1997 20.2% 18.7% 22.5% 19.3% 13.1% 21.7% 21.7% 22.2% 25.9% 12.8% 61.3% 1998 18.8% 17.9% 21.2% 17.3% 12.6% 19.8% 20.0% 20.9% 24.8% 11.3% 54.7% 1999 20.6% 18.9% 19.4% 19.3% 10.1% 22.2% 19.2% 21.9% 21.9% 13.9% 54.3% 2000 19.4% 17.8% 17.7% 18.1% 10.3% 21.0% 18.4% 21.7% 21.5% 13.8% 46.3% 2001 19.2% 17.8% 16.7% 18.0% 9.8% 20.6% 17.8% 20.9% 19.1% 14.4% 51.6% 2002 21.0% 20.5% 18.7% 19.4% 10.5% 21.6% 17.3% 21.0% 20.1% 15.8% 61.4% 2003 20.4% 19.8% 17.7% 18.4% 10.2% 21.0% 17.7% 20.3% 19.2% 15.4% 64.6% 2004 19.1% 18.1% 18.0% 17.5% 9.4% 20.0% 17.7% 19.7% 17.9% 16.2% 62.9% 2005 17.6% 16.6% 17.4% 16.2% 9.4% 18.5% 16.1% 18.5% 18.6% 15.3% 48.1%
CANADA
Total Male Female Children (under 18) Female lone- Two-Parent parent Total 0-18 years 18-64 years 65+ Total 0-18 years 18-64 years 65+ Families families 1980 16.0% 13.9% 15.8% 11.4% 26.4% 18.1% 16.6% 15.2% 40.0% 11.5% 59.0% 1981 15.9% 13.9% 16.4% 11.3% 26.0% 17.8% 16.8% 14.8% 39.1% 12.1% 58.0% 1982 17.2% 15.4% 18.7% 13.3% 20.4% 19.1% 19.8% 15.9% 36.6% 13.9% 64.4% 1983 18.6% 16.9% 20.3% 14.8% 22.6% 20.2% 19.5% 17.6% 38.1% 14.5% 64.9% 1984 18.7% 16.8% 20.9% 14.5% 22.3% 20.6% 20.8% 17.9% 35.8% 15.0% 66.5% 1985 17.5% 15.6% 19.1% 13.6% 20.4% 19.4% 19.4% 16.8% 34.4% 13.5% 65.9% 1986 16.4% 14.6% 17.5% 12.8% 19.5% 18.1% 17.5% 15.9% 32.3% 12.6% 61.0% 1987 16.0% 14.1% 16.9% 12.5% 17.5% 17.9% 17.7% 15.6% 31.1% 11.6% 63.2% 1988 15.1% 12.9% 15.4% 11.3% 16.6% 17.2% 16.0% 14.8% 32.6% 10.2% 58.8% 1989 14.0% 12.0% 15.2% 10.4% 14.1% 15.9% 15.0% 13.8% 29.0% 9.8% 57.4% 1990 16.2% 14.1% 17.8% 12.7% 14.0% 18.2% 18.8% 16.2% 27.5% 11.7% 63.8% 1991 17.5% 15.7% 19.7% 14.4% 14.3% 19.2% 19.4% 17.3% 28.3% 12.9% 64.9% 1992 18.3% 16.5% 19.7% 15.8% 13.2% 20.0% 20.0% 18.4% 27.7% 12.6% 61.6% 1993 19.3% 17.4% 22.0% 15.9% 15.4% 21.2% 22.6% 19.1% 29.5% 14.6% 64.0% 1994 18.6% 16.6% 20.0% 16.1% 10.9% 20.6% 21.2% 19.2% 26.3% 13.9% 61.6% 1995 19.3% 17.6% 21.6% 17.0% 11.5% 20.9% 22.6% 19.4% 25.5% 15.2% 64.1% 1996 20.6% 19.1% 24.0% 18.2% 13.0% 22.1% 23.1% 20.8% 26.3% 16.5% 65.8% 1997 20.1% 18.4% 22.5% 17.7% 13.1% 21.7% 21.7% 20.9% 25.9% 15.0% 62.2% 1998 18.6% 17.1% 21.2% 16.3% 12.6% 20.0% 20.0% 19.0% 24.8% 13.8% 57.4% 1999 17.3% 16.0% 19.4% 15.6% 10.1% 18.7% 19.2% 17.8% 21.9% 13.1% 53.9% 2000 16.4% 14.6% 17.7% 14.2% 10.3% 18.1% 18.4% 17.3% 21.5% 12.7% 50.0% 2001 15.5% 14.0% 16.7% 13.8% 9.8% 17.0% 17.8% 16.3% 19.1% 12.2% 48.2% 2002 16.2% 15.0% 18.7% 14.4% 10.5% 17.4% 17.3% 16.9% 20.1% 11.8% 55.7% 2003 16.0% 14.8% 17.7% 14.6% 10.2% 17.2% 17.7% 16.6% 19.2% 11.9% 52.8% 2004 15.8% 14.7% 18.0% 14.4% 9.4% 16.9% 17.7% 16.4% 17.9% 11.9% 52.5% 2005 15.3% 14.4% 17.4% 14.2% 9.4% 16.2% 16.1% 15.7% 18.6% 11.3% 47.1%
Source: Statistics Canada, Income Trends (2007), table 202-0802.
124 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World 3.06a. Persons in low income, B.C. and Canada, 1980-2005
22%
20%
18% BC 16% Canada 14%
12%
10% 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
3.06b. Working-age (18-64) men and women in low income, B.C., 1980-2005
25%
20%
15% Females, 18-64 years Males, 18-64 years 10%
5%
0% 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
3.06c. Children1 in low income, by family status, B.C., 1980-2005
80%
70%
60%
50% Female lone-parent 40% families
30% Tw o-parent families
20%
10%
0% 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
1 Persons ages 0-18 years. Source: Statistics Canada, Income Trends (2007), table 202-0802.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 125 Table 3.07. Income assistance recipients in B.C., 1995-2006
Dependent Temporary1 Disability Children Total % of B.C. pop 1995 340,680 26,708 128,153 495,541 13.1% 1996 315,309 29,580 122,800 467,689 12.1% 1997 271,060 33,913 105,262 410,235 10.4% 1998 243,551 37,629 95,416 376,596 9.5% 1999 221,971 41,218 88,036 351,225 8.8% 2000 206,268 46,321 83,391 335,980 8.3% 2001 191,937 52,884 78,483 323,304 7.9% 2002 154,020 56,254 63,753 274,027 6.7% 2003 111,684 59,641 47,313 218,638 5.3% 2004 90,710 64,479 39,236 194,425 4.6% 2005 71,443 68,690 33,385 173,518 4.1%
2006 60,823 71,784 28,941 161,548 3.7%
Source: B.C. Ministry of Employment and Income Assistance, Summary Report (Oct. 2007). 1 MEIA's description of all adult clients not classified as persons with disabilities
3.07a. Income Assistance recipients as share of B.C. population, 1995-2006
15%
10%
5%
0% 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Source: B.C. Ministry of Employment and Income Assistance, Summary Report (Oct 2007).
126 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World 3.07b. Trends in Income Assistance recipients by type, 1995-2006
400,000
350,000
300,000
250,000 Temporary[1] 200,000 Disability Dependent Children 150,000
100,000
50,000
0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
1 The Ministry of Employment and Income Assistance classifies as “temporary” all adult clients not classified as persons with disabilities. Source: B.C. Ministry of Employment and Income Assistance, Summary Report (Oct. 2007).
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 127 Table 3.08. Employment Insurance recipients, B.C. and Canada, 1976-2006 (annual averages)
British Columbia % Annual Canada % Annual Regular Other1 Total Change Total Change 1976 71,056 7,360 78,416 n/a 626,531 n/a 1977 72,056 8,797 80,853 3.0% 668,342 6.26% 1978 78,743 10,234 88,977 9.1% 710,173 5.89% 1979 65,479 10,405 75,884 -17.3% 614,838 -15.51% 1980 54,285 9,991 64,276 -18.1% 603,634 -1.86% 1981 55,174 10,181 65,355 1.7% 619,985 2.64% 1982 129,248 11,578 140,826 53.6% 1,031,424 39.89% 1983 142,893 15,156 158,049 10.9% 1,119,047 7.83% 1984 145,827 16,033 161,860 2.4% 1,066,325 -4.94% 1985 136,412 14,499 150,911 -7.3% 1,020,688 -4.47% 1986 130,363 13,697 144,060 -4.8% 972,446 -4.96% 1987 127,291 14,642 141,933 -1.5% 909,595 -6.91% 1988 122,760 15,953 138,713 -2.3% 884,769 -2.81% 1989 116,259 17,865 134,124 -3.4% 888,568 0.43% 1990 113,249 19,193 132,442 -1.3% 963,577 7.78% 1991 132,785 25,948 158,733 16.6% 1,155,448 16.61% 1992 124,734 29,652 154,386 -2.8% 1,146,936 -0.74% 1993 116,828 29,260 146,088 -5.7% 1,071,658 -7.02% 1994 97,178 28,257 125,435 -16.5% 894,454 -19.81% 1995 81,853 27,502 109,355 -14.7% 736,484 -21.45% 1996 79,323 25,261 104,584 -4.6% 706,950 -4.18% 1997 69,309 22,345 91,654 -14.1% 604,494 -16.95% 1998 71,033 22,690 93,723 2.2% 577,158 -4.74% 1999 64,048 22,497 86,545 -8.3% 529,012 -9.10% 2000 54,790 21,543 76,333 -13.4% 483,247 -9.47% 2001 59,470 26,337 85,807 11.0% 523,717 7.73% 2002 65,185 33,169 98,354 12.8% 555,204 5.67% 2003 65,683 33,323 99,006 0.7% 566,943 2.07% 2004 58,611 34,792 93,403 -6.0% 539,175 -5.15% 2005 50,495 35,193 85,688 -9.0% 516,523 -4.39% 2006 41,561 35,886 77,447 -10.6% 493,942 -4.57%
1 Includes those receiving training benefits, job creation benefits, parental benefits, and other specialized programs. Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM, table 276-0001.
128 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World 3.08a. Employment Insurance recipients, B.C., 1976-2006
170,000
150,000
130,000
110,000
90,000
70,000
50,000 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM, table 276-0001.
3.08b. Annual change in Employment Insurance recipients, B.C. and Canada, 1976-2006
60%
50%
40%
30%
20% % change B.C. 10% % change Canada
0%
-10%
-20%
-30% 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002
Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM, table 276-0001.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 129 Table 3.09. Average government transfers to family units1, B.C. and Canada, 1980-2005 (constant 2005$)
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 British Columbia Lowest quintile $5,900 $6,600 $6,600 $6,800 $6,100 $5,700 Second quintile $5,800 $8,400 $8,800 $9,600 $8,900 $7,900 Third quintile $3,300 $5,600 $6,100 $7,300 $7,300 $6,900 Fourth quintile $3,100 $5,300 $5,300 $6,800 $6,400 $7,300 Highest quintile $2,900 $4,600 $5,400 $4,800 $5,500 $5,300 Average (all quintiles) $4,200 $6,100 $6,500 $7,100 $6,800 $6,600 Canada Lowest quintile $6,500 $7,200 $7,700 $7,900 $7,300 $7,000 Second quintile $6,600 $8,400 $9,300 $10,500 $9,500 $9,300 Third quintile $4,600 $6,000 $7,100 $8,300 $7,800 $8,200 Fourth quintile $3,700 $4,900 $6,000 $6,800 $5,800 $7,000 Highest quintile $3,300 $4,300 $4,900 $5,200 $4,500 $4,500 Average (all quintiles) $4,900 $6,200 $7,000 $7,700 $7,000 $7,200
1 Includes economic families (two or more persons living together) and unattached individuals. Source: Statistics Canada, Income Trends (2007), table 202-0301.
3.09a. Government transfers to lowest income quintile, B.C., 1980 and 2005
1980 2005
Lowest quintile Lo west 17 % quintile 28%
Higher Higher quintiles quintiles 72% 83%
Source: Statistics Canada, Income Trends, table 202-0301
130 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 3.10. Women’s employment by industry, B.C. and Canada, 1977, 1987, 1997 and 2007
BRITISH COLUMBIA
1977 1987 1997 2007 Women % of all % all Women % of all % all Women % of all % all Women % of all % all workers workers women workers workers women workers workers women workers workers women workers workers workers workers Goods-producing sector 45,000 13.3% 11.1% 58,500 17.5% 9.9% 80,100 19.2% 9.4% 98,000 19.8% 9.3% Agriculture 7,100 34.3% 1.8% 11,300 35.6% 1.9% 11,800 34.7% 1.4% 14,900 41.2% 1.4% Forestry, fishing, mining, oil and gas 3,900 8.3% 1.0% 4,800 9.7% 0.8% 8,000 14.8% 0.9% 7,600 16.1% 0.7% Forestry & logging with support activities ...... 1,700 .. .. 4,500 14.0% 0.5% 3,300 13.6% 0.3% Fishing, hunting and trapping ...... 0 .. .. 0 0.0% 0.0% 0 0.0% 0.0% Mining and oil and gas extraction ...... 1,900 .. .. 2,500 15.3% 0.3% 3,600 18.0% 0.3% Utilities 2,600 20.8% 0.6% 2,300 24.7% 0.4% 3,500 35.4% 0.4% 2,500 24.3% 0.2% Construction 6,200 6.8% 1.5% 7,300 9.1% 1.2% 14,200 11.5% 1.7% 23,300 11.8% 2.2% Manufacturing 25,200 15.1% 6.2% 32,800 20.1% 5.6% 42,600 21.7% 5.0% 49,800 24.3% 4.7% Services-producing sector 360,000 47.9% 88.9% 530,200 50.8% 90.1% 772,900 53.6% 90.6% 957,400 54.1% 90.7% Trade 78,600 43.8% 19.4% 109,900 47.0% 18.7% 142,800 48.0% 16.7% 176,300 48.3% 16.7% Wholesale trade ...... 14,400 .. .. 21,200 29.9% 2.5% 22,300 27.2% 2.1% Retail trade ...... 95,400 .. .. 121,600 53.6% 14.3% 154,000 54.4% 14.6% Transportation and warehousing 12,500 16.5% 3.1% 15,400 18.0% 2.6% 26,000 24.1% 3.0% 31,800 25.3% 3.0% Finance, insurance, real estate & leasing 39,500 57.9% 9.8% 54,300 60.0% 9.2% 77,800 60.9% 9.1% 88,900 61.3% 8.4% Finance and insurance ...... 39,700 .. .. 59,000 70.7% 6.9% 65,800 67.3% 6.2% Real estate and leasing ...... 14,600 .. .. 18,800 42.5% 2.2% 23,100 48.9% 2.2% Professional, scientific & technical services 16,200 46.3% 4.0% 29,700 44.3% 5.0% 48,900 43.6% 5.7% 72,400 43.5% 6.9% Business, building & other support services 7,000 39.8% 1.7% 15,600 44.6% 2.6% 30,700 49.0% 3.6% 47,700 48.4% 4.5% Educational services 37,400 52.1% 9.2% 46,400 55.2% 7.9% 74,600 62.0% 8.7% 100,100 64.1% 9.5% Health care and social assistance 72,100 82.0% 17.8% 104,300 83.6% 17.7% 154,500 80.8% 18.1% 193,500 80.7% 18.3% Information, culture and recreation 17,700 44.6% 4.4% 32,000 47.8% 5.4% 43,600 49.2% 5.1% 51,900 44.1% 4.9% Accommodation and food services 36,400 58.6% 9.0% 55,100 55.3% 9.4% 83,400 58.6% 9.8% 101,700 58.9% 9.6% Other services 20,100 46.9% 5.0% 37,400 49.7% 6.4% 47,800 52.0% 5.6% 46,400 52.7% 4.4% Public administration 22,500 31.7% 5.6% 30,000 36.9% 5.1% 42,800 42.5% 5.0% 46,700 48.7% 4.4% Total, all industries 405,000 37.2% 100.0% 588,700 42.7% 100.0% 853,000 45.8% 100.0% 1,055,400 46.6% 100.0%
CANADA
1977 1987 1997 2007 Women % of all % all Women % of all % all Women % of all % all Women % of all % all workers workers women workers workers women workers workers women workers workers women workers workers workers workers Goods-producing sector 653,200 19.5% 17.5% 818,400 22.5% 15.4% 837,500 23.5% 13.4% 922,100 23.1% 11.6% Agriculture 111,600 24.7% 3.0% 130,700 28.1% 2.5% 128,600 30.8% 2.1% 104,200 30.9% 1.3% Forestry, fishing, mining, oil and gas 20,700 7.9% 0.6% 37,700 13.1% 0.7% 41,600 14.0% 0.7% 62,200 18.3% 0.8% Forestry & logging with support activities ...... 5,500 .. .. 10,700 13.0% 0.2% 8,900 14.7% 0.1% Fishing, hunting and trapping ...... 3,800 .. .. 3,500 11.6% 0.1% 3,900 16.2% 0.0% Mining and oil and gas extraction ...... 28,500 .. .. 27,400 14.9% 0.4% 49,400 19.4% 0.6% Utilities 17,200 16.0% 0.5% 23,900 20.8% 0.5% 30,800 26.7% 0.5% 39,100 28.3% 0.5% Construction 50,900 7.4% 1.4% 66,600 9.2% 1.3% 77,400 10.7% 1.2% 136,600 12.1% 1.7% Manufacturing 452,900 24.5% 12.1% 559,500 27.4% 10.5% 559,200 27.8% 9.0% 580,100 28.4% 7.3% Services-producing sector 3,076,100 46.9% 82.5% 4,489,400 51.6% 84.6% 5,397,800 53.2% 86.6% 7,055,400 54.8% 88.4% Trade 661,000 42.0% 17.7% 927,800 46.8% 17.5% 994,900 47.2% 16.0% 1,324,800 49.4% 16.6% Wholesale trade ...... 118,500 .. .. 133,400 29.6% 2.1% 199,100 31.8% 2.5% Retail trade ...... 809,300 .. .. 861,400 52.0% 13.8% 1,125,700 54.8% 14.1% Transportation and warehousing 83,400 15.3% 2.2% 125,600 19.8% 2.4% 157,200 22.6% 2.5% 197,200 24.0% 2.5% Finance, insurance, real estate & leasing 325,700 56.7% 8.7% 453,900 59.3% 8.6% 524,600 60.6% 8.4% 618,300 58.3% 7.8% Finance and insurance ...... 349,300 .. .. 412,900 66.1% 6.6% 481,400 63.7% 6.0% Real estate and leasing ...... 104,500 .. .. 111,700 46.4% 1.8% 136,800 45.0% 1.7% Professional, scientific & technical services 105,000 38.0% 2.8% 216,800 44.3% 4.1% 334,500 43.0% 5.4% 479,900 42.2% 6.0% Business, building & other support services 61,900 36.7% 1.7% 118,000 43.3% 2.2% 198,300 44.9% 3.2% 323,100 46.0% 4.1% Educational services 371,000 53.3% 9.9% 448,800 57.8% 8.5% 570,900 62.3% 9.2% 769,100 65.0% 9.6% Health care and social assistance 621,400 76.6% 16.7% 917,100 79.6% 17.3% 1,124,400 81.0% 18.0% 1,523,900 82.5% 19.1% Information, culture and recreation 151,200 42.0% 4.1% 240,900 47.1% 4.5% 287,400 47.6% 4.6% 369,500 47.3% 4.6% Accommodation and food services 270,800 58.7% 7.3% 407,500 56.9% 7.7% 515,200 59.2% 8.3% 635,500 59.4% 8.0% Other services 205,300 48.1% 5.5% 333,300 52.6% 6.3% 339,500 49.7% 5.4% 380,400 52.6% 4.8% Public administration 219,300 32.9% 5.9% 299,700 39.2% 5.6% 350,900 44.0% 5.6% 433,500 50.1% 5.4% Total, all industries 3,729,300 37.6% 100.0% 5,307,700 43.0% 100.0% 6,235,400 45.5% 100.0% 7,977,500 47.3% 100.0%
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t05an. Based on annual averages of the population 15 years and over. NOTE: Data should be used with caution. Small sample sizes for certain industries, such as utilities and the goods-producing sector generally, contribute to wide fluctuations in annual data.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 131 3.10a. Women’s employment by sector, B.C., 1977 and 2007
Total employment Goods-producing sector Services-producing sector
17%
1977 37% 48% `
20% 2007 47% 55%
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t05an. Based on annual averages of the population 15 years and over.
3.10b. Women’s employment in forestry, fishing, mining and oil and gas, B.C., 1976-2007
20%
18%
16%
14%
12%
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0% 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t05an.
132 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 3.11. Women’s participation in paid labour force1, 1976-2007
Population Labour force Employment Full-time Part-time Unemployment Not in labour Unemployment Participation Employment employment employment force Rate rate rate 1976 819,800 434,700 391,200 282,600 108,600 43,500 385,100 10.0% 53.0% 47.7% 1977 839,200 445,100 400,800 285,300 115,600 44,300 394,100 10.0% 53.0% 47.8% 1978 860,200 474,200 427,500 309,300 118,200 46,700 386,100 9.8% 55.1% 49.7% 1979 882,400 500,500 453,900 321,000 132,900 46,700 381,800 9.3% 56.7% 51.4% 1980 911,400 532,500 489,000 339,000 149,900 43,500 378,900 8.2% 58.4% 53.7% 1981 939,600 566,600 522,800 364,100 158,700 43,800 373,000 7.7% 60.3% 55.6% 1982 956,200 581,300 514,000 355,800 158,300 67,200 374,900 11.6% 60.8% 53.8% 1983 968,100 591,700 515,300 348,400 166,900 76,500 376,400 12.9% 61.1% 53.2% 1984 981,100 606,300 521,800 360,500 161,300 84,500 374,700 13.9% 61.8% 53.2% 1985 989,800 627,000 535,900 365,800 170,100 91,100 362,800 14.5% 63.3% 54.1% 1986 997,400 645,100 559,700 383,000 176,700 85,400 352,300 13.2% 64.7% 56.1% 1987 1,007,600 667,900 584,200 404,500 179,700 83,800 339,700 12.5% 66.3% 58.0% 1988 1,024,200 687,300 611,800 421,000 190,800 75,500 336,900 11.0% 67.1% 59.7% 1989 1,045,400 716,200 645,500 464,500 180,900 70,700 329,200 9.9% 68.5% 61.7% 1990 1,072,500 749,600 686,600 495,100 191,500 63,100 322,800 8.4% 69.9% 64.0% 1991 1,102,100 772,800 702,200 490,800 211,400 70,700 329,200 9.1% 70.1% 63.7% 1992 1,131,400 800,400 724,600 510,400 214,200 75,900 331,000 9.5% 70.7% 64.0% 1993 1,167,300 820,000 743,200 519,600 223,600 76,800 347,300 9.4% 70.2% 63.7% 1994 1,206,200 853,800 783,100 534,200 248,900 70,700 352,400 8.3% 70.8% 64.9% 1995 1,242,800 872,500 802,100 559,100 243,000 70,500 370,200 8.1% 70.2% 64.5% 1996 1,278,600 888,500 813,300 560,900 252,400 75,200 390,100 8.5% 69.5% 63.6% 1997 1,311,700 917,900 844,200 577,200 267,000 73,700 393,700 8.0% 70.0% 64.4% 1998 1,328,400 926,200 854,000 587,100 266,900 72,200 402,100 7.8% 69.7% 64.3% 1999 1,343,500 945,600 874,200 602,800 271,400 71,400 397,900 7.6% 70.4% 65.1% 2000 1,359,000 956,800 892,200 616,100 276,100 64,600 402,300 6.8% 70.4% 65.7% 2001 1,377,600 957,200 892,200 616,700 275,500 65,000 420,400 6.8% 69.5% 64.8% 2002 1,396,300 994,300 916,500 620,300 296,200 77,800 402,100 7.8% 71.2% 65.6% 2003 1,413,000 1,017,300 937,500 631,900 305,600 79,800 395,700 7.8% 72.0% 66.3% 2004 1,433,300 1,033,500 960,300 666,500 293,900 73,200 399,800 7.1% 72.1% 67.0% 2005 1,456,300 1,046,400 983,800 687,100 296,700 62,600 409,900 6.0% 71.9% 67.6% 2006 1,480,000 1,071,700 1,019,500 722,300 297,200 52,300 408,200 4.9% 72.4% 68.9% 2007 1,502,200 1,086,600 1,037,600 733,200 304,400 49,000 415,500 4.5% 72.3% 69.1%
1. Based on annual averages of the female 15-64 population. Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t01an.
3.11a. Employment rate by gender, B.C., 1976-2007
90%
85%
80%
75%
70% Men 65% Women 60%
55%
50%
45%
40% 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t01an.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 133 Table 3.12. Average hourly wages by gender and province, 1997, 2001 and 2007
1997 2001 2007 Women Men Average Women Men Average Women Men Average
B.C. $15.01 $18.68 $16.91 $16.90 $20.25 $18.59 $18.64 $22.26 $20.49
Nfld and Lab $11.54 $14.68 $13.16 $13.13 $16.60 $14.88 $15.56 $19.37 $17.46
PEI $11.10 $12.51 $11.79 $13.06 $14.22 $13.61 $15.72 $16.26 $15.97
Nova Scotia $11.47 $14.22 $12.87 $13.40 $16.25 $14.81 $16.13 $19.02 $17.53
New Brunswick $11.40 $14.25 $12.90 $12.94 $15.94 $14.45 $15.80 $18.07 $16.93
Quebec $13.94 $16.55 $15.32 $15.46 $18.35 $16.97 $18.02 $20.66 $19.35
Ontario $14.65 $17.86 $16.33 $16.59 $20.39 $18.54 $19.37 $23.17 $21.27
Manitoba $12.34 $15.18 $13.81 $14.25 $17.16 $15.72 $17.23 $19.56 $18.42
Saskatchewan $12.04 $14.98 $13.55 $14.33 $17.32 $15.83 $17.34 $20.63 $19.00
Alberta $12.70 $16.64 $14.79 $15.43 $20.29 $17.99 $19.63 $24.91 $22.40 Canada $13.94 $17.09 $15.59 $15.84 $19.37 $17.66 $18.62 $22.17 $20.41
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007, table cd3t01an.
3.12a. Wages by gender and province, 2007
Canada
Nfld and Lab
PEI
Nov a Sc otia
New Brunsw ick Women Quebec Men Ontario
Manitoba
Saskatchew an
Alberta
B.C.
$0.00 $5.00 $10.00 $15.00 $20.00 $25.00
Average hourly wage
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd3t01an.
134 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 3.13. The wage gap in B.C., 1997-2007 (average hourly wages)
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Women $15.01 $15.40 $15.67 $15.78 $16.26 $16.90 $17.36 $17.44 $17.62 $18.00 $18.64 Average hourly wage Men $18.68 $18.84 $18.96 $19.41 $19.65 $20.25 $20.66 $20.53 $21.09 $21.80 $22.26
Both genders $16.91 $17.17 $17.34 $17.64 $17.98 $18.59 $19.02 $18.99 $19.36 $19.91 $20.49
Women's earnings as percentage of men's earnings 80.4% 81.7% 82.6% 81.3% 82.7% 83.5% 84.0% 84.9% 83.5% 82.6% 83.7%
Wage gap 19.6% 18.3% 17.4% 18.7% 17.3% 16.5% 16.0% 15.1% 16.5% 17.4% 16.3%
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007, table cd3t01an.
3.13a. Women’s earnings as a percentage of men’s earnings, B.C., 1997-2007
86%
85%
84%
83%
82%
81%
80%
79%
78% 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd3t01an.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 135 Table 3.14. Aboriginal population and total B.C. population, by age group, 2006
Age Age Age Age Age Age Age Age Age 85 Age 0-4 5-14 15-19 20-24 25-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75-84 and over Total
Aboriginal pop 16,195 39,050 19,940 14,875 55,220 26,425 14,425 6,840 2,505 585 196,070 % of total Abor. Pop 8.3% 19.9% 10.2% 7.6% 28.2% 13.5% 7.4% 3.5% 1.3% 0.3% 100.0%
Total B.C. pop 201,880 477,725 273,560 265,905 1,125,330 664,255 505,015 313,395 210,360 76,045 4,113,485 % of total B.C. pop 4.9% 11.6% 6.7% 6.5% 27.4% 16.1% 12.3% 7.6% 5.1% 1.8% 100.0%
Source: Statistics Canada, 2006 Census, Community Highlights for B.C.
Aboriginal population (2006) Total B.C. population (incl. Aboriginal) (2006)
Age 65+ Age 0-4 Age 0-4 Age 65+ Age 55-64 5.1% 8.3% 4.9% 14 . 6 % 7.4% Age 5-14 11. 6 %
Age 5-14 Age 45-54 19 . 9 % Age 15-19 13 . 5 % Age 55-64 6.7% 12 . 3 %
Age 20-24 6.5%
Age 15-19 10 . 2 % Age 45-54 16 . 1% Age 25-44 Age 20-24 28.2% Age 25-44 7.6% 27.4%
Ages 0-24 Ages 25-54 Ages 55+
Table 3.15. Projected growth of Aboriginal population, B.C. and Canada, 2001-2017
2001 2006 2011 2017 British Columbia total 181,200 193,100 205,100 219,400 % change .. 6.57% 6.21% 6.97% Female 91,600 97,400 103,200 110,100 Male 89,600 95,800 101,900 109,200 Canada total 1,066,500 1,168,600 1,278,400 1,420,000 % change .. 9.57% 9.40% 11.08% Female 539,200 590,600 645,800 717,000 Male 527,300 578,000 632,600 703,100
Source: Statistics Canada, Projections of the Aboriginal populations, Canada, provinces and territories, table 1.1, Scenario B.
136 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 3.16. Aboriginal population1, by regional district, 1996 and 2001
1996 2001 1996-2001
% change (On- Reserve % change % change pop as % of Aboriginal On- Total On- Total (On- (Total Total Abor. % change pop as % of Reserve2 Aboriginal Reserve2 Aboriginal Reserve) Aboriginal) Pop) R.D. pop R.D. pop Alberni-Clayoquot 1,710 3,690 1,729 4,905 1.1% 24.8% -11.1% -4.1% 16.3% Bulkley-Nechako 3,449 5,660 3,005 6,020 -14.8% 6.0% -11.0% -1.9% 14.8% Capital 4,501 6,920 4,724 9,095 4.7% 23.9% -13.1% 2.4% 2.8% Cariboo 2,746 5,895 3,058 7,865 10.2% 25.0% -7.7% -1.2% 12.1% Central Coast 2150 2,175 2258 2,240 4.8% 2.9% 2.0% -3.6% 59.3% Central Kootenay 113 1,350 122 1,745 7.4% 22.6% -1.4% -1.9% 3.1% Central Okanagan3 7,221 2,785 7,857 3,950 8.1% 29.5% -60.4% 8.2% 2.7% Columbia-Shuswap 793 1,745 726 2,160 -9.2% 19.2% -11.8% 0.2% 4.5% Comox-Strathcona 1,235 4,220 1,385 5,125 10.8% 17.7% -2.2% -1.6% 5.4% Cowichan Valley 3,111 5,655 2,681 6,255 -16.0% 9.6% -12.2% 1.4% 8.8% East Kootenay 598 2,110 594 2,895 -0.7% 27.1% -7.8% -0.1% 5.2% Fraser-Fort George 124 6,355 176 8,870 29.5% 28.4% 0.0% -3.7% 9.4% Fraser Valley 4,432 9,090 5,495 11,525 19.3% 21.1% -1.1% 6.8% 4.9% Greater Vancouver 5,841 31,140 6,543 36,855 10.7% 15.5% -1.0% 8.5% 1.9% Kitimat-Stikine 7,307 10,210 7,126 10,965 -2.5% 6.9% -6.6% -6.3% 26.9% Kootenay Boundary4 0 525 0 1,105 n/a 52.5% 0.0% -3.2% 3.5% Mount Waddington 1,766 2,460 1,722 2,575 -2.6% 4.5% -4.9% -10.2% 19.6% Nanaimo 686 4,230 727 5,375 5.6% 21.3% -2.7% 4.3% 4.3% North Okanagan 2,130 2,300 2,474 3,505 13.9% 34.4% -22.0% 2.3% 4.8% Northern Rockies5 450 890 495 1,050 9.1% 15.2% -3.4% -2.3% 18.4% Okanagan-Similkameen 1,781 2,040 1,729 2,865 -3.0% 28.8% -27.0% 0.9% 3.8% Peace River 932 5,135 1,009 7,175 7.6% 28.4% -4.1% -2.5% 13.1% Powell River 598 845 713 1,165 16.1% 27.5% -9.6% 0.9% 6.0% Skeena-Queen Charlott 3,012 8,120 2,765 7,705 -8.9% -5.4% -1.2% -12.5% 35.7% Squamish-Lillooet 2,514 2,430 2,666 3,695 5.7% 34.2% -31.3% 12.3% 11.2% Stikine 390 560 385 535 -1.3% -4.7% 2.3% -5.5% 40.7% Sunshine Coast 764 1,120 819 1,215 6.7% 7.8% -0.8% 2.7% 4.8% Thompson-Nicola 4,628 9,985 5,252 11,590 11.9% 13.8% -1.0% 0.4% 9.8% British Columbia 64,982 139,655 68,235 170,025 4.8% 17.9% -6.4% 4.9% 4.4%
Source: Statistics Canada, 1996 and 2001 Census, table 95F0489XCB01006; BC Stats, 2001 Census Fast Facts: B.C. Indian Reserves (2002) and B.C. Aboriginal Identity Population (2004.) 1 According to BC Stats: "In recent years, a growing number of people who had not previously identified with an Aboriginal group are now doing so." BC Stats, 2001 Census Fast Facts: B.C. Aboriginal Identity Population (2002). 2 Includes estimates for un-enumerated reserves (estimated at 2350 persons in 1996 and 200 in 2001). 3 The on reserve population of Central Okanagan exceeds the total Aboriginal Identity population because of a large number of non- Aboriginal persons residing on Indian reserves, particularly Westbank near Kelowna. 4 There are no Indian Reservations in Kootenay Boundary. 5 Until 1999, called the Fort Nelson-Liard Regional District.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 137 3.16a. Aboriginal population as percentage of total regional district population, 2001
Alberni-Clayoquot British Columbia
Bulkley-Nechako
Capital Cariboo
Central Coast
Central Kootenay Central Okanagan
Columbia-Shuswap
Comox-Strathcona Cowichan Valley
East Kootenay
Fraser Valley Fraser-Fort George Greater Vancouver Kitimat-Stikine Kootenay Boundary M ount Waddington Nanaimo North Okanagan Northern Rockies Okanagan-Similkameen Peace River Powell River Skeena-Queen Charlotte Squamish-Lillooet Stikine Sunshine Coast Thompson-Nicola
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Source: BC Stats, 2001 Census Fast Facts: B.C. Aboriginal Identity Population (2004).
138 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 3.17. Aboriginal population, by college region (age 15+ population), 2001
Aboriginal pop. as % Aboriginal identity Non-aboriginal of total pop. age 15 population identity population and over Camosun 6,730 264,400 2.5% Capilano 4,745 183,615 2.5% Douglas 6,970 409,660 1.7% Rockies 2,505 58,340 4.1% Fraser Valley 7,540 174,650 4.1% Kwantlen 8,975 576,200 1.5% Malaspina 8,390 169,285 4.7% New Caledonia 10,490 101,510 9.4% Northern Lights 6,185 41,090 13.1% North Island 10,030 104,445 8.8% Northwest 13,375 45,985 22.5% Okanagan 8,440 267,970 3.1% Selkirk 1,625 60,765 2.6% Thompson Rivers 13,225 118,915 10.0% Vancouver 8,805 465,715 1.9% British Columbia 118,030 3,042,540 3.7%
Source: Statistics Canada, 2001 Census, Custom Run J2899 Table 12.
3.17a. Aboriginal population, by college region (age 15+ population), 2001
Camos un
Capilano
Douglas
Fraser Valley
Kw antlen
Malas pina
New Caledonia
North Island
Northern Lights
Northw es t
Okanagan
Roc kies
Selkirk
Thompson Rivers
Vancouver
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% Aboriginal identity population as a percentage of the total population age 15 and over
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 139 Table 3.18. Educational attainment of Aboriginal population, by age group, 2001
Age 15-24 pop Age 25+ pop
Trades, college, Less than high or university Bachelor's Attending full- Attending part- Total age 15- school High School Some post- diploma (below degree or Total age 25 time schooling time schooling 24 pop. diploma graduates secondary Bachelor's) higher pop.
B.C. -Aboriginal 12,575 2,780 28,730 33,925 8,740 12,235 29,770 4,630 89,295
% of cohort 43.8% 9.7% 100% 38.0% 9.8% 13.7% 33.3% 5.2% 100%
Total pop 275,775 47,300 512,150 665,275 314,910 292,260 892,330 483,615 2,648,410
% of total pop 53.8% 9.2% 100% 25.1% 11.9% 11.0% 33.7% 18.3% 100%
Canada - Abor. 76,295 9,880 169,070 203,035 43,890 60,665 148,660 27,040 483,280
% of cohort 45.1% 5.8% 100% 42.0% 9.1% 12.6% 30.8% 5.6% 100%
Total pop 2,276,005 239,730 3,988,200 7,334,180 3,429,965 2,084,350 7,502,720 262,625 24,589,150 % of total pop 57.1% 6.0% 100% 29.8% 13.9% 8.5% 30.5% 1.1% 100%
Source: Statistics Canada, 2001 Census, table 94F0043XCB01001, 95F0418XCB01006, and EPB 276.
B.C. Aboriginal Identity pop. (Age 25+) Total B.C. Pop. (Age 25+)
Bachelor's degree or higher Bachelor's degree 5% or higher Less than high
18% school diploma
25%
Less than high Trades, college, or school diploma university diploma 38% (below Bachelor's) 33%
High School graduates
12% Trades, college, or university diploma (below Bachelor's) High School Some post- Some post- 34% graduates secondary secondary 10% 14% 11%
Less than High School High School Graduates Some Post-Secondary
Source: Statistics Canada, 2001 Census, table 94F0043XCB01001, 95F0418XCB01006, and EPB 276.
140 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 3.19. Educational attainment of Aboriginal population (age 15+), by college region, 2001
Less than high school High school graduation Trades certificate/diploma University certificate/degree Non- Non- Non- Non- Abor. % of abor. % of non- Abor. % of abor. % of non- Abor. % of abor. % of non- Abor. % of abor. % of non- identity Abor. identity abor. identity Abor. identity abor. identity Abor. identity abor. identity Abor. identity abor. pop. pop. pop. pop. pop. pop. pop. pop. pop. pop. pop. pop. pop. pop. pop. pop.
Camosun 2,770 41.2% 65,390 24.7% 1,290 19.2% 61,940 23.4% 860 12.8% 29,680 11.2% 755 11.2% 62,330 23.6%
Capilano 2,050 43.2% 36,425 19.8% 1,070 22.6% 42,095 22.9% 685 14.4% 18,560 10.1% 335 7.1% 54,510 29.7%
Cariboo 6,260 47.3% 41,945 35.3% 2,600 19.7% 27,640 23.2% 1,945 14.7% 18,050 15.2% 830 6.3% 14,910 12.5%
Douglas 2,805 40.2% 109,330 26.7% 1,625 23.3% 100,505 24.5% 910 13.1% 45,415 11.1% 390 5.6% 84,960 20.7%
Rockies 1,030 41.1% 20,950 35.9% 535 21.4% 12,235 21.0% 425 17.0% 9,345 16.0% 100 4.0% 6,405 11.0%
Fraser Valley 3,675 48.7% 64,500 36.9% 1,495 19.8% 41,625 23.8% 990 13.1% 22,175 12.7% 465 6.2% 21,035 12.0%
Kwantlen 3,615 40.3% 174,755 30.3% 2,000 22.3% 144,195 25.0% 1,265 14.1% 63,670 11.0% 665 7.4% 105,535 18.3%
Malaspina 4,230 50.4% 55,310 32.7% 1,525 18.2% 36,805 21.7% 1,210 14.4% 25,945 15.3% 535 6.4% 24,950 14.7%
New Caledonia 5,885 56.1% 36,255 35.7% 2,235 21.3% 25,450 25.1% 1,060 10.1% 14,815 14.6% 335 3.2% 11,260 11.1%
Northern Lights 3,650 59.0% 15,760 38.4% 1,055 17.1% 9,230 22.5% 710 11.5% 6,855 16.7% 180 2.9% 3,730 9.1%
North Island 5,415 54.0% 35,875 34.3% 1,790 17.8% 24,730 23.7% 1,260 12.6% 15,230 14.6% 350 3.5% 11,995 11.5%
Northwest 7,490 56.0% 15,355 33.4% 2,485 18.6% 11,395 24.8% 1,645 12.3% 6,850 14.9% 455 3.4% 5,785 12.6%
Okanagan 3,865 45.8% 96,070 35.9% 1,705 20.2% 58,005 21.6% 1,160 13.7% 39,180 14.6% 435 5.2% 33,145 12.4%
Selkirk 720 44.3% 20,465 33.7% 315 19.4% 13,065 21.5% 255 15.7% 9,740 16.0% 65 4.0% 7,345 12.1%
Vancouver 3,865 43.9% 118,465 25.4% 1,660 18.9% 99,440 21.4% 945 10.7% 32,405 7.0% 1,020 11.6% 151,645 32.6% B.C. 57,325 48.6% 906,835 29.8% 23,370 19.8% 708,360 23.3% 15,330 13.0% 357,910 11.8% 6,915 5.9% 599,540 19.7%
Source: Statistics Canada, 2001 Census, Custom Run J2899 Table 12.
3.19a. Educational attainment of Aboriginal population (age 15+), by college region, 2001
Camosun
Capilano
Cariboo
Douglas
Rockies
Fraser V alley Less than high school Kwant len
M alaspina High school graduation New Caledonia Trades Nort hern Light s certificate/diploma
Nort h Island University
No rt hwest certificate/degree
Okanag an
Selkirk
V anco uver
B.C.
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 141 Table 3.20. Ethnic origin of B.C. population, 2006
British Columbia1 Canada1 Number Percent Number Percent Total Pop. 4,074,385 100.00% 31,241,030 100.00% English 1,207,245 29.63% 6,570,015 21.03% Scottish 828,145 20.33% 4,719,850 15.11% Irish 618,120 15.17% 4,354,155 13.94% German 561,570 13.78% 3,179,425 10.18% Chinese 432,435 10.61% 1,346,510 4.31% French 361,215 8.87% 4,941,210 15.82% Scandinavian origins 298,150 7.32% 1,009,735 3.23% East Indian 232,370 5.70% 962,670 3.08% Ukrainian 197,265 4.84% 1,209,090 3.87% Dutch (Netherlands) 196,420 4.82% 1,035,965 3.32% North American Indian 193,060 4.74% 1,253,620 4.01% Italian 143,155 3.51% 1,445,330 4.63% Polish 128,360 3.15% 984,565 3.15% Russian 114,105 2.80% 500,600 1.60% Welsh 104,275 2.56% 440,960 1.41% Filipino 94,255 2.31% 436,195 1.40% Métis 62,570 1.54% 409,065 1.31% Spanish 52,640 1.29% 325,730 1.04% Korean 51,860 1.27% 146,545 0.47% Hungarian (Magyar) 49,870 1.22% 315,510 1.01% Austrian 46,620 1.14% 194,255 0.62% Japanese 41,585 1.02% 98,905 0.32% Latin, Central and South American o 41,110 1.01% 360,235 1.15% Czech and Slovak origins 37,030 0.91% 193,950 0.62% Portuguese 34,660 0.85% 410,850 1.32% African origins 32,870 0.81% 421,185 1.35% Vietnamese 30,835 0.76% 180,130 0.58% Jewish 30,830 0.76% 315,120 1.01% Finnish 29,875 0.73% 131,045 0.42% Swiss 28,240 0.69% 137,775 0.44% Romanian 25,670 0.63% 192,170 0.62%
Source: Statistics Canada, 2006 Census, table 97-562-XCB2006006. 1 Includes single and multiple responses.
BRITISH COLUMBIA CANADA French 9% Other 18% Eastern European 12% British Isles 35% British Isles 44% French East and Southeast 16% Asian 16%
Eastern European 10% Western European Western European East and Southeast 19% 14% Asian 7%
Source: Statistics Canada, 2006 Census, table 97-562-XCB2006006.
142 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 3.21. Visible minorities as per cent of population, age 15+ years, 2006
British Columbia Greater Vancouver Victoria Canada #% # % #%#%
Chinese 342,205 10.08% 321,565 18.35% 10,235 3.67% 1,005,635 3.92%
South Asian 201,810 5.94% 159,730 9.12% 5,790 2.08% 957,645 3.73%
Black 19,810 0.58% 14,685 0.84% 1,630 0.59% 562,135 2.19%
Filipino 68,820 2.03% 61,840 3.53% 2,115 0.76% 320,915 1.25%
Latin American 24,035 0.71% 18,860 1.08% 1,545 0.55% 244,330 0.95%
Southeast Asian 31,200 0.92% 25,820 1.47% 1,225 0.44% 184,575 0.72%
Arab 6,570 0.19% 5,540 0.32% 415 0.15% 195,900 0.76%
West Asian 25,425 0.75% 24,030 1.37% 465 0.17% 125,855 0.49%
Korean 40,260 1.19% 35,920 2.05% 950 0.34% 114,615 0.45%
Japanese 28,940 0.85% 21,285 1.21% 1,780 0.64% 66,400 0.26%
Multiple/other 20,360 0.60% 17,590 1.00% 735 0.26% 144,680 0.56%
Total visible minority pop. 809,435 23.84% 706,870 40.34% 26,895 9.65% 3,922,700 15.28%
Non-visible minority pop. 2,585,475 76.16% 1,045,520 59.66% 251,695 90.35% 21,741,525 84.72%
Total population 3,394,910 100.00% 1,752,385 100.00% 278,590 100.00% 25,664,220 100.00%
Source: Statistics Canada, 2006 Census, table 997-562-XCB2006010.
3.21a. Visible minorities as percent of population age 15+ years, 2006
British Columbia Greater Vancouver Greater Victoria
Visible minority population
Non-visible minority population
Source: Statistics Canada, 2006 Census, table 997-562-XCB2006010.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 143 Table 3.22. Mother tongue of B.C. population, 1996, 2001 and 2006
1996 2001 2006 Total % Total Pop. Total % Total Pop. Total % Total Pop. English 2,785,015 75.48% 2,825,780 73.04% 2,875,770 70.58% Chinese languages 252,405 6.84% 307,995 7.96% 342,920 8.42% Punjabi 96,220 2.61% 121,740 3.15% 158,750 3.90% German 88,400 2.40% 84,600 2.19% 86,690 2.13% French 53,035 1.44% 54,400 1.41% 54,745 1.34% Tagalog (Filipino) 26,810 0.73% 35,940 0.93% 50,425 1.24% Korean 16,690 0.45% 28,100 0.73% 46,500 1.14% Spanish 21,585 0.58% 28,235 0.73% 34,075 0.84% Persian (Farsi) 13,150 0.36% 21,285 0.55% 28,150 0.69% Italian 28,060 0.76% 28,165 0.73% 27,020 0.66% Dutch 28,475 0.77% 26,740 0.69% 26,355 0.65% Vietnamese 16,980 0.46% 23,220 0.60% 24,560 0.60% Hindi 15,905 0.43% 20,300 0.52% 23,240 0.57% Japanese 17,270 0.47% 17,900 0.46% 20,040 0.49% Russian 11,485 0.31% 14,920 0.39% 19,320 0.47% Polish 18,325 0.50% 17,320 0.45% 17,565 0.43% Portuguese 14,090 0.38% 14,155 0.37% 14,385 0.35% Aboriginal languages 11,485 0.31% 10,455 0.27% 13,075 0.32% Ukrainian 14,775 0.40% 13,600 0.35% 12,285 0.30% Hungarian 11,220 0.30% 10,780 0.28% 10,670 0.26% Croatian 7,280 0.20% 8,525 0.22% 8,565 0.21% Arabic 4,750 0.13% 6,235 0.16% 8,440 0.21% Urdu 2,365 0.06% 4,415 0.11% 7,025 0.17% Danish 7,475 0.20% 6,565 0.17% 6,720 0.16% Greek 6,470 0.18% 6,685 0.17% 6,670 0.16% TOTAL 3,689,755 100.00% 3,868,875 100.00% 4,074,385 100.00%
Source: Statistics Canada, 2006 Census, table 97f0007xcb01001.ivt and 97-555-XCB2006015.ivt.
3.22a. Mother tongue of B.C. population, 2006
Tagalog (Filipino) Othe r 1.2% 12.4% Fr e nch 1.3%
Germ an 2.1% Punjabi 3.9%
Chinese languages 8.4%
En g lis h 70.6%
Source: Statistics Canada, 2006 Census, table 97f0007xcb01001.ivt and 97-555-XCB2006015.ivt.
144 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Image 3.23. Persons with non-English language as mother tongue, Greater Vancouver. 1996 & 2006
Source: Statistics Canada, prepared by BC Stats.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 145 4. Labour Force Data
Table 4.01. Characteristics of B.C. labour force1, 1976-2007
Full-time Part-time Not in labour Unemploy- Participation Employment Population Labour force Employed employed employed Unemployed force ment Rate Rate Rate
1976 1,647,900 1,142,800 1,045,700 892,800 152,900 97,000 505,100 8.5% 69.3% 63.5%
1977 1,686,000 1,172,100 1,073,200 913,800 159,400 98,900 513,900 8.4% 69.5% 63.7%
1978 1,728,000 1,226,000 1,123,800 959,800 164,100 102,200 502,000 8.3% 70.9% 65.0%
1979 1,772,800 1,270,800 1,171,600 993,200 178,400 99,100 502,000 7.8% 71.7% 66.1%
1980 1,832,000 1,337,400 1,247,100 1,046,300 200,700 90,300 494,600 6.8% 73.0% 68.1%
1981 1,889,900 1,397,600 1,301,600 1,090,600 211,000 96,000 492,200 6.9% 74.0% 68.9%
1982 1,923,200 1,407,900 1,235,200 1,019,600 215,700 172,700 515,400 12.3% 73.2% 64.2%
1983 1,946,600 1,427,600 1,227,300 992,700 234,600 200,200 519,000 14.0% 73.3% 63.0%
1984 1,973,100 1,448,300 1,229,100 997,400 231,700 219,200 524,800 15.1% 73.4% 62.3%
1985 1,990,700 1,474,500 1,257,100 1,016,500 240,600 217,400 516,100 14.7% 74.1% 63.1%
1986 2,005,700 1,506,800 1,310,100 1,055,800 254,300 196,700 498,900 13.1% 75.1% 65.3%
1987 2,027,300 1,549,200 1,360,700 1,105,400 255,300 188,400 478,100 12.2% 76.4% 67.1%
1988 2,061,900 1,580,600 1,417,000 1,151,700 265,300 163,500 481,400 10.3% 76.7% 68.7%
1989 2,106,300 1,642,600 1,492,300 1,234,600 257,700 150,300 463,700 9.2% 78.0% 70.8%
1990 2,161,700 1,681,400 1,538,200 1,272,300 265,900 143,200 480,300 8.5% 77.8% 71.2%
1991 2,219,100 1,730,200 1,557,900 1,261,200 296,700 172,400 488,800 10.0% 78.0% 70.2%
1992 2,282,300 1,779,900 1,598,200 1,291,500 306,700 181,700 502,400 10.2% 78.0% 70.0%
1993 2,351,900 1,825,900 1,647,000 1,331,100 315,900 178,800 526,100 9.8% 77.6% 70.0%
1994 2,428,500 1,888,900 1,714,600 1,366,700 347,900 174,300 539,600 9.2% 77.8% 70.6%
1995 2,502,100 1,928,600 1,764,400 1,420,000 344,300 164,300 573,500 8.5% 77.1% 70.5%
1996 2,575,100 1,964,000 1,793,300 1,437,900 355,400 170,700 611,000 8.7% 76.3% 69.6%
1997 2,634,000 2,005,400 1,836,500 1,461,400 375,100 168,900 628,600 8.4% 76.1% 69.7%
1998 2,664,600 2,007,400 1,828,600 1,446,900 381,700 178,700 657,200 8.9% 75.3% 68.6%
1999 2,690,400 2,036,400 1,867,200 1,474,500 392,600 169,200 654,000 8.3% 75.7% 69.4%
2000 2,718,700 2,054,200 1,906,100 1,520,500 385,700 148,000 664,500 7.2% 75.6% 70.1%
2001 2,753,600 2,056,500 1,897,000 1,503,500 393,500 159,500 697,000 7.8% 74.7% 68.9%
2002 2,787,900 2,114,000 1,933,300 1,499,700 433,500 180,700 673,900 8.5% 75.8% 69.3%
2003 2,817,600 2,153,200 1,978,800 1,544,400 434,400 174,400 664,400 8.1% 76.4% 70.2%
2004 2,855,100 2,183,700 2,026,100 1,611,000 415,100 157,600 671,400 7.2% 76.5% 71.0%
2005 2,899,800 2,219,200 2,087,800 1,671,100 416,800 131,400 680,500 5.9% 76.5% 72.0%
2006 2,947,700 2,259,000 2,152,100 1,727,800 424,300 106,900 688,700 4.7% 76.6% 73.0% 2007 2,992,800 2,317,300 2,218,700 1,782,400 436,300 98,600 675,500 4.3% 77.4% 74.1%
1 Ages 15-64 population. Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1T01an.
146 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 4.02. Unemployment1 in B.C. and selected provinces, 1976-2007
Canada Ontario Alberta British Columbia Number Rate Number Rate Number Rate Number Rate 1976 740,100 7.2% 243,300 6.2% 35,000 4.0% 97,000 8.5% 1977 864,500 8.1% 280,700 7.0% 42,300 4.5% 98,900 8.4% 1978 931,200 8.5% 303,500 7.3% 47,700 4.8% 102,200 8.3% 1979 864,800 7.6% 287,100 6.7% 42,100 4.0% 99,100 7.8% 1980 892,500 7.6% 306,500 7.0% 44,100 3.9% 90,300 6.8% 1981 927,700 7.7% 301,100 6.7% 47,900 3.9% 96,000 6.9% 1982 1,353,500 11.2% 454,900 9.9% 97,000 7.8% 172,700 12.3% 1983 1,501,900 12.2% 493,100 10.5% 139,800 11.1% 200,200 14.0% 1984 1,442,600 11.5% 432,900 9.1% 145,100 11.4% 219,200 15.1% 1985 1,381,600 10.8% 396,500 8.1% 129,300 10.1% 217,400 14.7% 1986 1,281,300 9.8% 356,700 7.1% 132,300 10.2% 196,700 13.1% 1987 1,188,200 8.9% 316,100 6.2% 125,600 9.7% 188,400 12.2% 1988 1,065,600 7.8% 267,400 5.1% 106,100 8.1% 163,500 10.3% 1989 1,057,300 7.6% 272,700 5.1% 96,400 7.3% 150,300 9.2% 1990 1,155,200 8.2% 339,800 6.2% 93,800 7.0% 143,200 8.5% 1991 1,471,100 10.4% 526,000 9.6% 114,100 8.3% 172,400 10.0% 1992 1,595,500 11.3% 591,700 10.9% 133,100 9.6% 181,700 10.2% 1993 1,632,000 11.5% 602,000 11.0% 136,100 9.7% 178,800 9.8% 1994 1,504,300 10.5% 529,500 9.7% 126,600 8.9% 174,300 9.2% 1995 1,385,300 9.6% 485,400 8.8% 114,900 7.9% 164,300 8.5% 1996 1,424,300 9.7% 510,100 9.1% 103,700 7.0% 170,700 8.7% 1997 1,366,500 9.2% 482,100 8.5% 90,800 6.0% 168,900 8.4% 1998 1,264,000 8.4% 421,300 7.3% 89,300 5.7% 178,700 8.9% 1999 1,175,600 7.6% 379,200 6.4% 93,000 5.8% 169,200 8.3% 2000 1,077,100 6.9% 352,800 5.8% 82,100 5.0% 148,000 7.2% 2001 1,156,300 7.3% 398,300 6.4% 79,000 4.7% 159,500 7.8% 2002 1,261,100 7.7% 459,900 7.2% 92,800 5.3% 180,700 8.5% 2003 1,276,700 7.7% 459,400 7.0% 91,500 5.2% 174,400 8.1% 2004 1,225,900 7.3% 455,500 6.8% 84,100 4.7% 157,600 7.2% 2005 1,162,000 6.8% 446,600 6.7% 72,300 4.0% 131,400 5.9% 2006 1,093,800 6.3% 428,600 6.3% 66,200 3.5% 106,900 4.7% 2007 1,066,500 6.1% 443,200 6.4% 70,400 3.5% 98,600 4.3%
1 Ages 15-64 population. Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t01an.
4.02. Unemployment in B.C. and selected provinces, 1976-2007 16%
14%
12% e 10% British Columbia 8%
6% Canada Unemployment Rat
4%
2%
0% 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 147 Table 4.03. Unemployment rate, by sector and industry, 1976-2007
Goods-producing sector Services-producing sector All Industries Goods Total Agriculture fishing, Forestry, mining, oil and gas Construction Manufacturing Services Total Trade Transportation and warehousing Finance, insurance, real estateleasing & Professional, scientific technical services & Business, building & other support services Educational services Health care and social assistance Information, cultureand recreation Accommodation and food services Other services Public administration
1976 8.4 8.6 .. 8.9 10.7 7.9 6.2 5.8 5.9 4.8 5.7 0.0 3.9 5.0 5.9 12.7 7.3 5.7 1977 8.3 8.2 6.7 10.9 10.4 6.8 6.3 7.4 5.6 4.9 0.0 8.8 4.1 4.5 6.6 10.4 7.1 5.7 1978 8.3 8.6 9.5 9.6 12.4 6.3 6.1 6.8 5.1 4.0 6.2 11.0 3.8 4.1 6.1 12.3 6.7 4.6 1979 7.7 7.5 9.0 8.8 10.1 5.8 5.8 6.1 4.1 4.3 5.5 8.2 3.6 4.6 6.2 11.0 7.2 5.0 1980 6.7 6.6 10.8 6.8 7.9 5.6 5.0 5.1 3.8 3.6 0.0 6.2 2.8 4.9 5.9 9.8 6.2 3.6 1981 6.8 7.6 9.7 10.5 8.9 5.6 4.9 4.4 5.5 3.0 3.0 9.4 3.5 3.1 5.9 9.6 6.4 4.2 1982 12.1 15.4 11.6 16.2 18.6 14.8 8.3 9.4 7.4 5.0 8.7 12.8 4.6 5.2 6.7 15.9 11.0 5.4 1983 13.9 15.7 14.5 15.8 22.9 12.0 8.6 9.7 6.7 4.6 8.5 14.2 5.7 5.5 9.6 15.4 11.2 6.3 1984 15.0 16.8 15.6 17.4 24.7 12.7 9.1 9.4 8.4 5.9 8.4 15.7 5.7 4.3 10.9 15.8 12.2 8.5 1985 14.6 14.4 15.6 14.3 20.0 11.5 9.2 8.5 8.3 7.0 10.1 17.5 5.6 6.0 10.0 14.6 11.0 9.3 1986 12.9 13.9 17.9 16.2 20.1 9.3 8.3 8.6 7.9 5.6 7.3 15.5 4.5 5.4 9.5 14.1 9.4 7.4 1987 12.1 12.5 14.8 17.8 17.2 8.1 7.8 7.6 6.9 5.1 4.0 14.4 4.6 4.7 9.7 14.2 10.5 7.3 1988 10.3 11.2 16.4 15.5 14.2 7.4 6.9 7.3 6.1 4.1 4.4 12.7 4.4 5.2 7.2 11.3 7.7 7.0 1989 9.1 9.9 12.8 13.0 10.6 8.3 6.3 6.1 5.6 3.8 3.3 14.7 4.2 4.6 5.7 11.1 7.4 6.5 1990 8.4 9.9 11.9 14.7 12.0 7.0 6.0 5.9 7.0 4.6 4.4 11.0 4.3 3.4 7.7 10.7 6.8 4.2 1991 9.9 12.1 12.7 14.0 15.8 9.4 6.9 7.9 7.9 4.2 5.6 13.8 4.1 3.4 9.1 11.3 7.5 4.7 1992 10.1 12.5 17.3 16.6 14.8 9.2 6.9 8.2 6.4 4.2 5.9 14.8 3.8 3.1 9.0 11.4 8.7 3.8 1993 9.7 11.1 10.7 14.0 16.5 7.2 6.3 7.3 5.7 3.2 5.6 15.8 4.6 3.4 7.3 10.4 6.7 3.9 1994 9.1 9.8 11.5 12.2 13.1 6.8 5.8 6.6 5.8 3.3 4.7 11.1 3.9 3.2 8.9 9.0 6.1 3.4 1995 8.5 9.8 14.0 12.7 13.1 6.2 5.1 5.3 5.5 2.8 4.6 9.0 3.4 3.1 5.8 8.1 7.1 3.5 1996 8.7 9.2 12.5 10.4 12.8 6.3 5.1 6.1 4.7 2.9 4.4 9.2 3.1 2.8 6.5 8.9 5.8 3.1 1997 8.4 8.2 14.4 10.0 10.1 5.4 4.6 4.3 4.6 2.3 4.0 9.9 2.9 2.5 6.9 8.0 5.3 2.9 1998 8.8 9.6 10.8 15.2 11.5 7.0 4.8 5.3 4.2 1.6 4.2 9.5 4.3 2.5 6.0 7.7 5.8 3.3 1999 8.3 8.1 10.2 13.4 10.4 5.3 4.6 5.2 4.0 2.3 3.3 9.1 3.0 2.4 5.1 8.6 5.7 3.0 2000 7.1 7.5 11.1 10.5 10.3 4.8 4.0 4.7 4.3 2.3 2.7 8.5 3.4 1.8 4.9 6.0 4.2 2.1 2001 7.7 9.0 9.3 14.7 10.3 7.3 4.4 4.6 4.5 2.5 4.5 8.6 3.2 2.7 6.4 6.2 4.1 3.0 2002 8.5 9.2 10.2 16.6 10.1 7.1 4.7 4.6 5.6 2.8 4.6 8.7 3.3 2.8 6.4 7.2 5.7 3.0 2003 8.0 7.8 11.6 11.7 8.8 6.2 4.7 4.6 3.9 2.6 4.5 8.7 3.2 2.8 7.8 8.1 5.2 2.1 2004 7.2 6.8 9.1 10.6 6.7 5.9 4.5 4.6 3.8 2.1 3.9 7.8 4.8 3.3 6.0 6.7 4.5 2.3 2005 5.9 5.3 8.1 9.0 4.7 4.6 3.5 3.7 3.5 2.4 2.6 5.3 3.1 2.2 4.8 5.8 3.4 2.6 2006 4.8 4.4 7.5 6.6 4.3 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.4 1.7 2.3 5.0 3.3 1.7 4.4 5.3 3.2 2.4 2007 4.2 4.3 6.0 6.3 0.0 3.6 2.6 2.7 1.9 1.6 1.8 4.8 2.9 1.0 3.4 5.2 2.1 1.6
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t05an.
4.03a. Unemployment rate, by sector and industry, 1976-2007 18
16
14 All 12 Industries e
10 Goods- producing 8 sector Unemployment Rat 6 Services- producing 4 sector
2
0 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
148 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 4.04. Unemployment rate, by region, 1995-2007
Vancouver Lower Island and Mainland - Thompson - North Coast & Coast Southwest Okanagan Kootenay Cariboo Nechako Northeast1 B.C. Total
1995 9.3 7.9 10.3 8.1 9.7 8.1 6.9 8.5
1996 9.4 8.2 10.5 8.7 8.6 7.5 7.2 8.7
1997 8.7 8.2 8.3 9.3 9.8 9.0 4.6 8.4
1998 9.7 8.1 8.2 12.0 14.5 9.7 4.5 8.8
1999 7.9 7.7 9.6 9.3 11.6 8.8 8.9 8.3
2000 7.8 6.1 9.3 10.0 9.9 10.2 5.9 7.1
2001 9.2 6.7 9.3 9.7 9.7 11.2 6.1 7.7
2002 8.7 7.7 9.4 10.0 12.7 12.6 9.0 8.5
2003 8.6 7.3 8.8 11.5 11.1 11.3 6.4 8.0
2004 7.9 6.7 6.6 9.2 9.1 11.6 5.4 7.2
2005 6.3 5.7 5.3 6.1 7.4 8.1 4.7 5.9
2006 4.9 4.4 5.1 6.2 6.1 6.7 4.7 4.8 2007 4.3 4.0 4.4 5.5 5.1 8.0 .. 4.2
1 Data for 2007 unavailable because of incomplete reporting due to confidentiality requirements of the Statistics Act. Data for 1998 and 2006 calculated using available monthly data (3-month moving averages). Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), tables cd1t30an and cd1t30m3.
4.04a. Unemployment rate, by region, 1996, 2001 and 2006
Vancouver Island and Coast
Low er Mainland - Southw est
Thompson - Okanagan
Kootenay 1997 2002 Cariboo 2007
North Coast & Nechako
Northeast[1]
B.C. Total
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% Unemployment Rate
1 Data for 2007 unavailable because of incomplete reporting due to confidentiality requirements of the Statistics Act. Data for 1998 and 2006 calculated using available monthly data (3-month moving averages). Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), tables cd1t30an and cd1t30m3.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 149 Table 4.05. Employment rate, by age cohort, B.C, 1976-2007
15-64 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70 years years years years years years years years years years years years years and over
1976 63.5 45.7 68.5 71.1 72.0 71.9 72.2 71.7 64.3 56.6 35.6 10.8 4.3
1977 63.7 46.1 70.5 70.7 69.9 73.3 74.4 71.2 63.0 55.6 35.9 11.9 3.7
1978 65.0 47.6 71.0 72.7 71.7 74.3 76.0 71.7 66.1 55.0 36.7 9.8 3.1
1979 66.1 49.7 73.6 72.2 73.6 76.5 75.3 72.5 65.4 55.9 35.4 12.3 3.2
1980 68.1 53.3 74.4 75.4 74.3 77.0 76.9 72.9 67.4 58.4 37.7 13.1 3.6
1981 68.9 54.8 74.3 74.0 76.3 77.3 77.6 74.3 70.9 58.6 37.0 11.6 3.3
1982 64.2 44.8 65.2 70.1 73.3 74.8 76.5 72.1 65.2 54.6 35.6 12.4 2.7
1983 63.0 42.7 62.5 68.7 70.2 73.4 75.0 73.1 66.3 53.0 36.7 11.4 2.8
1984 62.3 41.2 62.3 66.7 69.2 73.2 75.8 72.5 64.0 54.9 33.0 9.9 2.7
1985 63.1 42.5 63.8 68.0 70.8 74.3 74.5 75.9 63.1 56.3 29.3 9.8 2.6
1986 65.3 46.8 67.2 72.1 72.4 75.0 76.0 72.2 68.8 54.1 31.8 9.3 2.8
1987 67.1 49.2 68.8 74.5 74.7 75.2 78.5 74.8 70.3 56.0 30.2 9.3 2.5
1988 68.7 51.6 70.7 73.7 76.0 79.0 81.3 75.6 70.7 56.3 30.7 9.1 2.6
1989 70.8 55.0 75.2 77.3 78.3 78.5 81.0 77.4 74.3 57.1 30.9 8.8 1.8
1990 71.2 53.2 74.2 76.8 77.9 80.6 81.5 82.2 72.5 56.2 30.8 10.2 3.1
1991 70.2 52.6 70.3 76.0 77.4 79.0 80.8 79.6 74.4 57.2 29.8 8.6 3.0
1992 70.0 50.2 69.3 76.6 75.1 79.2 81.4 78.6 73.1 58.6 33.4 10.4 1.8
1993 70.0 46.2 71.8 75.5 75.9 79.7 81.4 78.6 75.3 56.3 33.0 9.6 2.7
1994 70.6 46.5 70.0 74.7 77.3 80.5 80.9 81.4 73.3 61.8 33.9 13.2 3.5
1995 70.5 45.2 69.5 75.7 77.7 78.1 80.6 82.0 75.4 61.7 33.2 11.0 1.9
1996 69.6 41.4 67.9 76.7 78.1 77.8 80.1 79.3 72.8 59.9 35.9 11.0 2.3
1997 69.7 38.6 67.4 76.6 77.6 79.1 80.7 79.7 75.6 60.9 34.2 10.5 2.7
1998 68.6 35.9 64.9 75.8 78.5 78.7 78.6 79.9 73.5 59.2 35.4 11.8 3.8
1999 69.4 39.9 65.4 75.8 78.7 79.2 79.3 79.5 75.0 60.6 36.5 11.8 2.9
2000 70.1 40.3 66.2 78.1 79.0 79.1 79.4 79.2 76.4 65.0 36.6 10.0 3.0
2001 68.9 39.9 64.7 76.2 78.4 77.6 79.4 78.4 75.5 62.8 34.3 10.4 2.6
2002 69.3 41.4 66.6 76.7 77.3 79.4 78.8 77.0 76.9 62.4 38.6 12.8 3.5
2003 70.2 40.4 67.5 75.4 80.4 80.3 79.9 79.5 75.9 65.1 41.4 15.1 3.5
2004 71.0 40.6 68.2 79.4 82.6 80.5 81.0 79.3 78.9 63.1 39.5 15.8 3.2
2005 72.0 44.9 70.5 79.5 81.7 80.7 81.3 80.2 78.0 66.9 41.7 16.1 4.4
2006 73.0 45.8 74.1 79.5 81.7 82.1 83.3 82.2 77.8 66.7 42.7 16.2 4.2 2007 74.1 50.3 73.9 79.2 84.4 82.9 82.8 82.2 80.0 67.4 47.2 17.8 4.3
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t01an.
150 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World 4.05a. Employment rate, by age cohort, B.C., 1977, 1987, 1997 and 2007
15-64 years
15-19 years
20-24 years
25-29 years
30-34 years
35-39 years 1977 1987 40-44 years 1997 2007 45-49 years
50-54 years
55-59 years
60-64 years
65-69 years
70 years and over
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% Employment Rate
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t01an.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 151 Table 4.06. Average duration of employment, by age group, B.C., 1976-2006 (weeks) Ages 15 years and over Ages 15-24 Ages 25-54 Ages 55-64 1976 13.3 11.2 14.5 19.9 1977 13.3 11.7 13.7 21.4 1978 13.8 11.9 14.9 18.8 1979 14.3 11.6 15.3 24.4 1980 12.9 9.9 14.6 21.6 1981 11.2 9.7 11.7 18.8 1982 15.9 14.1 16.7 21.0 1983 22.0 19.6 23.5 23.1 1984 23.7 18.3 25.8 31.4 1985 25.4 18.2 27.8 35.6 1986 23.0 17.0 24.9 33.7 1987 22.9 16.3 24.8 34.3 1988 19.7 12.2 21.5 32.4 1989 18.5 11.2 20.2 27.4 1990 16.3 10.4 17.3 30.1 1991 17.7 12.1 18.9 27.7 1992 18.8 11.7 21.1 26.4 1993 20.2 13.4 21.1 32.3 1994 20.3 13.2 21.7 32.9 1995 19.1 12.5 20.7 29.0 1996 19.6 12.9 21.5 28.1 1997 20.3 11.6 23.6 26.5 1998 18.2 12.2 20.3 26.6 1999 19.4 11.6 21.4 30.4 2000 16.4 9.2 18.7 26.4 2001 15.7 9.2 18.0 20.0 2002 17.5 10.3 19.5 26.8 2003 18.1 10.4 19.6 30.7 2004 15.8 9.0 17.9 22.9 2005 15.8 8.3 18.0 22.2 2006 12.7 6.6 14.7 15.6 2007 12.1 5.6 14.3 16.8 Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t26an.
4.06a. Average duration of employment, by age group, B.C., 1976-2007 (weeks) 30
25
20 Ages 15 years and over Weeks 15 Ages 15-24
10
5 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
152 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 4.07. Labour force characteristics of B.C. youth1, 1976-2007
Full-time Part-time Not in labour Unemployment Participation Employment Population Labour force Employment employment employment Unemployment force Rate Rate Rate 1976 470,300 313,200 268,000 202,800 65,100 45,200 157,200 14.4% 66.6% 57.0% 1977 476,800 323,400 277,200 208,300 68,900 46,200 153,500 14.3% 67.8% 58.1% 1978 485,300 333,200 287,400 216,400 71,000 45,800 152,100 13.7% 68.7% 59.2% 1979 493,200 348,600 304,000 226,300 77,700 44,600 144,600 12.8% 70.7% 61.6% 1980 503,300 363,600 322,400 239,000 83,400 41,200 139,700 11.3% 72.2% 64.1% 1981 509,700 373,300 331,500 242,000 89,500 41,700 136,400 11.2% 73.2% 65.0% 1982 502,600 352,800 279,600 195,500 84,200 73,100 149,900 20.7% 70.2% 55.6% 1983 491,100 340,100 262,600 171,900 90,600 77,600 151,000 22.8% 69.3% 53.5% 1984 483,000 330,000 254,900 164,700 90,300 75,100 153,000 22.8% 68.3% 52.8% 1985 473,600 326,100 256,300 160,400 96,000 69,800 147,500 21.4% 68.9% 54.1% 1986 463,900 332,400 268,200 168,800 99,400 64,200 131,500 19.3% 71.7% 57.8% 1987 453,200 330,300 270,100 172,400 97,800 60,200 122,900 18.2% 72.9% 59.6% 1988 443,900 320,800 273,500 171,400 102,100 47,300 123,100 14.7% 72.3% 61.6% 1989 437,700 327,900 286,500 187,900 98,600 41,400 109,800 12.6% 74.9% 65.5% 1990 439,100 322,300 281,500 185,200 96,200 40,800 116,800 12.7% 73.4% 64.1% 1991 447,300 324,000 276,600 168,300 108,300 47,400 123,400 14.6% 72.4% 61.8% 1992 453,900 324,000 273,400 162,000 111,400 50,500 130,000 15.6% 71.4% 60.2% 1993 464,800 322,400 277,500 169,000 108,500 44,900 142,400 13.9% 69.4% 59.7% 1994 475,900 326,500 279,400 164,800 114,500 47,200 149,400 14.5% 68.6% 58.7% 1995 484,800 324,700 279,300 163,700 115,600 45,400 160,100 14.0% 67.0% 57.6% 1996 495,100 315,900 271,000 153,600 117,400 44,900 179,300 14.2% 63.8% 54.7% 1997 509,400 319,100 270,600 153,500 117,000 48,600 190,200 15.2% 62.6% 53.1% 1998 514,100 313,300 258,800 139,000 119,700 54,600 200,800 17.4% 60.9% 50.3% 1999 519,900 318,500 273,000 141,900 131,100 45,600 201,400 14.3% 61.3% 52.5% 2000 526,600 323,400 279,200 154,400 124,800 44,200 203,300 13.7% 61.4% 53.0% 2001 536,000 324,100 279,100 149,300 129,700 45,100 211,900 13.9% 60.5% 52.1% 2002 545,500 345,800 293,600 146,300 147,300 52,200 199,700 15.1% 63.4% 53.8% 2003 553,600 349,300 299,000 153,400 145,600 50,300 204,200 14.4% 63.1% 54.0% 2004 561,400 355,600 307,800 165,400 142,400 47,800 205,700 13.4% 63.3% 54.8% 2005 570,200 369,500 332,100 189,900 142,300 37,400 200,700 10.1% 64.8% 58.2% 2006 576,200 381,000 349,600 205,900 143,700 31,400 195,200 8.2% 66.1% 60.7% 2007 578,800 392,300 362,600 211,700 150,900 29,700 186,500 7.6% 67.8% 62.6%
1 Ages 15-24 population. Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t01an.
4.07a. Youth1 employment and unemployment rate, B.C., 1976-2007
70
60
50 Employment 40 rate
30
Percentage Unemployment rate 20
10
0 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 153 Table 4.08. Youth1 employment and unemployment, provincial comparison, 1977-2007
1977 1987 1997 2007 Unemploy. Unemploy. Unemploy. Unemploy. Employ. Rate Rate Employ. Rate Rate Employ. Rate Rate Employ. Rate Rate
Newfoundland and Labrador 39.4% 24.4% 34.7% 28.1% 30.2% 26.6% 43.3% 20.2% Prince Edward Island 54.1% 13.3% 54.8% 16.8% 54.9% 17.8% 60.9% 13.7% Nova Scotia 49.8% 16.8% 53.1% 18.3% 47.0% 20.8% 57.8% 13.0% New Brunswick 44.5% 21.1% 49.4% 20.0% 45.3% 20.4% 58.3% 11.8% Quebec 49.8% 17.5% 56.7% 14.3% 45.1% 19.4% 58.2% 12.5% Ontario 58.5% 12.4% 67.3% 9.5% 52.7% 16.4% 56.5% 13.0% Manitoba 61.7% 9.2% 64.0% 11.7% 62.2% 11.4% 66.5% 9.0% Saskatchewan 61.8% 8.1% 61.0% 12.2% 58.8% 10.6% 66.2% 7.8% Alberta 66.1% 8.0% 62.3% 14.5% 61.1% 11.0% 66.9% 7.2% British Columbia 58.1% 14.3% 59.6% 18.2% 53.1% 15.2% 62.6% 7.6% Canada 55.7% 13.8% 61.0% 13.2% 51.5% 16.2% 59.5% 11.2%
1 Ages 15-24 population. Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t01an.
4.08a. Youth employment rate, provincial comparison, 1997 and 2007
Canada
B.C.
Alberta
Saskatchew an
Manitoba 2007 Ontario 1997 Quebec
New Brunswick
Nova Scotia
PEI
Nfld and Lab. 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70%
4.08b. Youth unemployment rate, provincial comparison, 1997 and 2007
Canada
B.C.
Alberta
Saskatchew an
Manitoba
Ontario 2007 1997 Quebec
New Brunsw ick
Nov a Sc otia
PEI
Nfld and Lab 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%
154 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 4.09. Unemployment rate, international comparison, 1995 and 2005
Long- term Unemployment rates1 unemployment Youth unemployment rates % of civilian labour force (12 months or (under 25) % of youth labour force more) % of total Total Women Men unemployment Total Women Men 2005 1995 2005 1995 2005 1995 2006 1996 2006 1996 2006 1996 2006 1996 Australia 5.1 8.5 5.3 8.1 4.9 8.8 17.8 28.5 10.4 15.7 9.8 14.8 10.9 16.5 Austria 5.2 3.7 5.5 4.3 4.9 3.2 27.3 24.9 9.1 6.1 9.3 6.5 8.8 5.8 Belgium 8.4 13.0 9.5 16.9 7.6 9.9 55.6 61.3 18.9 20.5 19.5 24.4 18.4 17.3 Canada 6.8 9.5 6.5 9.1 7.0 9.8 8.7 16.8 11.6 15.4 10.3 13.8 12.9 16.9 Czech Republic 8.0 4.1 9.8 4.8 6.5 3.5 55.2 31.3 17.5 7.2 18.6 8.3 16.6 6.4 Denmark 5.0 7.1 5.5 8.2 4.6 6.2 20.4 26.5 7.6 10.6 7.6 12.4 7.6 9.0 Finland 8.4 15.4 8.6 15.1 8.2 15.8 24.8 34.5 18.8 27.9 18.4 26.0 19.3 29.5 France 10.0 11.6 10.8 13.6 9.3 10.0 44.0 39.6 23.9 26.3 25.8 31.9 22.4 22.0 Germany 11.2 8.2 10.9 9.4 11.5 7.3 57.2 47.8 13.5 9.4 12.6 9.0 14.2 9.6 Greece 9.6 10.0 15.2 15.3 5.8 6.7 55.6 56.7 24.5 31.2 33.9 41.3 17.3 21.5 Hungary 7.3 10.4 7.5 8.7 7.1 11.8 46.1 54.4 19.1 18.0 19.8 16.4 18.6 19.0 Iceland 2.64.92.64.92.64.97.319.88.48.47.57.69.29.2 Ireland 4.3 12.2 3.8 12.1 4.6 12.3 34.3 59.5 8.4 18.3 7.9 17.0 8.8 19.3 Italy 7.8 11.7 10.1 16.2 6.3 9.1 52.9 65.6 21.6 32.2 25.3 39.5 19.1 27.0 Japan 4.4 3.2 4.2 3.2 4.6 3.1 33.0 19.3 8.0 6.7 7.2 6.7 8.8 6.8 Korea 3.7 2.1 3.4 1.7 4.0 2.3 1.1 3.8 10.0 6.1 9.0 4.8 11.7 8.1 Luxembourg 3.1 2.3 3.3 2.7 3.0 2.1 26.4 27.6 13.7 9.2 16.2 8.3 11.7 10.1 Mexico 3.5 6.9 3.6 8.6 3.4 6.0 2.5 2.2 6.2 9.2 7.4 12.3 5.4 7.6 Netherlands 5.2 7.1 5.6 8.7 4.9 5.9 45.2 50.0 7.6 12.1 8.2 13.1 7.1 11.1 New Zealand 3.7 6.3 4.0 6.3 3.4 6.2 7.1 20.8 9.6 11.8 10.0 11.1 9.3 12.4 Norway 4.6 5.0 4.4 4.6 4.9 5.3 14.1 14.2 8.6 12.4 8.7 12.7 8.6 12.1 Poland 17.7 13.3 19.1 14.7 16.6 12.1 50.4 39.0 29.8 28.5 31.6 31.2 28.3 26.3 Portugal 7.7 7.2 8.7 8.0 6.7 6.4 51.8 53.1 16.2 16.3 18.4 19.4 14.5 13.8 Slovak Republic 16.2 13.1 17.2 13.8 15.3 12.6 73.1 52.6 26.6 21.0 27.0 21.6 26.3 20.6 Spain 9.2 23.0 12.2 30.8 7.1 18.1 29.5 55.9 17.9 39.9 21.6 48.9 15.0 33.0 Sweden 7.8 9.2 7.6 8.2 7.9 10.1 14.2 30.1 21.3 21.2 21.5 20.7 21.1 21.6 Switzerland 4.3 3.3 4.8 3.9 3.9 2.9 39.1 25.6 7.7 4.6 7.5 4.1 7.9 5.2 Turkey 10.3 7.6 10.3 7.3 10.3 7.8 35.8 44.3 18.7 13.5 19.8 11.1 18.2 14.8 Kingdom 4.6 8.6 4.2 6.8 5.0 10.1 22.1 39.8 13.9 14.7 11.8 11.1 15.8 17.8 United States 5.1 5.6 5.1 5.6 5.1 5.6 10.0 9.5 10.5 12.0 9.7 11.3 11.2 12.6 G7 6.3 6.7 6.4 7.1 6.2 6.4 31.0 30.8 12.1 13.2 11.3 12.9 12.9 13.5 EU15 8.3 10.8 9.1 12.5 7.7 9.6 44.2 49.4 16.1 20.6 16.4 22.6 15.8 19.0 OECD total 6.7 7.5 7.0 8.2 6.4 7.0 32.2 34.2 12.5 14.0 12.3 14.4 12.6 13.7
1 National definitions except for Belgium (Eurostat). For some countries, data for the latest years are estimated. Sources: OECD, Labour Market Statistics/OECD database (May 2007); Labour Force Statistics: 1986-2006 (2007); OECD Employment Outlook (2007).
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 155 4.09a. Unemployment rate, international comparison, 1995 and 2005
Iceland Luxembourg M exico Korea New Zealand Ireland Swit zerland Japan Norway Unit ed Kingdom British Columbia Denmark Australia Unit ed St at es Austria Net herlands 2005 OECD average Canada 1995 Hungary Port ugal Italy Sweden Czech Republic EU15 Belgium Finland Spain Greece
France Turkey Germany Slovak Republic Poland
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
4.09b. Youth1 unemployment rate, international comparison, 1996 and 2006
Mexico
Denmark
Net herlands
Swit zerland
Japan
British Columbia
Iceland
Ireland
Norway
Austria
New Zealand
Korea
Australia
Unit ed St at es
Canada
OECD average
Germany 2006 Luxembourg 1996 Unit ed Kingdom
EU15
Port ugal
Czech Republic
Spain
Turkey
Finland
Belgium
Hungary
Sweden
It aly
France
Gr eece
Slovak Republic
Poland 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%
156 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 4.10. Employment rate, by educational attainment, B.C., 1990-2007
Post- secondary Above Total, all Some high High school Some post- certificate or University Bachelor's bachelor's education 0 - 8 years school graduate secondary diploma degree degree degree levels 1990 31.4 47.0 65.5 65.7 70.6 77.1 76.4 78.7 61.3 1991 26.3 45.7 63.4 67.9 70.5 75.1 73.4 79.3 60.3 1992 28.8 44.0 65.4 65.5 68.3 75.8 74.4 79.1 60.1 1993 23.4 44.1 63.2 66.3 68.9 77.4 77.2 78.1 60.2 1994 23.9 44.1 62.9 66.2 70.8 77.6 76.8 79.3 61.0 1995 20.9 43.4 64.3 64.7 69.6 77.7 76.4 80.5 60.6 1996 20.6 40.7 62.5 65.3 69.3 76.8 76.1 78.4 60.0 1997 19.6 40.0 63.5 63.7 70.3 76.3 76.0 77.1 60.0 1998 18.3 38.5 60.9 61.4 71.1 75.2 74.9 76.1 59.2 1999 19.3 39.8 62.2 63.0 69.2 76.1 74.8 79.0 59.7 2000 17.6 39.6 62.5 62.6 69.5 76.0 75.1 78.0 60.2 2001 19.1 38.5 60.2 60.8 69.0 73.4 73.0 74.3 59.0 2002 19.3 39.5 61.5 60.8 68.9 73.5 73.1 74.4 59.6 2003 18.7 39.3 61.6 60.7 70.3 73.7 72.6 76.0 60.3 2004 20.9 39.1 62.5 63.2 69.0 73.6 73.6 73.8 60.9 2005 20.9 42.7 64.0 61.9 69.3 73.5 72.9 74.7 61.8 2006 22.3 42.2 62.5 66.0 71.6 73.8 74.3 72.6 62.5 2007 21.9 44.8 64.5 65.3 71.0 73.4 73.3 73.7 63.5
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t02an.
4.10a. Employment rate, by educational attainment, B.C. and Canada, 2007 80%
70%
60%
e 50%
B.C. 40% Canada
Employment rat 30%
20%
10%
0% 0 - 8 years So me high Hi g h Some Post - University Bachelor's Above Total, all school school post- secondary degree degree bachelor's educat io n grad uat e second ary certificate degree levels or diploma
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 157 Table 4.11. Average hourly wage by sector, B.C., 1997-2007
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Goods-producing sector $18.51 $18.99 $19.20 $19.26 $19.60 $19.91 $20.47 $19.94 $20.20 $20.87 $21.92
Agriculture $11.50 $12.04 $13.72 $11.38 $11.92 $11.83 $12.77 $12.61 $12.69 $12.74 $14.48
Forestry, fishing, mining, oil and gas $21.43 $21.23 $21.93 $22.71 $22.80 $22.32 $23.20 $24.00 $24.19 $25.21 $25.42
Utilities $23.55 $25.21 $24.16 $24.75 $24.76 $25.92 $28.13 $25.81 $27.57 $28.00 $28.91
Construction $17.80 $18.62 $18.23 $18.93 $19.89 $20.02 $19.91 $19.78 $19.57 $20.52 $21.84
Manufacturing $18.50 $18.94 $19.14 $18.95 $19.29 $19.88 $20.47 $20.01 $20.31 $20.92 $21.61
Services-producing sector $16.47 $16.66 $16.86 $17.23 $17.59 $18.27 $18.66 $18.74 $19.15 $19.67 $20.11
Trade $13.56 $13.58 $14.09 $13.95 $13.96 $14.45 $14.93 $14.94 $14.97 $15.75 $16.16
Transportation and warehousing $18.21 $18.67 $19.03 $18.70 $20.06 $20.38 $20.43 $19.95 $21.16 $21.42 $21.93
Finance, insurance, real estate & leasing $16.15 $17.27 $17.15 $18.41 $18.62 $19.92 $19.78 $19.80 $19.89 $20.78 $21.01
Professional, scientific & technical services $19.12 $19.63 $20.47 $20.36 $21.42 $22.52 $22.71 $22.11 $24.30 $25.03 $25.26
Business, building & other support services $11.97 $12.09 $12.82 $12.82 $14.11 $14.15 $14.04 $14.74 $15.14 $15.14 $16.02
Educational services $22.51 $22.20 $22.02 $23.05 $22.71 $23.66 $24.27 $25.04 $25.21 $25.48 $25.87
Health care and social assistance $18.51 $18.78 $18.98 $19.29 $20.17 $21.03 $21.91 $22.04 $21.87 $22.40 $22.50
Information, culture and recreation $17.44 $17.61 $17.43 $17.27 $18.39 $18.86 $18.25 $18.70 $19.28 $19.70 $20.97
Accommodation and food services $10.11 $10.42 $10.29 $10.81 $10.95 $11.09 $11.28 $11.57 $12.00 $11.85 $12.40
Other services $14.24 $14.19 $13.74 $15.35 $14.97 $15.23 $16.41 $16.14 $16.78 $17.45 $18.12
Public administration $21.20 $20.94 $21.56 $21.88 $22.56 $23.93 $24.40 $24.81 $25.88 $26.54 $27.21
All workers $16.91 $17.17 $17.34 $17.64 $17.98 $18.59 $19.02 $18.99 $19.36 $19.91 $20.49
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd3t02an.
4.11a. Average hourly wage by sector, B.C., 1997-2007 $22.00
$21.00
Goods- $20.00 producing sector
$19.00 Services- producing sector
Average hourly wage $18.00 All sectors
$17.00
$16.00 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
158 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 4.12. Average hourly wage by age cohort, B.C. and Canada. 1997-2007
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 British Columbia 15-24 years $10.20 $10.09 $10.12 $10.34 $10.45 $10.85 $10.99 $11.25 $11.46 $12.02 $12.62 25-54 years $18.20$18.48$18.70$19.00$19.36$20.12$20.51$20.46$20.97$21.56$22.19 55 years and over $18.73 $18.88 $19.36 $19.76 $20.69 $20.81 $21.86 $21.60 $22.21 $22.69 $23.01 15 years and over $16.91 $17.17 $17.34 $17.64 $17.98 $18.59 $19.02 $18.99 $19.36 $19.91 $20.49 Canada 15-24 years $8.92 $9.10 $9.32 $9.63 $9.94 $10.10 $10.36 $10.49 $10.87 $11.36 $11.81 25-54 years $16.90$17.10$17.58$18.16$18.77$19.28$19.67$20.18$20.80$21.49$22.28 55 years and over $17.05 $17.22 $17.70 $18.19 $18.81 $19.27 $19.84 $20.30 $20.95 $21.50 $22.03 15 years and over $15.59 $15.78 $16.17 $16.66 $17.22 $17.66 $18.04 $18.50 $19.09 $19.72 $20.41
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd3t01an.
4.12a. Average hourly wage by age cohort, B.C., 2007
$25.00
55 years $20.00 and over
25-54 years
Average hourly wage $15.00 15-24 years
$10.00 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd3t01an.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 159 Table 4.13. Average hourly wage by province, 1997-2007
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Newfoundland & Lab. $13.16 $13.05 $13.06 $13.74 $14.32 $14.88 $15.46 $15.44 $16.09 $16.60 $17.46 Prince Edward Island $11.79 $11.94 $12.28 $12.63 $13.22 $13.61 $14.52 $15.09 $15.15 $15.48 $15.97 Nova Scotia $12.87 $13.20 $13.45 $14.01 $14.53 $14.81 $15.42 $15.79 $16.24 $16.65 $17.53 New Brunswick $12.90 $13.12 $13.34 $14.01 $14.20 $14.45 $14.80 $15.21 $15.63 $16.21 $16.93 Quebec $15.32 $15.49 $15.72 $16.07 $16.63 $16.97 $17.42 $17.99 $18.43 $18.87 $19.35 Ontario $16.33 $16.48 $17.00 $17.59 $18.17 $18.54 $18.88 $19.43 $20.06 $20.65 $21.27 Manitoba $13.81 $14.04 $14.48 $14.98 $15.34 $15.72 $16.06 $16.74 $17.17 $17.55 $18.42 Saskatchewan $13.55 $13.76 $14.21 $14.73 $15.35 $15.83 $16.42 $16.94 $17.28 $18.11 $19.00 Alberta $14.79 $15.15 $15.76 $16.29 $17.13 $17.99 $18.13 $18.54 $19.76 $21.12 $22.40 British Columbia $16.91 $17.17 $17.34 $17.64 $17.98 $18.59 $19.02 $18.99 $19.36 $19.91 $20.49 Canada $15.59 $15.78 $16.17 $16.66 $17.22 $17.66 $18.04 $18.50 $19.09 $19.72 $20.41
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd3t01an.
4.13a. Average hourly wage by province, 2007
B.C.
Alberta Saskatchewan
M anitoba
Ontario
Quebec
New B runswick
Nova Scotia
PEI
Nfld and Lab.
Canada
$0 $5 $10 $15 $20 $25
4.13b. Wage trends in B.C., Alberta and Ontario, 1997-2007
$23
$22
$21
$20 B.C. $19 Alberta
$18 Ontario Canada $17 Average hourly wage
$16
$15
$14 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
160 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 4.14. Number of workers (thousands) by establishment size, B.C., 1997-2007
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Less than 20 workers 615.5 592.7 621.1 609.8 621.8 637.6 653.2 668.6 656.4 692.2 696.8
% annual change .. -3.7% 4.8% -1.8% 2.0% 2.5% 2.4% 2.4% -1.8% 5.5% 0.7%
20 to 99 workers 507.4 511.4 512.7 550.3 544.7 564.9 573.5 593.9 624.2 632.5 659.0
% annual change .. 0.8% 0.3% 7.3% -1.0% 3.7% 1.5% 3.6% 5.1% 1.3% 4.2%
100 to 500 workers 268.5 256.8 266.0 295.1 287.1 280.8 300.9 297.7 315.1 318.7 340.2
% annual change .. -4.4% 3.6% 10.9% -2.7% -2.2% 7.2% -1.1% 5.8% 1.1% 6.7%
More than 500 workers 109.0 113.6 113.2 119.5 116.6 118.4 110.8 111.1 119.1 138.5 145.0
% annual change .. 4.2% -0.4% 5.6% -2.4% 1.5% -6.4% 0.3% 7.2% 16.3% 4.7%
Total workers 1500.4 1474.6 1512.9 1574.7 1570.1 1601.7 1638.4 1671.3 1714.8 1781.8 1841.0 % annual change .. -1.7% 2.6% 4.1% -0.3% 2.0% 2.3% 2.0% 2.6% 3.9% 3.3%
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1T41an.
4.14a. Number of workers by establishment size, 1997-2007
2,000,000
1,800,000
1,600,000
1,400,000
1,200,000 1997 1,000,000 2007 800,000
Number of Workers 600,000
400,000
200,000
0 Less than 20 20 to 99 100 to 500 More than 500 Total employees employees employees employees employees
4.14b. Distribution of workers by establishment size, 2007
More than 500 employees, 7.9%
100 to 500 employees, 18.5% Less than 20 employees, 37.8%
20 to 99 employees, 35.8%
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 161 Table 4.15. Duration of work week (average1), 1987-2007
Prince Nfld and Edward New British Labrador Island Nova Scotia Brunswick Quebec Ontario Manitoba Sask. Alberta Columbia Canada 1987 38.0 37.3 36.8 36.7 36.6 37.2 36.4 37.4 37.5 35.9 36.9 1988 38.6 38.2 37.5 37.1 37.1 37.6 36.8 37.4 38.1 36.6 37.4 1989 38.3 37.9 37.8 37.7 37.2 38.0 37.5 38.6 38.8 37.5 37.8 1990 38.8 38.3 37.6 37.5 37.1 37.5 37.2 38.5 39.1 37.1 37.6 1991 37.8 37.3 36.8 36.9 36.4 36.8 36.2 38.1 38.1 36.1 36.8 1992 37.1 36.8 36.4 36.4 36.0 36.1 35.7 37.3 37.3 35.9 36.2 1993 37.2 36.7 36.6 36.8 36.0 36.6 36.1 37.6 37.6 36.1 36.5 1994 37.4 37.0 36.9 37.3 36.6 37.0 36.7 38.2 38.1 36.1 36.9 1995 37.1 37.6 36.7 37.2 36.3 36.6 36.5 37.9 38.1 36.0 36.7 1996 37.6 38.0 36.8 37.3 36.5 37.0 36.9 38.4 38.3 36.0 36.9 1997 37.9 38.0 36.9 37.7 36.6 37.2 37.2 38.3 38.5 36.0 37.1 1998 38.2 37.6 37.0 37.5 36.4 37.2 37.1 37.8 37.6 35.6 36.9 1999 38.3 38.0 37.0 37.5 36.8 37.3 36.8 37.6 37.6 35.6 37.0 2000 38.6 38.2 37.3 38.1 36.7 37.4 37.0 38.2 38.5 36.1 37.2 2001 38.2 37.9 36.9 37.6 35.9 36.8 36.7 37.9 38.5 35.3 36.7 2002 37.6 37.3 36.5 37.4 35.9 36.7 36.1 37.0 37.8 35.0 36.4 2003 37.2 36.8 36.0 37.0 35.3 35.9 36.0 36.7 37.4 34.8 35.9 2004 37.7 36.3 35.5 36.7 35.3 36.4 36.0 37.0 37.6 35.3 36.2 2005 37.8 36.8 36.1 37.0 35.6 36.5 36.2 37.4 38.4 35.7 36.5 2006 38.4 37.4 36.0 37.1 35.2 36.2 36.2 37.5 38.4 35.6 36.2 2007 38.6 36.9 36.5 37.2 35.2 36.4 36.7 37.9 38.8 36.0 36.5
1 Average calculated by dividing total hours worked in reference period by number of persons actually working (excluding employees on leave, vacation, etc.). Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table c2t12an.
4.15a. Duration of work week (average), 1987-2007
40
39
38
British Columbia Alberta 37 Ontario Canada
36 Average Work Week (Hours)
35
34 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007
162 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 4.16. Multiple job-holders as percentage of all workers, by sector, 1987-2007
Goods-producing sector Services-producing sector GRAND TOTAL Total Goods Agriculture Forestry, fishing, mining, gas oil and Construction Manufacturing Services Total Trade and Transportation warehousing real insurance, Finance, leasing and estate scientific Professional, services technical and and building Business, services support other services Educational social care and Health assistance and culture Information, recreation and food Accommodation services Public administration
1987 4.4% 3.5% 8.5% 3.8% 2.7% 2.9% 4.7% 4.3% 2.6% 2.7% 7.9% 4.6% 5.4% 5.5% 4.9% 6.4% 3.4%
1988 4.4% 3.3% 6.4% .. 3.5% 3.0% 4.8% 4.9% 3.2% 2.1% 6.4% 5.8% 7.3% 5.4% 4.7% 6.0% 3.5%
1989 4.8% 3.5% 8.1% .. 3.6% 2.8% 5.2% 4.7% 3.4% 3.7% 4.7% 5.1% 8.4% 5.8% 7.7% 4.9% 5.1%
1990 4.8% 3.3% 6.8% 4.2% 2.4% 3.2% 5.3% 4.7% 3.0% 4.3% 5.5% 6.5% 7.2% 6.1% 7.0% 5.0% 6.0%
1991 5.1% 3.5% 5.6% 4.3% 3.4% 3.0% 5.7% 5.4% 4.4% 4.1% 5.5% 5.9% 6.3% 7.1% 6.8% 5.9% 6.0%
1992 5.1% 3.6% 7.2% 4.4% 3.2% 3.1% 5.5% 4.9% 4.3% 3.4% 5.0% 5.9% 6.9% 7.6% 5.7% 6.8% 4.7%
1993 6.0% 4.5% 6.1% 4.3% 4.1% 4.6% 6.4% 6.2% 4.7% 3.9% 6.5% 6.5% 9.0% 7.6% 7.9% 6.0% 6.4%
1994 6.0% 4.2% 6.4% 4.2% 4.8% 3.6% 6.5% 5.4% 5.7% 5.2% 6.5% 7.4% 9.2% 7.2% 7.6% 5.1% 7.5%
1995 5.7% 4.1% 7.0% 4.7% 3.5% 3.8% 6.2% 5.6% 5.8% 4.7% 5.7% 6.1% 7.8% 8.2% 6.5% 6.5% 5.8%
1996 5.7% 3.9% 6.8% 4.2% 3.5% 3.6% 6.2% 5.2% 6.3% 5.5% 5.3% 5.3% 7.9% 9.2% 8.0% 5.9% 5.0%
1997 6.4% 4.1% 5.9% 4.1% 4.1% 3.6% 7.0% 6.4% 5.3% 3.6% 6.2% 8.3% 8.4% 10.8% 6.7% 8.1% 5.2%
1998 5.9% 4.2% 6.1% 3.7% 3.6% 4.4% 6.4% 6.0% 3.1% 3.9% 5.9% 7.5% 6.9% 9.6% 5.6% 8.4% 4.6%
1999 6.1% 3.8% 6.4% 3.5% 3.8% 3.4% 6.7% 6.1% 7.1% 3.8% 5.5% 5.4% 8.6% 9.2% 8.5% 7.5% 5.2%
2000 5.6% 3.1% .. 3.4% 2.9% 2.9% 6.3% 5.8% 5.5% 4.3% 3.9% 5.6% 8.1% 9.4% 7.1% 7.1% 4.3%
2001 5.4% 3.5% 7.5% .. 2.9% 3.5% 5.9% 5.6% 4.0% 4.8% 5.2% 6.6% 7.6% 8.2% 5.6% 6.3% 5.0%
2002 5.8% 3.4% 5.9% .. 3.6% 3.3% 6.4% 5.5% 4.2% 4.6% 5.6% 6.8% 8.3% 8.5% 7.6% 7.6% 4.0%
2003 6.0% 3.7% 8.2% .. 3.2% 3.6% 6.5% 6.4% 4.6% 4.8% 5.2% 6.4% 7.9% 7.9% 9.0% 7.5% 4.3%
2004 6.0% 3.5% 4.9% .. 3.3% 3.6% 6.6% 7.0% 4.1% 3.6% 5.3% 6.8% 7.4% 8.8% 7.8% 7.9% 4.3%
2005 6.1% 3.6% 6.7% 4.3% 3.2% 3.5% 6.8% 5.9% 5.5% 4.7% 5.6% 5.4% 8.6% 10.1% 7.7% 7.5% 4.9%
2006 5.6% 3.4% 7.2% .. 2.9% 3.3% 6.2% 5.4% 4.0% 5.1% 5.0% 6.9% 8.0% 9.0% 7.5% 7.2% 5.0%
2007 5.8% 3.9% 7.5% .. 3.2% 4.3% 6.3% 5.0% 3.8% 4.7% 5.5% 5.7% 8.3% 9.8% 6.8% 6.4% 5.7%
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), tables cd1t18an and cd1t05an.
4.16a. Multiple job-holders as percentage of all workers, by sector, 1987-2007 8%
7%
6% Total employment
5% Goods-producing sector
4% Services- producing sector
3% Multiple-job holdersMultiple-job as percentage workers of all
2% 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 163 Table 4.17. Full-time and part-time work, provincial comparison, 1976-2007
BC Alberta Canada Full-time Part-time % Part-time Full-time Part-time % Part-time Full-time Part-time % Part-time 1976 902,300 158,700 15.0% 729,300 125,600 14.7% 8,529,700 1,217,800 12.5% 1977 923,600 165,500 15.2% 772,800 130,900 14.5% 8,626,500 1,290,600 13.0% 1978 968,500 169,000 14.9% 817,500 141,700 14.8% 8,871,500 1,348,800 13.2% 1979 1,003,100 185,500 15.6% 890,500 143,400 13.9% 9,201,800 1,466,800 13.7% 1980 1,056,100 210,400 16.6% 949,900 152,600 13.8% 9,415,300 1,568,700 14.3% 1981 1,101,300 218,300 16.5% 1,019,800 163,000 13.8% 9,631,300 1,673,700 14.8% 1982 1,030,100 223,300 17.8% 994,300 170,000 14.6% 9,202,700 1,740,900 15.9% 1983 1,002,000 242,900 19.5% 947,000 186,800 16.5% 9,173,100 1,848,900 16.8% 1984 1,005,500 239,500 19.2% 942,100 196,100 17.2% 9,410,200 1,891,500 16.7% 1985 1,026,000 247,400 19.4% 968,800 204,800 17.5% 9,641,600 1,985,700 17.1% 1986 1,064,500 262,400 19.8% 981,200 201,500 17.0% 9,956,200 2,030,400 16.9% 1987 1,114,200 263,400 19.1% 980,000 207,600 17.5% 10,281,400 2,051,600 16.6% 1988 1,160,700 274,000 19.1% 1,010,300 212,000 17.3% 10,573,900 2,135,700 16.8% 1989 1,243,100 265,300 17.6% 1,034,400 216,900 17.3% 10,835,000 2,161,200 16.6% 1990 1,281,300 278,300 17.8% 1,059,400 217,500 17.0% 10,867,600 2,218,800 17.0% 1991 1,270,900 306,600 19.4% 1,061,000 223,400 17.4% 10,525,700 2,331,700 18.1% 1992 1,302,600 314,600 19.5% 1,041,800 238,200 18.6% 10,370,800 2,360,100 18.5% 1993 1,340,400 327,500 19.6% 1,038,100 250,600 19.4% 10,336,600 2,456,100 19.2% 1994 1,380,900 362,300 20.8% 1,067,000 257,500 19.4% 10,586,100 2,472,600 18.9% 1995 1,431,000 354,600 19.9% 1,100,700 264,200 19.4% 10,798,500 2,496,900 18.8% 1996 1,450,800 365,600 20.1% 1,140,000 265,100 18.9% 10,861,400 2,560,000 19.1% 1997 1,473,700 386,700 20.8% 1,180,400 271,000 18.7% 11,089,300 2,616,700 19.1% 1998 1,460,300 398,000 21.4% 1,223,100 286,800 19.0% 11,403,400 2,642,800 18.8% 1999 1,488,600 405,800 21.4% 1,248,400 295,600 19.1% 11,759,500 2,647,300 18.4% 2000 1,533,300 398,000 20.6% 1,292,300 291,700 18.4% 12,093,600 2,670,600 18.1% 2001 1,517,600 404,000 21.0% 1,338,100 292,800 18.0% 12,242,500 2,703,700 18.1% 2002 1,516,400 448,700 22.8% 1,373,900 296,900 17.8% 12,439,300 2,871,100 18.8% 2003 1,564,900 449,700 22.3% 1,407,600 309,100 18.0% 12,705,300 2,967,000 18.9% 2004 1,630,800 431,900 20.9% 1,440,200 317,200 18.0% 12,998,100 2,948,900 18.5% 2005 1,693,900 436,700 20.5% 1,477,600 306,800 17.2% 13,206,200 2,963,500 18.3% 2006 1,750,200 445,300 20.3% 1,570,100 300,600 16.1% 13,509,700 2,974,700 18.0% 2007 1,808,700 457,700 20.2% 1,649,100 310,400 15.8% 13,803,100 3,063,300 18.2%
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t01an.
4.17a. Part-time work as per cent of all work, provincial comparison, 1976-2007 24%
22%
20%
BC 18% Alberta Canada
16%
14% Part-time work as percentage employment of total 12% 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
164 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 4.18. Part-time work as per cent of all work, by sector, B.C., 1976-2007
Total, all industries Goods-producing sector Services-producing sector Full-time Part-time % Part-time Full-time Part-time % Part-time Full-time Part-time % Part-time 1976 902,300 158,700 15.0% 305,800 18,000 5.56% 596,500 140,700 19.1% 1977 923,600 165,500 15.2% 318,300 19,600 5.80% 605,400 145,900 19.4% 1978 968,500 169,000 14.9% 327,200 20,900 6.00% 641,300 148,200 18.8% 1979 1,003,100 185,500 15.6% 339,200 22,000 6.09% 663,800 163,400 19.8% 1980 1,056,100 210,400 16.6% 350,500 23,200 6.21% 705,600 187,200 21.0% 1981 1,101,300 218,300 16.5% 364,000 26,100 6.69% 737,300 192,100 20.7% 1982 1,030,100 223,300 17.8% 312,500 26,000 7.68% 717,700 197,200 21.6% 1983 1,002,000 242,900 19.5% 289,800 32,400 10.06% 712,200 210,400 22.8% 1984 1,005,500 239,500 19.2% 287,900 29,000 9.15% 717,600 210,500 22.7% 1985 1,026,000 247,400 19.4% 300,700 32,600 9.78% 725,300 214,800 22.8% 1986 1,064,500 262,400 19.8% 292,600 30,500 9.44% 771,800 231,800 23.1% 1987 1,114,200 263,400 19.1% 300,600 33,200 9.95% 813,600 230,300 22.1% 1988 1,160,700 274,000 19.1% 320,800 30,800 8.76% 839,900 243,200 22.5% 1989 1,243,100 265,300 17.6% 353,200 30,600 7.97% 889,800 234,700 20.9% 1990 1,281,300 278,300 17.8% 360,000 29,000 7.46% 921,400 249,300 21.3% 1991 1,270,900 306,600 19.4% 346,300 31,400 8.31% 924,600 275,200 22.9% 1992 1,302,600 314,600 19.5% 335,700 35,300 9.51% 966,900 279,300 22.4% 1993 1,340,400 327,500 19.6% 347,700 35,100 9.17% 992,700 292,400 22.8% 1994 1,380,900 362,300 20.8% 362,300 39,200 9.76% 1,018,600 323,100 24.1% 1995 1,431,000 354,600 19.9% 366,400 38,600 9.53% 1,064,600 315,900 22.9% 1996 1,450,800 365,600 20.1% 370,700 37,400 9.16% 1,080,100 328,200 23.3% 1997 1,473,700 386,700 20.8% 376,900 40,400 9.68% 1,096,800 346,300 24.0% 1998 1,460,300 398,000 21.4% 370,500 38,000 9.30% 1,089,800 360,000 24.8% 1999 1,488,600 405,800 21.4% 355,700 38,200 9.70% 1,132,900 367,600 24.5% 2000 1,533,300 398,000 20.6% 372,100 34,200 8.42% 1,161,200 363,800 23.9% 2001 1,517,600 404,000 21.0% 352,400 29,900 7.82% 1,165,200 374,100 24.3% 2002 1,516,400 448,700 22.8% 355,300 36,900 9.41% 1,161,000 411,800 26.2% 2003 1,564,900 449,700 22.3% 380,600 35,800 8.60% 1,184,400 414,000 25.9% 2004 1,630,800 431,900 20.9% 398,700 38,200 8.74% 1,232,100 393,700 24.2% 2005 1,693,900 436,700 20.5% 414,000 38,700 8.55% 1,279,900 398,000 23.7% 2006 1,750,200 445,300 20.3% 425,900 38,000 8.19% 1,324,300 407,300 23.5% 2007 1,808,700 457,700 20.2% 457,900 37,800 7.63% 1,350,700 419,900 23.7%
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t05an.
4.18a. Part-time work as per cent of all work, by sector, B.C., 1976-2007 30%
25%
20% Services- producing sector 15% Goods- 10% producing sector
5% Part-time work as percentage of employmenttotal 0% 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 165 Table 4.19. Part-time work as per cent of all work, by B.C. development region, 1995-2007
Lower Mainland- Vancouver Island/Coast Southwest Thompson - Okanagan Kootenay Cariboo North Coast & Nechako Northeast
f/t p/t % p/t f/t p/t % p/t f/t p/t % p/t f/t p/t % p/t f/t p/t % p/t f/t p/t % p/t f/t p/t % p/t
1995 232.6 73.8 24.1% 865.0 189.8 18.0% 147.0 47.0 24.2% 53.0 16.6 23.9% 65.5 13.9 17.5% 40.5 8.5 17.3% 27.5 5.0 15.4%
1996 234.0 74.7 24.2% 876.1 195.3 18.2% 154.7 45.7 22.8% 49.1 16.7 25.4% 67.9 18.3 21.2% 41.7 10.0 19.3% 27.4 4.9 15.2%
1997 240.5 81.5 25.3% 892.9 206.0 18.7% 153.7 52.5 25.5% 49.0 16.3 25.0% 67.4 15.8 19.0% 42.2 9.6 18.5% 28.0 5.1 15.4%
1998 231.7 83.8 26.6% 891.8 212.2 19.2% 155.0 52.4 25.3% 52.1 17.9 25.6% 63.6 19.1 23.1% 38.2 9.0 19.1% 28.0 3.6 11.4%
1999 241.2 88.8 26.9% 913.3 216.8 19.2% 155.9 50.2 24.4% 51.7 17.7 25.5% 64.3 17.2 21.1% 37.5 9.2 19.7% 24.7 5.9 19.3%
2000 243.2 84.2 25.7% 950.6 214.0 18.4% 161.9 48.4 23.0% 52.8 18.0 25.4% 62.6 16.5 20.9% 36.1 11.2 23.7% 26.0 5.8 18.2%
2001 233.9 73.5 23.9% 941.6 233.4 19.9% 163.5 46.8 22.3% 52.1 18.4 26.1% 63.2 16.1 20.3% 36.2 10.4 22.3% 27.1 5.4 16.6%
2002 229.0 88.4 27.9% 959.3 257.4 21.2% 157.4 50.8 24.4% 48.9 17.7 26.6% 60.0 18.0 23.1% 34.5 10.4 23.2% 27.2 6.0 18.1%
2003 237.1 82.0 25.7% 987.4 264.0 21.1% 164.3 54.5 24.9% 50.9 16.5 24.5% 62.5 15.7 20.1% 34.5 10.4 23.2% 28.2 6.7 19.2%
2004 256.6 77.6 23.2% 1020.4 254.8 20.0% 178.7 51.0 22.2% 50.1 17.0 25.3% 66.2 14.4 17.9% 31.7 10.7 25.2% 27.1 6.3 18.9%
2005 266.1 83.9 24.0% 1057.5 249.9 19.1% 194.0 50.0 20.5% 50.7 18.5 26.7% 62.6 17.5 21.8% 34.7 11.0 24.1% 28.4 5.9 17.2%
2006 283.5 86.0 23.3% 1086.2 256.5 19.1% 200.9 52.8 20.8% 52.4 17.1 24.6% 66.3 16.6 20.0% 33.3 9.8 22.7% 27.5 6.6 19.4%
2007 292.2 86.2 22.8% 1124.5 267.8 19.2% 200.4 56.3 21.9% 61.0 16.0 20.8% 66.2 17.6 21.0% 33.1 8.4 20.2% 31.4 5.3 14.4%
1 Labour force data for B.C.'s economic regions is not available prior to 1995. Total number of workers expressed in thousands. Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t30an.
4.19a. Part-time work as per cent of all work, by B.C. development region, 1997 and 2007
30%
25%
20%
1997 15% 2007
10%
5% Part-time workas percentageemployment of total
0% Vancouver Lower Thompson - Kootenay Cariboo North Coast & Northeast Island/Co ast M ainland- Okanagan Nechako Southwest
166 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 4.20. Part-time work as per cent of all work, by age, B.C., 1976-20071
15 years and over 15-24 years 25-44 years 45-64 years 65 years and over f/t p/t % p/t f/t p/t % p/t f/t p/t % p/t f/t p/t % p/t f/t p/t % p/t 1976 902.3 158.7 15.0% 202.8 65.1 24.3% 438.7 52.4 10.7% 251.3 35.4 12.3% 9.5 5.7 37.5% 1977 923.6 165.5 15.2% 208.3 68.9 24.9% 452.6 56.3 11.1% 253 34.2 11.9% 9.8 6.1 38.4% 1978 968.5 169 14.9% 216.4 71 24.7% 482.7 57.8 10.7% 260.7 35.3 11.9% 8.7 5 36.5% 1979 1003.1 185.5 15.6% 226.3 77.7 25.6% 503.5 64.9 11.4% 263.4 35.8 12.0% 9.8 7.1 42.0% 1980 1056.1 210.4 16.6% 239 83.4 25.9% 536.6 74.5 12.2% 270.6 42.8 13.7% 9.7 9.6 49.7% 1981 1101.3 218.3 16.5% 242 89.5 27.0% 567.5 77.4 12.0% 281.1 44.1 13.6% 10.7 7.3 40.6% 1982 1030.1 223.3 17.8% 195.5 84.2 30.1% 559 85.3 13.2% 265.1 46.2 14.8% 10.6 7.6 41.8% 1983 1002 242.9 19.5% 171.9 90.6 34.5% 552.6 93.2 14.4% 268.2 50.8 15.9% 9.3 8.3 47.2% 1984 1005.5 239.5 19.2% 164.7 90.3 35.4% 563.7 93.8 14.3% 269 47.7 15.1% 8.1 7.8 49.1% 1985 1026 247.4 19.4% 160.4 96 37.4% 584.3 96 14.1% 271.9 48.6 15.2% 9.5 6.8 41.7% 1986 1064.5 262.4 19.8% 168.8 99.4 37.1% 611 102.6 14.4% 276.1 52.2 15.9% 8.6 8.1 48.5% 1987 1114.2 263.4 19.1% 172.4 97.8 36.2% 645.6 103.5 13.8% 287.5 54.1 15.8% 8.8 8.1 47.9% 1988 1160.7 274 19.1% 171.4 102.1 37.3% 678.1 110.6 14.0% 302.3 52.5 14.8% 8.9 8.7 49.4% 1989 1243.1 265.3 17.6% 187.9 98.6 34.4% 723.6 105.8 12.8% 323.1 53.3 14.2% 8.5 7.6 47.2% 1990 1281.3 278.3 17.8% 185.2 96.2 34.2% 750.4 111.9 13.0% 336.6 57.8 14.7% 9 12.4 57.9% 1991 1270.9 306.6 19.4% 168.3 108.3 39.2% 745.7 129 14.7% 347.2 59.3 14.6% 9.7 9.9 50.5% 1992 1302.6 314.6 19.5% 162 111.4 40.7% 760.9 131.3 14.7% 368.6 64 14.8% 11.1 7.9 41.6% 1993 1340.4 327.5 19.6% 169 108.5 39.1% 776.7 137 15.0% 385.3 70.5 15.5% 9.4 11.6 55.2% 1994 1380.9 362.3 20.8% 164.8 114.5 41.0% 792.3 148.6 15.8% 409.6 84.7 17.1% 14.2 14.4 50.3% 1995 1431 354.6 19.9% 163.7 115.6 41.4% 811.1 149.1 15.5% 445.2 79.7 15.2% 11 10.3 48.4% 1996 1450.8 365.6 20.1% 153.6 117.4 43.3% 828.4 156.1 15.9% 455.9 82 15.2% 12.9 10.2 44.2% 1997 1473.7 386.7 20.8% 153.5 117 43.3% 831.6 166.7 16.7% 476.3 91.4 16.1% 12.3 11.6 48.5% 1998 1460.3 398 21.4% 139 119.7 46.3% 824.7 161.6 16.4% 483.2 100.4 17.2% 13.4 16.3 54.9% 1999 1488.6 405.8 21.4% 141.9 131.1 48.0% 824.4 157.8 16.1% 508.2 103.7 16.9% 14 13.2 48.5% 2000 1533.3 398 20.6% 154.4 124.8 44.7% 828.8 152 15.5% 537.3 108.9 16.9% 12.8 12.3 49.0% 2001 1517.6 404 21.0% 149.3 129.7 46.5% 804.4 158.2 16.4% 549.8 105.7 16.1% 14.1 10.4 42.4% 2002 1516.4 448.7 22.8% 146.3 147.3 50.2% 795.2 160.6 16.8% 558.3 125.6 18.4% 16.6 15.1 47.6% 2003 1564.9 449.7 22.3% 153.4 145.6 48.7% 796 160.8 16.8% 595 128 17.7% 20.6 15.3 42.6% 2004 1630.8 431.9 20.9% 165.4 142.4 46.3% 823 148.9 15.3% 622.6 123.8 16.6% 19.8 16.8 45.9% 2005 1693.9 436.7 20.5% 189.9 142.3 42.8% 828 142.5 14.7% 653.2 132 16.8% 22.8 19.9 46.6% 2006 1750.2 445.3 20.3% 205.9 143.7 41.1% 836.8 149 15.1% 685.1 131.5 16.1% 22.3 21 48.5% 2007 1808.7 457.7 20.2% 211.7 150.9 41.6% 856.9 141.1 14.1% 713.8 144.3 16.8% 26.2 21.4 45.0%
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t01an. 1 Total number of workers expressed in thousands.
4.20a. Part-time work as per cent of all work, by age, B.C., 1976-20071 60%
50%
40% 15-24 years % p/t
25-44 years % p/t 30% 45-64 years % p/t
20% 65 years+ % p/t
10% Part-time work as percentage employment total of
0% 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 167 Table 4.21. Part-time work as per cent of all work, by gender, B.C., 1976-2007
Women Men Full-time Part-time % Part-time Full-time Part-time % Part-time 1976 284,400 110,600 28.0% 617,900 48,100 7.2% 1977 287,200 117,800 29.1% 636,400 47,700 7.0% 1978 310,700 119,800 27.8% 657,800 49,300 7.0% 1979 322,900 135,700 29.6% 680,100 49,800 6.8% 1980 341,200 154,400 31.2% 714,900 55,900 7.3% 1981 366,200 161,200 30.6% 735,100 57,100 7.2% 1982 357,200 161,100 31.1% 673,000 62,100 8.4% 1983 349,700 169,800 32.7% 652,300 73,100 10.1% 1984 362,800 163,900 31.1% 642,700 75,700 10.5% 1985 369,800 172,800 31.8% 656,200 74,600 10.2% 1986 385,100 180,200 31.9% 679,300 82,200 10.8% 1987 406,300 182,400 31.0% 708,000 81,000 10.3% 1988 423,100 194,900 31.5% 737,600 79,100 9.7% 1989 466,700 184,500 28.3% 776,300 80,800 9.4% 1990 497,400 195,800 28.2% 783,900 82,500 9.5% 1991 493,100 214,800 30.3% 777,800 91,700 10.5% 1992 513,200 217,500 29.8% 789,400 97,100 11.0% 1993 522,600 228,800 30.4% 817,800 98,800 10.8% 1994 539,100 253,700 32.0% 841,900 108,600 11.4% 1995 561,900 247,500 30.6% 869,100 107,100 11.0% 1996 563,400 256,800 31.3% 887,400 108,800 10.9% 1997 580,200 272,800 32.0% 893,500 113,900 11.3% 1998 590,200 274,200 31.7% 870,100 123,900 12.5% 1999 606,100 276,800 31.4% 882,500 129,000 12.8% 2000 619,200 280,800 31.2% 914,100 117,200 11.4% 2001 620,900 280,500 31.1% 896,700 123,400 12.1% 2002 624,600 302,800 32.7% 891,800 145,900 14.1% 2003 635,200 313,600 33.1% 929,700 136,100 12.8% 2004 670,700 300,900 31.0% 960,100 131,000 12.0% 2005 693,000 307,000 30.7% 1,000,800 129,700 11.5% 2006 727,800 306,700 29.6% 1,022,300 138,600 11.9% 2007 740,900 314,600 29.8% 1,067,800 143,100 11.8%
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t01an.
4.21a. Part-time work as per cent of all work, by gender, B.C., 1976-2007
35%
30%
25%
20% Women Men 15% of total employment of total 10% Part-time work as percentage 5%
0% 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
168 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World 4.21b. Part-time work as per cent of all work, by gender, 2007
WOMEN MEN
12% 30%
Full-time
Part-time
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t01an.
Table 4.22. Reasons for part-time work, B.C., 1997-2007
Voluntary Involuntary (Business conditions/could not find full-time work)
Other personal Looked for full- Did not look for Caring for or family Going to Personal time work in full-time work Illness children responsibilities school preference Other voluntary last month in last month
1997 2.0% 15.0% 6.3% 22.1% 24.3% 2.3% 9.7% 18.1%
1998 3.0% 13.0% 6.0% 21.4% 26.0% 1.6% 10.3% 17.7%
1999 1.9% 13.8% 5.5% 23.3% 25.1% 1.7% 9.8% 15.7%
2000 2.2% 13.9% 6.0% 23.7% 25.0% 1.5% 8.3% 14.8%
2001 2.2% 12.8% 4.9% 24.4% 24.8% 1.1% 9.2% 13.0%
2002 2.9% 11.5% 4.7% 24.7% 24.2% 1.0% 10.0% 12.9%
2003 2.8% 11.3% 4.5% 23.8% 24.3% 0.8% 11.6% 12.5%
2004 3.5% 12.3% 3.4% 24.6% 25.0% 0.5% 10.9% 10.3%
2005 3.0% 13.9% 3.3% 26.2% 27.2% 0.6% 8.5% 7.6%
2006 3.1% 14.1% 3.6% 27.1% 29.4% 0.6% 6.3% 5.1%
2007 4.0% 14.1% 3.1% 28.1% 30.7% 0.8% 4.7% 4.1%
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t08an.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 169 Table 4.23. Union coverage in B.C., 1946-2007 Workers covered by collective agreements Paid workers1 Union density 1946 108,125 322,000 33.6% 1947 119,258 334,000 35.7% 1948 135,320 338,000 40.0% 1949 142,989 340,000 42.1% 1950 146,259 335,000 43.7% 1951 157,287 342,000 46.0% 1952 170,036 362,000 47.0% 1953 174,894 368,000 47.5% 1954 178,533 370,000 48.3% 1955 186,951 390,000 47.9% 1956 191,952 421,000 45.6% 1957 216,070 439,000 49.2% 1958 233,972 434,000 53.9% 1959 219,279 452,000 48.5% 1960 215,437 448,000 48.1% 1961 221,946 455,000 48.8% 1962 216,685 477,000 45.4% 1963 222,138 501,000 44.3% 1964 226,690 529,000 42.9% 1965 237,864 561,000 42.4% 1966 256,241 597,000 42.9% 1967 273,946 636,000 43.1% 1968 287,502 663,000 43.4% 1969 292,842 714,000 41.0% 1970 310,222 722,000 43.0% 1971 316,587 753,000 42.0% 1972 332,091 794,000 41.8% 1973 350,175 850,000 41.2% 1974 395,846 895,000 44.2% 1975 401,608 914,000 43.9% 1976 426,723 977,000 43.7% 1977 439,730 1,000,900 43.9% 1978 450,802 1,051,000 42.9% 1979 465,980 1,106,000 42.1% 1980 480,680 1,180,000 40.7% 1981 501,001 1,229,000 40.8% 1982 507,965 1,159,000 43.8% 1983 488,239 1,136,000 43.0% 1984 * * * 1985 466,864 1,162,000 40.2% 1986 454,410 1,214,000 37.4% 1987 464,279 1,246,000 37.3% 1988 457,285 1,296,000 35.3% 1989 477,633 1,383,000 34.5% 1990 502,036 1,405,000 35.7% 1991 516,975 1,421,000 36.4% 1992 524,158 1,443,000 36.3% 1993 525,948 1,474,000 35.7% 1994 536,653 1,537,000 34.9% 1995 545,219 1,566,000 34.8% 1996 536,653 1,585,000 33.9% 1997 548,700 1,500,400 36.6% 1998 535,700 1,474,600 36.3% 1999 540,500 1,512,900 35.7% 2000 566,600 1,574,700 36.0% 2001 551,300 1,570,100 35.1% 2002 554,700 1,601,700 34.6% 2003 552,500 1,638,400 33.7% 2004 560,800 1,671,300 33.6% 2005 560,000 1,714,800 32.7% 2006 568,100 1,781,800 31.9% 2007 590,800 1,841,000 32.1%
1 Before 1976, data excludes agricultural workers. * Data unavailable for 1984. Source: B.C. Ministry of Labour, Annual Report (1946-1993); B.C. Labour Directory (1993-2002); Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t42an.
170 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World 4.23a. Union coverage in B.C., 1946-2007
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10% Percentage offworkers coveredby collectiveagreements 0% 1946 1951 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
* Data unavailable for 1984. Source: B.C. Ministry of Labour, Annual Report (1946-1993); B.C. Labour Directory (1993-2002); Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t42an.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 171 Table 4.24. Union coverage, provincial comparison, 1997-2007
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Nfld and Lab. All workers 40.7% 40.0% 39.9% 39.3% 39.9% 39.1% 39.3% 38.8% 37.3% 37.4% 37.7% Public sector 77.8% 79.1% 77.7% 76.3% 77.3% 77.5% 77.1% 76.0% 74.3% 76.4% 75.7% Private sector 21.4% 20.9% 20.7% 20.9% 21.8% 20.6% 21.5% 22.6% 21.3% 20.8% 20.6% P.E.I. All workers 29.1% 29.2% 30.0% 29.8% 30.3% 30.9% 30.3% 32.6% 32.1% 29.6% 30.0% Public sector 73.9% 72.8% 76.5% 79.9% 79.9% 80.9% 77.1% 80.0% 79.7% 76.7% 77.1% Private sector 8.5% 9.3% 9.2% 8.8% 8.9% 9.3% 8.3% 9.7% 10.1% 9.4% 10.0% Nova Scotia All workers 30.2% 30.9% 30.2% 30.5% 29.7% 28.1% 28.5% 28.6% 29.4% 28.3% 29.4% Public sector 66.5% 69.5% 71.4% 71.3% 70.9% 71.5% 70.5% 72.1% 71.9% 68.9% 71.4% Private sector 15.1% 15.3% 15.1% 15.2% 14.8% 13.2% 13.6% 12.4% 13.2% 13.1% 13.6% New Brunswick All workers 29.9% 29.3% 28.0% 29.5% 28.9% 28.2% 27.9% 28.8% 28.2% 28.1% 28.2% Public sector 71.1% 69.6% 68.2% 69.4% 71.0% 71.8% 71.6% 73.7% 71.6% 71.4% 71.2% Private sector 14.5% 14.1% 13.1% 14.1% 12.9% 12.7% 12.1% 12.6% 12.1% 12.4% 12.4% Quebec All workers 41.5% 39.9% 39.6% 40.0% 40.6% 40.6% 41.1% 39.9% 40.2% 40.2% 39.7% Public sector 81.5% 79.9% 80.5% 80.1% 81.3% 81.9% 81.4% 81.9% 81.0% 82.1% 81.5% Private sector 28.3% 27.4% 27.1% 27.6% 27.6% 27.7% 28.3% 26.7% 27.1% 27.0% 26.3% Ontario All workers 29.8% 29.3% 28.1% 28.3% 28.0% 28.1% 28.3% 27.7% 28.8% 28.0% 28.2% Public sector 69.6% 68.8% 69.3% 68.6% 70.1% 70.5% 71.2% 70.7% 71.7% 70.8% 70.6% Private sector 19.2% 19.2% 17.7% 18.1% 17.5% 17.4% 17.7% 16.6% 17.5% 16.6% 16.6% Manitoba All workers 37.6% 35.7% 37.1% 36.6% 37.1% 36.2% 37.3% 37.6% 37.0% 36.9% 37.1% Public sector 77.0% 77.0% 78.6% 77.3% 79.3% 77.4% 79.3% 77.3% 77.7% 78.0% 78.1% Private sector 21.2% 19.7% 20.8% 19.9% 19.9% 19.9% 20.2% 20.6% 19.9% 19.9% 19.7% Saskatchewan All workers 36.0% 36.1% 35.5% 35.3% 36.3% 35.7% 35.3% 35.4% 35.5% 36.0% 34.8% Public sector 76.5% 77.0% 75.7% 75.2% 76.4% 76.5% 77.2% 75.7% 75.2% 76.3% 75.5% Private sector 18.6% 18.8% 17.8% 17.5% 18.3% 18.2% 17.2% 17.6% 17.6% 18.2% 17.1% Alberta All workers 25.8% 25.6% 25.3% 24.0% 25.0% 24.6% 24.1% 23.7% 23.6% 24.6% 23.8% Public sector 69.9% 70.2% 70.1% 68.0% 70.6% 72.3% 70.6% 69.6% 67.5% 68.7% 68.0% Private sector 14.0% 14.2% 13.6% 12.8% 13.5% 12.6% 12.6% 12.4% 12.2% 12.8% 12.3% B.C. All workers 36.6% 36.3% 35.7% 36.0% 35.1% 34.6% 33.7% 33.6% 32.7% 31.9% 32.1% Public sector 79.4% 80.4% 81.5% 80.6% 80.2% 81.3% 79.6% 81.5% 79.1% 77.4% 77.3% Private sector 24.2% 23.4% 22.1% 22.8% 22.2% 21.4% 20.8% 20.1% 19.9% 19.1% 19.5%
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t42an.
4.24a. Union coverage, provincial comparison, 1997-2007
Nfld and Labrador
Pr inc e Edw ar d Is land
Nova Scotia
New Brunsw ick
Quebec 1997 2002 Ontario 2007 Manitoba
Saskatchew an
Alberta
British Columbia
20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%
172 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 4.25. Union coverage by industry and sector, B.C., 1997-2007
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Goods-producing sector 39.1% 35.8% 36.5% 37.8% 35.4% 31.7% 32.6% 31.3% 30.1% 29.2% 29.7% Agriculture 0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%9.5%12.0%7.5%7.8% Forestry, fishing, mining, oil and gas 49.3% 37.7% 48.6% 47.7% 41.0% 35.5% 32.1% 31.0% 31.2% 35.8% 34.4% Utilities 66.7% 63.6% 75.7% 74.8% 68.6% 67.9% 74.3% 79.3% 70.9% 70.9% 64.1% Construction 31.3% 28.1% 25.6% 31.7% 34.1% 26.1% 30.6% 27.1% 24.1% 25.0% 24.4% Manufacturing 41.6% 40.0% 37.9% 38.4% 35.5% 33.6% 33.5% 33.6% 33.1% 31.2% 32.7% Services-producing sector 35.9% 36.5% 35.5% 35.5% 35.0% 35.3% 34.0% 34.1% 33.3% 32.6% 32.7% Trade 16.3% 16.8% 17.1% 16.4% 15.5% 16.0% 17.4% 16.4% 17.3% 14.9% 16.9% Transportation and warehousing 59.4% 63.6% 58.2% 54.4% 53.3% 56.6% 52.3% 54.1% 53.2% 52.7% 53.2% Finance, insurance, real estate and leasing 13.9% 13.6% 14.2% 17.0% 17.1% 13.4% 11.2% 12.9% 14.2% 15.0% 14.5% Professional, scientific & technical services 6.0% 7.5% 5.1% 5.9% 6.0% 4.8% 5.8% 4.2% 6.9% 6.9% 5.8% Business, building & other support services 16.6% 9.4% 11.0% 12.1% 13.2% 15.0% 12.3% 12.8% 17.5% 11.7% 13.7% Educational services 71.3% 73.1% 74.6% 73.1% 73.3% 73.4% 71.7% 72.1% 71.6% 70.1% 69.4% Health care and social assistance 61.9% 63.6% 64.9% 63.0% 65.7% 65.7% 60.6% 62.8% 59.3% 61.7% 60.9% Information, culture and recreation 38.7% 36.2% 30.8% 34.7% 37.6% 33.9% 32.7% 31.3% 26.8% 26.0% 24.4% Accommodation and food services 11.7% 10.8% 10.8% 13.5% 10.4% 12.2% 9.9% 9.3% 9.8% 9.3% 9.1% Other services 12.2% 11.4% 11.0% 10.5% 11.3% 12.0% 11.3% 12.5% 12.4% 10.3% 11.6% Public administration 74.1% 76.4% 75.4% 73.9% 73.3% 74.8% 74.7% 75.6% 75.7% 71.6% 70.4% Public sector 79.4% 80.4% 81.5% 80.6% 80.2% 81.3% 79.6% 81.5% 79.1% 77.4% 77.3% Private sector 24.2% 23.4% 22.1% 22.8% 22.2% 21.4% 20.8% 20.1% 19.9% 19.1% 19.5% Total employees 36.6% 36.3% 35.7% 36.0% 35.1% 34.6% 33.7% 33.6% 32.7% 31.9% 32.1%
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t42an.
4.25a. Union coverage by industry and sector, B.C., 1997-2007
40%
Goods- 35% producing sector Services- producing 30% sector by a collective agreement Percentage workers of all covered
25% 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Public Sector (2007) Private Sector (2007)
19% 23%
Union No union
77% 81%
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 173 Table 4.26. Wages1 by union coverage, provincial comparison (hourly average), 1997-2007
Canada OntarioAlberta British Columbia Union No union Union No union Union No union Union No union coverage coverage coverage coverage coverage coverage coverage coverage 1997 $18.53 $14.09 $19.45 $15.00 $17.56 $13.83 $20.06 $15.10 1998 $18.68 $14.35 $19.43 $15.26 $18.12 $14.13 $20.40 $15.32 1999 $19.05 $14.80 $20.00 $15.83 $18.68 $14.77 $20.67 $15.49 2000 $19.46 $15.32 $20.43 $16.47 $19.06 $15.41 $20.83 $15.85 2001 $19.89 $15.94 $20.76 $17.16 $19.74 $16.26 $21.42 $16.12 2002 $20.51 $16.31 $21.45 $17.40 $20.98 $17.01 $21.92 $16.83 2003 $20.98 $16.65 $21.82 $17.71 $21.36 $17.11 $22.47 $17.27 2004 $21.57 $17.08 $22.74 $18.16 $22.15 $17.42 $22.74 $17.09 2005 $22.15 $17.65 $23.43 $18.69 $22.82 $18.81 $23.04 $17.58 2006 $22.73 $18.33 $24.05 $19.32 $23.83 $20.24 $23.40 $18.28 2007 $23.51 $18.98 $24.85 $19.86 $25.32 $21.49 $23.93 $18.86
1 Average hourly wages for all permanent and temporary employees. Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd3t03an.
4.26a. Wages by union coverage, provincial comparison, 2007 $30.00
$25.00
$20.00 Union coverage $15.00 No union coverage $10.00 Average hourly wage
$5.00
$0.00 Canada Ontario Alberta British Columbia
4.26b. Wages by union coverage, B.C., 1997-2007
$25 $24 $23 $22 $21 Union $20 coverage $19 No union coverage $18 Average hourly wage $17 $16 $15 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
174 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World 5. Education Data
Table 5.01. Educational attainment (ages 15+ population), by province, 2007
Total 15+ 0 - 8 years Some high High school Some post- Post- University Bachelor's Above population of schooling school graduate secondary secondary degree degree bachelor's certificate degree or diploma
Canada 26,553,400 2,027,100 3,871,700 5,237,900 2,159,500 8,100,600 5,156,600 3,589,100 1,567,500 100.0% 7.6% 14.6% 19.7% 8.1% 30.5% 19.4% 13.5% 5.9% Nfld and Labrador 424,300 50,300 78,000 74,000 34,100 138,300 49,600 34,400 15,200 100.0% 11.9% 18.4% 17.4% 8.0% 32.6% 11.7% 8.1% 3.6% Prince Edward Island 113,300 9,200 22,100 21,400 9,200 35,900 15,500 11,000 4,500 100.0% 8.1% 19.5% 18.9% 8.1% 31.7% 13.7% 9.7% 4.0% Nova Scotia 764,300 51,700 141,500 127,700 70,200 250,300 123,000 85,500 37,600 100.0% 6.8% 18.5% 16.7% 9.2% 32.7% 16.1% 11.2% 4.9% New Brunswick 613,200 68,500 96,800 125,600 49,300 187,400 85,600 62,300 23,300 100.0% 11.2% 15.8% 20.5% 8.0% 30.6% 14.0% 10.2% 3.8% Quebec 6,314,500 751,300 850,400 978,600 446,000 2,147,300 1,140,900 808,700 332,200 100.0% 11.9% 13.5% 15.5% 7.1% 34.0% 18.1% 12.8% 5.3% Ontario 10,361,600 692,800 1,440,800 2,146,200 768,400 3,047,700 2,265,800 1,531,000 734,700 100.0% 6.7% 13.9% 20.7% 7.4% 29.4% 21.9% 14.8% 7.1% Manitoba 898,700 67,800 173,200 191,400 93,300 225,900 147,100 108,500 38,600 100.0% 7.5% 19.3% 21.3% 10.4% 25.1% 16.4% 12.1% 4.3% Saskatchewan 751,400 53,200 143,500 166,200 65,000 220,500 103,200 79,300 23,800 100.0% 7.1% 19.1% 22.1% 8.7% 29.3% 13.7% 10.6% 3.2% Alberta 2,740,700 114,100 423,100 600,200 258,700 843,800 500,700 358,400 142,300 100.0% 4.2% 15.4% 21.9% 9.4% 30.8% 18.3% 13.1% 5.2% British Columbia 3,571,400 168,300 502,300 806,600 365,500 1,003,600 725,100 509,900 215,300 100.0% 4.7% 14.1% 22.6% 10.2% 28.1% 20.3% 14.3% 6.0%
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t02an.
5.01a. Educational attainment (ages 15+ population), by province, 2007
35%
30%
25%
20% B.C. Alberta
15% Ontario Canada
10%
Percentage of population 15 years and over and years 15 of population Percentage 5%
0% 0 - 8 years Some high High school Some post- Pos t- Univ ers ity Bachelor's Above of schooling school graduate secondary secondary degree degree bachelor's certif icate or degree diploma
Highest education attained
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 175 Table 5.02. Educational attainment in B.C. (ages 15+ population), 1990-2007
Post- Total pop. secondary Above (age 15 and Some high High school Some post- certificate or University Bachelor's bachelor's over) 0 - 8 years school graduate secondary diploma degree degree degree 1990 2,545,900 217,100 526,200 644,100 283,500 594,800 280,200 194,900 85,300 100.0% 8.5% 20.7% 25.3% 11.1% 23.4% 11.0% 7.7% 3.4% 1991 2,616,200 212,300 521,600 683,100 314,300 606,300 278,700 197,000 81,700 100.0% 8.1% 19.9% 26.1% 12.0% 23.2% 10.7% 7.5% 3.1% 1992 2,690,400 220,100 519,900 700,700 339,400 599,900 310,300 216,700 93,600 100.0% 8.2% 19.3% 26.0% 12.6% 22.3% 11.5% 8.1% 3.5% 1993 2,770,500 198,800 530,300 693,300 329,200 675,300 343,600 238,800 104,700 100.0% 7.2% 19.1% 25.0% 11.9% 24.4% 12.4% 8.6% 3.8% 1994 2,858,900 208,400 535,200 664,300 307,000 757,100 386,800 262,200 124,700 100.0% 7.3% 18.7% 23.2% 10.7% 26.5% 13.5% 9.2% 4.4% 1995 2,944,500 208,300 547,600 689,300 307,600 793,100 398,700 276,200 122,500 100.0% 7.1% 18.6% 23.4% 10.4% 26.9% 13.5% 9.4% 4.2% 1996 3,029,000 199,600 545,000 702,800 333,600 822,300 425,700 303,400 122,300 100.0% 6.6% 18.0% 23.2% 11.0% 27.1% 14.1% 10.0% 4.0% 1997 3,098,700 210,300 556,700 670,700 351,100 878,000 431,900 300,700 131,200 100.0% 6.8% 18.0% 21.6% 11.3% 28.3% 13.9% 9.7% 4.2% 1998 3,139,100 201,000 558,900 693,600 350,000 874,400 461,100 323,700 137,400 100.0% 6.4% 17.8% 22.1% 11.1% 27.9% 14.7% 10.3% 4.4% 1999 3,173,500 196,400 565,600 703,200 339,600 885,600 483,000 330,800 152,200 100.0% 6.2% 17.8% 22.2% 10.7% 27.9% 15.2% 10.4% 4.8% 2000 3,210,600 175,900 553,300 733,200 367,100 870,500 510,500 347,000 163,500 100.0% 5.5% 17.2% 22.8% 11.4% 27.1% 15.9% 10.8% 5.1% 2001 3,255,400 175,500 537,700 722,600 392,100 920,400 507,100 343,400 163,600 100.0% 5.4% 16.5% 22.2% 12.0% 28.3% 15.6% 10.5% 5.0% 2002 3,299,700 184,800 526,100 737,800 395,000 922,300 533,700 355,500 178,200 100.0% 5.6% 15.9% 22.4% 12.0% 28.0% 16.2% 10.8% 5.4% 2003 3,340,500 180,000 503,200 727,000 428,000 918,700 583,600 392,900 190,600 100.0% 5.4% 15.1% 21.8% 12.8% 27.5% 17.5% 11.8% 5.7% 2004 3,389,800 170,800 499,900 748,000 413,800 962,700 594,600 408,400 186,200 100.0% 5.0% 14.7% 22.1% 12.2% 28.4% 17.5% 12.0% 5.5% 2005 3,447,900 169,000 502,700 779,600 393,900 959,600 643,200 447,600 195,600 100.0% 4.9% 14.6% 22.6% 11.4% 27.8% 18.7% 13.0% 5.7% 2006 3,511,000 181,000 508,400 818,800 353,800 961,000 688,000 472,500 215,600 100.0% 5.2% 14.5% 23.3% 10.1% 27.4% 19.6% 13.5% 6.1% 2007 3,571,400 168,300 502,300 806,600 365,500 1,003,600 725,100 509,900 215,300 100.0% 4.7% 14.1% 22.6% 10.2% 28.1% 20.3% 14.3% 6.0%
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t02an.
176 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World 5.02a. Educational attainment in B.C. (ages 15+ population), 1997 and 2007
1997 2007
Above bachelor's Above bachelor's degree 0 - 8 years degree 0 - 8 years 4% 7% 6% 5% Bachelor's degree Some high school 10 % Bachelor's degree 14 % Some high school 14 % 18 %
Post-secondary ` certificate or diploma High school graduate 28% Post-secondary 23% certificate or diploma 28% High school graduate 22%
Some post-secondary Some post-secondary 11% 10 %
5.02b. Percentage of B.C. population (age 15+) without a high-school diploma/ with a university degree, 1990-2007
35%
30%
25%
20% No high school diploma
15% Univ ersity degree 10%
5% Percentage of population years15 Percentage of population over and
0% 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Historical Review (2007), table cd1t02an.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 177 Table 5.03. Educational attainment, by B.C. college region (ages 15+ population), 2001
Degree in Secondary University University medicine, (high) Non- certificate or certificate or dentistry, Total pop. school Trades university diploma diploma veterinary Earned (age 15 graduation certificate or certificate or below Bachelor's above medicine, or Master's doctorate and over) None certificate diploma diploma bachelor degree(s) bachelor optometry degree(s) degree
Camosun 271,135 68,370 63,030 30,540 46,120 8,790 33,815 4,490 2,005 10,830 3,145
100.0% 25.2% 23.2% 11.3% 17.0% 3.2% 12.5% 1.7% 0.7% 4.0% 1.2%
Capilano 188,360 38,630 43,010 19,250 32,625 6,830 30,625 5,440 1,650 8,610 1,690
100.0% 20.5% 22.8% 10.2% 17.3% 3.6% 16.3% 2.9% 0.9% 4.6% 0.9%
Douglas 416,635 112,445 101,825 46,325 70,690 13,865 47,590 7,510 1,660 12,655 2,075
100.0% 27.0% 24.4% 11.1% 17.0% 3.3% 11.4% 1.8% 0.4% 3.0% 0.5%
Rockies 60,845 21,990 12,765 9,770 9,820 1,215 3,740 545 230 685 85
100.0% 36.1% 21.0% 16.1% 16.1% 2.0% 6.1% 0.9% 0.4% 1.1% 0.1%
Fraser Valley 182,185 68,325 42,970 23,160 26,240 5,290 10,070 2,115 600 2,970 460
100.0% 37.5% 23.6% 12.7% 14.4% 2.9% 5.5% 1.2% 0.3% 1.6% 0.3%
Kwantlen 585,170 178,985 145,580 64,940 89,460 19,470 57,630 10,060 2,410 14,510 2,130
100.0% 30.6% 24.9% 11.1% 15.3% 3.3% 9.8% 1.7% 0.4% 2.5% 0.4%
Malaspina 177,670 59,720 38,145 27,160 27,160 5,370 12,785 2,040 805 3,845 640
100.0% 33.6% 21.5% 15.3% 15.3% 3.0% 7.2% 1.1% 0.5% 2.2% 0.4%
New Caledonia 111,995 42,205 27,615 15,880 14,705 2,190 6,165 1,085 320 1,580 245
100.0% 37.7% 24.7% 14.2% 13.1% 2.0% 5.5% 1.0% 0.3% 1.4% 0.2%
Northern Lights 47,270 19,435 10,260 7,565 6,105 840 2,160 305 110 465 30
100.0% 41.1% 21.7% 16.0% 12.9% 1.8% 4.6% 0.6% 0.2% 1.0% 0.1%
North Island 114,475 41,375 26,435 16,490 17,835 2,190 6,765 1,015 455 1,690 235
100.0% 36.1% 23.1% 14.4% 15.6% 1.9% 5.9% 0.9% 0.4% 1.5% 0.2%
Northwest 59,365 22,880 13,840 8,495 7,900 1,030 3,600 495 165 870 70
100.0% 38.5% 23.3% 14.3% 13.3% 1.7% 6.1% 0.8% 0.3% 1.5% 0.1%
Okanagan 276,410 100,100 59,535 40,340 42,855 7,570 16,585 2,815 1,250 4,525 840
100.0% 36.2% 21.5% 14.6% 15.5% 2.7% 6.0% 1.0% 0.5% 1.6% 0.3%
Selkirk 62,390 21,220 13,345 9,995 10,420 1,400 3,860 565 260 1,215 110
100.0% 34.0% 21.4% 16.0% 16.7% 2.2% 6.2% 0.9% 0.4% 1.9% 0.2%
Thompson Rivers 132,140 48,280 30,160 19,990 17,975 4,025 7,865 1,255 505 1,825 270
100.0% 36.5% 22.8% 15.1% 13.6% 3.0% 6.0% 0.9% 0.4% 1.4% 0.2%
Vancouver 474,520 122,835 100,595 33,345 65,075 16,855 87,380 12,245 5,085 24,945 6,160
100.0% 25.9% 21.2% 7.0% 13.7% 3.6% 18.4% 2.6% 1.1% 5.3% 1.3%
B.C. 3,160,570 966,790 729,095 373,240 484,980 96,935 330,630 51,975 17,505 91,215 18,195 100.0% 30.6% 23.1% 11.8% 15.3% 3.1% 10.5% 1.6% 0.6% 2.9% 0.6%
Source: Statistics Canada, 2001 Census, Custom Run J4274 T2.
178 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 5.04. Educational attainment, by B.C. college region (ages 18-29 population), 2001
Degree in Secondary University University medicine, (high) Non- certificate or certificate or dentistry, Total pop. school Trades university diploma diploma veterinary Earned (ages graduation certificate or certificate or below Bachelor's above medicine, or Master's doctorate 18-29) None certificate diploma diploma bachelor degree(s) bachelor optometry degree(s) degree Camosun 48,810 9,675 21,005 3,895 6,070 1,195 6,170 335 60 400 10 100.0% 19.8% 43.0% 8.0% 12.4% 2.4% 12.6% 0.7% 0.1% 0.8% 0.0% Capilano 31,950 4,875 13,835 2,380 4,395 910 4,515 510 55 470 15 100.0% 15.3% 43.3% 7.4% 13.8% 2.8% 14.1% 1.6% 0.2% 1.5% 0.0% Douglas 82,995 13,820 34,540 6,080 12,985 2,755 10,370 1,135 135 1,145 40 100.0% 16.7% 41.6% 7.3% 15.6% 3.3% 12.5% 1.4% 0.2% 1.4% 0.0% Rockies 10,080 2,700 4,135 1,080 1,455 150 490 35 10 30 0 100.0%26.8%41.0%10.7%14.4%1.5%4.9%0.3%0.1%0.3%0.0% Fraser Valley 33,895 8,795 14,370 2,800 4,100 1,235 2,185 250 50 95 15 100.0%25.9%42.4%8.3%12.1%3.6%6.4%0.7%0.1%0.3%0.0% Kwantlen 112,320 22,760 47,635 8,535 15,465 3,805 11,600 1,275 105 1,110 30 100.0% 20.3% 42.4% 7.6% 13.8% 3.4% 10.3% 1.1% 0.1% 1.0% 0.0% Malaspina 24,695 7,085 10,245 2,540 2,400 800 1,340 170 15 90 10 100.0% 28.7% 41.5% 10.3% 9.7% 3.2% 5.4% 0.7% 0.1% 0.4% 0.0% New Caledonia 22,735 6,315 9,755 2,295 2,280 465 1,450 95 20 35 0 100.0%27.8%42.9%10.1%10.0%2.0%6.4%0.4%0.1%0.2%0.0% Northern Lights 10,795 3,610 4,015 1,370 1,115 140 430 45 15 50 0 100.0%33.4%37.2%12.7%10.3%1.3%4.0%0.4%0.1%0.5%0.0% North Island 17,890 5,650 7,275 1,605 2,160 240 865 50 10 30 10 100.0%31.6%40.7%9.0%12.1%1.3%4.8%0.3%0.1%0.2%0.1% Northwest 11,570 3,635 4,815 1,035 1,150 185 705 30 10 15 0 100.0% 31.4% 41.6% 8.9% 9.9% 1.6% 6.1% 0.3% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% Okanagan 39,740 10,000 16,990 3,855 4,690 1,230 2,570 205 60 140 0 100.0%25.2%42.8%9.7%11.8%3.1%6.5%0.5%0.2%0.4%0.0% Selkirk 9,355 2,040 4,160 1,060 1,255 185 560 40 0 50 0 100.0%21.8%44.5%11.3%13.4%2.0%6.0%0.4%0.0%0.5%0.0% Thompson Rivers 23,745 6,085 10,180 2,340 2,280 970 1,655 130 40 60 0 100.0% 25.6% 42.9% 9.9% 9.6% 4.1% 7.0% 0.5% 0.2% 0.3% 0.0% Vancouver 108,025 14,110 37,630 6,480 15,150 3,635 25,430 1,950 585 2,795 260 100.0% 13.1% 34.8% 6.0% 14.0% 3.4% 23.5% 1.8% 0.5% 2.6% 0.2% B.C. 588,605 121,160 240,595 47,355 76,940 17,900 70,325 6,260 1,170 6,515 385 100.0% 20.6% 40.9% 8.0% 13.1% 3.0% 11.9% 1.1% 0.2% 1.1% 0.1%
Source: Statistics Canada, 2001 Census, Custom Run J4274 T2.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 179 5.04a. Percentage of population with more than a high-school education, by B.C. college region and age, 2001
Camosun
Capilano
Douglas
Fraser Valley
Kw antlen
Malaspina
New Caledonia Ages 18-29 North Island
Northern Lights Ages 15+
Northw es t
Okanagan
Roc kies
Selkirk
Thompson Rivers
Vancouver
B.C.
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Percentage of population w ith more than a high school education
Source: Statistics Canada, 2001 Census, Custom Run J4274 T2.
180 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 5.05. Literacy by age cohort, Canada, 2003
Meet minimum standard of prose literacy Below mininum standard Ages 16 to 25 62.2% 37.8% Ages 26 to 35 66.5% 33.5% Ages 36 to 45 58.5% 41.4% Ages 46 to 55 56.3% 43.7% Ages 56 to 65 42.2% 57.8% Ages 66+ 17.9% 82.1%
Source: Human Resources and Social Development Canada, Building on our Competencies: Canadian Results of the International Adult Literacy and Skills Survey 2003 (Ottawa: Minister of Industry, 2005), table 2.5.
5.05a. Literacy by age cohort, Canada, 2003
70%
60%
50%
40% Meet minimum standard of 30% prose literacy
Percentage ofpopulation 20%
10%
0% Ages 16 to 25 Ages 26 to 35 Age 36 to 45 Ages 46 to 55 Ages 56 to 65 Ages 66+
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 181 Table 5.06. Literacy, provincial comparison, 2003
Ages 16 and over Ages 16-25
Meet minimum Meet minimum standard of prose Below mininum standard of prose Below mininum literacy standard literacy standard
Newfoundland and Labrador 45.2% 54.8% 57.5% 42.5% Prince Edward Island 50.6% 49.5% 53.7% 46.3% Nova Scotia 55.2% 44.8% 61.5% 38.5% New Brunswick 44.0% 56.0% 62.4% 37.6% Quebec 45.4% 54.6% 63.9% 36.1% Ontario 52.0% 48.0% 61.0% 39.0% Manitoba 53.7% 46.3% 60.8% 39.2% Saskatchewan 59.9% 40.1% 63.1% 36.9% Alberta 60.6% 39.5% 64.4% 35.7% British Columbia 60.1% 40.0% 62.7% 37.3% Yukon 66.6% 33.4% 64.8% 35.2% NWT 54.9% 45.1% 51.3% 48.6% Nunavut 27.0% 73.0% 17.2%* 82.8% Canada 52.4% 47.7% 62.2% 37.8%
Source: HRDC, International Adult Literacy and Skills Survey (2003), table 1.2 and 2.5. * Excludes data from highest-scoring literacy level due to confidentiality requirements of the Statistics Act.
5.06a. Literacy, provincial comparison, 2003
100%
90%
80%
70%
60% Ages 16 and over 50% Ages 16-25 40%
30%
20%
10% % standardofpop thatmeets minimum of proseliteracy
0%
d E C N T fl P K NS NB Q O MB SK AB BC Y NT* N NW Canada
182 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World
Table 5.07. Civic engagement by literacy level, provincial comparison (ages 16+ pop), 2003
Below minimum standard of prose literacy Meet minimum standard of prose literacy Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4/5 Newfoundland and Labrador Not engaged 60.3% 41.4% 26.9% 17.8% Engaged 39.7% 58.6% 73.1% 82.2% Prince Edward Island Not engaged 45.8% 28.9% 19.1% 10.1% Engaged 54.2% 71.1% 89.9% 89.9% Nova Scotia Not engaged 45.5% 33.7% 22.3% 16.5% Engaged 54.4% 66.3% 77.7% 83.5% New Brunswick Not engaged 50.0% 33.2% 21.5% 12.3% Engaged 50.0% 66.8% 78.5% 87.7% Quebec Not engaged 52.9% 41.1% 35.4% 31.3% Engaged 47.1% 58.9% 64.6% 68.7% Ontario Not engaged 49.6% 35.2% 24.6% 21.7% Engaged 50.4% 64.8% 75.4% 78.3% Manitoba Not engaged 43.2% 31.8% 20.6% 14.3% Engaged 56.8% 68.2% 79.4% 85.7% Saskatchewan Not engaged 45.2% 23.3% 14.5% 15.9% Engaged 54.8% 76.7% 85.5% 84.1% Alberta Not engaged 42.7% 32.9% 22.6% 12.1% Engaged 57.3% 67.1% 77.4% 87.9% British Columbia Not engaged 47.3% 29.6% 19.9% 16.8% Engaged 52.7% 70.4% 80.1% 83.2% Yukon Not engaged 40.3% 21.4% 19.3% 9.2% Engaged 59.7% 78.6% 80.7% 90.8% Northwest Territories Not engaged 46.6% 36.1% 18.3% 11.9% Engaged 53.4% 63.9% 81.7% 88.1% Nunavut Not engaged 49.7% 36.6% 30.8% 20.5% Engaged 50.3% 63.4% 69.2% 79.5% Canada Not engaged 49.6% 45.6% 25.5% 20.5% Engaged 50.4% 64.4% 74.5% 79.5%
Sources: HRDC, International Adult Literacy and Skills Survey (2003), table 5.2.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 183 Table 5.08. Early childhood education/care, regulated spaces by province, 1992-2004
1992 1995 1998 2001 2004
% ages % ages % ages % ages % ages Spaces 0-121 pop. Spaces 0-121 pop. Spaces 0-121 pop. Spaces 0-121 pop. Spaces 0-121 pop.
Newfoundland & Labrador 3,568 3.3% 4,202 4.3% 4,275 5.0% 4,226 5.5% 4,921 6.8%
Prince Edward Island2 4,123 16.2% 3,888 15.5% 3,717 15.4% 4,270 14.0% 4,100 18.9%
Nova Scotia 10,826 6.8% 10,645 6.8% 11,163 7.3% 11,464 8.1% 12,759 9.6%
New Brunswick 7,162 5.5% 7,952 6.3% 9,204 7.7% 11,086 21.1% 11,897 11.0%
Quebec3 78,388 6.8% 111,452 9.4% 175,002 14.9% 234,905 8.9% 321,732 29.9%
Ontario4 145,545 8.1% 147,853 7.7% 167,090 8.5% 173,135 8.9% 206,743 10.7%
Manitoba 18,977 9.1% 18,846 9.5% 20,490 10.5% 23,022 12.4% 25,634 14.3%
Saskatchewan 6,418 3.1% 7,266 3.8% 7,124 3.9% 7,166 4.2% 7,910 4.9%
Alberta5 51,656 9.7% 51,088 9.6% 47,033 8.8% 47,693 9.1% 47,959 9.3%
British Columbia 42,927 7.4% 59,794 9.6% 68,978 10.8% 72,949 12.1% 80,230 13.7% Canada 371,573 7.5% 425,332 8.4% 516,734 10.0% 593,430 12.1% 745,254 15.5%
1 Based on annual estimates of ages 0-12 population 2 P.E.I. introduced publicly-funded kindergarten in 2000, delivered through community childcare centres 3 Includes school-age spaces provided by the Ministry of Education 4 Inconsistent reporting in some years introduces a degree of uncertainly 5 Excludes school-age spaces, which were unregulated until 2004. National total includes these spaces (65,726) Source: Martha Friendly and Jane Beach, Early Childhood Education and Care in Canada 2004 (May 2005)
5.08a. Early childhood education/care, regulated spaces by province, 1992, 1998 and 2004
New foundland & Lab.
Prince Edw ard Island
Nova Scotia
New Brunsw ick
Quebec
Ontario 1992 1998 Manitoba 2004 Saskatchew an
Alberta
British Columbia
Canada
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% Registered childcare spaces as a percentage of age 0-12 population
184 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 5.09. Regulated childcare spaces in B.C., 2002/2003
Full-time Part-time Full and part-time
Group child care (under 3 years) 4,511
Group child care (over 30 months) 14,847
Preschool (nursery school) 17,728
Out-of-school 23,089
Child minding 1,972
Occassional child care/other 391
Special needs 320
Other (Registered License-Not-Required)1 1,600
Number of regulated spaces that are subsidized2 1,100
Total centre-based spaces 62,858
Regulated family child care 17,372 Total regulated spaces 80,230
1 Not licensed or regulated by province, but subject to Child Care Resource and Referral Program standards 2 Estimate. Data on provincial subsidies do not distinguish between regulated and non-regulated spaces.
Source: Friendly and Beach, Early Childhood Education and Care in Canada 2004 (2005)
5.09a. Regulated child-care spaces in B.C., 2002/2003
22% Centre-based spaces
Regulated family 78% child care
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 185 Table 5.10. K-12 enrolment (FTEs), 1991/1992-2006/2007
Independent Schools as Public Schools Independent Schools Total % of total enrolment 1991/1992 550,303 42,642 592,945 7.19% 1992/1993 571,229 45,881 617,110 7.43% 1993/1994 588,033 49,221 637,254 7.72% 1994/1995 603,776 52,135 655,911 7.95% 1995/1996 609,260 54,058 663,318 8.15% 1996/1997 622,702 55,750 678,452 8.22% 1997/1998 638,941 58,448 697,389 8.38% 1998/1999 636,075 59,574 695,649 8.56% 1999/2000 635,094 59,435 694,529 8.56% 2000/2001 632,049 59,698 691,747 8.63% 2001/2002 629,619 59,921 689,540 8.69% 2002/2003 620,672 62,551 683,223 9.16% 2003/2004 614,670 63,313 677,983 9.34% 2004/2005 606,392 64,833 671,225 9.66% 2005/2006 599,505 66,137 665,642 9.94% 2006/2007 587,920 67,945 655,865 10.36%
Source: B.C. Ministry of Education, Number of Students, prepared October 2007
5.10a. Public School enrolment (FTEs), 1991/1992-2006/2007
660,000
640,000
620,000 ) 600,000
580,000
560,000 Students (FTEs 540,000
520,000
500,000 1991/1992 1996/1997 2001/2002 2006/2007
5.10b. Independent School enrolment (FTEs), 1991/1992-2006/2007 70,000
65,000
) 60,000
55,000
50,000 Students (FTEs
45,000
40,000 1991/1992 1996/1997 2001/2002 2006/2007
186 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 5.11. K-12 enrolment projections (public schools), 2007/08-2015/16
2007/08 2008/0 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16
FTEs 570,318 564,279 558,744 554,010 550,226 547,216 545,244 544,747 545,682
Source: B.C. Ministry of Education, 2006/07 Summary of Key Information (2007), p 2, based on analysis done in 2005/06 by Resource Management Department. Note: projections are confined to public schools, excluding independent schools.
5.11a. K-12 enrolment projections (public schools), 2007/08-2015/16
575,000
570,000
565,000
560,000 )
555,000
550,000 Students (FTEs 545,000
540,000
535,000
530,000 2007/08 2009/10 2011/12 2013/14 2015/16
Source: B.C. Ministry of Education, 2006/07 Summary of Key Information (2007), p 2, based on analysis done in 2005/06 by Resource Management Department. Note: projections are confined to public schools, excluding independent schools.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 187 Table 5.12. Dogwood graduates, by B.C. college region, 1991/92-2006/07
1991/92 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Camosun 2,316 2,350 2,287 2,413 2,500 2,537 2,732 2,803 2,923 3,013 3,086 3,300 2,941 3,113 3,175 2,987
% change .. 1.4% -2.8% 5.2% 3.5% 1.5% 7.1% 2.5% 4.1% 3.0% 2.4% 6.5% -12.2% 5.5% 2.0% -6.3%
Capilano 1,749 1,913 1,853 1,900 2,048 2,122 2,328 2,407 2,557 2,592 2,612 2,707 2,736 2,799 2,774 2,784
% change .. 8.6% -3.2% 2.5% 7.2% 3.5% 8.8% 3.3% 5.9% 1.4% 0.8% 3.5% 1.1% 2.3% -0.9% 0.4%
Douglas 3,386 3,467 3,458 3,815 4,122 4,204 4,686 4,982 5,233 5,367 5,850 5,919 5,752 6,017 6,233 6,041
% change .. 2.3% -0.3% 9.4% 7.4% 2.0% 10.3% 5.9% 4.8% 2.5% 8.3% 1.2% -2.9% 4.4% 3.5% -3.2%
Rockies 757 706 737 804 808 844 856 937 919 954 977 981 951 900 857 810
% change .. -7.2% 4.2% 8.3% 0.5% 4.3% 1.4% 8.6% -2.0% 3.7% 2.4% 0.4% -3.2% -5.7% -5.0% -5.8%
Fraser Valley 1,684 1,736 1,737 1,854 1,966 2,118 2,222 2,477 2,606 2,751 2,817 2,911 2,830 2,942 3,038 2,850
% change .. 3.0% 0.1% 6.3% 5.7% 7.2% 4.7% 10.3% 5.0% 5.3% 2.3% 3.2% -2.9% 3.8% 3.2% -6.6%
Kwantlen 5,358 5,735 5,960 6,237 6,724 7,068 7,637 8,032 8,323 8,494 8,796 9,047 8,821 9,269 9,571 9,041
% change .. 6.6% 3.8% 4.4% 7.2% 4.9% 7.5% 4.9% 3.5% 2.0% 3.4% 2.8% -2.6% 4.8% 3.2% -5.9%
Malaspina 1,796 1,706 1,756 1,884 1,951 2,114 2,123 2,168 2,426 2,415 2,557 2,513 2,396 2,553 2,549 2,465
% change .. -5.3% 2.8% 6.8% 3.4% 7.7% 0.4% 2.1% 10.6% -0.5% 5.6% -1.8% -4.9% 6.1% -0.2% -3.4%
New Caledonia 1,334 1,377 1,446 1,438 1,468 1,564 1,555 1,697 1,715 1,711 1,739 1,653 1,495 1,514 1,431 1,513
% change .. 3.1% 4.8% -0.6% 2.0% 6.1% -0.6% 8.4% 1.0% -0.2% 1.6% -5.2% -10.6% 1.3% -5.8% 5.4%
Northern Lights 503 508 494 513 590 583 624 654 762 673 625 709 662 676 696 622
% change .. 1.0% -2.8% 3.7% 13.1% -1.2% 6.6% 4.6% 14.2% -13.2% -7.7% 11.8% -7.1% 2.1% 2.9% -11.9%
North Island 1,180 1,223 1,154 1,167 1,282 1,312 1,552 1,576 1,623 1,677 1,689 1,642 1,566 1,571 1,539 1,459
% change .. 3.5% -6.0% 1.1% 9.0% 2.3% 15.5% 1.5% 2.9% 3.2% 0.7% -2.9% -4.9% 0.3% -2.1% -5.5%
Northwest 744 757 801 821 875 884 916 902 928 969 919 993 900 886 900 801
% change .. 1.7% 5.5% 2.4% 6.2% 1.0% 3.5% -1.6% 2.8% 4.2% -5.4% 7.5% -10.3% -1.6% 1.6% -12.4%
Okanagan 2,355 2,432 2,637 2,737 2,896 2,938 3,299 3,316 3,590 3,692 3,817 3,985 3,686 3,632 4,055 3,857
% change .. 3.2% 7.8% 3.7% 5.5% 1.4% 10.9% 0.5% 7.6% 2.8% 3.3% 4.2% -8.1% -1.5% 10.4% -5.1%
Selkirk 664 702 682 770 812 902 935 954 974 1,021 1,050 944 927 881 865 776
% change .. 5.4% -2.9% 11.4% 5.2% 10.0% 3.5% 2.0% 2.1% 4.6% 2.8% -11.2% -1.8% -5.2% -1.8% -11.5%
Thompson Rivers 1,419 1,494 1,442 1,547 1,612 1,750 1,823 1,842 1,924 1,992 1,908 1,857 1,741 1,813 1,788 1,715
% change .. 5.0% -3.6% 6.8% 4.0% 7.9% 4.0% 1.0% 4.3% 3.4% -4.4% -2.7% -6.7% 4.0% -1.4% -4.3%
Vancouver 3,854 3,899 3,969 4,328 4,579 4,541 4,857 4,840 4,953 5,025 4,956 5,261 5,047 5,443 5,770 5,509
% change .. 1.2% 1.8% 8.3% 5.5% -0.8% 6.5% -0.4% 2.3% 1.4% -1.4% 5.8% -4.2% 7.3% 5.7% -4.7% B.C. 29,099 30,005 30,413 32,229 34,234 35,482 38,146 39,588 41,457 42,346 43,398 44,422 42,450 44,009 45,241 43,229
Source: Ministry of Education, Graduates Summary, prepared Nov. 2007. Prepared by Advanced Education Information and Data Management Branch, Nov. 2007.
188 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World 5.12a. Dogwood graduates, by B.C. college region, 1991/92-2006/07
Camos un
Capilano
Douglas
Fraser Valley
Kw antlen
Malas pina
New Caledonia 1991/92 1996/97 North Island 2001/02 Northern Lights 2006/07
Northw est
Okanagan
Rockies
Selkirk
Thompson Rivers
Vancouver
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 Number of graduates in each academic year
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 189 Table 5.13. Dogwood completion rate1, by college region & school district, 1997/98-2005/06
1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 Camosun 68.8% 71.9% 71.9% 69.0% 72.5% 75.2% 76.2% 71.8% 73.9% 061 Greater Victoria 66.8% 68.5% 68.7% 70.3% 73.6% 73.3% 74.7% 76.5% 75.2% 062 Sooke 61.2% 64.3% 65.9% 66.3% 63.9% 71.5% 69.5% 67.1% 71.2% 063 Saanich 73.2% 74.8% 76.9% 76.5% 80.1% 83.4% 79.8% 73.0% 73.0% 064 Gulf Islands 74.1% 80.2% 76.0% 62.6% 72.5% 72.7% 80.7% 70.6% 76.3% Capilano 76.3% 77.5% 74.9% 78.7% 79.0% 80.4% 81.4% 83.2% 82.0% 044 North Vancouver 79.9% 81.9% 80.5% 79.5% 80.6% 80.5% 80.6% 82.5% 84.3% 045 West Vancouver 91.4% 89.0% 89.4% 85.7% 85.9% 90.8% 89.7% 91.8% 90.6% 046 Sunshine Coast 64.1% 65.6% 60.3% 76.6% 74.7% 75.6% 75.9% 79.9% 73.3% 048 Howe Sound 70.0% 73.6% 69.5% 73.1% 75.0% 74.6% 79.4% 78.6% 80.0% Douglas 69.5% 73.0% 72.4% 73.2% 75.4% 79.1% 81.1% 83.3% 81.7% 040 New Westminster 54.7% 57.7% 57.7% 57.9% 62.7% 67.4% 71.5% 80.2% 75.7% 041 Burnaby 75.2% 77.3% 78.4% 79.6% 80.2% 84.5% 84.5% 85.8% 86.1% 042 Maple Ridge-Pitt Meadows 70.5% 75.5% 73.9% 75.8% 78.5% 78.8% 81.0% 78.6% 76.2% 043 Coquitlam 77.8% 81.4% 79.6% 79.7% 80.3% 85.5% 87.5% 88.4% 88.7% Rockies (2) 74.9% 78.2% 79.4% 79.5% 81.9% 83.3% 86.8% 85.9% 86.0% 005 Southeast Kootenay 75.8% 84.4% 84.9% 85.1% 82.8% 83.7% 89.2% 87.1% 87.6% 006 Rocky Mountain 74.1% 72.0% 73.9% 73.9% 81.0% 82.8% 84.4% 84.8% 84.4% Fraser Valley 66.6% 69.8% 67.9% 72.4% 74.3% 75.3% 77.4% 72.8% 74.5% 033 Chilliwack 67.0% 72.8% 66.3% 71.9% 74.4% 75.3% 73.5% 70.8% 71.2% 034 Abbotsford 72.6% 76.3% 78.7% 78.0% 79.2% 79.4% 85.0% 75.8% 77.4% 075 Mission 63.3% 61.3% 65.6% 67.9% 67.8% 72.2% 75.0% 74.8% 78.2% 078 Fraser-Cascade 63.5% 69.0% 60.8% 71.8% 75.6% 74.3% 76.2% 69.9% 71.4% Kwantlen 76.2% 79.9% 79.3% 80.8% 81.6% 83.4% 85.0% 85.8% 87.0% 035 Langley 67.7% 74.7% 71.6% 72.7% 77.1% 77.8% 78.2% 78.9% 80.0% 036 Surrey 73.0% 76.9% 76.4% 77.9% 77.0% 80.5% 82.6% 83.6% 83.8% 037 Delta 83.5% 86.3% 85.4% 85.2% 84.4% 86.8% 86.4% 86.3% 91.1% 038 Richmond 80.4% 81.5% 83.8% 87.2% 88.0% 88.5% 92.6% 94.3% 93.1% Malaspina 69.3% 66.8% 66.7% 71.0% 69.8% 73.8% 75.1% 75.7% 74.5% 047 Powell River 72.7% 67.1% 66.6% 73.5% 66.7% 73.4% 77.0% 77.2% 74.0% 068 Nanaimo-Ladysmith 67.6% 67.5% 70.7% 72.8% 75.7% 80.1% 77.3% 79.0% 77.1% 069 Qualicum 65.9% 64.2% 63.4% 70.7% 68.4% 71.6% 74.9% 76.3% 76.2% 079 Cowichan Valley 71.0% 68.5% 66.0% 67.0% 68.4% 70.1% 71.2% 70.3% 70.8% New Caledonia 59.5% 62.4% 63.2% 67.5% 67.7% 69.9% 69.6% 69.2% 69.2% 028 Quesnel 59.8% 63.6% 62.6% 69.0% 69.2% 70.9% 69.8% 71.5% 72.6% 057 Prince George 66.0% 63.9% 67.3% 68.4% 68.0% 69.6% 68.2% 72.4% 67.6% 091 Nechako Lakes 52.7% 59.8% 59.8% 65.0% 65.9% 69.2% 70.9% 63.7% 67.5% Northern Lights 49.3% 57.3% 56.4% 61.3% 61.4% 59.3% 61.5% 73.5% 72.5% 059 Peace River South 68.2% 68.5% 69.0% 72.2% 72.2% 64.9% 67.0% 75.3% 74.5% 060 Peace River North 67.5% 68.1% 71.6% 77.1% 73.7% 77.9% 83.5% 82.9% 79.5% 081 Fort Nelson 40.0% 68.8% 54.9% 71.0% 66.0% 68.0% 52.3% 75.2% 60.8% 087 Stikine 21.4% 23.8% 30.2% 24.8% 34.0% 26.6% 43.2% 60.5% 75.4% North Island 63.1% 69.2% 68.6% 66.1% 71.2% 70.2% 68.9% 69.8% 73.3% 049 Central Coast 65.0% 73.1% 54.0% 67.9% 78.2% 63.7% 53.7% 71.0% 68.6% 070 Alberni 49.6% 60.5% 64.0% 60.9% 58.4% 67.0% 67.1% 63.8% 67.1% 071 Comox Valley 71.1% 76.9% 81.0% 81.0% 83.5% 77.2% 75.7% 73.0% 77.1% 072 Campbell River 68.2% 72.5% 74.7% 77.1% 75.5% 76.9% 79.7% 79.3% 77.3% 084 Vancouver Island West 63.7% 65.8% 75.4% 44.9% 59.6% 64.2% 61.8% 59.2% 73.3% 085 Vancouver Island North 61.0% 66.2% 62.8% 64.8% 71.8% 72.5% 75.5% 72.5% 76.5% Northwest 66.0% 70.3% 73.5% 66.9% 72.6% 72.7% 73.2% 71.0% 76.1% 050 Haida Gwaii/Qn. Charlotte 42.8% 56.5% 72.2% 62.3% 59.9% 64.5% 59.2% 61.9% 59.7% 052 Prince Rupert 57.6% 55.7% 57.1% 64.1% 70.2% 64.2% 73.3% 76.9% 66.7% 054 Bulkley Valley 66.1% 73.6% 70.2% 71.7% 72.8% 74.1% 76.7% 77.1% 79.4% 082 Coast Mountains 66.6% 73.5% 68.3% 71.3% 69.1% 74.8% 73.2% 76.5% 74.1% 092 Nisga'a 63.2% 76.3% 55.1% 44.8% 42.6% 65.3% 53.4% 63.5% 55.8% Okanagan (3) 70.2% 73.9% 74.2% 76.8% 80.6% 82.4% 80.5% 82.9% 80.8% 019 Revelstoke 63.0% 72.3% 72.4% 78.1% 89.7% 91.7% 83.5% 87.1% 77.4% 022 Vernon 73.6% 76.3% 77.7% 82.9% 81.0% 85.3% 82.6% 85.3% 81.8% 023 Central Okanagan 69.4% 72.2% 73.9% 75.3% 75.2% 76.9% 78.1% 77.6% 79.2% 053 Okanagan Similkameen 73.3% 71.7% 73.0% 69.2% 79.8% 71.5% 74.3% 82.2% 77.2% 067 Okanagan Skaha 67.9% 71.0% 71.4% 75.7% 80.0% 85.4% 83.2% 84.0% 85.5% 083 North Okanagan-Shuswap 74.1% 79.7% 76.6% 79.9% 78.1% 83.4% 81.0% 81.5% 83.7% Selkirk 72.8% 78.8% 76.0% 78.6% 81.6% 83.5% 82.6% 82.5% 85.3% 008 Kootenay Lake 74.4% 77.9% 77.6% 79.1% 82.0% 86.2% 84.7% 83.0% 84.2% 010 Arrow Lakes 67.5% 82.6% 73.9% 72.4% 81.8% 74.7% 79.9% 74.6% 90.0% 020 Kootenay-Columbia 77.7% 79.6% 79.5% 82.0% 84.2% 87.9% 88.8% 87.7% 86.5% 051 Boundary 71.4% 75.0% 72.8% 80.8% 78.5% 85.3% 77.1% 84.6% 80.4% Thompson Rivers 63.6% 68.0% 68.5% 67.3% 66.9% 67.6% 66.7% 68.1% 66.5% 027 Cariboo-Chilcotin 59.2% 61.5% 63.8% 64.8% 64.5% 66.1% 67.3% 70.5% 68.0% 058 Nicola-Similkameen 66.8% 70.3% 69.8% 70.2% 67.4% 63.0% 67.2% 63.3% 56.1% 073 Kamloops/Thompson 70.9% 74.2% 72.0% 75.5% 78.0% 79.2% 77.4% 77.0% 81.1% 074 Gold Trail 57.6% 65.8% 68.3% 58.7% 57.8% 62.3% 55.0% 61.5% 60.9% Vancouver 76.7% 78.5% 77.9% 77.5% 77.6% 79.9% 81.1% 80.8% 83.5% 039 Vancouver 76.7% 78.5% 77.9% 77.5% 77.6% 79.9% 81.1% 80.8% 83.5% British Columbia 68.2% 71.6% 71.3% 72.4% 74.2% 75.8% 76.3% 77.1% 77.8%
1 Calculated by cohort at the school district level, based on the percentage of Grade 8 students who graduated within six years. 2 Excludes Crawford Bay Elementary-Secondary (School District 8 - Kootenay Lake), which is included in the Selkirk college region total. 3 Excludes Princeton Secondary (School District 58 - Nicola-Similkameen), which is included in the Thompson Rivers college region total. Source: Ministry of Education, Completion Rate by School District, provided Nov. 2007.
190 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World 5.13a. Dogwood completion rate1, by college region & school district, 1997/98, 2001/02 and 2005/06
Camos un
Capilano
Douglas
Fraser Valley
Kw antlen
Malaspina
New Caledonia
North Is land 1997/98 2001/02 Northern Lights 2005/06
Northw est
Okanagan (3)
Rockies (2)
Selkirk
Thompson Rivers
Vancouver
British Columbia
45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70% 75% 80% 85% 90%
1 Calculated by cohort at the school district level, based on the percentage of Grade 8 students who graduated within six years. 2 Excludes Crawford Bay Elementary-Secondary (School District 8 - Kootenay Lake), which is included in the Selkirk college region total. 3 Excludes Princeton Secondary (School District 58 - Nicola-Similkameen), which is included in the Thompson Rivers college region total. Source: Ministry of Education, Completion Rate by School District, provided Nov. 2007.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 191 Table 5.14. Employment in education sector, B.C. and Canada, 1984-2007
British Columbia Canada
Local school Local school Public sector total Post-secondary boards Public sector total Post-secondary boards
1984 279,004 21,107 46,472 2,760,719 220,895 444,208
1985 280,211 21,273 45,471 2,796,653 225,804 447,577
1986 289,143 22,142 46,268 2,840,855 230,892 456,075
1987 291,684 23,538 48,024 2,878,159 251,713 466,023
1988 300,317 26,156 51,669 2,944,504 259,329 483,479
1989 302,371 29,159 54,591 2,967,256 263,282 501,324
1990 319,242 32,518 58,325 3,027,335 271,903 513,664
1991 326,997 34,902 58,612 3,056,779 276,827 525,512
1992 334,857 35,859 62,034 3,063,235 281,619 533,609
1993 338,506 36,387 65,307 3,037,477 281,720 541,085
1994 339,647 35,741 65,781 3,002,690 276,153 543,029
1995 346,477 37,432 69,186 2,957,835 274,801 540,935
1996 352,601 41,778 75,443 2,851,331 272,623 548,205
1997 348,078 41,660 75,464 2,789,402 270,740 540,999
1998 348,697 42,461 75,210 2,778,970 270,238 546,481
1999 350,328 43,595 75,731 2,769,871 269,145 543,340
2000 354,675 46,681 76,196 2,786,728 273,136 540,815
2001 351,395 40,073 76,210 2,896,703 297,088 587,933
2002 352,374 41,623 75,226 2,953,012 309,735 603,581
2003 357,050 41,371 73,430 3,024,091 320,542 604,290
2004 355,180 43,805 73,076 3,038,693 328,985 612,162
2005 358,284 45,062 73,147 3,082,690 334,720 621,703
2006 370,310 46,376 76,207 3,142,270 340,289 635,806
20071 384,744 48,029 84,628 3,223,640 348,658 697,297
1 Data current to June 2007. Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM, table 183-0002; prepared by BC Stats, Nov. 2007.
192 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World 5.14a. Employment in B.C. school boards, 1984-2007
90,000
80,000
70,000
Employees 60,000
50,000
40,000 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004
Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM, table 183-0002; prepared by BC Stats, Nov. 2007.
5.14b. Employment in B.C. post-secondary institutions, 1984-2007
50,000
45,000
40,000
35,000 Employees 30,000
25,000
20,000 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004
Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM, table 183-0002; prepared by BC Stats, Nov. 2007.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 193 Table 5.15. Transition rate of secondary school graduates to post-secondary, by B.C. college region of high school
2001/02 Grads 2002/03 Grads 2003/04 Grads 2004/05 Grads Immediately after College Region Within 4yrs Within 3 yrs Within 2 yrs graduation Vancouver 81% 81% 75% 66% Douglas 76% 76% 68% 69% Capilano 74% 64% 64% 53% Kwantlen 73% 70% 65% 56% Selkirk 71% 76% 71% 62% Thompson Rivers 68% 64% 59% 47% Northwest 68% 69% 63% 57% North Island 68% 64% 60% 44% Camosun 67% 63% 57% 45% Malaspina 67% 65% 60% 49% New Caledonia 67% 64% 60% 50% Fraser Valley 63% 60% 54% 47% Northern Lights 62% 62% 55% 45% Rockies 58% 52% 53% 46% Okanagan 55% 53% 47% 37% B.C. Average 70% 68% 62% 53%
Source: B.C. Ministry of Education and Ministry of Advanced Education, “Student Transitions Project: Report prepared in response to Research Question 3,” (Oct. 2007).
5.15a. Transition rates of 2001/02 graduates within 4 years of graduation
Vancouver Douglas Capilano Kw antlen Selkirk Thompson Rivers Northw est North Island
Camosun Malaspina New Caledonia Fraser Valley Northern Lights East Kootenay Okanagan B.C. Average
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% Transition rate from secondary to post-secondary
194 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 5.16. Total registered apprentices, B.C., Canada and selected provinces, 1991-2005
Canada Ontario Alberta British Columbia Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 1991 192,945 184,705 8,245 62,510 59,480 3,030 29,075 26,440 2,635 19,195 18,070 1,130 1992 180,965 172,740 8,225 60,780 57,555 3,220 27,675 25,295 2,380 19,275 18,175 1,105 1993 168,985 160,020 8,965 57,665 53,650 4,015 27,585 25,140 2,440 19,165 18,100 1,060 1994 163,750 153,275 10,480 59,635 54,345 5,285 28,555 25,900 2,660 19,770 18,690 1,080 1995 163,370 151,945 11,425 61,870 55,685 6,180 29,335 26,585 2,750 19,195 18,220 975 1996 165,325 152,840 12,480 63,150 56,595 6,550 30,935 27,855 3,075 20,090 18,895 1,195 1997 171,180 157,875 13,305 63,985 57,270 6,715 34,215 31,025 3,185 20,245 19,050 1,190 1998 175,960 161,595 14,365 62,760 55,280 7,480 37,620 34,415 3,210 20,275 19,045 1,225 1999 186,385 170,710 15,675 64,995 57,070 7,925 40,025 36,670 3,350 20,645 19,270 1,375 2000 199,075 181,610 17,465 66,675 58,070 8,605 43,430 39,875 3,555 21,300 19,785 1,515 2001 215,245 195,220 20,030 71,525 61,555 9,970 47,405 43,395 4,010 22,115 20,615 1,500 2002 231,415 209,650 21,760 75,410 64,550 10,860 52,125 47,580 4,540 21,730 20,440 1,290 2003 250,795 226,515 24,280 85,420 72,455 12,970 54,115 49,165 4,950 21,950 20,920 1,030 2004 267,775 241,995 25,775 92,895 78,075 14,820 54,170 49,160 5,010 25,720 24,700 1,020 2005 293,835 265,080 28,755 102,190 85,430 16,760 60,955 55,370 5,585 30,995 29,495 1,500
Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM table 477-0051.
5.16a. Total registered apprentices, B.C. and selected provinces, 1991-2005
120,000
100,000
80,000
Ontario 60,000 Alberta B.C.
40,000
20,000
0 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005
Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM table 477-0051.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 195 Table 5.17. Apprenticeship completions, B.C., Canada and selected provinces, 1991-2005
Canada Ontario Alberta British Columbia Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 1991 19,725 18,495 1,230 7,275 7,035 245 3,865 3,200 665 2,660 2,485 175 1992 18,720 17,690 1,030 6,480 6,225 255 3,800 3,345 455 3,120 2,965 155 1993 18,410 17,340 1,070 6,060 5,810 255 4,430 3,940 490 3,265 3,105 165 1994 16,800 15,315 1,490 5,815 5,205 605 4,445 3,850 595 2,920 2,775 145 1995 17,075 15,235 1,840 6,445 5,425 1,015 4,230 3,670 560 2,685 2,570 120 1996 16,075 14,135 1,940 5,805 4,730 1,075 3,940 3,375 565 2,700 2,570 130 1997 16,370 14,465 1,905 5,560 4,635 925 4,290 3,615 675 3,025 2,835 190 1998 16,465 14,480 1,985 5,910 4,745 1,160 4,210 3,620 590 2,640 2,520 120 1999 18,545 16,475 2,070 7,115 5,920 1,195 4,265 3,695 565 2,935 2,770 165 2000 18,395 16,240 2,155 6,185 4,920 1,270 4,510 3,980 530 2,860 2,700 160 2001 18,475 16,405 2,065 6,320 5,190 1,125 4,395 3,860 535 2,830 2,625 205 2002 16,690 15,110 1,585 4,160 3,505 655 4,665 4,140 525 2,690 2,540 150 2003 18,520 16,500 2,020 5,065 4,160 905 5,055 4,445 610 2,440 2,330 105 2004 19,705 17,520 2,185 5,870 4,905 970 5,475 4,740 735 1,940 1,880 60 2005 20,555 18,330 2,225 5,465 4,470 995 5,805 5,075 735 2,425 2,355 70
Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM table 477-0052.
5.17a. Apprenticeship completions, B.C. and selected provinces, 1991-2005
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000 Ontario 4,000 Alberta B.C. 3,000
2,000
1,000
0 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005
Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM table 477-0052.
196 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 5.18. Apprenticeship enrolment by trade, 2004/05-2006/07 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 Carpenter 3,170 4,482 5,749 Electrician 3,506 4,470 5,543 Plumber 1,617 2,164 2,758 Automotive Service Technician 1,563 1,882 2,222 Cook 1,021 1,390 1,721 Residential Construction Framing Technician 165 655 1,082 Cosmetologist 241 435 976 Heavy Duty Equipment Mechanic 581 581 1,074 Millwright 663 830 1,058 Sheet Metal Worker 559 672 859
Source: Industry Training Authority of B.C., provided Nov. 2007.
5.18a. Apprenticeship enrolment by trade, 2004/05-20067/07
7,000 Carpenter 6,000
5,000 Electrician 4,000 3,000 Plumber
2,000
Registered apprentices Autom otive 1,000 Service - Technician 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Source: Industry Training Authority of B.C., provided Nov. 2007.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 197 Table 5.19. Post-secondary enrolment, B.C., 1985/86-2006/07 (actual FTEs)
Colleges, University-Colleges, and Total Institutes Universities % change % change % change 1985/86 90,871 - 48,827 - 42,044 - 1986/87 89,248 -1.8% 47,485 -2.8% 41,763 -0.7% 1987/88 93,397 4.4% 49,580 4.2% 43,817 4.7% 1988/89 97,272 4.0% 52,367 5.3% 44,905 2.4% 1989/90 102,713 5.3% 55,600 5.8% 47,113 4.7% 1990/91 107,391 4.4% 57,908 4.0% 49,482 4.8% 1991/92 114,084 5.9% 62,149 6.8% 51,934 4.7% 1992/93 117,306 2.7% 64,852 4.2% 52,454 1.0% 1993/94 119,444 1.8% 66,456 2.4% 52,988 1.0% 1994/95 125,987 5.2% 71,848 7.5% 54,139 2.1% 1995/96 129,658 2.8% 73,560 2.3% 56,098 3.5% 1996/97 134,442 3.6% 75,301 2.3% 59,141 5.1% 1997/98 139,165 3.4% 77,992 3.5% 61,173 3.3% 1998/99 144,951 4.0% 82,476 5.4% 62,475 2.1% 1999/00 144,814 -0.1% 86,000 4.1% 63,240 1.2% 2000/01 146,550 1.2% 86,824 0.9% 64,106 1.3% 2001/02 152,701 4.0% 89,366 2.8% 67,999 5.7% 2002/03 157,340 2.9% 91,068 1.9% 70,836 4.0% 2003/04 158,525 0.7% 91,024 0.0% 72,014 1.6% 2004/05 158,670 0.1% 90,515 -0.6% 72,717 1.0% 2005/061 162,141 2.1% 78,481 -15.3% 83,660 13.1% 2006/07 162,858 0.4% 77,735 -1.0% 85,123 1.7%
NOTE: Student FTEs in the college sector were recalibrated in 2005/06, based on a new counting methodology. 1 The sharp 2005/06 increase for the university sector, and decrease for the college sector, can be attributed to the opening of Thompson Rivers University in April 2005, which absorbed the operations of University College of the Cariboo and the Open Learning Agency. Source: Ministry of Advanced Education, Funding and Analysis Branch, Summary of B.C. Post-Secondary Actual FTEs 1985/85-2004/05 (prepared Oct. 2007); Actual FTEs and Utilization Rate 1990/1991-2006/2007 (2007); Post-Secondary System Funded FTE Allocations 1990/91 to 2010/11 by Sector (2007).
5.19a. Post-secondary enrolment, B.C., 1985/86-2006/07 (actual FTEs)
180,000
160,000
140,000
120,000
100,000 Actual StudentFTEs
80,000
60,000 1985/86 1990/91 1995/96 2000/01 2005/06
198 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 5.20. University enrolment by institution, 1985/86-2006/07 (actual FTEs)
UBC SFU UVIC UNBC RRU TRU* Total 1985/86 23,931 9,638 8,475 42,044 1986/87 23,506 9,703 8,554 41,763 1987/88 23,789 10,675 9,353 43,817 1988/89 24,081 11,103 9,721 44,905 1989/90 24,465 12,287 10,361 47,113 1990/91 25,441 12,876 11,165 49,482 1991/92 26,702 13,747 11,485 51,934 1992/93 26,875 13,624 11,930 25 52,454 1993/94 27,279 13,708 11,913 88 52,988 1994/95 26,944 14,561 11,628 1,006 54,139 1995/96 26,843 14,836 12,749 1,671 56,098 1996/97 28,366 15,170 13,251 2,004 350 59,141 1997/98 29,343 15,381 13,738 2,248 464 61,173 1998/99 29,946 15,620 13,901 2,438 570 62,475 1999/00 30,604 15,503 13,781 2,602 750 63,240 2000/01 30,506 15,976 13,921 2,630 1,073 64,106 2001/02 32,457 16,771 14,568 2,791 1,413 67,999 2002/03 33,359 18,182 14,501 2,869 1,925 70,836 2003/04 34,021 18,167 14,830 2,943 2,053 72,014 2004/05 34,254 18,502 15,030 2,973 1,958 72,717 2005/06 37,642 18,940 15,497 2,902 1,850 6,842 83,673 2006/07 38,264 19,472 15,790 2,929 1,941 6,728 85,124
NOTE: Student FTEs in the college sector were recalibrated in 2005/06, based on a new counting methodology. * Thompson Rivers University was formed out of University College of the Cariboo and the Open Learning Agency on April 1, 2005 Source: Ministry of Advanced Education, Funding and Analysis Branch, Summary of B.C. Post-Secondary Actual FTEs 1985/85-2004/05 (prepared Oct. 2007); Actual FTEs and Utilization Rate 1990/1991-2006/2007 (2007); Post-Secondary System Funded FTE Allocations 1990/91 to 2010/11 by Sector (2007).
5.20a. University enrolment by institution, 1985/86-2006/07 (actual FTEs)
40,000
35,000
30,000 UBC
25,000 SFU
UVIC 20,000 UNBC 15,000 Actual Student FTEs Student Actual RRU 10,000 TRU*
5,000
0 1985/86 1990/91 1995/96 2000/01 2005/06
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 199 Table 5.21. College enrolment, by institution, 1985/86-2006/07 (actual FTEs)
New North Northern Camosun Capilano Douglas Langara Caledonia Island Lights Northwest Okanagan Rockies* Selkirk Vancouver 1985/86 3,567 3,077 3,153 1,863 995 770 802 2,840 688 1,242 9,276 1986/87 3,304 3,043 3,210 1,900 1,183 779 777 2,962 719 1,208 9,330 1987/88 3,477 3,207 3,582 2,069 1,291 824 741 3,121 723 1,286 9,649 1988/89 3,868 3,589 3,992 2,242 1,348 817 792 3,323 784 1,304 9,144 1989/90 3,961 3,830 4,106 2,394 1,354 842 923 3,910 940 1,498 9,624 1990/91 4,356 3,936 4,063 2,463 1,341 949 975 4,547 961 1,715 8,389 1991/92 4,665 4,118 4,464 2,432 1,405 1,013 1,047 5,012 1,065 1,656 9,905 1992/93 4,619 4,170 4,795 2,575 1,507 1,150 1,147 5,111 1,199 1,735 9,270 1993/94 4,781 4,199 4,732 2,479 1,442 1,235 1,155 5,158 1,109 1,674 9,288 1994/95 5,334 4,474 5,244 4,304 2,288 1,686 1,385 1,287 5,277 1,113 1,797 6,833 1995/96 5,460 4,404 5,218 4,322 2,228 1,782 1,386 1,321 5,543 1,191 1,809 7,184 1996/97 5,576 4,518 5,464 4,521 2,310 1,770 1,305 1,352 5,554 1,238 1,870 7,270 1997/98 5,769 4,451 5,694 5,023 2,373 1,908 1,391 1,345 5,699 1,234 1,965 7,123 1998/99 5,951 4,720 5,848 5,283 2,574 2,057 1,716 1,282 5,712 1,290 2,222 7,517 1999/00 5,832 4,808 6,076 5,482 2,842 2,282 1,506 1,303 5,654 1,463 2,239 8,046 2000/01 5,937 4,736 6,225 5,487 2,775 2,194 1,542 1,332 5,565 1,467 2,249 8,095 2001/02 5,736 4,886 6,538 5,608 2,837 2,195 1,593 1,470 5,913 1,686 2,254 8,306 2002/03 5,785 4,932 6,651 5,792 2,821 2,199 1,471 1,582 6,297 1,783 2,075 8,612 2003/04 5,870 5,050 6,870 5,924 2,751 2,158 1,508 1,372 6,876 1,646 1,999 7,505 2004/05 5,810 4,994 6,400 5,643 2,585 2,074 1,523 1,267 7,177 1,495 2,200 7,425 2005/06 6,064 4,780 6,989 6,341 2,226 1,632 997 1,290 3,654 1,519 1,862 5,837 2006/07 6,043 4,612 6,810 6,149 2,072 1,631 859 1,352 4,020 1,457 1,861 5,607
NOTE: Student FTEs in the college sector were recalibrated in 2005/06, based on a new counting methodology. * Previously East Kootenay College. Source: Ministry of Advanced Education, Funding and Analysis Branch, Summary of B.C. Post-Secondary Actual FTEs 1985/85-2004/05 (prepared Oct. 2007); Actual FTEs and Utilization Rate 1990/1991-2006/2007 (2007); Post-Secondary System Funded FTE Allocations 1990/91 to 2010/11 by Sector (2007).
5.21a. College enrolment, by institution, 2006/07 (actual FTEs)
Camosun
Capilano
Douglas
Langara
New Caledonia
North Island
Northern Lights
Northw est
Okanagan
Rockies*
Selkirk
Vancouver
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 Actual Student FTEs
200 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 5.22. University-college & institute enrolment, by institution, 1985/06-2006/07 (actual FTEs)
Institute of Fraser Nicola Open Pacific Justice Indigenous Malaspina Valley Kwantlen Cariboo* BCIT Emily Carr Valley Learning* Marine** Institute Governance Total 1985/86 2,475 1,604 2,758 2,257 9,405 763 1,116 177 20,555 1986/87 2,713 1,638 2,767 2,396 7,470 724 1,227 138 19,073 1987/88 2,775 1,737 3,039 2,601 7,338 794 1,208 119 19,610 1988/89 3,012 1,890 3,227 2,837 7,299 765 2,017 117 21,164 1989/90 3,401 2,034 3,442 3,018 7,235 862 2,069 160 22,219 1990/91 3,589 2,254 4,208 3,430 7,476 963 2,121 174 24,215 1991/92 3,672 2,373 4,825 3,861 7,674 914 1,830 220 25,368 1992/93 3,796 2,700 5,216 4,665 8,243 891 1,858 204 27,573 1993/94 4,101 3,015 5,834 5,112 8,339 901 1,721 180 29,203 1994/95 4,656 3,294 6,453 5,126 8,357 901 1,858 181 30,825 1995/96 4,786 3,468 6,740 4,929 8,866 894 205 1,799 26 31,713 1996/97 4,961 3,528 7,052 4,792 9,314 894 175 1,805 31 32,553 1997/98 5,034 3,962 7,213 4,981 9,655 937 138 1,870 229 34,019 1998/99 5,218 4,330 7,517 5,088 10,558 977 145 2,238 236 36,306 1999/00 5,465 4,926 7,833 992 11,110 992 150 2,301 210 63 34,041 2000/01 5,638 4,981 7,861 1,003 11,370 1,003 165 2,523 246 52 34,842 2001/02 5,700 5,234 8,233 986 11,651 986 186 2,429 209 64 35,678 2002/03 5,640 5,518 8,522 982 11,987 982 200 2,375 201 96 36,504 2003/04 5,842 5,472 8,857 1,079 12,062 1,079 183 2,080 202 128 36,983 2004/05 5,941 5,681 8,553 1,141 12,409 1,141 242 1,901 224 129 37,362 2005/06 5,617 5,667 7,861 11,944 1,302 274 2,444 147 35,256 2006/07 5,478 5,785 8,053 11,630 1,340 243 2,627 90 35,246
NOTE: Student FTEs in the college sector were recalibrated in 2005/06, based on a new counting methodology. * On April 1, 2005, the operations of University College of the Cariboo, the Open Learning Agency, Open University and Open College (excluding the Knowledge Network) were rolled into the new Thompson Rivers University. ** The Pacific Marine Training Institute, founded in 1978, became part of BCIT on December 1, 1994. Source: Ministry of Advanced Education, Funding and Analysis Branch, Summary of B.C. Post-Secondary Actual FTEs 1985/85-2004/05 (prepared Oct. 2007); Actual FTEs and Utilization Rate 1990/1991-2006/2007 (2007); Post-Secondary System Funded FTE Allocations 1990/91 to 2010/11 by Sector (2007).
5.22a. University-college & institute enrolment by institution, 1985/06-2006/07 (actual FTEs)
10,000
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000 Kwantlen
5,000 Fraser Valley 4,000 Malas pina
Actual FTEs Student 3,000
2,000
1,000
0 1985/86 1990/91 1995/96 2000/01 2005/06
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 201 Table 5.23. Post-secondary enrolment projections to 2031, B.C.
Difference between average enrolment (2003/04-2005/06) and projected enrolment Total Ages 17 to 19 Ages 20 to 24 Ages 25 to 29 Ages 17 to 29 2006/07 -81 3,453 1,066 4,438 2007/08 354 3,917 1,818 6,090 2008/09 572 4,029 2,617 7,218 2009/10 405 4,141 3,322 7,869 2010/11 34 4,366 3,859 8,259 2011/12 -247 4,702 4,191 8,646 2012/13 -414 5,006 4,321 8,914 2013/14 -670 4,990 4,364 8,684 2014/15 -1,246 4,606 4,438 7,799 2015/16 -2,013 4,125 4,536 6,648 2017/17 -2,602 3,485 4,653 5,536 2017/18 -2,909 2,588 4,774 4,453 2018/19 -3,165 1,611 4,798 3,243 2019/20 -3,293 586 4,704 1,997 2020/21 -3,165 -519 4,564 879 2021/22 -2,858 -1,513 4,382 11 2022/23 -2,628 -1,961 4,130 -459 2023/24 -2,538 -1,945 3,859 -624 2024/25 -2,385 -1,817 3,570 -632 2025/26 -2,129 -1,577 3,252 -453 2026/27 -1,770 -1,096 2,977 110 2027/28 -1,374 -600 2,846 873 2028/29 -964 -167 2,841 1,710 2029/30 -542 377 2,888 2,724 2030/31 -119 1,034 2,972 3,887
Source: Statistics Canada, Postsecondary Enrolment Trends to 2031 (Nov. 2007), Catalogue no. 81-595-MIE2007058, tables 6.11.1 to 6.11.3. Based on Scenario 1 projections.
5.23a. Post-secondary enrolment projections to 2031, B.C.
10,000
8,000
Ages 17 to 19 6,000
4,000 Ages 20 to 24
2,000 Ages 25 to 29
0 Ages 17 to 29 (2003-2006) and projected enrolment Difference between average enrolment -2,000
-4,000 2006/07 2010/11 2014/15 2018/19 2022/23 2026/27 2030/31
202 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 5.24. College, university-college & institute FTE enrolment by program type, 1985/86-2004/05
Adult Basic Education Apprenticeship1 Applied & University System Total Professional2 Transfer/University College Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual FTEs % change FTEs % change FTEs % change FTEs % change FTEs % change 1985/86 6,212 .. 749 .. 29,573 .. 12,293 .. 48,827 .. 1986/87 6,574 5.5% 695 -7.8% 27,717 -6.7% 12,500 1.7% 47,485 -2.8% 1987/88 6,668 1.4% 617 -12.5% 28,588 3.0% 13,707 8.8% 49,580 4.2% 1988/89 6,298 -5.9% 728 15.3% 28,149 -1.6% 15,174 9.7% 52,367 5.3% 1989/90 6,794 7.3% 739 1.4% 28,807 2.3% 17,192 11.7% 55,600 5.8% 1990/91 6,907 1.6% 1,194 38.1% 29,535 2.5% 18,151 5.3% 57,908 4.0% 1991/92 7,837 11.9% 1,293 7.6% 30,896 4.4% 20,294 10.6% 62,149 6.8% 1992/93 7,843 0.1% 1,630 20.7% 32,211 4.1% 21,311 4.8% 64,852 4.2% 1993/94 8,030 2.3% 1,570 -3.8% 33,227 3.1% 21,908 2.7% 66,456 2.4% 1994/95 11,013 27.1% 1,580 0.6% 35,621 6.7% 21,777 -0.6% 71,848 7.5% 1995/96 11,432 3.7% 1,499 -5.4% 36,478 2.3% 22,352 2.6% 73,560 2.3% 1996/97 11,552 1.0% 1,210 -24.0% 37,373 2.4% 23,362 4.3% 75,301 2.3% 1997/98 11,839 2.4% 1,081 -11.8% 38,603 3.2% 24,599 5.0% 77,992 3.5% 1998/99 12,791 7.4% 1,276 15.3% 34,719 -11.2% 26,202 6.1% 82,476 5.4% 1999/00 13,076 2.2% 1,388 8.1% 36,649 5.3% 29,567 11.4% 86,000 4.1% 2000/01 13,148 0.6% 1,384 -0.3% 36,443 -0.6% 30,582 3.3% 86,824 0.9% 2001/02 14,219 7.5% 1,362 -1.6% 37,908 3.9% 30,319 -0.9% 89,366 2.8% 2002/03 14,519 2.1% 1,438 5.3% 36,657 -3.4% 32,566 6.9% 91,068 1.9% 2003/04 13,197 -10.0% 1,540 6.6% 35,407 -3.5% 35,164 7.4% 91,024 0.0% 2004/05 12,887 -2.4% 1,551 0.7% 34,965 -1.3% 35,154 0.0% 90,515 -0.6%
NOTE: Student FTEs in the college sector were recalibrated in 2005/06, based on a new counting methodology. 1 Until 2004/05, apprenticeship FTEs were calculated based on hours of instruction, and therefore represented approximately one-sixth of the total headcount. For example, the 1,551 FTE’s in 2004/05 translates into a headcount of 8,907, which is the new formula for FTEs. 2 Primarily certificate and diploma programs (formerly classified as career/technical and vocational). Source: Ministry of Advanced Education, Funding and Analysis Branch, Summary of Actual FTE's by Major Program (2007).
5.24a. College, university-college & institute FTE enrolment by program type, 2004/05
Adult Basic Education 15%
Apprenticeship University 2% Transfer/University College 42%
Applied & Professional 41%
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 203 Table 5.25. University FTEs, by field of study and program type, 1984/85-2005/06
1984/85 1985/86 1986/87 1987/88 1988/89 1989/90 1990/91 1991/92 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 Agricultural Sciences 368 371 341 313 288 288 282 340 373 414 440 Applied Sciences1 3301 3171 3112 3104 3092 3400 3786 3955 3967 4168 4307 Arts2 12434 12707 12747 13811 13974 14585 14998 15700 15366 15297 15491 Commerce/Business Admin. 3440 3147 2951 3284 3462 3586 3312 3418 3458 3534 3841 Dentistry3 158 160 164 163 162 160 162 160 162 164 164 Education 4315 4027 4084 3880 4025 4515 5125 5322 4846 4445 4066 Family & Nutritional Science 195 231 225 237 224 202 162 165 204 257 270 Fine Arts 556 458 435 468 581 639 587 589 594 665 744 Forestry 351 265 211 210 198 202 237 251 283 365 431 Health Professions4 507 566 549 566 581 632 628 670 684 705 710 Law 1028 1041 1018 1045 1042 1036 993 1018 981 897 878 Medicine5 893 877 898 928 934 956 993 981 1000 973 1023 Music 373 407 397 424 425 397 437 447 459 439 436 Nursing 610 583 618 607 644 664 750 784 805 859 821 Open Learning 48 55 66 138 192 207 213 214 248 228 Physical Education and Rec. 495 455 434 451 540 588 620 623 572 586 533 Science 7022 6953 6830 7181 7137 7124 7175 7572 7945 8184 8639 Social Work 201 212 217 211 251 258 250 250 262 293 321 Other6 1476 1310 1361 1472 1808 2083 2474 2573 2589 2349 2372 Undergraduate Total 37723 36989 36646 38422 39506 41507 43177 45031 44762 44843 45714 M.A. 2520 2369 2233 2387 2413 2459 2682 2914 3135 3276 3317 M.Sc. 1284 1237 1271 1277 1102 1138 1316 1482 1794 1880 1950 Doctoral 1315 1449 1612 1731 1884 2008 2308 2507 2762 2990 3158 Graduate Total 5119 5055 5117 5395 5399 5605 6305 6903 7692 8146 8425 TOTAL ENROLMENT 42841 42044 41763 43817 44905 47112 49482 51934 52454 52988 54139
1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 Agricultural Sciences 449 484 419 420 433 332 259 267 301 305 235 Applied Sciences1 4472 4684 5098 5149 4823 4676 4925 5290 5501 5623 5714 Arts2 15702 16397 16669 17332 18222 19252 20499 21071 21318 21442 22803 Commerce/Business Admin. 4067 4640 4785 4683 4245 3968 4299 4392 4609 4930 5398 Dentistry3 163 166 173 172 171 195 187 190 187 207 211 Education 4017 4147 4257 4375 4574 4263 4208 4103 3818 3644 3981 Family & Nutritional Science 292 249 211 223 258 342 460 485 542 570 617 Fine Arts 811 838 831 829 798 781 808 823 826 849 1045 Forestry 634 764 834 778 738 672 551 489 448 431 394 Health Professions4 722 738 746 771 762 726 747 779 769 708 702 Law 865 896 900 903 967 939 986 1007 1040 1054 1036 Medicine5 1065 1059 1061 1049 1023 1035 1079 1168 1187 1338 1522 Music 428 441 467 491 460 490 492 478 479 438 461 Nursing 811 847 784 772 772 823 869 993 1153 1154 1551 Open Learning 242 265 265 287 294 337 355 333 291 154 155 Physical Education and Rec. 570 615 641 647 626 619 686 708 700 704 769 Science 9223 9825 10474 11005 11491 11579 12058 12555 12720 12799 13092 Social Work 293 389 455 445 418 430 473 479 435 442 546 Other6 2734 3014 3187 3139 3051 3281 3522 3697 3601 3506 3787 Undergraduate Total 47560 50458 52258 53472 54126 54740 57463 59307 59925 60297 64021 M.A. 3374 3566 3698 3851 4039 4349 5056 5830 5934 5686 5555 M.Sc. 1946 1972 2046 2066 2112 2178 2384 2542 2685 2922 3003 Doctoral 3219 3144 3171 3087 3052 3012 3031 3172 3446 3813 4207 Graduate Total 8538 8683 8915 9003 9202 9539 10471 11543 12065 12421 12764 TOTAL ENROLMENT 56098 59141 61173 62475 63329 64279 67934 70850 71989 72718 76785
1 Excludes Nursing. 2 Includes B.A. general studies 3 Includes Dental residents 4 Includes Dental Hygiene, Medical Lab Science, Midwifery, Pharmaceutical Science, and Rehabilitation Medicine. 5 Included Medical students and those registered as residents and interns 6 Includes Unclassified/Undeclared students, SFU Surrey enrolments, and Industrial Arts at UBC, which was discontinued in 1988/89. Source: The University Presidents' Council, TUPC Facts and Figures (2007), table 4.1.
204 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World 5.25a. Undergraduate FTE enrolment by program type, B.C., 1984/85-2005/06
25,000
20,000 Arts ) Science
15,000 Education
Commerce/ 10,000 Business Admin.
Applied Sciences Student Enrolment (Actual Enrolment Student FTEs
5,000
0 1984/85 1989/90 1994/95 1999/00 2004/05
Source: The University Presidents' Council, TUPC Facts and Figures (2007), table 4.1.
5.25b. Undergraduate FTE enrolment by program type, B.C., 2005/06
Applied Sciences 10%
Other 7%
Arts 42%
Science 24%
Education Commer c e/ 7% Business Admin. 10%
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 205 5.25c. Graduate FTE enrolment by program type, B.C., 1984/85-2005/06
14,000
12,000
) 10,000 Graduate Total
M.A. 8,000
Doctoral 6,000
M.Sc.
Graduate enrolment (actual FTEs 4,000
2,000
0 1984/85 1989/90 1994/95 1999/00 2004/05
Source: The University Presidents' Council, TUPC Facts and Figures (2007), table 4.1.
5.25d. Graduate FTE enrolment by program type, B.C., 2005/06
Doctoral 33%
M.A. 43%
M.Sc. 24%
206 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 5.26. University degrees awarded, 1984/85-2005/06
UNDERGRADUATE
Credential 1984/85 1985/86 1986/87 1987/88 1988/89 1989/90 1990/91 1991/92 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 Bachelor of Applied Science 409 435 423 420 337 333 301 340 415 434 448 Bachelor of Architecture 46 30 29 29 27 33 24 50 37 38 30 Bachelor of Arts 2,198 2,443 2,508 2,606 2,722 2,974 3,136 3,526 3,760 4,051 3,886 Bachelor of Business Administration 405 395 334 283 332 343 366 378 401 493 411 Bachelor of Commerce 369 375 433 384 420 615 453 462 449 492 599 Bachelor of Computer Science Bachelor of Dental Science (Dental Hygiene) 32 Bachelor of Education 89 91 96 85 79 106 126 109 127 104 95 Bachelor of Education (Elementary - Native Pgm) Bachelor of Education (Elementary) 469 491 535 490 545 563 620 702 812 777 587 Bachelor of Education (Middle Years) Bachelor of Education (Secondary) 152 163 146 149 149 168 157 702 556 518 446 Bachelor of Engineering 27 33 38 55 74 59 74 92 Bachelor of Environmental Des. Bachelor of Fine Arts 99 105 102 92 97 128 131 101 133 119 137 Bachelor of General Studies 123 142 148 150 166 194 205 239 318 258 257 Bachelor of Home Economics 4259191917122618132119 Bachelor of Human Kinetics 153 155 Bachelor of Landscape Architecture 17 13 11 16 10 16 5 14 20 13 17 Bachelor of Laws 306 305 291 321 298 319 309 308 295 324 304 Bachelor of Laws/Master of Business Administration Bachelor of Medical Laboratory Science 9 3 8 13 16 21 16 18 14 15 21 Bachelor of Midwifery Bachelor of Music 95907880968590113989999 Bachelor of Physical Education 86 109 101 79 80 126 134 154 154 20 Bachelor of Recreation Education 20 27 26 15 4 3 4 1 Bachelor of Sc. (Information Technology, Tech BC) Bachelor of Sc. Natural Resources Conservation 5 Bachelor of Science 1,005 1,222 1,214 1,221 1,177 1,294 1,239 1,284 1,415 1,580 1,873 Bachelor of Science (Interactive Arts, Tech BC) Bachelor of Science (Kinesiology) 4138404767687254467460 Bachelor of Science in Agriculture 6072638168494247445264 Bachelor of Science in Agroecology Bachelor of Science in Dietetics 43 46 48 37 26 36 26 34 Bachelor of Science in Food Nutrition and Health Bachelor of Science in Forestry 66873788128 Bachelor of Science in Forestry 85 61 56 60 36 43 48 49 51 66 54 Bachelor of Science in Global Resource Systems Bachelor of Science in Nursing 192 206 223 224 206 226 254 288 334 381 312 Bachelor of Science in Occupational Therapy 516151823233032303335 Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy 64 103 97 110 95 121 118 109 105 103 112 Bachelor of Science in Physical Therapy 518181825222735383433 Bachelor of Science in Rehabilitation 30 Bachelor of Science Wood Products Processing Bachelor of Social Work 125 106 128 157 134 133 156 150 122 154 154 Doctor of Dental Medicine 39 32 41 39 40 38 38 38 36 38 40 Doctor of Medicine 121 121 123 117 122 114 123 121 115 112 120 UNDERGRADUATE Total 6,706 7,277 7,312 7,401 7,474 8,259 8,349 9,550 10,041 10,671 10,509
Credential 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 Bachelor of Applied Science 419 405 486 475 491 532 510 543 529 534 605 Bachelor of Architecture 14 12 3 1 3 1 Bachelor of Arts 3,900 3,962 4,029 4,227 4,515 4,447 4,729 4,877 5,272 5,370 5,758 Bachelor of Business Administration 423 420 450 435 472 425 428 455 489 525 524 Bachelor of Commerce 528 618 767 874 873 1,007 883 944 989 896 1,081 Bachelor of Computer Science 47 Bachelor of Dental Science (Dental Hygiene) 2 4 5 3 2 7 9 4 9 Bachelor of Education 129 91 82 77 85 91 59 71 80 426 443 Bachelor of Education (Elementary - Native Pgm) 6117 3 Bachelor of Education (Elementary) 588 647 586 607 674 670 557 671 600 606 631 Bachelor of Education (Middle Years) 61 62 61 59 52 69 50 36 Bachelor of Education (Secondary) 396 408 463 463 478 487 450 531 513 442 437 Bachelor of Engineering 99 94 94 115 146 124 130 117 184 172 137 Bachelor of Environmental Des. 15 15 Bachelor of Fine Arts 146 153 194 199 187 216 197 217 228 224 257 Bachelor of General Studies 274 239 244 310 340 224 150 166 195 219 315 Bachelor of Home Economics 2631272321142622106 2 Bachelor of Human Kinetics 164 162 172 199 208 170 169 184 216 187 221 Bachelor of Landscape Architecture 21 26 10 17 21 1 2 Bachelor of Laws 268 281 280 280 308 264 302 287 327 338 323 Bachelor of Laws/Master of Business Administration 2 Bachelor of Medical Laboratory Science 16 21 23 17 12 9 11 13 16 13 12 Bachelor of Midwifery 79 Bachelor of Music 110 98 111 109 94 101 101 99 148 96 94 Bachelor of Physical Education Bachelor of Recreation Education 1 Bachelor of Sc. (Information Technology, Tech BC) 14 21 31 30 Bachelor of Sc. Natural Resources Conservation 11 17 24 31 19 27 19 20 19 14 28 Bachelor of Science 1,812 1,842 2,060 2,261 2,653 2,643 2,516 2,660 2,730 2,752 2,946 Bachelor of Science (Interactive Arts, Tech BC) 32 26 53 64 Bachelor of Science (Kinesiology) 81 109 95 135 119 113 120 102 72 90 90 Bachelor of Science in Agriculture 65847666796828102 2 Bachelor of Science in Agroecology 13 37 31 24 16 Bachelor of Science in Dietetics 32 50 34 36 46 28 8 Bachelor of Science in Food Nutrition and Health 55 80 86 71 88 Bachelor of Science in Forestry 8 16 21 6 11 7 6 4 3 3 Bachelor of Science in Forestry 49 64 76 95 95 70 45 40 24 29 29 Bachelor of Science in Global Resource Systems 7 12 19 26 36 Bachelor of Science in Nursing 286 352 381 370 341 343 516 399 497 511 632 Bachelor of Science in Occupational Therapy 37 32 33 36 37 34 37 34 36 32 3 Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy 119 118 123 129 137 121 142 128 124 144 134 Bachelor of Science in Physical Therapy 363536363142343337331 Bachelor of Science in Rehabilitation Bachelor of Science Wood Products Processing 9 17 17 12 15 7 13 12 Bachelor of Social Work 157 161 192 225 202 171 162 233 211 232 244 Doctor of Dental Medicine 37 39 41 44 43 43 48 48 47 48 50 Doctor of Medicine 116 117 124 125 122 110 118 115 116 130 122 UNDERGRADUATE Total 10,367 10,706 11,341 12,099 12,945 12,691 12,640 13,280 13,994 14,376 15,447 Source: The University Presidents Council, TUPC Table 5.1 Degrees Conferred By Type (Academic Year), last updated 31 Jan 2007.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 207 Table 5.26. University degrees awarded, 1984/85-2005/06 (cont.)
GRADUATE
Credential 1984/85 1985/86 1986/87 1987/88 1988/89 1989/90 1990/91 1991/92 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 MASTERS Bachelor of Applied Science Master of Advanced Studies in Architecture 4314211 Master of Advanced Studies Landscape Architecture Master of Applied Science 6182766383818198114155127 Master of Applied Science (Information Technology) Master of Applied Science (Interactive Arts) Master of Aquaculture 2268 Master of Architecture 1 1 7 Master of Archival Studies 3 5 7 3 3 7 4 4 1 12 18 Master of Archival Studies & Library Info Studies Master of Arts 325 334 354 325 350 374 406 426 515 531 501 Master of Arts (Asia Pacific Policy Studies) Master of Arts (Liberal Studies) 4 Master of Arts (Planning) 19 16 1 1 10 13 26 32 Master of Arts in the Teaching of French 6 7 Master of Business Administration 192 150 170 155 183 174 174 193 233 284 271 Master of Business Administration International Master of Dental Science/Oral Medicine Master of Dental Science/Periodontics 1 Master of Education 303 307 262 280 289 322 360 273 300 326 276 Master of Education Technology Master of Engineering Master of Engineering 2522223026241940453645 Master of Environmental Toxicology Master of Fine Arts 25 25 20 25 25 28 25 17 35 51 39 Master of Forestry 65323133234 Master of Health Administration 2913 Master of Health Science 4 10 11 11 6 11 12 10 6 20 Master of Human Kinetics 5 Master of Journalism Master of Jurisprudence Master of Landscape Architecture 1 Master of Laws 7 5 4 10 11 8 10 11 14 14 14 Master of Library and Information Studies 29 Master of Library Science 4445443953354142393821 Master of Management Master of Music 14 13 9 13 20 10 15 11 12 17 23 Master of Natural Resources Environmental Studies Master of Pest Management 6 16 17 9 7 9 6 8 11 4 10 Master of Physical Education 5 16 18 10 14 16 12 13 13 3 Master of Public Administration 34 37 27 31 39 39 37 42 35 36 25 Master of Public Policy Master of Publishing 11 Master of Resource & Environmental Management (Plan) Master of Resource Management 51115155 81111232018 Master of Science 221 291 274 293 268 249 282 291 330 324 334 Master of Science (Planning) 3 6 1 9 5 Master of Science in Business Administration 8 15 19 13 15 9 5 8 23 15 20 Master of Science in Nursing 61581720212627252530 Master of Social Work 35 37 38 32 42 36 35 27 38 35 48 Master of Software Systems Masters Total 1,354 1,464 1,397 1,377 1,472 1,461 1,564 1,573 1,839 1,987 1,950
DOCTORATE Doctor of Education 101320101520231210114 Doctor of Medicine Doctor of Musical Arts 2 2 1 3 2 4 3 1 5 Doctor of Pharmacy 665 Doctor of Philosophy 182 203 232 255 255 267 296 296 321 394 385 Doctorate Total 194 218 253 265 273 289 323 311 338 411 399 GRADUATE Total 1,548 1,682 1,650 1,642 1,745 1,750 1,887 1,884 2,177 2,398 2,349
UNDERGRADUATE Total 6,706 7,277 7,312 7,401 7,474 8,259 8,349 9,550 10,041 10,671 10,509 GRADUATE Total 1,548 1,682 1,650 1,642 1,745 1,750 1,887 1,884 2,177 2,398 2,349 DIPLOMAS/CERTIFICATES Total 345 335 339 417 559 659 751 857 950 1,087 1,032 GRAND TOTAL 8,599 9,294 9,301 9,460 9,778 10,668 10,987 12,291 13,168 14,156 13,890
Source: The University Presidents Council, TUPC Table 5.1 Degrees Conferred By Type (Academic Year), last updated 31 Jan 2007.
208 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 5.26. University degrees awarded, 1984/85-2005/06 (cont.)
GRADUATE
Credential 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 MASTERS Bachelor of Applied Science 4 Master of Advanced Studies in Architecture 55443453482 Master of Advanced Studies Landscape Architecture 1 4 1 1 1 2 Master of Applied Science 125 132 148 123 120 120 123 143 150 184 193 Master of Applied Science (Information Technology) 31 Master of Applied Science (Interactive Arts) 2 Master of Aquaculture 4 3 3 1 Master of Architecture 11 19 32 37 34 36 44 38 25 36 35 Master of Archival Studies 25 9 20 24 15 11 8 12 13 14 11 Master of Archival Studies & Library Info Studies 1 3 3 5 2 3 4 7 Master of Arts 521 505 501 610 632 663 673 752 889 952 1,037 Master of Arts (Asia Pacific Policy Studies) 318252017 Master of Arts (Liberal Studies) 7 9 26 19 14 7 20 17 18 16 16 Master of Arts (Planning) 23 19 23 23 19 18 24 17 20 35 20 Master of Arts in the Teaching of French Master of Business Administration 248 257 278 277 295 371 562 981 1,147 957 1,034 Master of Business Administration International 22 20 31 Master of Dental Science/Oral Medicine 1 Master of Dental Science/Periodontics 2 1 3 Master of Education 287 304 389 384 509 396 497 528 647 584 456 Master of Education Technology 22046 Master of Engineering 10 Master of Engineering 6282514978525386738383 Master of Environmental Toxicology 15754 Master of Fine Arts 35 43 49 36 37 31 39 36 37 37 38 Master of Forestry 2233221212 Master of Health Administration 10 5 7 6 9 6 7 15 5 25 21 Master of Health Science 6 8 7 12 7 14 9 11 15 15 17 Master of Human Kinetics 56776155631 Master of Journalism 16 18 14 15 16 18 24 Master of Jurisprudence 1 Master of Landscape Architecture 4 7 3 6 10 12 13 23 10 Master of Laws 15 26 16 23 22 9 17 15 19 20 23 Master of Library and Information Studies 57 47 37 49 34 46 41 43 81 56 67 Master of Library Science Master of Management 18 7 Master of Music 1517282734142623362429 Master of Natural Resources Environmental Studies 2 2 2 4 Master of Pest Management 91299866844 Master of Physical Education Master of Public Administration 46 37 27 43 31 48 34 39 31 51 38 Master of Public Policy 11 23 Master of Publishing 1 6 7 13 12 9 9 10 7 12 14 (Plan) 26 Master of Resource Management 24 14 16 16 19 17 18 28 34 14 14 Master of Science 369 338 383 432 403 418 454 467 520 515 584 Master of Science (Planning) 4 7 3 4 9 7 5 13 3 12 5 Master of Science in Business Administration 9 15 7 21 16 32 19 38 37 18 15 Master of Science in Nursing 3424314035383527414971 Master of Social Work 41 41 58 44 34 47 48 74 48 55 51 Master of Software Systems 23 29 21 18 20 27 Masters Total 2,000 1,992 2,177 2,344 2,460 2,477 2,860 3,507 4,024 3,953 4,080
DOCTORATE Doctor of Education 1 1 1 2 5 8 7 4 9 11 Doctor of Medicine 14 Doctor of Musical Arts 61641142132 Doctor of Pharmacy 76665666686 Doctor of Philosophy 489 430 527 469 481 486 455 445 459 477 421 Doctorate Total 503 438 540 481 487 498 473 460 470 498 444 GRADUATE Total 2,503 2,430 2,717 2,825 2,947 2,975 3,333 3,967 4,494 4,451 4,524
UNDERGRADUATE Total 10,367 10,706 11,341 12,099 12,945 12,691 12,640 13,280 13,994 14,376 15,447 GRADUATE Total 2,503 2,430 2,717 2,825 2,947 2,975 3,333 3,967 4,494 4,451 4,524 DIPLOMAS/CERTIFICATES Total 1,150 1,112 1,012 1,021 1,492 1,554 1,693 2,209 2,204 1,929 1,628 GRAND TOTAL 14,020 14,248 15,070 15,945 17,384 17,220 17,666 19,456 20,692 20,756 21,599
Source: The University Presidents Council, TUPC Table 5.1 Degrees Conferred By Type (Academic Year), last updated 31 Jan 2007.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 209 5.26a. Undergraduate degrees awarded, 1984/85-2005/06 6,000
5,000 Bachelor of Arts
4,000 Bachelor of Commerce/Business 3,000 Administration
Bachelor of Education
Degress awarded 2,000
1,000 Bachelor of Science
0 1984/85 1989/90 1994/95 1999/00 2004/05
5.26b. Graduate degrees awarded, 1984/85-2005/06 1,200
1,000 Master of Arts
800 Master of Business Administration Master of Education 600
Master of Science
Degrees awarded 400 Doctor of Philosophy 200
0 1984/85 1989/90 1994/95 1999/00 2004/05
5.26c. Professional degrees awarded, 1984/85-2005/06 700
600 Bachelor of Science in 500 Nurs ing Bachelor of Law s 400
300 Bachelor of Social Work Degrees awarded 200 Doctor of Medic ine 100
0 1984/85 1989/90 1994/95 1999/00 2004/05
210 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 5.27. Private career training enrolment and completion, by region, 2006
Enrolments Attrition Graduates Greater Vancouver 23,052 2,379 15,506 Administrative Officers 11,750 1,581 8,496 Other Instructors 1,771 52 1,607 Midwives and Practitioners of Natural Healing 1,286 71 618 Family, Marriage and Other Related Counsellors 1,274 31 121 Estheticians, Electrologists and Related Occupations 1,273 59 1,101 Supervisors, General Office and Administrative Support Clerks 1,236 260 839 Actors and Comedians 1,221 46 995 Graphic Designers and Illustrators 1,110 168 902 Administrators - Post-Secondary Education and Vocational Training 1,090 0 107 Nurse Aides, Orderlies and Patient Service Associates 1,041 111 720 Fraser Valley 6,872 626 5,067 Truck Drivers 4,770 464 3,857 Roofers and Shinglers 394 0 203 Air Pilots, Flight Engineers and Flying Instructors 322 20 183 Other Religious Occupations 284 42 242 Security Guards and Related Occupations 255 32 223 Construction Trades Helpers and Labourers 252 0 37 Estheticians, Electrologists and Related Occupations 164 15 115 Hairstylists and Barbers 160 31 82 Early Childhood Educators and Assistants 140 1 106 Carpenters 1312119 North 2,735 51 2,649 Inspectors in Public & Environmental Health and Occ. Health & Safety 1,784 7 1,784 Truck Drivers 481 5 474 Babysitters, Nannies and Parents' Helpers 130 0 130 Community and Social Service Workers 60 14 46 Estheticians, Electrologists and Related Occupations 59 10 41 Boat Operators 56 1 56 Other Assisting Occupations in Support of Health Services 52 0 52 Silviculture and Forestry Workers 51 0 51 Chefs 32 5 10 Hairstylists and Barbers 30 9 5 Okanagan (Central and North) 2,550 107 2,171 Truck Drivers 848 9 806 Administrative Clerks 542 2 539 Heavy Equipment Operators (Except Crane) 240 7 235 Other Technical Occupations in Therapy and Assessment 182 16 97 Midwives and Practitioners of Natural Healing 178 13 137 Estheticians, Electrologists and Related Occupations 178 17 140 Hairstylists and Barbers 160 21 107 Pet Groomers and Animal Care Workers 83 5 82 Graphic Designers and Illustrators 72 14 28 Court Recorders and Medical Transciptionists 67 3 0 Island (South and Central) 2,355 127 1,837 Truck Drivers 641 4 631 Midwives and Practitioners of Natural Healing 233 24 147 Early Childhood Educators and Assistants 228 2 137 Estheticians, Electrologists and Related Occupations 220 17 146 Program Leaders and Instructors in Recreation and Sport 210 14 194 Administrative Officers 200 13 174 Hairstylists and Barbers 190 41 120 Inspectors in Public & Environmental Health and Occ. Health & Safety 189 1 188 Family, Marriage and Other Related Counsellors 140 0 15 Painters, Sculptors and Other Visual Artists 104 11 85 Island (North) 1,224 127 1,002 Truck Drivers 492 0 490 Carpenters 460 103 335 Visiting Homemakers, Housekeepers and Related Occupations 46 6 24 Medical Secretaries 36 3 22 General Office Clerks 35 1 34 Midwives and Practitioners of Natural Healing 34 2 29 Community and Social Service Workers 32 4 6 Estheticians, Electrologists and Related Occupations 32 8 11 Artisans and Craftpersons 29 0 23 Security Guards and Related Occupations 28 0 28
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 211 Table 5.27. Private career training enrolment and completion, by region, 2006 (cont.)
Enrolments Attrition Graduates Kootenays 1,111 28 920 Truck Drivers 505 12 335 Meteorological Technicians 266 0 263 Midwives and Practitioners of Natural Healing 111 5 106 Program Leaders and Instructors in Recreation and Sport 85 0 85 Heavy Equipment Operators (Except Crane) 38 0 38 Bricklayers 37 0 37 Other Instructors 28 2 26 Other Professional Occupations in Therapy and Assessment 17 2 10 Taxi and Limousine Drivers and Chauffeurs 13 0 13 Medical Secretaries 11 7 7 Outside B.C. 576 16 234 Professional Occupations in Business Services to Management 442 15 187 Secondary School Teachers 63 0 19 Family, Marriage and Other Related Counsellors 43 0 20 Computer and Information Systems Managers 14 1 6 Pet Groomers and Animal Care Workers 13 0 1 Administrators - Post-Secondary Education and Vocational Training 1 0 1 Payroll Clerks 000 Central Interior 254 74 271 Truck Drivers 69 0 67 General Office Clerks 59 3 52 Tour and Travel Guides 45 0 45 Administrative Officers 32 67 61 Outdoor Sport and Recreational Guides 25 0 25 Farm Supervisors and Specialized Livestock Workers 10 2 8 Accounting and Related Clerks 6 1 6 Graphic Arts Technicians 4 1 4 Administrative Clerks 2 0 1 Residential and Commercial Installers and Servicers 2 0 2 Sea to Sky Hwy/Sunshine Coast 199 23 172 Administrative Officers 70 15 64 Construction Trades Helpers and Labourers 60 6 54 Commercial Divers 16 0 14 Public Works and Maintenance Labourers 15 1 14 Other Technical Occupations in Therapy and Assessment 10 1 9 Supervisors, Finance and Insurance Clerks 7 0 0 Hairstylists and Barbers 7 0 3 Cabinetmakers 708 Administrative Clerks 4 0 3 Program Leaders and Instructors in Recreation and Sport 3 0 3 GRAND TOTAL 40,928 3,558 29,829
Source: Private Career Training Institutions Agency B.C., Private Career Training Institution Enrolment: A Sector Report for the Year 2006 (June 2007).
212 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 5.28. Public spending on tertiary education, international comparison, 1995 and 2003
Public expenditure as percentage of total tertiary education spending 1995 2003 Percent change Australia 64.8 48.0 -35.0 Austria 96.1 92.7 -3.7 Canada 56.6 56.4 -0.3 Czech Republic 71.5 83.3 14.1 Denmark 99.4 96.7 -2.8 Finland 97.8 96.4 -1.4 Germany 88.6 87.1 -1.7 Hungary 80.3 78.5 -2.3 Ireland 69.7 83.8 16.8 Italy 82.9 72.1 -15.1 Japan 42.0 39.7 -5.8 Mexico 77.4 69.1 -12.0 Netherlands 80.6 78.6 -2.6 Norway 93.7 96.7 3.1 Portugal 96.5 91.5 -5.5 Slovak Republic 94.6 86.2 -9.8 Spain 74.4 76.9 3.3 Sweden 93.6 89.0 -5.1 Turkey 97.0 95.2 -1.9 United Kingdom 80.0 70.2 -13.8 United States 37.4 42.8 12.6 EU19 average .. 84.3 OECD average .. 76.4
Source: OECD, OECD Education at Glance 2007 (2007), table B3.2b.
5.28a. Percentage change in public spending on tertiary education, int’l comparison, 2003
Ireland
Czech Republic
Unit ed Stat es
Spain
Norway
Canada
Finland
Ger many
Turkey
Hungary
Net herlands
Denmark
Austria
Sweden
Port ugal
Japan
Slovak Republic
Mexico
Unit ed Kingdom
It aly
Australia
-40% -30% -20% -10% 0% 10% 20% Change in public spending as a percentage of total tertiary education spending, 1995-2003
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 213 Table 5.29. University tuition fees1, provincial comparison, 1996/97-2007/08
New StatCan methodology
2 2 2 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2006/07 2007/08
B.C. $2,577 $2,518 $2,525 $2,568 $2,592 $2,527 $3,176 $4,084 $4,735 $4,867 $4,960 $4,740 $4,855
Alberta $2,975 $3,241 $3,519 $3,723 $3,907 $4,030 $4,165 $4,512 $4,953 $4,838 $4,828 $4,763 $4,964
Sask. $2,726 $3,074 $3,279 $3,367 $3,668 $3,879 $4,287 $4,645 $5,063 $5,063 $5,063 $4,774 $4,774
Manitoba $2,689 $2,921 $3,149 $3,488 $3,219 $3,243 $3,144 $3,155 $3,235 $3,333 $3,338 $3,319 $3,384
Ontario $2,992 $3,293 $3,640 $4,084 $4,256 $4,492 $4,572 $4,808 $4,831 $4,933 $5,160 $5,155 $5,381
Quebec $1,705 $1,804 $1,804 $1,813 $1,819 $1,843 $1,852 $1,865 $1,888 $1,900 $1,916 $1,932 $2,025
N.B. $2,795 $3,026 $3,225 $3,350 $3,585 $3,863 $4,186 $4,457 $4,719 $5,037 $5,328 $5,470 $5,733
PEI $2,948 $3,162 $3,327 $3,499 $3,499 $3,710 $3,891 $4,132 $4,374 $4,645 $4,947 $4,920 $4,440
Nova Scotia $3,597 $3,892 $4,074 $4,262 $4,631 $4,855 $5,214 $5,556 $6,003 $6,323 $6,571 $6,422 $5,878
Nfld & Lab. $2,702 $3,211 $3,216 $3,373 $3,373 $3,036 $2,729 $2,606 $2,606 $2,606 $2,606 $2,633 $2,633
Canada $2,648 $2,869 $3,064 $3,328 $3,447 $3,577 $3,711 $3,975 $4,141 $4,211 $4,347 $4,400 $4,524
1 Includes data for both public and private institutions. 2 In 2007/08, Statistics Canada changed the methodology for calculating average tuition fees, expanding the survey universe from 60 to 102 degree-granting institutions. For consistency, this table uses 2006/07 data derived from the old methodology. "University tuition fees," The Daily, 18 October 2007.
Source: Statistics Canada, Survey of Tuition and Living Accommodation Costs for Full-Time Students (2007), provided by Ministry of Advanced Education Funding and Analysis Branch Nov. 2007.
1 5.29a. University tuition fees , provincial comparison, 1996/07, 2001/02 and 2006/07
$7,000
$6,000
$5,000
$4,000 1996/97 2001/02 $3,000 2006/07
$2,000 Average annual tuition fees Averagetuition annual
$1,000
$0 BC AB SK MB ON QC NB PEI NS NL Canada
214 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 5.30. College tuition fees1, provincial comparison, 1996/97-2007/08
1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08
B.C. $1,433 $1,433 $1,433 $1,433 $1,433 $1,335 $1,914 $2,517 $2,638 $2,693 $2,740 $2,791
Alberta $1,481 $1,717 $1,918 $2,135 $2,383 $2,478 $2,693 $2,881 $3,191 $3,191 $3,191 $3,435
Saskatchewan $1,293 $1,440 $1,560 $1,710 $1,860 $2,025 $2,190 $2,400 $2,640 $2,772 $2,910 $3,026
Manitoba $1,049 $1,224 $1,322 $1,435 $1,292 $1,292 $1,292 $1,292 $1,292 $1,292 $1,292 $1,292
Ontario $1,275 $1,403 $1,543 $1,684 $1,718 $1,752 $1,786 $1,820 $1,820 $1,820 $1,920 $2,020
Quebec $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
New Brunswick $1,200 $1,600 $2,000 $2,400 $2,400 $2,400 $2,400 $2,400 $2,500 $2,600 $2,600 $2,600
PEI $2,000 $2,000 $2,000 $2,000 $3,250 $3,250 $3,250 $3,250 $3,250 $3,250 $3,250 $3,250
Nova Scotia $1,000 $1,000 $1,100 $1,250 $1,625 $1,875 $2,150 $2,250 $2,400 $2,500 $2,600 $2,600
Nfld and Lab. $1,200 $1,320 $1,452 $1,452 $1,452 $1,452 $1,452 $1,452 $1,452 $1,452 $1,452 $1,452
2 Canada $1,326 $1,460 $1,592 $1,722 $1,935 $1,984 $2,125 $2,251 $2,354 $2,397 $2,439 $2,496
1 Tuition for two semesters of full-time study in two year career/technical or academic programs, rounded to nearest dollar. 2 Average of provincial averages (excluding Québec as no fees are charged to residents of Québec). Source: B.C. Ministry of Advanced Education, Funding and Analysis Branch, Interprovincial Comparisons - College Programs Average Base Tuition, prepared Sept. 2007.
5.30a. College tuition fees1, provincial comparison, 1996/97, 2001/02 and 2007/08
$4,000
$3,500
$3,000
$2,500 1996/97 $2,000 2001/02 2007/08 $1,500
$1,000
Average tuition feesAverage for tuition two semesters of $500 full-time study two-yearfull-time in programs college
$0 B.C. AB SK M B ON QC [1] NB PEI NS NL Canada
1 Québec does not charge college tuition fees for students who are residents of Québec.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 215 Table 5.31. Tuition fees at B.C. post-secondary institutions (full-time academic arts), 2000/01-2007/08
2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 URBAN COLLEGES Camosun $1,352 $1,285 $1,799 $2,316 $2,589 $2,640 $2,693 $2,747 Capilano $1,275 $1,211 $1,695 $2,373 $3,000 $3,000 $3,060 $3,120 Douglas $1,388 $1,319 $1,715 $2,228 $2,362 $2,409 $2,457 $2,507 Langara $1,280 $1,216 $1,580 $2,054 $2,220 $2,265 $2,310 $2,357 Vancouver $1,178 $1,119 $1,575 $2,100 $2,100 $2,100 $2,138 $2,180 RURAL COLLEGES College of New Caledonia $1,170 $1,112 $1,499 $2,097 $2,155 $2,155 $2,198 $2,241 College of the Rockies $1,155 $1,097 $1,737 $2,085 $2,085 $2,126 $2,169 $2,212 North Island $1,185 $1,126 $1,659 $2,250 $2,250 $2,295 $2,340 $2,385 Northern Lights $1,140 $1,083 $1,716 $2,145 $2,467 $2,516 $2,567 $2,618 Northwest $1,189 $1,129 $1,410 $1,974 $2,160 $2,160 $2,203 $2,247 Okanagan College1 $3,018 $3,018 $3,018 Selkirk2 $994 $947 $1,800 $2,052 $2,115 $2,098 $2,140 $2,183 INSTITUTES3 BCIT $2,238 $2,126 $2,798 $3,713 $4,300 $4,390 $4,477 $4,568 Emily Carr $1,890 $1,795 $2,385 $2,976 $3,110 $3,172 $3,234 $3,300 Indigenous Government4 $3,000 $2,850 $2,000 $2,750 $2,750 $2,750 $2,750 N/A Nicola Valley Inst. of Tech. $1,980 $1,350 $1,485 $1,890 $1,950 $1,989 $2,029 $2,069 UNIVERSITY-COLLEGES Kwantlen $1,350 $1,283 $2,340 $3,030 $3,210 $3,285 $3,360 $3,428 Malaspina $1,260 $1,197 $2,370 $3,060 $3,360 $3,427 $3,496 $3,566 Okanagan2, 5 $1,194 $1,134 $2,340 $3,240 $3,350 N/A N/A N/A Cariboo6 $1,230 $1,169 $2,400 $3,000 $3,210 N/A N/A N/A Fraser Valley $1,204 $1,144 $1,980 $3,000 $3,297 $3,363 $3,430 $3,499 UNIVERSITIES University of British Columbia $2,295 $2,180 $2,661 $3,459 $4,011 $4,092 $4,174 $4,257 Simon Fraser University $2,310 $2,195 $2,853 $3,711 $4,269 $4,356 $4,443 $4,533 University of Victoria $2,264 $2,151 $2,796 $3,635 $4,238 $4,325 $4,412 $4,491 University of Northern B.C. $2,258 $2,145 $2,754 $3,663 $4,030 $4,110 $4,193 $4,277 Royal Roads University7 $2,900 $2,755 $3,750 $4,500 $5,500 $5,610 $5,700 $5,810 6 Thompson Rivers University $3,270 $3,335 $3,402
1 Effective July 1, 2005, Okanagan University College became Okanagan College and UBC Okanagan campus. 2 In 2005/06, Selkirk revised its formula for reporting tuition fees, streaming students into programs and reporting the advertised cost of the Associate of Arts (English) program. 3 Excludes the Justice Institute of B.C., because students at this institution are almost exclusively part-time or short-term. 4 IIG transferred operations to Nicola Valley Institute of Technology in June 2007. 5 Tuition fees at Okanagan University College for 2004/05 reflect a weighted average of college ($2,600) and university ($3,600) fees. 6 Effective April 1, 2005, University College of the Cariboo and Open Learning Agency became Thompson Rivers University. 7 RRU - Based on B.Sc. in Environmental Science.
Source: B.C. Ministry of Advanced Education, Funding and Analysis Branch, "B.C. Public Post-Secondary Institutions - Academic Arts Annual Tuition Fees for Full-Time Students by Sector," provided Nov. 2007.
216 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 5.32. Operating grants for B.C. post-secondary institutions, 1999/00-2007/08
1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08
BC Institute of Technology 71,402,443 78,943,885 80,854,737 85,941,825 112,655,327 94,201,910 100,261,071 102,230,096 108,222,218
Camosun College 32,726,211 36,801,384 37,423,369 39,222,954 44,654,132 41,565,797 43,873,362 47,247,290 49,331,410
Capilano College 26,550,432 29,184,484 30,083,530 31,014,110 32,915,914 32,902,018 34,586,258 36,314,513 37,390,931
College of New Caledonia 19,541,693 22,039,203 22,664,305 23,706,333 29,063,111 25,944,969 27,292,555 29,455,754 31,338,333
Uni. College of the Cariboo (1) 31,863,088 36,937,911 38,562,589 40,844,803 48,690,121 45,058,624
College of the Rockies 10,620,763 12,251,790 12,616,760 13,219,497 16,149,705 14,418,785 15,297,274 16,232,178 17,150,885
Douglas College 36,488,830 40,468,170 42,572,083 43,400,018 45,560,548 45,792,862 48,188,048 52,854,015 55,501,169
Emily Carr Inst. of Art & Design 8,649,282 10,358,421 9,737,381 10,859,775 11,131,998 11,266,781 11,865,178 13,157,170 13,428,743
Inst. of Indigenous Government 1,544,401 1,970,582 1,951,909 1,985,387 2,045,378 2,138,855 2,600,979 2,380,153 334,275
Justice Institute of BC 5,718,312 6,504,957 6,421,839 6,619,541 6,961,490 6,944,318 9,496,471 9,339,937 9,886,854
Kwantlen University College 46,267,535 45,167,652 48,201,866 51,755,861 57,511,869 54,828,828 58,617,050 63,256,288 64,827,636
Langara College 29,430,262 32,192,106 33,587,188 35,006,063 36,894,258 36,767,748 37,992,710 40,170,566 42,439,907
Malaspina University-College 30,648,750 34,837,902 36,928,790 39,419,207 49,642,536 41,759,616 44,977,558 47,555,620 49,425,951
North Island College 14,956,306 16,891,178 17,636,801 18,564,869 21,712,203 20,107,093 20,791,374 21,975,260 22,000,422
Northern Lights College 12,319,162 14,461,004 14,826,771 15,173,048 18,162,467 16,556,484 17,248,426 17,982,585 18,078,264
Northwest Community College 12,625,719 13,706,065 14,127,694 15,205,221 17,321,511 16,454,196 16,651,857 17,811,042 19,132,060
Nicola Valley Institute of Tech. 2,826,245 3,652,143 3,739,728 3,926,554 4,025,691 4,030,731 4,246,713 5,533,659 6,765,515
Okanagan University College (2) 36,305,696 41,930,794 43,846,417 46,116,618 52,435,617 59,424,607 15,336,750
Okanagan College (2) 32,180,310 39,102,242 41,401,623
Open Learning Agency (3) 20,459,028 22,278,392 21,822,534 22,280,655 20,271,366 17,283,326 6,255,098 7,637,975 6,922,104
Selkirk College 18,881,623 20,410,580 21,246,242 22,320,226 25,959,024 24,534,651 25,527,808 26,477,780 27,376,304
Uni. Col. of the Fraser Valley (4) 27,095,604 31,264,203 33,686,384 35,311,945 39,528,001 38,563,459 39,625,204 43,980,303 47,504,477
Vancouver Community College 38,819,321 42,525,972 43,421,372 44,579,166 57,222,668 48,006,590 54,669,449 52,135,143 51,217,378
College/Institute Total 535,740,706 594,778,778 615,960,289 646,473,676 750,514,935 698,552,248 667,581,503 692,829,569 719,676,459
Royal Roads University 9,431,858 11,402,176 9,021,732 10,800,144 13,474,088 13,646,879 14,079,214 14,836,993 16,169,460
Simon Fraser University 125,697,304 139,409,538 141,324,537 155,789,137 170,440,900 178,071,668 182,865,870 190,636,802 199,933,471
Technical University of B.C. 13,322,371 18,820,000 23,684,000 1,812,044
Thompson Rivers University 62,165,964 64,958,496 63,603,957
Univeristy of Northern B.C. 26,464,704 29,100,161 29,948,038 31,594,197 35,543,162 35,602,228 39,260,100 41,091,508 43,201,582
University of British Columbia 287,486,738 320,345,896 329,502,557 354,979,562 374,188,108 384,564,608 447,717,589 464,202,119 504,602,991
University of Victoria 107,046,691 119,098,314 121,509,857 123,894,348 137,260,505 135,525,435 145,837,118 154,524,111 159,453,010
University Total 462,402,975 519,077,771 533,480,864 554,975,084 593,646,258 611,885,383 891,925,855 930,250,029 986,964,471
TOTAL 998,143,681 1,113,856,549 1,149,441,153 1,201,448,760 1,344,161,193 1,310,437,631 1,559,507,358 1,623,079,598 1,706,640,930
1 Cariboo College became University College of the Cariboo, which in became Thompson Rivers University in 2005. 2 Okanagan University College (OUC) transitioned into Okanagan College in 2005/06, with a component going to UBC (as UBC/O). 3 Thompson Rivers University was created in 2005/06, replacing UCC. At the same time, the Open Learning Agency was transferred to TRU (only Knowledge Network remains - shown as OLA for continuity with prior years). 4 Fraser Valley College became University College of the Fraser Valley 5 Ceased operations in 2001/02, programs transferred to SFU. 2007/08 payments authorized up to Nov 8, 2007. 2003/04 Universities & Colleges received infrastructure grants totalling $33M. 2002/03 and 2003/04 data includes Entry Level Trades Training (ELTT) Funding.
Source: AVED Funding and Analysis Branch, Multi Year Operating Grants, prepared Nov. 2007.
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 217 Table 5.33. University and college revenue, provincial comparison, 1989-2007 (thousands of dollars)
Fiscal year ending March 31st 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 Canada Prov. Gov 8,135,606 9,195,228 10,049,264 9,746,774 9,028,729 11,049,246 10,451,811 11,817,345 13,444,014 15,330,445 Fed. Gov 747,423 974,821 1,079,685 1,110,639 1,022,516 1,112,046 1,624,714 2,270,560 2,678,489 3,073,356 Tuitiion 1,283,388 1,631,373 2,137,148 2,507,056 2,889,160 3,506,275 4,144,097 5,085,897 6,152,681 7,147,470 Other[1] 2,221,919 2,620,315 3,103,632 3,394,617 3,788,651 4,397,151 5,511,982 6,185,333 7,209,271 8,296,326 Nfld and Lab Prov. Gov 173,602 185,615 205,850 192,136 177,863 166,319 187,643 212,885 238,874 287,116 Fed. Gov 28,256 22,541 35,861 35,892 21,215 37,654 44,559 45,137 53,171 74,462 Tuitiion 21,564 25,796 40,776 54,448 59,127 62,819 61,967 64,281 68,599 96,067 Other[1] 27,874 34,668 42,221 48,063 67,996 53,275 74,499 68,087 95,837 134,212 Nova Scotia Prov. Gov 201,078 228,444 293,727 214,506 189,348 253,113 272,685 289,044 311,702 362,632 Fed. Gov 37,452 56,718 52,450 44,329 41,752 38,537 65,222 73,257 92,231 107,301 Tuitiion 55,306 66,856 87,339 106,056 126,324 157,565 196,620 244,120 299,286 348,187 Other[1] 103,551 120,716 133,387 140,875 156,558 187,880 214,227 224,142 247,279 287,683 P.E.I. Prov. Gov 37,814 47,015 46,028 41,409 40,880 41,875 41,966 47,892 51,040 53,667 Fed. Gov 1,088 1,166 4,954 4,573 2,195 4,619 4,749 24,555 23,056 24,242 Tuitiion 5,856 7,804 10,371 10,594 17,389 19,881 24,338 27,568 31,602 33,228 Other[1] 8,475 11,400 11,100 9,341 15,668 17,376 21,926 27,950 29,970 31,512 New Brunswick Prov. Gov 125,869 137,400 146,134 147,370 146,906 145,828 158,102 173,790 172,333 195,047 Fed. Gov 14,341 15,763 17,446 20,964 15,052 15,033 22,563 27,913 49,427 58,810 Tuitiion 31,754 38,599 50,394 54,772 60,492 69,525 80,364 106,798 122,188 145,383 Other[1] 46,440 55,124 59,304 65,835 76,460 84,997 81,964 83,162 101,081 120,269 Quebec Prov. Gov 2,392,285 2,849,720 3,048,858 3,288,213 3,082,802 2,928,517 3,308,025 3,841,671 4,076,038 4,440,235 Fed. Gov 188,397 240,760 256,469 258,856 239,806 276,186 434,590 633,689 715,987 776,607 Tuitiion 200,404 279,498 421,991 463,738 427,192 472,076 498,982 546,496 636,064 689,917 Other[1] 453,580 528,694 740,999 700,504 717,877 881,866 1,188,166 1,330,171 1,406,294 1,504,881 Ontario Prov. Gov 2,888,490 3,176,113 3,514,860 3,182,175 2,637,365 2,757,072 3,074,949 3,336,032 4,219,960 5,001,662 Fed. Gov 253,673 358,694 399,884 406,215 385,185 408,669 608,154 794,312 971,787 1,151,800 Tuitiion 571,288 709,319 889,744 1,043,655 1,283,791 1,635,135 2,005,203 2,498,391 2,995,357 3,550,215 Other[1] 951,974 1,105,915 1,214,449 1,399,359 1,517,582 1,744,999 2,236,185 2,522,526 3,126,653 3,705,832 Manitoba Prov. Gov 268,194 304,403 310,603 272,714 295,549 320,418 385,096 417,545 458,574 486,497 Fed. Gov 37,675 35,533 34,513 45,126 44,762 37,628 52,859 77,664 88,301 93,678 Tuitiion 42,878 54,053 74,830 91,433 93,186 111,651 128,460 151,766 168,067 178,301 Other[1] 84,167 100,172 102,483 112,568 112,487 129,180 174,950 175,443 194,640 206,491 Saskatchewan Prov. Gov 295,714 346,161 310,747 309,204 336,800 379,295 448,079 461,739 524,483 595,269 Fed. Gov 40,567 46,034 58,762 56,296 50,550 49,459 71,209 100,423 88,787 100,770 Tuitiion 51,417 63,750 72,407 79,503 94,814 107,755 122,314 151,765 170,346 193,337 Other[1] 78,848 94,502 106,416 118,138 150,211 170,529 205,997 233,947 252,592 286,683 Alberta Prov. Gov 920,328 933,031 1,002,944 843,043 799,743 969,965 1,137,944 1,325,365 1,606,312 1,921,431 Fed. Gov 64,692 82,435 87,813 97,051 106,245 107,379 157,219 213,947 261,378 312,654 Tuitiion 136,117 168,025 219,781 266,689 330,310 433,488 531,486 638,322 740,045 885,224 Other[1] 259,737 298,428 331,553 384,368 439,289 504,801 662,759 645,062 764,193 914,109 B.C. [2] Prov. Gov 832,232 987,326 1,169,513 1,256,004 1,291,589 3,053,321 1,400,484 1,670,673 1,723,430 1,922,845 Fed. Gov 81,282 115,177 131,533 141,337 115,754 136,272 163,037 278,898 333,942 372,582 Tuitiion 166,804 217,673 269,515 336,168 395,176 434,847 492,560 654,122 917,767 1,023,960 Other[1] 207,273 270,696 361,720 415,566 523,170 608,645 639,480 860,951 965,632 1,077,363
1 Includes sale of goods and services, investment income, and other revenue sources. 2 The sharp increase in the B.C. government transfer in 1999 includes a one-time transfer of $1.825 billion to write off the debt of the province's universities and colleges. Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM table 385-2007.
218 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World 5.33a. University and college revenue, British Columbia, 1989-2007 (thousands of dollars)
3,500,000
3,000,000
2,500,000
2,000,000 Prov. Gov Tuitiion 1,500,000 Fed. Gov Thousands of dollars 1,000,000
500,000
0 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
* The sharp increase in the B.C. government transfer in 1999 includes a one-time transfer of $1.825 billion to write off the debt of the province's universities and colleges. Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM table 385-2007.
1989 2007
Other, Other $1,077,363, 25% $207,273, 16%
Tuitiion Prov. Gov, $166,804, 13% Prov. Gov, $1,922,845, 44% $832,232 65% Fed. Gov, $81,282, 6%
Tuitiion, $1,023,960, 23%
$1.29 BILLION Fed. Gov, $372,582, 8%
$4.40 BILLION
5.33b. University and college revenue, Canada, 1989-2007 (thousands of dollars)
16,000,000
14,000,000
12,000,000
10,000,000 Prov. Gov 8,000,000 Tuitiion Fed. Gov 6,000,000 Thousdans dollars of
4,000,000
2,000,000
0 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 219 Table 5.34. Revenue and expenditures of B.C. post-secondary institutions, 2006/07
REVENUE
Provincial Research Other Gov't1 Tuition and Amortization Other2 Total Operating Grants1 other fees of DCC Grants Universities 1,086,366 278,627 23,359 561,839 92,056 662,830 2,705,077 40.2% 10.3% 0.9% 20.8% 3.4% 24.5% 100.0% Institutes 143,856 234 7,119 100,216 15,919 49,026 316,370 45.5% 0.0% 2.3% 31.7% 5.0% 15.5% 100.0% Univ. Colleges 162,886 0 0 71,488 15,090 70,024 319,488 51.0% 0.0% 0.0% 22.4% 4.7% 21.9% 100.0% Urban Colleges 229,340 0 0 115,851 19,222 55,042 419,455 54.7% 0.0% 0.0% 27.6% 4.6% 13.1% 100.0% Rural Colleges 162,229 78 0 39,608 14,073 40,641 256,629 63.2% 0.0% 0.0% 15.4% 5.5% 15.8% 100.0% Total 1,784,677 278,939 30,478 889,002 156,360 877,563 4,017,019 44.4% 6.9% 0.8% 22.1% 3.9% 21.8% 100.0%
EXPENDITURES
Compensation/ Operating Grants & Interest Cost of goods Amortization Other Total Salaries & Benefits Costs Contributions sold
Universities 1,521,976 504,668 167,868 47,236 84,200 195,149 25 2,521,122 60.4% 20.0% 6.7% 1.9% 3.3% 7.7% 0.0% 100.0% Institutes 196,991 80,660 3,419 2,953 6,397 23,434 967 314,821 62.6% 25.6% 1.1% 0.9% 2.0% 7.4% 0.3% 100.0% Univ. Colleges 210,144 60,196 2,068 1,162 11,597 19,169 2,927 307,263 68.4% 19.6% 0.7% 0.4% 3.8% 6.2% 1.0% 100.0% Urban Colleges 294,002 61,907 520 89 14,853 22,438 6,830 400,639 73.4% 15.5% 0.1% 0.0% 3.7% 5.6% 1.7% 100.0% Rural Colleges 165,147 55,339 612 756 7,055 18,028 1,271 248,208 66.5% 22.3% 0.2% 0.3% 2.8% 7.3% 0.5% 100.0% Total 2,388,260 762,770 174,487 52,196 124,102 278,218 12,020 3,792,053 63.0% 20.1% 4.6% 1.4% 3.3% 7.3% 0.3% 100.0%
Source: Audited Financial Statement of B.C. post-secondary institutions, 2006/07 fiscal year. 1. Shown when identified by the post-secondary institution. 2. "Other" revenue includes Sales of Goods and Services, Investment Earnings, Non-government grants and Other Revenue.
REVENUE EXPENDITURES
Other 12% Other Grants & 26% Contributions 5% Provincial Operating Grants 44% Operating Costs 20% Compensation/ Salary & Benefits Tuition and Other 63% Fees 22% Other Gov't Research Grants 1% 7% Total: $4.017 Billion Total: $3.792 Billion
220 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 5.35. Student debt, national comparison, 2000, 2003 and 2006
2000 2003 2006 Students Students Students All students with debt All students with debt All students with debt British Columbia $9,833 $22,750 $11,995 $21,118 $15,513 $26,675 Western Canada $11,591 $20,437 $12,086 $20,603 $12,461 $22,787 Ontario $13,160 $23,489 $12,113 $21,257 $13,054 $22,589 Quebec $6,948 $14,806 $5,237 $11,031 $6,229 $12,992 Atlantic $15,266 $24,691 $17,317 $26,510 $19,572 $29,747 Canada $11,250 $20,286 $11,375 $19,757 $13,763 $24,047
Source: Canadian College Student Survey & Canadian Undergraduate Survey Consortium, Report on Student Debt (2007), tables 3 and 5.
5.35a. Student debt, national comparison, 2000, 2003 and 2006
$30,000
$25,000
$20,000 2000 $15,000 2003 2006 $10,000
$5,000 (adjusted for inflation, expressed 2006$) in Average debt of students with student debt
$0 British Western Ontario Quebec Atlantic CANADA Columbia Canada
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 221 Table 5.36. University student financing and debt, B.C., 2000-2006
2000 2002 2004 2006 Survey of 1998 graduates Survey of 2000 graduates Survey of 2002 graduates Survey of 2004 graduates
How Students Funded Their Education Personal savings 22% 16% 14% 18% Employment 55% 50% 53% 47% Family/friends 40% 40% 43% 39% Scholarships/bursaries/grants 14% 15% 15% 14%
Student Debt
% who incurred Student Loan debt 42% 39% 39% 40% % who incurred any financial debt 47% 47% 46% 48% Total median Student Loan debt $16,000 $15,000 $15,000 $18,000 Total median financial debt $16,000 $16,000 $15,000 $20,000
Source: The University Presidents Council, B.C. University Student Outcomes Surveys of Baccalaureate Graduates (2000 survey of 1998 graduates, 2002 survey of 2000 graduates, 2004 survey of 2002 graduates, 2006 survey of 2004 graduates).
5.36a. Financing sources of B.C. university students (2006 survey of 2004 graduates) Scholarships/ bursaries/grants Personal savings 12% 15%
Family/friends 33%
Employment 40%
5.36a. Debt load of university graduates, B.C., 2000-2006
$21,000
$20,000 2000 Survey of 1998 graduates $19,000 2002 Survey of $18,000 2000 graduates
$17,000 2004 Survey of
Student debt Student 2002 graduates
$16,000 2006 Survey of 2004 graduates $15,000
$14,000 Total median Student Loan debt Total median financial debt
222 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 5.37. Post-completion employment outcomes, by institution type, 2000-2006
Former Students 2000 2002 2004 2006 Urban Colleges (one year after graduation) Currently in Training Related Job 60% 61% 59% 62% Unemployed** 14% 12% 8% 6% Education "Very/Somewhat Useful" in Getting Job 74% 76% 74% 73% Average Annual Income (Full-time)*** $30,360 $31,860 $32,544 $33,150 Rural Colleges (one year after graduation) Currently in Training Related Job 64% 72% 71% 72% Unemployed** 18% 13% 13% 8% Education "Very/Somewhat Useful" in Getting Job 74% 79% 79% 80% Average Annual Income (Full-time)*** $33,072 $32,592 $34,752 $31,200 Institutes (one year after graduation) Currently in Training Related Job 81% 80% 76% 81% Unemployed** 8% 10% 9% 5% Education "Very/Somewhat Useful" in Getting Job 90% 87% 84% 87% Average Annual Income (Full-time)*** $35,004 $36,000 $38,364 $39,000 University-Colleges (one year after graduation) Currently in Training Related Job 53% 59% 58% 62% Unemployed** 15% 13% 8% 6% Education "Very/Somewhat Useful" in Getting Job 68% 75% 75% 76% Average Annual Income (Full-time)*** $29,268 $30,504 $32,388 $31,200 Universities and other Baccalaureate graduates1 (two years after graduation) Currently in Training Related Job2 73% 72% 70% 73% Unemployed** 4% 6% 5% 4% In job requiring university skill level3 63% 64% 60% 60% Average Annual Income (Full-time) $42,915 $44,680 $43,581 $46,444
Blank = Not Reported ** Unemployed - percentage is out of those in the labour force *** Converted from monthly (2000, 2002 and 2004) and hourly (2006) average incomes from main jobs. 2006 data based on a working-year of 1950 hours. 1 Beginning in 2006, all baccalaureate graduates were included in the Baccalaureate Graduate Survey (BGS), including graduates from university-colleges and institutes. 2 Includes graduates who responded "Very Related" and "Somewhat Related." 3 NOC Skill Level of Main Job. Source: College & Institutes Student Outcomes, Student Outcomes Reporting System custom tabulation by AVED IDMB Nov 2007; The University Presidents Council, B.C. University Student Outcomes Surveys of Baccalaureate Graduates (1995 survey of 1993 graduates, 1997 survey of 1995 graduates, 1999 survey of 1997 graduates, 2000 survey of 1998 graduates, 2002 survey of 2000 graduates, 2004 survey of 2002 graduates, 2006 survey of 2004 graduates).
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 223 5.37a. Unemployment of post-secondary graduates, B.C., 2000-2006 20%
18%
16%
14% 2000 12% 2002 10% 2004 8% 2006 6%
4%
2%
Unemployment rate of graduates the labour force in 0% Urban Colleges Rural Colleges Institutes University- Universities Colleges
5.37b. Employment of graduates in training-related jobs, B.C., 2000-2006
85%
80%
75%
2000 70% 2002 2004 65% 2006
60%
Percentage of graduatesrelated training job in 55%
50% Urban Colleges Rural Colleges Institutes University-Colleges Universities
5.37c. Education was “very” or “somewhat” useful in finding work, B.C., 2000-2006 100%
95%
90%
85%
80% 2000 2002 75% 2004 70% 2006 65%
60%
55% "very" or "somewhat" work useful finding in
Percentage of respondentswhose educationwas 50% Urban Colleges Rural Colleges Institutes University-Colleges
224 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 5.38. Annual earnings by educational attainment and gender, 2001 (constant 2000$)
Degree in Secondary University University medicine, (high) Non- certificate or certificate or dentistry, school Trades university diploma diploma veterinary Earned graduation certificate or certificate or below Bachelor's above medicine, or Master's doctorate Average None certificate diploma diploma bachelor degree(s) bachelor optometry degree(s) degree
B.C. $44,500 $35,232 $38,404 $42,753 $43,600 $44,126 $56,744 $63,181 $100,639 $66,778 $79,130
Men $50,472 $39,482 $43,718 $46,662 $51,165 $50,955 $65,304 $73,905 $105,634 $74,137 $83,522
Women $35,814 $27,893 $31,707 $31,394 $36,307 $37,761 $44,715 $49,166 $85,803 $54,720 $65,621
Ontario $47,541 $35,479 $39,314 $43,879 $44,903 $49,561 $64,418 $66,135 $120,103 $82,485 $82,451
Men $54,259 $39,902 $44,453 $48,326 $52,795 $56,121 $75,467 $78,492 $134,253 $93,532 $87,009
Women $37,931 $27,823 $32,637 $31,480 $36,929 $41,695 $50,094 $52,471 $87,206 $63,958 $67,438
Alberta $44,387 $33,758 $36,851 $44,429 $42,774 $47,452 $62,371 $71,617 $103,569 $76,730 $75,547
Men $51,450 $38,660 $42,961 $48,981 $51,694 $56,660 $73,771 $86,713 $113,159 $86,189 $79,039
Women $33,428 $25,315 $28,960 $29,149 $33,850 $39,374 $45,809 $49,902 $77,274 $59,386 $64,228
Canada $43,496 $32,581 $36,667 $40,162 $42,064 $45,997 $59,324 $64,258 $114,061 $74,321 $78,572
Men $49,497 $36,531 $41,724 $44,657 $49,536 $52,980 $69,071 $75,226 $125,688 $83,683 $82,754
Women $34,837 $25,410 $30,097 $28,692 $34,630 $39,121 $46,700 $50,832 $86,367 $59,041 $65,344
Source: Statistics Canada, 2001 Census, table arb_t122_2001.
5.38a. Annual earnings by educational attainment and gender, 2001 (constant 2000$)
$120,000
$100,000
$80,000
B.C. $60,000 Men Women
$40,000 Average annual income annual Average
$20,000
$0 A verag e No ne Seco nd ary Trad es Non- University Bachelor's University Degree in Master's Earned (high) certificate universit y certificate degree(s) certificate med icine, d egree(s) doctorate school or diploma certificate or diploma or diploma d ent ist ry, degree g rad uat ion or diploma below abo ve veterinary certificate bachelor bachelor med icine, or optometry
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 225 Table 5.39. Lifetime earnings by educational attainment and gender, 2001 (constant 2000$)
Degree in University University medicine, Non- certificate or certificate or dentistry, High school Trades university diploma diploma veterinary Earned graduation certificate or certificate or below Bachelor's above medicine, or Master's doctorate Average None certificate diploma diploma bachelor degree(s) bachelor optometry degree(s) degree
B.C. $1,557,500 $1,233,120 $1,344,140 $1,496,355 $1,526,000 $1,544,410 $1,986,040 $2,211,335 $3,522,365 $2,337,230 $2,769,550
Men $1,766,520 $1,381,870 $1,530,130 $1,633,170 $1,790,775 $1,783,425 $2,285,640 $2,586,675 $3,697,190 $2,594,795 $2,923,270
Women $1,253,490 $976,255 $1,109,745 $1,098,790 $1,270,745 $1,321,635 $1,565,025 $1,720,810 $3,003,105 $1,915,200 $2,296,735
Ontario $1,663,935 $1,241,765 $1,375,990 $1,535,765 $1,571,605 $1,734,635 $2,254,630 $2,314,725 $4,203,605 $2,886,975 $2,885,785
Men $1,899,065 $1,396,570 $1,555,855 $1,691,410 $1,847,825 $1,964,235 $2,641,345 $2,747,220 $4,698,855 $3,273,620 $3,045,315
Women $1,327,585 $973,805 $1,142,295 $1,101,800 $1,292,515 $1,459,325 $1,753,290 $1,836,485 $3,052,210 $2,238,530 $2,360,330
Alberta $1,553,545 $1,181,530 $1,289,785 $1,555,015 $1,497,090 $1,660,820 $2,182,985 $2,506,595 $3,624,915 $2,685,550 $2,644,145
Men $1,800,750 $1,353,100 $1,503,635 $1,714,335 $1,809,290 $1,983,100 $2,581,985 $3,034,955 $3,960,565 $3,016,615 $2,766,365
Women $1,169,980 $886,025 $1,013,600 $1,020,215 $1,184,750 $1,378,090 $1,603,315 $1,746,570 $2,704,590 $2,078,510 $2,247,980
Canada $1,522,360 $1,140,335 $1,283,345 $1,405,670 $1,472,240 $1,609,895 $2,076,340 $2,249,030 $3,992,135 $2,601,235 $2,750,020
Men $1,732,395 $1,278,585 $1,460,340 $1,562,995 $1,733,760 $1,854,300 $2,417,485 $2,632,910 $4,399,080 $2,928,905 $2,896,390
Women $1,219,295 $889,350 $1,053,395 $1,004,220 $1,212,050 $1,369,235 $1,634,500 $1,779,120 $3,022,845 $2,066,435 $2,287,040
* Based on estimated average working career of 35 years. Source: Statistics Canada, 2001 Census, table arb_t122_2001.
5.39a. Lifetime earnings by educational attainment and gender, B.C. 2001 (constant 2000$)
$4,000,000
$3,500,000
$3,000,000
$2,500,000 Both genders $2,000,000 Men Women $1,500,000
$1,000,000 Projected lifetime earningsProjected (constant lifetime 2000$) $500,000
$0 A verage None High Trad es Non- University Bachelor's University Degree in Master's Earned school certificate universit y certificate degree(s) certificate med icine, degree(s) doctorate graduation or diploma certificate or diploma or diploma dentistry, degree certificate or diploma below above veterinary bachelor bachelor med icine, or optometry
226 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World Table 5.40. Adult learning participation rate1, by gender, age, educational attainment and province, 1997 and 2002 (formal job-related training)
1997 2002 Total 28.5% 34.7% Gender Men 26.7% 32.5% Women 30.5% 37.2% Age 25-34 years 32.6% 41.5% 35-44 years 29.5% 34.6% 45-54 years 27.8% 33.8% 55-64 years 14.9% 22.9% Educational Attainment High school or less 15.7% 17.9% Some postsecondary education 30.9% 38.3% Completed postsecondary certificate or diploma 32.3% 38.1% Completed university degree 42.8% 51.7% Province Newfoundland and Labrador 22.9% 29.5% Prince Edward Island 23.2% 30.6% Nova Scotia 35.0% 38.1% New Brunswick 25.1% 34.7% Quebec 20.2% 31.7% Ontario 31.1% 34.6% Manitoba 29.3% 38.6% Saskatchewan 31.5% 37.7% Alberta 32.1% 34.7%
British Columbia 32.0% 38.8%
1 Percentage of the workforce between the ages of 25 to 64 years engaged in formal job-related training . Source: Statistics Canada, Adult Education and Training Survey, 2003; Valerie Peters, "Working and Training: First Results of the 2003 Adult Education and Training Survey" (Ottawa 2004).
Nfld and Lab
PEI
Nov a Sc otia
New Bruns w ic k
Quebec 1997 Ontario 2002 Manitoba
Saskatchew an
Alberta
B.C.
Total
15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 227 Table 5.41. Adult learning, international comparison, 2003
Expected hours of job-related education over 40- Participation rate (2003)1 year working career (age 25-64 population) Rate Rank Hours Rank Austria Total 18.6% 10 422 9 Men 20.6% 470 Women 16.6% 374 Belgium Total 16.1% 11 469 8 Men 18.0% 540 Women 14.2% 397 Canada 1 Total 24.7% 7 586 6 Men 24.8% 590 Women 24.6% 582 Czech Republic Total 10.9% 14 182 18 Men 12.6% 186 Women 9.2% 179 Denmark Total 39.1% 2 934 1 Men 39.3% 946 Women 39.1% 922 Finland Total 36.1% 4 669 4 Men 33.4% 637 Women 38.9% 701 France Total 18.6% 9 713 3 Men 19.7% 664 Women 17.5% 760 Germany Total 11.5% 13 398 10 Men 12.4% 447 Women 10.6% 348 Greece Total 3.5% 22 106 21 Men 3.7% 106 Women 3.4% 106 Hungary Total 4.1% 20 253 14 Men 3.7% 192 Women 4.6% 312 Ireland Total 10.7% 15 203 17 Men 11.4% 209 Women 10.0% 197 Italy Total 4.1% 21 82 22 Men 4.3% 87 Women 3.9% 77 Luxembourg Total 11.6% 12 176 19 Men 13.5% 207 Women 9.7% .. Netherlands Total 9.5% 16 283 13 Men 9.8% 277 Women 9.1% 289 Poland Total 9.0% 17 139 20 Men 9.2% 147 Women 8.7% 131 Portugal Total 7.4% 18 343 11 Men 7.6% 316 Women 7.2% 367 Slovak Republic Total 19.0% 8 225 16 Men 21.8% 240 Women 16.3% 212 Spain Total 6.3% 19 237 15 Men 7.1% 247 Women 5.6% 226 Sweden Total 40.4% 1 622 5 Men 38.7% 641 Women 42.1% 603 Switzerland Total 29.0% 5 723 2 Men 32.5% 912 Women 25.6% 551 United Kingdom Total 27.3% 6 315 12 Men 28.3% 344 Women 26.4% 287 United States Total 37.4% 3 471 7 Men 37.0% 499 Women 38.6% 446 OECD AVERAGE 18.0% .. 389 .. Men 18.6% 405 Women 17.4% 384
Source: OECD, Education at a Glance 2006, table c5.1a.
228 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World 5.41a. Job-related training participation rate, 2003
Sweden Denmark United States Finland
Switzerland United Kingdom Canada Slovak Republic France Austria
Belgium Luxembourg
Germany Czech Republic Ireland Netherlands
Poland OECD Average Portugal 18.0%
Spain Hungary Italy Greece
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% % of labour force age 24-64 engaged in non-formal job-related training (2003)
5.41b. Expected hours of job-related training (in a 40-year career), 2003
Denmark Switzerland France Finland Sweden Canada United States Belgium Austria Germany Portugal United Kingdom Netherlands Hungary Spain Slovak Republic Ireland OECD Average Czech Republic 389 hours Luxembourg Poland Greece Italy
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 Expected hours of job-related training over 40-year w orking career
Environmental Scan for British Columbia 2008 229 Table 5.42. Projected job openings by skill level/education, 2005-2015
Employed New Jobs Attrition Total Openings Avg. Annual (2005) (2005-2015) (2005-2015) (2005-2015) Growth
University Degree 526,210 141,640 190,640 332,280 2.40%
Some Post-Secondary 919,180 201,840 290,740 492,580 2.00%
High School Diploma 346,630 61,380 90,660 152,050 1.60%
Less Than High School 338,540 56,240 80,590 136,840 1.50%
Source: Min. of Advanced Education, “Employment Outlook for British Columbia: COPS B.C. Unique Scenario for 2005 to 2015,” Feb. 2007.
5.42a. Projected job openings by skill level/education, 2005-2015
Less Than High School, 136,840 12%
University Degree, High School Diploma, 332,280 152,050 30% 14%
Some Post-Secondary , 492,580 44%
230 Higher Learning and the Labour Market in a Changing World 5.42b. Projected annual growth in employment by skill level/education, 2005-2015
3.00%
2.50%
2.00%
1.50%
1.00%
0.50%
0.00%
Porjected growthannual employment in by education level University Degree Some Post-Secondary High School Diploma Less Than High School
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