Revista Pesquisa Naval N°32/2020

REVISTA PESQUISA NAVAL FOR NUCLEARANDTECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OFTHENAVY DIRECTORATE-GENERAL

NUMBER 32 – 2020 The mission of the Revista Pesquisa Naval is to provide a formal channel of communication and dissemination of national scientific and technical productions for the scientific community, by publishing original articles that are a result of scientific research and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in areas of interest for the Brazilian Navy. Articles published in the journal do not reflect the position or the doctrine of the Navy and are the sole responsibility of the authors.

SPONSORSHIP EDITORIAL BOARD Directorate-General for Nuclear and Technological Development of the CC Gustavo Machado Rocha Navy – DGDNTM 1Ten (RM2-T) Tatiane Guimarães dos Santos Antoniolli 2Ten (AA) Ana Cristina dos Santos Dutra SCNS Janice Romaguera Trotte Duha SPONSORSHIP Admiral Marcos Sampaio Olsen Director General for Nuclear and Technological Development of the Navy EDITION Directorate-General for Nuclear and Technological Development of the Navy – DGDNTM ASSISTANT EDITORS www.marinha.mil.br/dgdntm/revista Vice Admiral Paulo César Colmenero Lopes Director of the Navy Technological Center in São Paulo – CTMSP EDITORIALPRODUÇÃO PRODUCTION EDITORIAL Rear Admiral Marcelo Gurgel de Souza Director of the Navy Technological Center in Rio de Janeiro – CTMRJ Rear Admiral (RM1-EN) Humberto Moraes Ruivo ZEPPELINI Director of the Naval Agency for Nuclear Safety and Quality – AgNSNQ PUBLISHERS Rear Admiral (RM1) Paulo Cesar Demby Corrêa Chief Advisor of Institutional Relations & Social Communication – DGDNTM

Revista Pesquisa Naval / Diretoria-Geral de Desenvolvimento Nuclear e Tecnológico da Marinha v. 1, n. 1, 1988 – Rio de Janeiro – RJ – Brasil – Marinha do Brasil

Anual Título abreviado: Pesq. Nav. ISSN Impresso 1414-8595 / ISSN Eletrônico 2179-0655

1. Marinha – Periódico – Pesquisa Cientiﬁca. Diretoria-Geral de Desenvolvimento Nuclear e Tecnológico da Marinha.

CDU 001.891.623/.9 CDD 623.807.2 CONTENTS | NUMBER 31 – 2019

FOREWORD

1 DIRECTOR-GENERAL OF NUCLEAR AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE NAVY Fleet Admiral Marcos Sampaio Olsen HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND HEALTH

3 MARINE BIO-PROSPECTION: FROM MARINE BIOLOGY TO HEALTH SEARCHING FOR NEW POTENTIAL ANTINEOPLASTIC BIO-ACTIVE COMPONENTS Bioprospecção marinha: das ciências do mar às ciências da saúde em busca de novos compostos bioativos com potencial antineoplásico Giselle Pinto de Faria Lopes, Isabel Virgínia Gomes e Silva, Karina Lani Silva, Raquel Ciuvalschi Maia, Ricardo Coutinho, Angelica Ribeiro Soares, Maria Helena Campos Baeta Neves SENSORS, ELECTRONIC WARFARE AND ACOUSTIC WARFARE

10 DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW-COST AUTONOMOUS UNDERWATER VEHICLE USING ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING Desenvolvimento de um veículo submarino autônomo de baixo custo utilizando manufatura aditiva Emerson Coelho Mendonça, Adams Soares Teles, Vilson Berilli Mendes HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND HEALTH

18 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SUPPORT CENTER FOR COVID-19 DETECTION AND CLINICAL RESEARCH IN THE HOSPITAL NAVAL MARCÍLIO DIAS Implementação do Núcleo de Apoio à Detecção e Pesquisa Clínica da COVID-19 no Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias $aís Chrispim de Souza Carvalho Giangiarulo, Jéssica da Silva Oliveira, Raissa Mirella dos Santos Cunha da Costa, Sâmila Natiane Ferreira, Juliana Aparecida Souza da Paz, Eduardo Siqueira, Marlon Daniel Lima Tonin, Tailah Bernardo de Almeida, Marcelo Leal Gregório, Shana Priscila Coutinho Barroso NUCLEAR

26 SUBSIDIES FOR FORMULATION OF EXTERNAL EMERGENCY PLAN: A STUDY TO ASSIST THE NAVAL COMPLEX OF ITAGUAÍ Subsídios para elaboração de Plano de Emergência Externo: um estudo para atender ao Complexo Naval de Itaguaí Kellen Stephany Batista Marques OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT

34 FORENSIC FINGERPRINTING OF OIL SPILLS: A STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF WEATHERING ON SOURCE IDENTIFICATION Identificação forense de derramamentos de óleo: um estudo sobre a influência do intemperismo na identificação de fontes Márcio Martins Lobão, Tanise Klein Ramos, Fernanda Freyesleben $omazelli DECISION-MAKING PROCESS

42 DEVELOPING A COMPUTATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FOR HIGH-LEVEL MAKING DECISION: A CONTRIBUTION OF THE BRAZILIAN NAVY TO SELECTING AUTOCLAVES IN THE FIGHT AGAINST COVID-19 Desenvolvimento de uma tecnologia computacional para tomada de decisão de alto nível: uma contribuição da Marinha do Brasil para seleção de autoclaves no combate à COVID-19 Natália Oliveira Barbosa de Paula INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY

51 TECHNOLOGY-BASED BUSINESS INCUBATORS: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AND DISSEMINATION OF SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES Incubadoras de Empresas de Base Tecnológica: análise comparativa e disseminação de práticas sustentáveis Renato Santiago Quintal NUCLEAR

59 REQUIREMENTS GATHERING OF INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS FOR NUCLEAR SUBMARINES Levantamento de requisitos de sistemas de gestão integrado para submarinos nucleares Antonelly Assis Gregorio de Sousa, José Gilberto Fernandes Junior, Eduardo Henrique Damasceno da Gama, Luciano Carlos Belezia, Ricardo Kropf Santos Fermam

69 STUDY OF STRAIN-INDUCED PHASE TRANSFORMATION IN AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS APPLIED TO NUCLEAR FUEL COMPONENTS Estudo da transformação de fases induzida por deformação em aços inoxidáveis austeníticos aplicados a componentes de combustíveis nucleares Jamil Martins Guimarães Junior FOREWORD

DIRECTOR-GENERAL OF NUCLEAR AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE NAVY FLEET ADMIRAL MARCOS SAMPAIO OLSEN

he enigmatic political, social, and economic climate experienced in Brazil, with the persistent COVID-19 pandemic imposing atypical challenges and budget constraints, compels the construction of a collective awareness for the adjustments that the circumstances require. It is imperative to improve the delivery of services and processes to society, based on strict optimization, without compromising its e$ectiveness. TIn line with the current situation, the Brazilian Navy, through the Directorate-General for Nuclear and Technological Development — central body of Science, Technology, and Innovation of the Navy —, strives to research, develop, and adopt products and services with local technologies, duly validated and adapted to its organizational culture. In this context, the Brazilian Navy, in partnership with renowned universities, industries, institutes, and foundations working in the %eld of Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI), is proud to contribute to the expansion of innovative knowledge aimed at not only increasing the dual application, despite the progressive demands inherent to the strengthening of the Naval Power, but also at materializing it in services for society. Based on these premises, the current edition of Revista Pesquisa Naval presents the most recent scienti%c contributions, regarded as comprehensive and consequential by distinguished academic authorities, covering subjects in areas such as Sensors, Electronic Warfare, Acoustic Warfare, Human Performance and Health, Nuclear, Operational Environment, Decision-making Processes, and Information and Communication Technology. Concurrently with the signi%cant technological advances achieved, we must make justice and honor the authors of the works presented herein, reiterating the situational need to persevere in intellectual e$orts targeted at the continuous pursuit for technological improvement. Enjoy your reading!

| 1 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 1 Figure 1 UNDERWATER COMMUNICATION TRANSDUCER HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND HEALTH

MARINE BIO-PROSPECTION: FROM MARINE BIOLOGY TO HEALTH SEARCHING FOR NEW POTENTIAL ANTINEOPLASTIC BIO-ACTIVE COMPONENTS Bioprospecção marinha: das ciências do mar às ciências da saúde em busca de novos compostos bioativos com potencial antineoplásico

Giselle Pinto de Faria Lopes1, Isabel Virgínia Gomes e Silva 2, Karina Lani Silva 3, Raquel Ciuvalschi Maia4, Ricardo Coutinho5, Angelica Ribeiro Soares 6, Maria Helena Campos Baeta Neves 7

Abstract: Mortality by type of cancer among Navy military mem- Resumo: A mortalidade por tipo de câncer entre os militares da bers di$ers from the general reference population and is associated Marinha difere da população geral de referência e se associa a certas with certain occupations. Out of these associations, we highlight ocupações, evidenciando-se o tumor cerebral em associação com as that of brain tumors with the health team. On the other hand, the funções do grupo saúde. Por outro lado, o potencial biotecnológico dos biotechnological potential of cyanobacterial secondary metabolites metabólitos secundários de cianobactérias revelou o grande potencial has been revealed, particularly as antineoplastic drugs. 'erefore, dessas substâncias para uso, principalmente, como fármacos antineo- the present Marine Biotechnology Research & Development plásicos. Logo, o presente estudo de Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento (R&D) study sought to sustainably use marine natural resources, em Biotecnologia Marinha buscou utilizar de forma sustentável os joining e$orts inside and outside the Brazilian Navy to contri- recursos naturais marinhos, juntando esforços intra e extra-MB para bute to solving chronic problems such as cancer, which a$ects the contribuir com soluções de problemas crônicos como o câncer, o qual quality of life of military and civilian personnel as well as that of afeta a qualidade de vida do pessoal militar e civil bem como da society, contemplating several sub-areas and lines of research of the sociedade, contemplando diversas subáreas e linhas de pesquisa da Brazilian Navy Strategy for Science, Technology & Innovation. Estratégia de Ciência, Tecnologia & Inovação da Marinha do Brasil. We found that crude extracts, particularly from Oscillatoria sp. and Observamos que extratos brutos, principalmente das cianobactérias Phormidium sp. cyanobacteria, showed signi%cant cytotoxic and Oscillatoria sp. e Phormidium sp. , mostraram efeitos citotóxico e citos- cytostatic e$ects on brain tumors, with di$erent molecular cha- tático signi%cativos em tumores cerebrais com características mole- racteristics when tested in vitro . 'e extracts also showed di$erent culares diferentes testados in vitro . Também foi demonstrado que os chemical classes in their composition, but with the suggested pre- extratos apresentam diferentes classes químicas em sua composição, sence of alkaloids, important bioactive compounds with reported mas sugerem a presença de alcaloides, compostos bioativos impor- antineoplastic action. 'is study is extremely promising for new tantes com ação antineoplásica já descrita. Este estudo apresentou-se

1. Researcher at the Bioproducts Division, Marine Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira – Arraial do Cabo, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 2. Biotechnologist, Ph.D student in the Associate Graduate Program in Marine Biotechnology, Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira/Universidade Federal Fluminense – Arraial do Cabo, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 3. Technologist at the Flow Cytometry Platform, Research Coordination, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 4. Head of the Cellular and Molecular Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, Research Coordination, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 5. Head of the Marine Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira – Arraial do Cabo, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: ricardo.coutinho@ marinha.mil.br 6. Head of the Group of Natural Products of Aquatic Organisms, Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Socioambiental de Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 7. Superintendent of the Graduate Program, Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira – Arraial do Cabo, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]

| 3 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 3-8 Giselle Pinto de Faria Lopes, Isabel Virgínia Gomes e Silva, Karina Lani Silva, Raquel Ciuvalschi Maia, Ricardo Coutinho, Angelica Ribeiro Soares, Maria Helena Campos Baeta Neves health strategies, especially in oncology, representing an R&D extremamente promissor para novas estratégias na área da saúde, advancement with all the biotechnological increment necessary to principalmente em oncologia, constituindo no avanço de Pesquisa develop interdisciplinary products and services in the near future. & Desenvolvimento (P&D) com todo o incremento biotecnológico Keywords: Marine bioprospecting. Cyanobacteria. Brain tumor. necessário para o desenvolvimento de produtos e serviços interdisci- Antineoplastic potential. plinares em um futuro próximo. Palavras-chave: Bioprospecção marinha. Cianobactéria. Tumor cerebral. Potencial antineoplásico.

1. INTRODUCTION resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy (46.1%), with a maximum survival of one year (LOUIS et al., 2016). 'e current Naval Policy (MARINHA DO BRASIL, The advancement of Biotechnology and Marine 2019) presents a Navy Strategic Map consisting of Naval Bioprospecting led to the discovery that marine organisms Objectives, distributed in interconnected perspectives for the have peculiar properties not found in the terrestrial environ- period between 2020 and 2039. 'ese objectives include per- ment. 'ese properties have several applications, potentially sonnel appreciation and health support, contributing to the valuing the 70% marine environment present on Earth’s sur- expansion of actions that promote the quality of life of military face (MALVE, 2016). Currently, the great potential of marine and civilian personnel. Studies by Silva, Santana, and Dana biodiversity as a source of substances of biotechnological (2000) and Silva and Santana (2004) have shown that mor- interest is indisputable. 'e chemical diversity and the high tality by type of cancer among Navy military members di$ers bioactive potential of these metabolites, many of which show from the general reference population and is associated with new mechanisms of action, have encouraged the e$orts of certain occupations. Among these associations, we highlight academic researchers in the pursuit and development of new those of brain and hepatic tumors with the health team; col- therapeutic agents, especially antineoplastic ones (JASPARS orectal tumors with Navy o>cers and administration personnel; et al., 2016). Bioprospecting for marine drugs had its %rst sig- and laryngeal cancer with the maintenance and repair group. ni%cant milestone with the discovery and isolation of nucle- 'erefore, the present Marine Biotechnology Research osides with anticancer properties derived from the Tethya & Development (R&D) study sought to sustainably use crypta (formerly Cryptotethya crypta ) sponge, which became the marine natural resources, joining e$orts inside and outside basis for synthetic analogues of the Ara-C (cytarabine) drug, the Brazilian Navy ( Marinha do Brasil — MB) to contrib- used in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (COSTA- ute to solving chronic problems such as cancer, which a$ects LOCTUFO et al., 2009). 'us, marine cyanobacteria are an the quality of life of military and civilian personnel as well important source of secondary metabolites of high biotech- as that of society. As a result, the work contemplated sev- nological interest worldwide. Nonetheless, despite the rich eral sub-areas and lines of research of the MB Strategy for marine [ora of the state of Rio de Janeiro, studies on cyano- Science, Technology & Innovation (STI), such as: Biological bacteria are rare in Brazil. Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic Tissue Bank, Human Performance and Health, Biochemical prokaryotic organisms considered one of the oldest forms and Molecular Pharmacology, Biodrugs, and Health Products of life on Earth, and throughout evolution, they adapted to (MARINHA DO BRASIL, 2017). most terrestrial environments, as well as marine and fresh- In Brazil, cancer is the second leading cause of death. water environments (PAERL; PAUL, 2012). 'e biotech- According to current epidemiological data from the National nological interest in cyanobacterial secondary metabolites Cancer Institute, approximately 600 thousand new cancer cases has revealed the great potential of these substances, particu- were estimated for the biennium 2018–2019 (INCA, 2018). larly as antineoplastic drugs, some of which are currently in Among all brain tumors, glioblastoma is the subtype with the advanced stages of clinical trials ( DIXIE; SUSEELA, 2013). highest incidence and mortality rates, representing the most Given this scenario, the present multidisciplinary study frequent malignant brain tumor since it shows signi%cant aimed to analyze the knowledge on Marine Biotechnology

| 4 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 3-8 Giselle Pinto de Faria Lopes, Isabel Virgínia Gomes e Silva, Karina Lani Silva, Raquel Ciuvalschi Maia, Ricardo Coutinho, Angelica Ribeiro Soares, Maria Helena Campos Baeta Neves and new drugs for the discovery of therapeutic strategies in 'ey were rota-evaporated, and the chemical pro%les of the the %ght against cancer. extracts were determined by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Crude extracts were stored at -20°C until the antineoplastic tests, when they were reconstituted in dimethyl sulfoxide. 2. OBJECTIVE 3.2. CYTOTOXIC EFFECT To evaluate the antineoplastic e$ect of cyanobacterial Human brain tumor cells of the glioblastoma type, T98G crude extracts on human brain cancer cells — glioblastoma and U251 (American Type Culture Collection), were grown — and investigate chemical classes responsible for this e$ect. with increasing concentrations of crude extracts of the 4 different isolated cyanobacteria — 62.5, 125, 250, 500, and 1,000 μg/mL. After 72 hours, the spectrophotometric mea- 3. METHOD surement of cell viability was performed by converting MTT salt (5 mg/ mL) into formazan crystal (MOSMANN, 1983). 3.1. COLLECTION, After the dissolution of these crystals by dimethyl sulfox- EXTRACTION, AND ANALYSIS ide, the optical density was recorded at 570 nm (Beckman Samples of cyanobacteria Oscillatoria sp . were collected Coulter). 'e viability percentage was converted, consider- at Praia do Sol; those of Phormidium sp. at Praia da Areia; ing the optical density of control cells not treated with the those of Lyngbya sp. at Praia Seca, Rio de Janeiro; and those extracts as 100%. of Aphanothece sp. in Figueira, Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro. Sodium azide and sodium [uoride were used to obtain unial- 3.3. CYTOSTATIC EFFECT gal cultures, favoring only photoautotrophic growth (MELO Tumor cells T98G and U251 were grown at their respec- et al., 2012) (Figure 1). 'e biological samples were lyophilized tive half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ), and after and extracted with a mixture of ethyl acetate:methanol (1:1). 72 hours, they were photographed in phase contrast and then %xed in citrate bu$er (10 mM). After the incorporation of the DNA intercalator, propidium iodide (1 μg/mL), and the A B addition of RNAse (20 μg/mL) for 30 minutes, [uorescence (FL-3) was analyzed by [ow cytometry (Cyan ADP, Becton & Dickinson). We observed the percentage of cells in each phase of the cell cycle (G0/G1, S, and G2/M) and quanti- %ed those with fragmented DNA (subG0/G1).

C D 3.4. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Statistical analyses were performed using the GraphPad Prism software, version 6.0 (Windows). Data had their nor- E mality evaluated, followed by a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) parametric test with Dunnett’s post-test. Results were expressed as mean and standard deviation and consid- Figure 1. (A) Cyanobacterial samples were collected ered signi%cant when p<0.05. in Figueira, (B) where the soil surface was cut, and (C) the upper layer was separated (D) to obtain the cyanobacterial homogenate. They were placed in 4. RESULTS unialgal cultures, macroscopically showing the isolated types: Phormidium sp., Lyngbya sp ., and Aphanothece sp ., and (E) microscopically the cyanobacteria Given the di$erent molecular characteristics of the two Oscillatoria sp . brain tumors tested, U251 cells showed a better response

| 5 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 3-8 Giselle Pinto de Faria Lopes, Isabel Virgínia Gomes e Silva, Karina Lani Silva, Raquel Ciuvalschi Maia, Ricardo Coutinho, Angelica Ribeiro Soares, Maria Helena Campos Baeta Neves

pro%le, more sensitivity to treatments, and IC 50 in 3/4 of Among the four cyanobacterial crude extracts, only the cyanobacterial extracts tested when compared to T98G Aphanothece sp. presented no cytotoxicity in the strains tested cells, which were more resistant, presenting IC 50 in only 2/4 to obtain IC 50 . 'e same was noted in T98G cells for Lyngbya of these same extracts (Table 1). sp. Figures 2A and 2B depict dose-response graphs of the cytotoxic e$ect of the four extracts for both strains, along

Table 1. Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ). with cell morphology by phase contrast. We found that the

Strain T98G U251 IC 50 treatment resulted in cell detachment, followed by cell death, especially in U251 (Figures 2C–2J). Extract IC 50 ( μg/mL) DNA fragmentation results corroborated the cytotoxic- Oscillatoria sp. 124.9 51.91 ity detected in the previous viability assay, evidencing a sig- Phormidium sp. 261.8 197.5 ni%cant cell death phenomenon. T98G tumor cells treated Lyngbya sp. - 299.2 only with Oscillatoria sp. and Phormidium sp. extracts showed

A T98G B U251 150 150 Oscillatoria sp. Phormidium sp. Lyngbya sp. ** Aphanothece sp. 100 100 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 50 ** ** 50 ** ** Cell viability (%) Cell viability (%) Cell ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 0 0 0 250 500 750 1000 0 250 500 750 1000 Extract [μg/mL] Extract [μg/mL]

C D G H

E F I J

* p≤0.01. Figure 2. Viability of human glioblastoma cells (A) T98G and (B) U251 grown with cyanobacterial crude extracts after 72 hours, using the MTT method. Phase contrast morphology of (C) T98G control cells grown with (D) Oscillatoria sp. 125 μg/mL, (E) Phormidium sp. 250 μg/mL, (F) Lyngbya sp. 1,000 μg/mL. Morphology of (G) U251 control cells, (H) Oscillatoria sp . 62.5 μg/mL, (I) Phormidium sp. 250 μg/mL, and (J) Lyngbya sp. 250 μg/mL . Representative result of two independent experiments performed in eight replicates, with mean ±standard deviation. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Dunnett’s post-test compared to control. Scale bar=50 μm.

| 6 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 3-8 Giselle Pinto de Faria Lopes, Isabel Virgínia Gomes e Silva, Karina Lani Silva, Raquel Ciuvalschi Maia, Ricardo Coutinho, Angelica Ribeiro Soares, Maria Helena Campos Baeta Neves a signi%cant percentage of DNA fragmentation when grown 'e Oscillatoria sp ., Phormidium sp ., and Lyngbya sp . extracts with the corresponding IC 50 (Figure 3A). Again, U251 cells caused the interruption of the tumor cell cycle in S and G2/M were more sensitive, with a higher signi%cant percentage of phases, veri%ed by the signi%cant increase in percentage com- dead cells than the same extracts; however, this value was pared to the control in both strains (Figures 4A and 4B). not signi%cant in the treatment with the Lyngbya sp. extract After verifying the cytotoxic and cytostatic e$ects of (Figure 3B). the extracts, we found through TLC that each crude extract When evaluating the cell cycle of human glioblastomas consisted of bioactive molecules of di$erent chemical classes treated with di$erent cyanobacterial extracts, we noted a sim- (Table 2). 'e Oscillatoria sp. extract presented amino acids, ilar cytostatic e$ect, regardless of the type of cyanobacteria. revealed by ninhydrin, di$ering from all other extracts and

A T98G B U251 80 80

60 60 ** ** *** 40 ** 40

20 20

0 0 DNA fragmentation (%) DNA fragmentation (%)

Control Control

Lyngbya sp. Oscillatoria sp. Phormidium sp. OscillatoriaPhormidium sp. sp. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Dunnett’s post-test; **p ≤0.01. Figure 3. DNA fragmentation in human glioblastoma cells (A) T98G and (B) U251 grown with cyanobacterial crude extracts after 72 hours with their IC 50 . Representative result of a flow cytometry experiment, considering 10,000– 30,000 cells, with mean ±standard deviation.

A T98G B U251 150 150 G2/M

* S * * * 100 * 100 G0/ G1

* * 50 * Cells (%) Cells Cells (%) Cells 50 * * * * * 0 0

Control Control

Lyngbya sp. Oscillatoria sp.Phormidium sp. OscillatoriaPhormidium sp. sp. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Dunnett’s post-test compared to control; *p<0.05. Figure 4. Cycle of human glioblastoma cells (A) T98G and (B) U251 grown with cyanobacterial crude extracts for 72 hours with their IC50 . Representative result of a flow cytometry experiment, considering 10,000–30,000 cells, with mean±standard deviation.

| 7 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 3-8 Giselle Pinto de Faria Lopes, Isabel Virgínia Gomes e Silva, Karina Lani Silva, Raquel Ciuvalschi Maia, Ricardo Coutinho, Angelica Ribeiro Soares, Maria Helena Campos Baeta Neves

Table 2. Identification of chemical classes by thin-layer chromatography.

Reagents Samples

EtOH 5% H2SO 4 FeCl 3 KMnO4 Ninhydrin Dragendorff Oscillatoria sp. + + + + +

Phormidium sp. + + + - +

Lyngbya sp. + + + - -

Aphanothece sp. + + + - -

potentially producing a greater in vitro e$ect in lower con- CONCLUSIONS centrations. We can also suggest that crude extracts, especially from Oscillatoria sp . and Phormidium sp ., which had Based on all strategies used in the pre-clinical models and the relevant e$ects on both tumors tested, present important various chemical characteristics of cyanobacterial marine biodi- compounds, such as the alkaloid family, revealed by the versity, this study is extremely promising for new health strate- Dragendor$ reagent and described in the literature as hav- gies, particularly in oncology, representing an R&D advancement ing an antineoplastic e$ect on this and other types of tumor with all the biotechnological increment necessary for the develop- (SILVA et al., 2018). ment of interdisciplinary products and services in the near future.

REFERENCES

COSTA-LOTUFO, L.V. et al. Organismos marinhos como MARINHA DO BRASIL. Política Naval . Centro de Comunicação Social fonte de novos fármacos: historico & perspectivas. Química da Marinha, 2019. 47 p. Nova , v. 32, n. 3, p. 703-716, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1590/ MELO, L. F. de A. et al. Toxicity against Artemia salina of the zoanthid S0100-40422009000300014 Palythoa caribaeorum (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) used in folk medicine on DIXIT, R.B.; SUSEELA, M.R. Cyanobacteria: potential candidates for the coast of Pernambuco, Brazil. Biotemas, v. 25, n. 3, p. 145-151, 2012. drug discovery. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek , v. 103, n. 5, p. 947-961, https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2012v25n3p145 2013. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-013-9898-0 MOSMANN, T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE CÂNCER JOSÉ DE ALENCAR GOMES survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. Journal DA SILVA (INCA). Números de Câncer . Incidência de casos entre of Immunological Methods , v. 65, n. 1-2, p. 55-63, 1983. https://doi. 2018/2019. Rio de Janeiro: INCA, 2018. org/10.1016/0022-1759(83)90303-4

JASPARS, M. et al. The marine biodiscovery pipeline and ocean PAERL, H.W.; PAUL, V.J. Climate change: Links to global expansion of medicines of tomorrow. Journal of Marine Biological Association of harmful cyanobacteria. Water Research , v. 46, n. 5, p. 1349-1363, 2012. the United Kingdom, v. 96, n. 1, p. 151-158, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1017/ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.002 S0025315415002106 SILVA, M.; SANTANA, V. Fatores de risco ocupacionais para câncer de LOUIS, D.N. et al. The 2016 WHO Classiﬁcation of Tumors of the cólon e reto entre militares da Marinha do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Central Nervous System: a summary. Acta Neuropathologica , v. 131, n. Medicina do Trabalho , v. 2, n. 1, p. 22-29, 2004. 6, p. 803-820, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-016-1545-1 SILVA, M.; SANTANA, V. S.; DANA, L. Mortalidade por câncer em MALVE, H. Exploring the ocean for new drug developments: Marine militares da Marinha do Brasil. Revista de Saúde Pública , v. 34, n. 4, p. pharmacology. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences , v. 8, n. 2, 373-379, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102000000400010 p. 83-91, 2016. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.171700 SILVA, T.C.C. et al. Speciﬁc Cytostatic and Cytotoxic Epect of MARINHA DO BRASIL. Estratégia de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação Dihydrochelerythrine in Glioblastoma Cells: Role of NF- κB/ β-catenin and da Marinha do Brasil Estado-Maior da Armada . Marinha do Brasil, 2017. STAT3/IL-6 Pathways. Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, v. 18, n. 108 p. 10, p. 1386-1393, 2018. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871520618666180412122101

| 8 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 3-8 Figure 2 CHAFF ROCKET LAUNCHER IN OPERATION SENSORS, ELECTRONIC WARFARE AND ACOUSTIC WARFARE

DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW-COST AUTONOMOUS UNDERWATER VEHICLE USING ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING Desenvolvimento de um veículo submarino autônomo de baixo custo utilizando manufatura aditiva

Emerson Coelho Mendonça1, Adams Soares Teles 2, Vilson Berilli Mendes3

Abstract: 'is article presents a proposal to build an autono- Resumo: Este artigo apresenta uma proposta de construção de um mous underwater vehicle in torpedo shape, from low cost and easy veículo submarino autônomo em formato de torpedo, a partir de to acquire materials. 'e hardware architecture is distributed in materiais de baixo custo e de fácil aquisição. A arquitetura de har- modules that communicate through a CAN network. 'e electro- dware é distribuída em módulos que se comunicam por meio de nic control and drive devices for the horizontal and vertical rud- uma rede CAN. Os dispositivos eletrônicos de controle e aciona- ders have been accommodated in a hull manufactured by addi- mento dos lemes horizontal e vertical foram acomodados em um tive manufacturing (3D printing). 'e electronic components casco fabricado por manufatura aditiva (impressão 3D). Os com- used are commercial and can be easily purchased on the market. ponentes eletrônicos utilizados são comerciais e podem ser facil- Preliminary tests have shown the feasibility of obtaining a vehi- mente adquiridos no mercado. Os testes preliminares mostram a cle that is watertight, stable at a cost well below those o$ered on viabilidade de se obter um veículo com estanqueidade, estabilidade the market. a um custo bem abaixo dos oferecidos no mercado. Keywords: Additive manufacturing. Autonomous underwater Palavras-chave: Manufatura aditiva. Veículo submarino vehicle. Low cost. autônomo. Baixo custo.

1. In charge of the Inertial Systems Division – Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 2. Assistant of the Inertial Systems Division – Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 3. Assistant of the Applied Mechanics Division – Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]

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1. INTRODUCTION Khaleed et al. (2019) analyzed the performance of a propeller produced by 3D printing on ABS plastic. By submit- Currently, the importance of projects for the develop- ting the product to a stress-strain analysis using the %nite ment and production of dual employment items (civil and element method, they concluded that this material is viable military applications) is growing (BRASIL, 2017). In this for the construction of the helix, since it behaved within the context, Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV) are [ow limit during the applied load tests, equivalent to action included, which have several applications, such as environ- of e$orts generated by water acting on the body. mental monitoring, oceanographic data collection, sensor Champion, Jamshidi and Joordens (2016) used parts testing, inspection of subsea pipelines, hydrographic/geo- printed by AM inside an assembly embedded in an AUV logical survey of subsea/river resources, development and in the construction of a box to %x and store sensors, in project validation and analysis of the submarine propeller, which the main challenge proposed was to ensure the obtaining hydrodynamic data and typical maneuvers of ves- tightness of the junction box while carrying out maneu- sels, among others. vers by the vehicle. In naval military applications, the use of Unmanned However, it is noted that the literature lacks works that Surface Vehicle (USV) and Unmanned Underwater Vehicle address the construction of an AUV with structural parts (UUV) denotes a strong tactical advantage, as they represent made entirely by 3D printing. In this context, taking into an extension of the warship and can be essential components account the emergence of new technologies, this work pres- for the success of naval force missions, allowing to increase ents an innovative proposal in the production of na AUV the operational capacity of the [eet, extending the potential with accelerated and low-cost manufacturing, aggregating of surveillance and intervention (BRASIL, 2015). scienti%c knowledge in a technological application, in an With the advancement of technology, autonomous area of interest to Defense and Maritime Power , without vehicles have become capable of performing increasingly excluding the possibility of dual application for the bene- diverse activities, reducing the exposure of human life to %t of society. risk situations and allowing for greater knowledge about the marine environment (DUNBABIN; MARQUES, 2012). Since the late 1980s, with the emergence of additive 2. OBJECTIVES manufacturing (AM), several aerospace companies have been using systems whose parts are made using this technology. 'e complete impression of a strong, watertight, and In recent years, AM’s rapid advances have led to the popu- stable submarine hull using AM technology imposes some larization of this technology, making it accessible not only challenges and restrictions, especially regarding the size of to large companies. the hull to be built. AM, also known as 3D printing, is the creation of a 'is work aimed to present a proposal for the construction, physical object by printing, layer upon layer, from a 3D through AM, of an AUV in order to be a reliable underwa- digital model or drawing. 'is technology has a wide range ter test platform, with low cost, easy operation, and transport of uses and is capable of creating complex products quickly logistics, which can be operated by a single person. 'e pro- and at low cost, providing accelerated development and posal also aimed to support the development of inertial nav- reducing the prototype-product cycle. AM o$ers design- igation systems, underwater acoustic systems, data transmis- ers [exibility in the construction of complex structures sion systems, and control and guidance systems. that are more di>cult and costly to manufacture by conventional methods. Although 3D printers are mostly used in the product 3. METHOD prototyping phase, in many cases, it is also possible to obtain AM-printed products with reliable %nish and structures, so To carry out this work, modeling techniques, program- that they can be used as a %nal product. ming software, sensors, equipment, 3D printer, and various

| 11 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 10-16 Emerson Coelho Mendonça, Adams Soares Teles, Vilson Berilli Mendes materials were used. 'e mechanical and electronic projects 'e second section houses the power and motor control were developed by observing commercial underwater vehicles modules, in addition to the power supply batteries. and works published in the scienti%c community. In the third section, four servo motors are located to control the hydrodynamic surfaces. Each axle of these motors has a mechanical seal. 4. MECHANICAL DESIGN Finally, in the fourth section, the propulsion engine is presented. 'is vehicle was inspired by existing artifacts on the mar- 'e format of this prototype, very similar to a modern ket, for example, the AUV REMUS 100, manufactured by torpedo, is useful for studies on hydrodynamics and control the Hydroid, a subsidiary company of Kongsberg Maritime, of military artifacts with these characteristics. In this sense, it as can be seen in Figure 1. can be used both as a reduced model for surveying the hydro- 'e prototype has a watertight hull, no [ooded parts, and dynamic parameters of this type of weaponry and as a sub- is divided into four sections. merged target in naval underwater warfare exercises, considering 'e %rst section has a hemispherical shape, with a smaller that, due to its low cost, losses would be minimized. 'e main diameter of 62 mm and a larger diameter of 150 mm. Internally, measurements of the assembled hull can be seen in Figure 2. there is a [at surface formed by the trunk, in which the nav- 'e mechanical design was modeled using ONSHAPE igation module is located and which, in the future, will also software, a Computer-Aided Design (CAD) primarily focused facilitate the %xation of instruments and sensors. 'is sec- on three-dimensional mechanical modeling. Despite being a tion also has an ori%ce that conducts external pressure to the free software, it is commonly used for product and machine pressure sensor. design in many industries, including consumer electronics, mechanical devices, medical devices, machine parts, and industrial equipment manufactured by 3D printing. 'e software makes extensive use of cloud computing. All sections of the hull are joined by non-corrosive screws and sealing rings to form a completely tight, cohesive and resistant hull, with an approximate length of 1,400 and 160 mm Figure 1. REMUS 100. in diameter. In its current con%guration, for navigation in

Figure 2. Representation of the main dimensions.

| 12 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 10-16 Emerson Coelho Mendonça, Adams Soares Teles, Vilson Berilli Mendes a non-saline environment, the prototype has a total weight the Secure Socket Shell (SSH) remote administration proto- of around 24 kg and slightly positive buoyancy. 'e axes of col. More technical details regarding the hardware used can rotation of the control surfaces and of the propulsion pro- be found in Ebyte (2018), Raspberry Pi Foundation (2020), peller have ceramic mechanical seals that contribute to the and Silva Junior (2020). tightness. For trim adjustment, the batteries are manually 'e power module receives power from the lead-acid moved along the vehicle. batteries and controls and distributes it to the other modules. A radio link enables communication with the outside world, being able to send and receive command and data 5. SOFTWARE AND ELECTRONIC from pre-programmed missions. HARDWARE DESIGN Finally, the motors of the control and propulsion surfaces are connected to the microcontroller by power drivers, 'e vehicle consists of an architecture distributed in three constituting the motor module. 'is module has a magnetic modules: navigation, communication, and engines. 'ese mod- tachometer coupled to the drive shaft. ules are interconnected by a CAN network, which transfers In the diagram in Figure 3, it is possible to observe data and commands to the AUV. Each module has ARM the composition and architecture of the three modules microcontrollers at its core. described. In the navigation module, a Raspberry was installed, a Figure 4 shows the vehicle partially disassembled, and it single board computer that connects through a serial inter- is possible to observe the four sections and the three modules: face to the microcontroller, receiving signals from GPS, accel- navigation, communication, and engine activation. eration, gyroscope, magnetic, and pressure compass sensors. 'e components used in the manufacture of the vehi- 'is computer also has a direct connection to the CAN bus, cle are easily obtainable on the market and have a low making it possible to send and receive commands and data cost. 'e watertight structure of the hull was built, for the from other modules. 'is computer is programmed through most part, by means of AM, in which plastic %laments of

CAN Bus CAN Bus Navigation Communication Engine module module module

Raspberry PI 3B+ Radio link Power driver

Inertial sensor Current sensor Propellant

GPS on/o7 switch Rudder actuators

Magnetic sensor External loading Tachometer

Pressure sensor

Figure 3. Block diagram of the vehicle’s navigation, communication, and engine drive modules.

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Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and Polylactic Acid 6. MANUFACTURING (PLA) were used. 'e power system has a set of four lead-acid, sealed, For the materialization of the sections, the 3D printer rechargeable batteries with a nominal voltage of 12 volts. Creality Ender 3, illustrated in Figure 6, was used, which 'is set of batteries provides autonomy of up to 3 hours presents low cost and good printing quality. As this printer of continuous use to the vehicle. Loading takes place out- has a useful volume of 220 × 220 × 250 mm, it was nec- side the hull. essary that the mechanical design of the prototype con- Vehicle commands and programming are carried out sisted of parts whose maximum volume was within the through an SSH connection and a radio link using LoRa useful limit. technology, which allows communication over long distances, 'is printer uses Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) with minimal energy consumption. 'is module provides technology, which became popular in 2009 through the easy serial wireless communication in UART standard based on acquisition of low-cost electronic components and opensource a dedicated chip. licenses, enabling various mechanical solutions. In Figure 5, it is possible to observe both the external and Basically, this technology works by extrusion of molten the internal view of the assembled hull, as well as the naviga- material through a heated nozzle mounted on a movable head. tion, communication, and engine drive modules. 'e extruder head moves on a [at plate (dimensions x and y), depositing its material on a manufacturing bed. Upon com- pletion of the layer, the heated nozzle moves relative to the [at plate ( z axis), gradually forming several transverse lay- ers of material. Because the material used had a glass transition tempera- ture of approximately 60°C, it was necessary to apply white paint, aiming to reduce thermal absorption by radiation.

Figure 4. Vehicle partially disassembled.

Figure 5. External and internal views of the resistant hull: (1) pressure sensor; (2) navigation module; (3) o’ring; (4) power module; (5) battery unit; (6) fixed ballast; (7) rudder; (8) motor module; (9) propulsion engine; (10) propeller. Figure 6. Creality Ender 3.

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Roll (degrees) Roll -5

010 20 3040 50 Time (s)

20 10 Figure 7. Water tank tests. 0 -10 -20 Pitch (degrees) Pitch

010 20 3040 50 7. ESSAYS Time (s)

'e %rst tests were carried out in a test pool, as shown in Figure 7, to check and prove the hull’s tightness. 'e vehicle 300 was manually put, submerged in water, for a period of one hour. After this time, it was veri%ed that there was no water 200 in%ltration in the joints, in the rotating shafts and in the sec- 100

tions of the hull, thus proving its watertightness. (degrees) Yaw 0 In the second moment, the vehicle was submitted to 010 20 3040 50 tests to verify the need for adjustments regarding the bal- Time (s) last. Since its positive buoyancy prevented it from submerging, lead plates were added to the inner bottom of the hull Figure 8. Time variation of Roll, Pitch, and Yaw angles in order to balance and provide neutral buoyancy. during circular trajectory test. After trimming correction, several maneuvers were performed and the vehicle was able to perform them both in the vertical and in the horizontal planes. 'e data collected during the execution of a circular maneuver is shown 8. CONCLUSION in Figure 8. Observing the %rst graphic in Figure 8, it is possible to From the results presented in the laboratory and water see that the vehicle maintains stability during the rolling tank tests, it is possible to con%rm that the operation of the movement, since, after the transitory phase, the Roll angle proposed embedded system meets the purpose of the project. remained around 2 to 3°. 'e tests also prove that the vehicle is capable of performing During the maneuver, the vehicle started submerging maneuvers in the vertical and horizontal planes, con%rming from t = 20 s and, then, returned to the initial depth, as can the initial proposal of this work. be seen in the second graphic. 'e guarantee of obtaining a watertight and resistant Finally, in the third graphic, in which the steering angle is hull manufactured by AM points to a promising future with illustrated, it is possible to observe the Yaw variation, as well great possibilities for several applications of this technology, as the saturation in the 360°/0° angle transition. considering that, through AM, it is possible to produce parts

| 15 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 10-16 Emerson Coelho Mendonça, Adams Soares Teles, Vilson Berilli Mendes with complex geometries and cost well below that of tradi- e$ectively carved its niche in this area of application and will tional mechanical manufacturing. continue to grow in the future. With a concentrated e$ort in the development of mate- 'erefore, from this platform, it will be possible to rials, design, structure, and printing technology, the use of boost and support the development of new naval appli- AM will have increasing application in the production of cation subsystems, as well as the improvement of under- AUV components. 'erefore, there is no doubt that AM has water robotics.

REFERENCES

BRASIL. Marinha do Brasil. Estratégia de Ciência, Tecnologia e KHALEED, H.M.T. et al. Novel Approach to Manufacture an AUV Inovação da Marinha do Brasil . Brasil: Marinha do Brasil, 2017. Propeller by Additive Manufacturing and Error Analysis. Applied

BRASIL. Ministério da Defesa. MD41-M-01. Doutrina de Mobilização Sciences , v. 9, n. 20, p. 4413, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/ Militar. Brasil: Ministério da Defesa, 2015. app9204413

CHAMPION, B.T.; JAMSHIDI, M.O.; JOORDENS, M.A. 3D Printed RASPBERRY PI FOUNDATION. SSH – Raspberry Pi Documentation. Underwater Housing. 2016 World Automation Congress , p. 1-6, 2016. Raspberry Pi Foundation. Disponível em: https://www.raspberrypi. https://doi.org/10.1109/WAC.2016.7582993 org/documentation/remote-access/ssh/. Acesso em: 11 ago. 2020.

DUNBABIN, M.; MARQUES, L. Robotics for Environmental Monitoring. SILVA JUNIOR, Vidal Pereira da. Conheça a tecnologia LoRa e o IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine , v. 19, n. 1, p. 20-23, 2012. protocolo LoRaWAN. Embarcados, 2020. Disponível em: https:// EBYTE. E32-433T30D-user manual. SX1278 433MHz 1W DIP Wireless www.embarcados.com.br/conheca-tecnologia-lora-e-o-protocolo- Module. Datasheet. EBYTE, 2018. lorawan/. Acesso em: 22 jul. 2020.

| 16 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 10-16 Figure 3 ANECOIC CHAMBER OF THE NAVY RESEARCH INSTITUTE ( INSTITUTO DE PESQUISAS DA MARINHA – IPQM) HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND HEALTH

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SUPPORT CENTER FOR COVID-19 DETECTION AND CLINICAL RESEARCH IN THE HOSPITAL NAVAL MARCÍLIO DIAS Implementação do Núcleo de Apoio à Detecção e Pesquisa Clínica da COVID-19 no Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias

Thaís Chrispim de Souza Carvalho Giangiarulo 1, Jéssica da Silva Oliveira 2, Raissa Mirella dos Santos Cunha da Costa 3, Sâmila Natiane Ferreira4, Juliana Aparecida Souza da Paz 5, Eduardo Siqueira 6, Marlon Daniel Lima Tonin7, Tailah Bernardo de Almeida 8, Marcelo Leal Gregório 9, Shana Priscila Coutinho Barroso 10

Abstract: 'e World Health Organization declared coronavirus Resumo: A Organização Mundial da Saúde decretou a pande- disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic in March 2020. 'e %rst mia de COVID-19 em março de 2020. O primeiro caso regis- documented case of the disease in Brazil occurred on February 26; trado da doença no Brasil ocorreu em 26 de fevereiro; posterior- later, the Molecular Biological Laboratory ( Laboratório de Biologia mente, o Laboratório de Biológica Molecular (LBM) do Instituto Molecular — LBM) of the Biomedical Research Institute ( Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas (IPB) do Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias de Pesquisas Biomédicas — IPB)/Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias (HNMD) iniciou a realização de seus primeiros exames mole- (HNMD) carried out its %rst molecular tests to detect the new culares para detecção do novo vírus. Este trabalho apresenta virus. 'is paper presents an overview of the implementation of the um panorama dos resultados da implementação do Núcleo de Support Center for COVID-19 Detection and Clinical Research Apoio à Detecção e Pesquisa Clínica da COVID-19 (NADPC- (Núcleo de Apoio à Detecção e Pesquisa Clínica da COVID-19 — COVID-19) no IPB/HNMD, com propósito de munir a Marinha NADPC-COVID-19) in the IPB/HNMD, aimed at supplying do Brasil (MB) com capital humano e infraestrutura para apoio the Brazilian Navy ( Marinha do Brasil — MB) with human capital ao diagnóstico e promoção de descobertas cientí%cas geradoras

1. Technician in Biotechnology at the Molecular Biology Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias – Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 2. Biologist at the Molecular Biology Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias – Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 3. Biologist at the Molecular Biology Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias – Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 4. Biomedical Scientist at the Molecular Biology Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias – Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 5. Biologist at the Molecular Biology Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias – Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 6. Production Engineer at the Bioanalysis Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias – Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 7. Pharmacist and Biochemist at the Bioanalysis Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias – Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 8. Biologist at the Marine Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira – Arraial do Cabo, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 9. Physician, Head Specialist of the Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias – Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 10. Biologist, Head of the Molecular Biology Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias – Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]

| 18 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 18-24 Thaís Chrispim de Souza Carvalho Giangiarulo, Jéssica da Silva Oliveira, Raissa Mirella dos Santos Cunha da Costa, Sâmila Natiane Ferreira, Juliana Aparecida Souza da Paz, Eduardo Siqueira, Marlon Daniel Lima Tonin, Tailah Bernardo de Almeida, Marcelo Leal Gregório, Shana Priscila Coutinho Barroso and infrastructure to support the diagnostic process and promote de novos conhecimentos e tecnologias. Os desa%os enfrentados scienti%c discoveries that can generate new knowledge and tech- nesta pesquisa englobaram o remodelamento do espaço existente, nologies. 'e challenges faced in this research included remode- a aquisição de novos conhecimentos, insumos e equipamentos, a ling the existing space; acquiring new knowledge, materials, and incorporação e o adestramento de militares e civis, de acordo com equipment; and recruiting and training military and civilian per- as normas de biossegurança. Durante esse período, foram proces- sonnel, according to biosafety standards. Over this period, appro- sadas em torno de 6 mil amostras e os resultados foram libera- ximately 6 thousand samples were processed, and results were dos em prazo máximo de 24 h. Além de terem sido desenvolvi- delivered within 24 h. In addition, studies have been developed in das pesquisas em parceria com renomadas instituições cientí%cas. partnership with renowned scienti%c institutions. 'e implemen- A implementação do NADPC representou a independência do tation of the NADPC represented the HNMD independence as HNMD no padrão ouro de diagnóstico para COVID-19 em tem- to the gold standard for COVID-19 diagnosis in di>cult times. pos duros. A estrutura atual do LBM deixa um legado à MB, que 'e current LBM structure leaves a legacy to MB, which now has agora possui um robusto espaço de saber em biologia molecular e a robust knowledge space in molecular biology and virology. In virologia. Alinhada à missão da Força, foi construída uma estrutura line with the mission of the Navy Force, an e>cient structure was ágil com capacidade de minimizar possíveis danos decorrentes de built to minimize possible damage from biological threats. 'us, ameaças biológicas. Visto isso, este trabalho objetivou contribuir this study aimed to contribute to the diagnostic process, high-level com diagnóstico, pesquisa de alto nível e defesa da Pátria. research, and defense of our homeland. Palavras-chave: SARS-CoV-2. PCR. Novo coronavírus. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2. PCR. Novel coronavirus. Pandemic. Pandemia.

1. INTRODUCTION imminent arrival of the virus in Brazil, the Molecular Biology Laboratory ( Laboratório de Biologia Molecular — LBM) of the “Brazil expects each individual to do their duty.” Biomedical Research Institute ( Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas (Admiral Barroso) — IPB)/Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias (HNMD) adopted a set of actions to prepare to receive patient samples and act in 'e index case of the current pandemic was reported in the area of diagnosis for the %rst time in IPB history. the Chinese city of Wuhan (Hubei Province) (WANG et al., Shortly after the %rst case of COVID-19 documented in 2020), and its rapid spread to 25 other countries (CDC, 2020) Brazil, on February 26, 2020, LBM made its %rst diagnoses. resulted in the World Health Organization (WHO) declar- 'us, a young research laboratory was swiftly and e$ectively ing it a Public Health Emergency of International Concern transformed into a laboratory for diagnosis, translational on January 30, 2020 (WHO, 2020c). 'is fact occurred only research, and scienti%c dissemination, allowing the imple- one month after the %rst case, documented on December 31, mentation of the action plan against COVID-19 designed 2019. On March 11, 2020, the WHO declared coronavirus in February. disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic (WHO, 2020b). Real-time reverse transcription quantitative polymerase 'e causative agent of COVID-19 is the severe acute chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is the most accurate resource to respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which diagnose the novel coronavirus. 'e remaining tests available belongs to the Coronaviridae family, characterized by group- on the market are indicative tests and not recommended to ing enveloped single-strand RNA viruses. Other viruses from con%rm the disease (XAVIER et al., 2020; WHO, 2020a). the same family had demonstrated the ability to produce Certainly, the dedication to solving all di>culties arising high mortality due to mutations in their genetic material from the pandemic has placed the Navy Family in a privileged (CONTINI et al., 2020). position regarding the agility and precision in COVID-19 Coronaviruses have wide dissemination and can be found diagnosis. in humans, other mammals, and birds, causing respiratory, 'is paper presents an overview of the implementation of digestive, and hepatic diseases, as well as nervous system dis- the Support Center for COVID-19 Detection and Clinical orders (SU et al., 2020). In early February 2020, faced with the Research ( Núcleo de Apoio à Detecção e Pesquisa Clínica da

| 19 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 18-24 Thaís Chrispim de Souza Carvalho Giangiarulo, Jéssica da Silva Oliveira, Raissa Mirella dos Santos Cunha da Costa, Sâmila Natiane Ferreira, Juliana Aparecida Souza da Paz, Eduardo Siqueira, Marlon Daniel Lima Tonin, Tailah Bernardo de Almeida, Marcelo Leal Gregório, Shana Priscila Coutinho Barroso

COVID-19 — NADPC-COVID-19) throughout the most Chart 1. Steps for the implementation of the Support important public health challenge of the 21st century. Center for COVID-19 Detection and Clinical Research in the Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias.

Steps Description

2. OBJECTIVE Presentation and approval of the NADPC 1 implementation plan

To implement the NADPC-COVID-19 in the HNMD Adaptation of the laboratory infrastructure 2 and supply the LBM/IPB with an e>cient structure, human for sample receipt capital, and infrastructure so as to detect the novel corona- Training of the ﬁrst team (two military 3 virus and promote scienti%c discoveries that can generate members and one civilian) new knowledge and technologies, with the main purpose of 4 Standardization of laboratory procedures minimizing the damage from the current pandemic to the Recruitment and training of the new team Navy Family. 5 (two military members and three civilians)

Formation of a collaborative network of 6 3. METHOD researchers* Creation of a multiuser environment for 7 'e adaptation of the existing space and the NADPC clinical research* implementation were performed gradually and systemati- NADPC: Núcleo de Apoio à Detecção e Pesquisa Clínica cally, with the participation of the LBM military and civilian (Support Center for Detection and Clinical Research); *in personnel and the support of the Cell Biology Laboratory progress. (Laboratório de Biologia Celular — LBC) — providing kits to collect respiratory secretions — and IPB privates — assist- ing with administrative activities. In addition, two military cabinet, a new thermal cycler, and the necessary materials for members from the Bioanalysis Laboratory were transferred each test stage. Two automated viral RNA (vRNA) extractors to LBM, and one military geneticist from the Instituto de were also used to increase productivity. Moreover, the physi- Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira (IEAPM) was cal laboratory structure was changed to comply with the new assigned to the laboratory for four months. biosafety rules imposed by the situation. Chart 1 describes the steps of the NADPC implementation. 3.3. TEAM TRAINING 3.1. PRESENTATION, APPROVAL, 'e entire LBM team was trained during the implementa- AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE tion of the new diagnostic routine in the sector. Training was SUPPORT CENTER FOR DETECTION carried out in partnership with manufacturers of the new equip- AND CLINICAL RESEARCH ment, the Molecular Virology Laboratory of the Universidade Given the SARS-CoV-2 emergency, HNMD was faced Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) — under Professor Doctor with the need to prepare for the demand for diagnosis. 'e Almicar Tanuri —, and Doctor 'iago Moreno from the plan was presented in a meeting between the competent Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz). It covered molecular authorities, in which the items required for the NADPC biology subjects related to the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2, implementation were exposed and approved. from concepts and technical details to the quali%cation in result interpretation. 3.2. ADAPTATION OF THE LABORATORY INFRASTRUCTURE FOR SAMPLE RECEIPT 3.4. PROCEDURE STANDARDIZATION To start the diagnostic routine, the laboratory acquired 'e molecular diagnosis (RT-qPCR) of COVID-19 is some equipment suitable for viral manipulation: a biosafety based on the detection of the viral nucleic acid. To this end,

| 20 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 18-24 Thaís Chrispim de Souza Carvalho Giangiarulo, Jéssica da Silva Oliveira, Raissa Mirella dos Santos Cunha da Costa, Sâmila Natiane Ferreira, Juliana Aparecida Souza da Paz, Eduardo Siqueira, Marlon Daniel Lima Tonin, Tailah Bernardo de Almeida, Marcelo Leal Gregório, Shana Priscila Coutinho Barroso some steps must be taken, including collecting respiratory 'e original LBM team consisted of two military members secretions, extracting genetic material, amplifying viral targets (a biologist/virologist and a technician in clinical analysis, who via RT-qPCR, and interpreting and delivering the results. is also a biologist) and a civilian technician in biotechnology. 'is test is considered the gold standard for COVID-19 diagnosis and is recommended by the WHO (TAHAMTAN; ARDEBILI, 2020; WHO, 2020a). 4. RESULTS 'e operational procedures of the laboratory were developed following national and international recommendations A viral pandemic raises major issues for all sectors, partic- and adapted as a framework to ensure that the tasks would ularly in the %elds of health, diagnosis, and production of hos- be satisfactorily carried out. Technical protocols were stan- pital and laboratory materials. 'e challenge for LBM involved dardized according to the United States Centers for Disease remodeling a laboratory, occupying other areas of the institute, Control and Prevention (CDC, 2020b). acquiring new materials and equipment, hiring and training Figure 1 presents the work[ow established to optimize personnel, training other military members to receive, record, the routine, from sample collection to the delivery of results. and process the sample, as well as properly following national 'e HNMD nursing team collects the material. Samples are and international biosafety guidelines, in a very short time. brought in batches to IPB, which records the material. Molecular tests were initially performed in patients sus- 'e material is encoded and then sent to LBM to prevent pected of having COVID-19 who were hospitalized or direct patient identi%cation. 'e sample is processed, and treated in the HNMD emergency department. In the past vRNA extraction begins. During the automated extraction, three months, the test was extended to newborns, pregnant RT-qPCR reagents are prepared to optimize the process. women, preoperative patients, and military members who At the end of the extraction, vRNA is added to a set of would carry out national and international missions. reagents and taken to the thermal cycler, where the reaction 'e entire IPB team was mobilized to contribute to the new that will identify the viral genetic material occurs. 'e spectra diagnostic activity. LBM was responsible for training military generated are analyzed, and the result is delivered. members from the institute and LBC, which, to date, collab- orates with the preparation of collection kits for the HNMD. 3.5. STRUCTURING THE NEW TEAM From March to the current month, approximately six In order to meet the high demand, three civilians with thousand tests were performed to detect viral genetic mate- a technical quali%cation in the area of molecular biology rial. Out of them, 5,533 had the purpose of diagnosing inpa- joined the team. In addition, two military members from tients and outpatients; 364 were samples exclusively intended the Bioanalysis Laboratory/IPB and one from IEAPM were for research; 251 were from preoperative patients; 99 from assigned to the laboratory. military members scheduled for deployment by MB; and 92

Record of the Extraction of viral Material collection material received genetic material

Delivery of the result RT-qPCR Result analysis in CompLab

RT-qPCR: real-time reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Figure 1. SARS-CoV-2 detection workflow.

| 21 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 18-24 Thaís Chrispim de Souza Carvalho Giangiarulo, Jéssica da Silva Oliveira, Raissa Mirella dos Santos Cunha da Costa, Sâmila Natiane Ferreira, Juliana Aparecida Souza da Paz, Eduardo Siqueira, Marlon Daniel Lima Tonin, Tailah Bernardo de Almeida, Marcelo Leal Gregório, Shana Priscila Coutinho Barroso from newborns. Figure 2 shows the number of tests and results the receipt of samples to detect the new virus, evidencing the obtained in 29 weeks of work. strategic importance of the HNMD independence as to state- Week 1 of the chart refers to the second week of March of-the-art techniques to identify viruses and other pathogens. 2020 (equivalent to the 11 th epidemiological week of that year), Nowadays, HNMD has the human capital, knowl- while week 29 corresponds to the second week of September edge, and infrastructure — in progressive development — (39th epidemiological week). to detect viral agents from di$erent biological samples in LBM performed, on average, 193 tests per week, reaching a few hours. a maximum of 318 samples, of which 228 presented posi- 'e success of the mission exceeded expectations. 'e team tive results. Results are usually available from 6 to 24 hours, involved not only cooperated with the “ Grande Muralha ” showing the promptness achieved in their delivery. On aver- (Great Wall) operation, aimed at providing the most mod- age, large national laboratories deliver results in four working ern molecular diagnostic technique for SARS-CoV-2, but days (A+ MEDICINA DIAGNÓSTICA, 2020). 'e rapid has been actively collaborating with the generation of new diagnosis of patients with viral respiratory diseases is essen- knowledge and technology related to COVID-19. tial to control their spread. With cohesion and technical capacity, a total of six thousand Among the 99 military members expected to be deployed, tests were performed in six months. Also, active partnerships were 4 presented positive results. Like the military members on mis- established with sectors of the hospital itself (anesthesia clinic, sions, the preoperative patients submitted to RT-qPCR testing pediatric clinic/neonatal intensive care unit, division of infectious presented no symptoms. However, 10 out of 251 patients tested and parasitic diseases) and with eight laboratories of centers of positive for COVID-19. 'ese results allowed reducing the excellence in research, diagnosis, scienti%c dissemination, and disease transmission within HNMD since safety and isolation metrology, located at the Instituto de Metrologia, Qualidade e measures could be adopted for these asymptomatic patients. Tecnologia (INMETRO), UFRJ, Fiocruz, Universidade Federal At the peak of the pandemic in Rio de Janeiro, the private Fluminense (UFF), and Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência laboratory supporting HNMD in laboratory tests suspended e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ).

350

300

250

200

150

100 Number of samples

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

Weeks

Positive Negative Inconclusive RT-qPCR: real-time reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Figure 2. RT-qPCRs performed and their respective results.

| 22 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 18-24 Thaís Chrispim de Souza Carvalho Giangiarulo, Jéssica da Silva Oliveira, Raissa Mirella dos Santos Cunha da Costa, Sâmila Natiane Ferreira, Juliana Aparecida Souza da Paz, Eduardo Siqueira, Marlon Daniel Lima Tonin, Tailah Bernardo de Almeida, Marcelo Leal Gregório, Shana Priscila Coutinho Barroso

We submitted %ve projects to the CEP/CONEP system mobilization of the HNMD in response to the novel coro- (Research Ethics Committees under the National Research navirus pandemic. Ethics Committee), which approved all of them. External Implementing the NADPC-COVID-19 in the HNMD resources were obtained for the performance of the studies represented the hospital’s independence as to the gold stan- (parliamentary amendment and FAPERJ). Currently, the team dard for COVID-19 diagnosis in di>cult times. In less than participates in 12 projects related to COVID-19, involving one month, the laboratory space was adapted, equipment was basic research, clinical research, epidemiology, and the devel- purchased, and personnel was hired and trained so as to meet opment of new products for diagnostic laboratories. Some of the needs of the Navy Family. these lines of research are linked to dissertations and theses from 'e sum of e$orts and knowledge was fundamental for three military members and three civilians working at HNMD the success of this work. Despite the storm that emerged in who, encouraged by LBM, are master’s and doctoral candidates the global public health scenario, the group remained strong or students in renowned public institutions of Rio de Janeiro. and cohesive, always ready to ful%ll their missions. LBM also acted on the prevention of the disease by pro- 'e current LBM structure leaves a legacy to MB, which ducing content for scienti%c dissemination. 'e following now has a robust knowledge space in molecular biology and actions were performed to share safe information on SARS- virology. In line with the mission of the Navy Force, an e>- CoV-2 and inform military members and civilians about cient structure was built to minimize possible damage from how they could protect themselves from the new virus: two biological threats. 'us, all those involved in this project are lectures, three interviews to sites specialized in health infor- prepared to contribute to the diagnostic process, high-level mation, two notes for the Naval Health site, and an article research, and defense of our homeland. published in the Revista do Clube Militar . Moreover, consultancy was provided to a UFRJ laboratory that also needed to adapt and acquire diagnostic materials. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 'e research and collaborations resulted in four articles published in international scienti%c journals, two in national LBM/IPB thanks the Health Director of the Navy Rear- journals, four in the process of submission, and six being writ- Admiral (Md) Luiz Cláudio Barbedo Fróes; the Director of ten. In addition, we stored two isolated viral sequences from HNMD Rear-Admiral (Md) Humberto Giovanni Canfora our patients in gene banks. Mies; the Head of IPB, Captain (Md) Marcelo Leal Gregório; the IPB team, especially Petty O>cer-EF Reginaldo Silva de Oliveira, Petty O>cer-EF Bruno de Lima Miranda, and Petty 5. CONCLUSIONS O>cer-EF Klibson Vital Kruta; Professor Doctor Almicar Tanuri and Doctor Diana Mariani from the Molecular Virology 'is paper presented an overview of the implementation Laboratory of the Biology Institute/UFRJ; and the users of of the NADPC-COVID-19 in the LBM/IPB/HNMD in the Navy Health System for their support and trust in our a pandemic scenario. 'e team’s mission involved the broad team in the performance of this valuable mission.

REFERENCES

A+MEDICINA DIAGNÓSTICA. Exames para diagnóstico da Covid-19 https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/global-covid-19/index. estão disponíveis na a+ . Available at: https://www.amaissaude.com.br/ html. Accessed on: Aug. 11, 2020. pr/noticias/exames-para-diagnostico-da-covid-19-estao-disponiveis- CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION (CDC). na-amais/. Accessed on: Sep. 29, 2020. Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Real-Time RT-PCR Diagnostic CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION (CDC). Panel . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020b. Available Coronavirus Disease 2019: COVID-19 World Map Global COVID-19. at: https://www.fda.gov/media/134922/download. Accessed on: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2020a. Available at: Mar. 4, 2020.

| 23 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 18-24 Thaís Chrispim de Souza Carvalho Giangiarulo, Jéssica da Silva Oliveira, Raissa Mirella dos Santos Cunha da Costa, Sâmila Natiane Ferreira, Juliana Aparecida Souza da Paz, Eduardo Siqueira, Marlon Daniel Lima Tonin, Tailah Bernardo de Almeida, Marcelo Leal Gregório, Shana Priscila Coutinho Barroso

CONTINI, C.; NUZZO, M.; BARP, N.; BONAZZA, A.; GIORGIO, R.; detail/advice-on-the-use-of-point-of-care-immunodiagnostic-tests- TOGNON, M.; RUBINO, S. The novel zoonotic COVID-19 pandemic: for-covid-19. Accessed on: Sep. 29, 2020. An expected global health concern. Journal of Infection in Developing WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO). Coronavirus disease 2019 Countries , v. 14, n. 3, p. 254-264, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.12671 situation report 51 . Genebra: WHO, 11 março 2020b. Available at: SU, L.; MA, X.; YU, H.; ZHANG, Z.; BIAN, P.; HAN, Y.; SUN, J.; LIU, https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019. Y.; YANG, C.; GENG, J.; ZHANG, Z.; GAI, Z. The diperent clinical Accessed on: Aug. 10, 2020. characteristics of corona virus disease cases between children and their families in China – the character of children with COVID-19. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO). Statement on the second Emerging Microbes & Infections , v. 9, n. 1, p. 707-713, 2020. https://doi. meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1744483 Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) . Genebra: WHO, 2020c. Available at: https://www.who.int/news- TAHAMTAN, A.L.; ARDEBILI, A. Real-time RT-PCR in COVID-19 detection: room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the- issues apecting the results. Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics , v. international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee- 20, p. 1-2, 2020. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F14737159.2020.1757437 regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov). Accessed WANG, C.; HORBY, P.W.; HAYDEN, F.G.; GAO, G.F. A novel coronavirus on: Sep. 22, 2020. outbreak of global health concern. Lancet , v. 395, n. 10223, p. 470-473, XAVIER, A.R.; SILVA, J.S.; ALMEIDA, J.P.F.; CONCEIÇÃO, J.F.F.; 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9 LACERDA, G.S.; KANAAN, S. COVID-19: manifestações clínicas e WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO). Advice on the use of laboratoriais na infecção pelo novo coronavírus. Jornal Brasileiro point-of-care immunodiagnostic tests for COVID-1 . Genebra: WHO, de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorial , v. 56, p. 1-9, 2020. https://doi. 2020a. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/ org/10.5935/1676-2444.20200049

| 24 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 18-24 Figure 4 NAVAL SYSTEMS ANALYSIS CENTER NUCLEAR

SUBSIDIES FOR FORMULATION OF EXTERNAL EMERGENCY PLAN: A STUDY TO ASSIST THE NAVAL COMPLEX OF ITAGUAÍ Subsídios para elaboração de Plano de Emergência Externo: um estudo para atender ao Complexo Naval de Itaguaí

Kellen Stephany Batista Marques 1

Abstract: 'e Brazilian Juridical Sea has an area of approxi- Resumo: As Águas Jurisdicionais Brasileiras possuem uma área mately 5.7 million square kilometers full of natural resources, de aproximadamente 5,7 milhões de quilômetros quadrados reple- and about 95% of its foreign trade has been done by the sea. tos de riquezas naturais, além de concentrar cerca de 95% (noventa To patrol and defend this region, the Brazilian Navy has been e cinco por cento) do comércio exterior do Brasil. Para patrulhar e developing and constructing a submarine with nuclear propul- defender essa região, a Marinha do Brasil está desenvolvendo e cons- sion and a naval base with a radiological area for its opera- truindo um submarino com propulsão nuclear e uma base naval com tion and maintenance in the city of Itaguaí placed in Rio de uma área radiológica para sua operação e manutenção no município Janeiros’s State. However, for this technological improvement, de Itaguaí no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Com esse avanço tecnoló- the Brazilian Navy, the municipal, state and federal govern- gico, a Marinha do Brasil, os governos municipal, estadual e federal, ments and Civil Defense must be prepared in terms of safety. e a Defesa Civil deverão estar preparados em termos de segurança, já 'e region of Itaguaí will become vulnerable to technological que a área passará a sofrer riscos tecnológicos como o de um acidente risks such as radiological and nuclear issues. A good plan can radiológico e nuclear. Uma boa preparação pode melhorar substan- improve the emergency response, which involves many organi- cialmente a resposta para uma possível emergência, que, por sua vez, zations that must have clear responsibilities and arrangements. envolve muitas organizações que devem ter responsabilidades e arran- 'us, this study aims to o$er subsidies to the construction of jos bem de%nidos. Dessa forma, este trabalho busca fornecer subsídios the External Emergency Plan for the Itaguaí Naval Complex, para a elaboração do Plano de Emergência Externo para a região do an unprecedented demand. Complexo Naval de Itaguaí, uma demanda inédita no Brasil. Keywords: Radiological and nuclear emergencies. Emergency Palavras-chave: Emergências radiológicas e nucleares. Plano de emergência. plan. Itaguaí Naval Complex. Nuclear power submarine. Complexo Naval de Itaguaí. Submarino com propulsão nuclear.

1. Master in Defense and Civil Security by Universidade Federal Fluminense – Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]

| 26 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 26-32 Kellen Stephany Batista Marques

1. INTRODUCTION place in a social context, will invariably lead to changes in the chosen region. Carvalho (2015) states that this type of According to Corrêa (2010), in order to meet the State’s technological development requires integrated actions from interests in protecting the national territory and guaran- facilities, government, and the population itself, aiming to teeing its sovereignty at sea, since the 1970s, the Brazilian mitigate the e$ects caused by the possibility of technolog- State has been interested in building a nuclear-powered ical disasters. submarine. In this sense, in 2008, Decree No. 6703 was 'us, according to Carvalho (2015), it is up to civil defense signed officializing the transfer of technology between and protection agencies and other support agencies to prepare Brazil and France, in order to enable the production of four integrated emergency plans for the response and protection conventional submarines — modi%ed French Scorpene class of workers and the surrounding population, as well as the (S-BR), the manufacture of the %rst Brazilian submarine environment in cases of accidents that may release harmful with nuclear propulsion (SN-BR) and the construction of a products beyond the boundaries of their facilities. 'e lack submarine base and a shipyard in Itaguaí, in the state of Rio of speci%c work on the preparation of Emergency Plans for de Janeiro, through the Submarine Development Program naval bases equipped with radiological areas, especially in (PROSUB), managed by the Brazilian Navy (MARINHA Brazil, justi%es this study. DO BRASIL, 2018). Although Brazil already dominates the complete fuel cycle, from uranium enrichment to transformation into pellets for 2. OBJECTIVES propulsion, the projects of the SN-BR and the Itaguaí Naval Complex ( Complexo Naval de Itaguaí – CNI) are unprece- 'is work had as general objective to provide subsidies dented and present considerable challenges for the various for the elaboration of the External Emergency Plan ( Plano de actors involved since the project to its future operation. 'e big- Emergência Externo – PEE) that contemplates the response gest challenge, however, is the safety of the crew, people, and to emergencies arising from the operation of the Brazilian the environment around its Naval Base (MARQUES, 2019). nuclear-powered submarine at the CNI. 'e application of nuclear energy in the propulsion of submarines must comply with basic principles of protection and safety established by specialized bodies such as the International 3. METHOD Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the responsible bodies of each country, such as the Commission on Nuclear Energy 'is work can be classi%ed as a comparative study between (Comissão de Energia Nuclear – CNEN) in Brazil. the PEE of San Diego County in the United States (EOP 'e CNI will consist of an area where the stages of assem- San Diego), the Emergency Plan of the state of Rio de bly, launch, operation, and maintenance of submarines will Janeiro ( Plano de Emergência do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – be carried out, and, according to Guimarães (1999), to meet PEM-RJ), and the External Emergency Plan of the state of the project, the Shipyard and Naval Base ( Estaleiro e Base Rio de Janeiro in case of nuclear emergency at the facilities Naval – EBN) should be equipped with a radiological area of the Central Nuclear Almirante Álvaro Alberto ( Plano de with specialized facilities for the maintenance of the nuclear Emergência Externo do Estado do Rio de Janeiro para caso de installation (clean room, hot machine shop, hot cells, fuel ele- emergência nuclear nas instalações da Central Nuclear Almirante ment storage pool). 'is complex will also have two dry docks Álvaro Alberto – PEE-CNAAA). where nuclear fuel exchanges will be carried out, which will San Diego County was chosen for the documentary com- take place through a mobile, a mobile and fully armored unit parison of this work due to the fact that the region contains a for access to the SN-BR nuclear reactor (BOTELHO, 2016). nuclear generation plant, in the decommissioning phase since 'e development of this socio-technological enterprise, 2013, San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station, and a naval which, according to Linhares (2016), is a system in which base for nuclear-powered ships contained in the US Navy’s a complex interaction between man and machine takes Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program (NNPP).

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4. RESULTS and alarm system. 'is must be followed in the PEE for the CNI, which will have the Brazilian Navy responsible for In external radiological and nuclear emergencies in Brazil, monitoring its radiological and nuclear installations, even Civil Defense plays the role of coordinator of response actions, if the techniques used are not exposed in the Plan, in view with the support of CNEN and the Brazilian Nuclear Program of the secrecy of military and nuclear activity. Protection System ( Sistema de Proteção ao Programa Nuclear Brasileiro – SIPRON). 'e three institutions, with the oper- 4.2. MITIGATION AND PREPARATION PHASE ating organization of the radiological or nuclear installation, As the information for the “mitigation and preparation” in this case the Brazilian Navy for the CNI, must be able to phase is compared, it is understood that, in general, both ensure the practical objectives of emergency responses e$ec- Brazilian and American plans present su>cient geographic tively and e>ciently (MARQUES, 2019). and demographic data to analyze the risk scenario identi- The PEE must include the phases of “Prevention”, %ed in the prevention phase. However, it is suggested that “Mitigation and Preparation”, “Response”, and “Reconstruction”, the PEE for the CNI also presents the meteorological and contemplating Law No. 12.608 of 2010 (BRASIL, 2012). hydrological data of the region, which is not present in the 'e results of the comparison of the Plans studied in this PEE for the CNAAA, as these data correlate with the fact work contain aspects that should be considered in the elab- that radiological waste can be carried by rain or, still, airborne. oration of the PEE of the CNI, as follows. In the comparison between the Plans, it is observed that the three of them present an identi%cation of risk scenar- 4.1. PREVENTION STAGE ios in a general way, though satisfactory. For the PEE of the 'e PEE for CNAAA does not present the reactor fail- CNI, the risk analysis carried out by specialists from di$er- ure triggers due to the secrecy characteristic inherent to the ent areas such as Nuclear, Geological, Environment, among nuclear area, being present in Eletronuclear’s Local Emergency others, should be adopted, considering possible accidents and Plan ( Plano de Emergência Local – PEL). 'e CNAAA is those that have already occurred in naval bases. responsible for triggering the PEE if the damage exceeds With regard to information to the public, it is suggested the internal area of the installation and will likewise occur that CNI campaigns are carried out to clarify the procedures with the Brazilian Navy, which will be, in addition to the to be adopted in the event of an emergency at the facility. Operator, the %rst responder in an emergency and will trig- For this, SIPRON, which is responsible for ensuring the inte- ger the external emergency situation according to the anal- grated planning of the Brazilian Nuclear Program ( Programa ysis and after triggering the PEL. Nuclear Brasileiro – PNB), can assist the Brazilian Navy in a With regard to the classi%cation of the disaster, the PEE joint action for the continued execution of measures aimed for the CNAAA does not provide any details as it is found at meeting the safety and security needs of its personnel, as in the Eletronuclear’s PEL reserved documentation. For the well as of the population and the environment related to it. PEE for the CNI, it should be clear where this information For the CNI, it is necessary to study the degree of vulner- can be found, even if it is of a reserved or con%dential nature ability of the region’s scenarios and delimit the Emergency of the Brazilian Navy. Planning Zones ( Zonas de Planejamento de Emergência – ZPE), Regarding attention to intelligence services, both the PEM for which it is suggested that a similar work to the PEE for of the state of Rio de Janeiro and the PEE for the CNAAA the CNAAA be carried out for the CNI. Emergency areas are not speci%c about the role of Intelligence, just mention- must observe the risks proportional to the reactor power ing the need for a representative in the Response Centers. of the nuclear-powered submarine, 48 MW, when berthed Although Brazil is not commonly the target of terrorist at the CNI. actions, it is interesting to specify the role of Intelligence in With regard to the organization of simulated exercises, preventing other risks during the response operation. the San Diego EOP has a speci%c approach — the Training As for the articulation with the risk monitoring system, and Exercise Plan — and the PEE for the CNAAA provides the three Plans studied present an explanation of the alert that the annual conduct of drills to provide the population

| 28 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 26-32 Kellen Stephany Batista Marques with a sense of risk is essential to foster a culture of safety. the impacts of the accident and the risk, reducing the expo- Simulated, partial, and general exercises must also be carried sure time of those potentially a$ected to radiation. out periodically, which enable the training of the institutions Finally, it is important that in the preparation phase, the involved, as well as the continuous improvement of the Plan. criteria for Emergency demobilization are foreseen in the 'e exercises can be of various types: communication, table- PEE, as explained in the San Diego Plan. 'e Rio de Janeiro top, individual, simulated, and sounding. State Plans do not contain such details. With regard to the arrangements of means, human, and material resources and procedures, the EOP in San Diego is 4.3. RESPONSE STAGE supported by a national model that establishes the interac- For the response actions, the agents involved must be tion of the di$erent spheres of government with other pri- assigned and the responsibilities distributed in a clear and vate and non-governmental organizations. 'e PEM-RJ does broad way, as in all the analyzed Plans. 'e PEE for the not establish such arrangements, which, for the CNAAA, is CNI must contain an as complete as possible matrix of complemented by the actions of the speci%c PEE. For the actions x responsibilities. PEE of the CNI, it is suggested that the scope and extent of An essential piece of information that must accompany arrangements in preparation for emergency response contain the data on those responsible for each action is the line of criteria previously established to determine the adoption of succession of the authorities, which can be observed in the di$erent protection actions and the ability to take actions to EOP in San Diego and in the PEM of the state of Rio de protect and inform personnel in the scenario and, if neces- Janeiro. For the CNI, it is suggested that such information sary, the public during the emergency. be presented so that the substitute is also prepared, so that Transport infrastructure, medical care, and other social there are no surprises during the response phase, as well as equipment should also be detailed. San Diego County does that all telephone contacts are updated, and this information this in the General Plan while the state of Rio de Janeiro may be reserved for the authorities. places its resources in the Speci%c Plans, such as the PEE for 'e San Diego EOP reports that the County Public the CNAAA. For the PEE of the CNI, it is suggested that, Health agency is in charge of identifying biological, chemi- in addition to detailing the service infrastructure, there is a cal, nuclear, and radiological risk agents. In the state of Rio condition of periodic veri%cation of its availability. de Janeiro, the PEE for the CNAAA, which is speci%c for An important piece of information at the San Diego EOP radiological and nuclear emergencies, meets this demand, is the attention to accessibility for people with special needs, which must be followed in the same way in the preparation as well as foreigners. 'e Rio de Janeiro State Plans do not of the future PEE for the CNI. record this. It is important that the PEE for the CNI address When the risk agent is detected, evacuation procedures the issue of resources to meet these needs. must be initiated. 'e San Diego EOP details evacuation 'e PEE must have the details of the Crisis Room assem- operations and cites establishing meeting points for each bly, duly equipped, as presented by the three Plans analyzed. speci%c disaster situation. PEM-RJ does not present any An alternate location for this Room must also be provided, details in this regard, but, in the case of the CNAAA, its PEE as in the San Diego Plan. establishes the preventive evacuation of the population as an In the preparation phase, it is also necessary to pay attention e$ective protection measure up to a radius of 5 km around to communication models during the emergency. Both the San the plant and details the meeting and boarding points for Diego EOP and the Rio de Janeiro State Plan present mod- each ZPE, as well as the responsible teams. It is suggested els, which cannot be observed in the PEE for the CNAAA. that the PEE for the CNI follow the model speci%ed by the 'e PEE of the CNI must present such information. PEE for the CNAAA. An interesting criterion, pointed out only by the PEM of For the PEE for the CNI, evacuation through naval the state of Rio de Janeiro, is the establishment of the desired means must also be considered, whether of people or vehi- time for the respondent to act in an emergency. 'is can be cles, by means of amphibious landing, as it is a region sur- important for the PEE for the CNI, as it will help to mitigate rounded by the sea.

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After evacuation, the phase of sheltering the homeless or disaster to provide the public with accurate information must begin, who will be taken to temporary shelters. 'e three and instructions must be stated. Plans analyzed detail the sheltering operations, which must In addition to the aspects presented for the response phase, be followed by the PEE of the CNI, presenting as much other important aspects were observed at the San Diego EOP detail as possible. and deserve to be further developed for the PEE of the CNI: Once the site has been evacuated, decontamination must » Receiving donations and supplies. be started. 'e San Diego EOP provides for the decontami- » Attention to terrorism due to its being strategic military nation of a$ected areas, people, and animals. 'e Plans of the areas and nuclear installations. state of Rio de Janeiro, PEM, and PEE for the CNAAA do » Attention to the management of fatal victims and a team not mention these operations. It is suggested that the PEE of medical examiners, so as not to contaminate people for the CNI pays attention to this to limit contamination. and the environment. With regard to assistance to victims, both the EOP of » Attention to document control during emergency response. San Diego and the PEE for the CNAAA, in addition to the » Record of lessons learned. PEM-RJ, establish protocols for the operations, designat- ing the locations for directing victims. For the state of Rio 4.4. RECONSTRUCTION PHASE de Janeiro, these actions will be carried out by the teams of Reconstruction measures after an accident should be the Mobile Emergency Care Service (SAMU 192) and by detailed in a plan that sets out responsibilities, organization reference hospitals, such as Hospital Naval Marcílio Dias in of reconstruction, as well as lines of communication. 'e basic the city of Rio de Janeiro, if necessary, which should be per- premise of the reconstruction plan is that if planning is car- manently prepared, a structure that will also serve for the ried out before a disaster, the region can more quickly return PEE of the CNI. to normality. 'e recovery goals contained in this Plan must In addition, it should be noted that there is a possibility include damage assessment; evaluation information; estima- that people may su$er great stress during the emergency, which tion of the %nancial value of losses and recovery costs; quick generates an additional demand for medical and psycholog- application to state and federal disaster relief funds; timely ical care, a forecast that appears in the San Diego EOP, but restoration of community, services, and infrastructure to nor- it is not observed by the PEM-RJ and by the PEE for the malcy; and viable mitigation measures. CNAAA. 'is should be included in the PEE for the CNI. Both the San Diego EOP and the PEE for the CNAAA, 'e animal support service, which is only present in the which is complementary to the PEM-RJ, cite damage assess- San Diego Plan, should be considered for the CNI. It is nec- ment as a premise for the reconstruction plan. 'is must also essary to pay attention to the fact that the owners of animals be done for the PEE of the CNI. can try to retrieve them, even without authorization from 'e San Diego EOP contains an engineering and con- those responsible for the emergency, and recontamination if struction session to handle post-disaster reconstruction. they are not treated as well. 'e PEE for the CNAAA and the PEM-RJ only mentions, Communication management must have high relevance without providing much detail, the Brazilian Reconstruction for the execution of a PEE, regardless of the phase. At San Program. One suggestion is that the Plan for the CNI details Diego EOP, communication management is performed by the Program, since reconstruction actions should start soon the San Diego County O>ce of Communications. Both the after the accident occurs. As for the engineering and recon- PEM for the state of Rio de Janeiro and the PEE for struction framework, the San Diego EOP expresses well-de- the CNAAA do not de%ne well the communication actions %ned activities within its scope, which include conducting during the disaster. It is suggested that, like the San Diego pre- and post-incident assessments of public works and Plan, the PEE for the CNI details the execution of communi- infrastructure; support for emergency contracts for essential cations throughout the disaster. Disclosure should be carried services; construction management and real estate services out through various forms of communication devices, chan- contracting; and providing emergency repairs to damaged nels, and methods. 'e responsibility during an emergency infrastructure and critical facilities, an example for Brazil.

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Reconstruction actions are generally divided into two to internationally recognized standards and recommenda- phases: short and long term. 'e PEE for the CNAAA, in tions such as the IAEA safety guides. 'e Brazilian classi- addition to the PEM of the state of Rio de Janeiro, are incom- %cation of disasters, COBRADE, must be revised to meet plete in this regard, dividing the actions only regarding the the CNI project, covering naval facilities and facilities with resettlement of people. For the PEE of the CNI, a broader nuclear content. approach is suggested, according to the objectives of each one. An important issue that should be addressed by CNEN One piece of information that must be contained in the is that the construction of the CNI and the SN-BR will, in a PEE is the concern with public safety in the emergency way, bring up an issue that has not yet been resolved in Brazil: area. People can ignore the risks and try to return to the site the delimitation and construction of a %nal radioactive waste to retrieve assets, for example. 'e PEE for the CNI must deposit. 'e tailings from the electronuclear plants in Angra encompass this caveat, just like the EOP for San Diego and dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro, are, so far, kept in temporary depos- the PEE for the CNAAA. its at the plant itself or at the Tailings Management Center In this reconstruction process, food control should also be in Angra dos Reis. 'e Abadia de Goiás Deposit was a spe- highlighted, which, although not considered an urgent mea- ci%c solution for tailings generated from the accident with sure, must be implemented in time in case of radiation con- Cs-137 in Goiânia in 1987. tamination. It is suggested that PEE for the CNI pays more 'e preparation for the actions of the various bodies attention to this issue like the San Diego EOP. involved, the Brazilian Navy, Civil Defense, the city of Finally, it is important that funding resources for the Itaguaí, and the state of Rio de Janeiro, among others, must reconstruction of the a$ected region are foreseen in the PEE always have an anticipatory nature. It should be ensured that of the CNI, as in the three analyzed Plans. During the recov- response agencies have the necessary resources to deal with ery phase, this assessment is re%ned to a more detailed level, any consequences of a radiological or nuclear emergency in being necessary to request %nancial assistance from responsible the public domain, determining in advance the allocation agencies. 'e plan must also identify the sources of external of responsibilities for the management of interventions in support that can be provided, through mutual aid, by other emergency situations between national and local regula- state and federal agencies, as well as the private sector. tory bodies. 'e reconstitution of services can be carried out through An important fact that must be raised is the availabil- collective or individual assistance through programs that iden- ity of the network of health services in the state of Rio de tify needs and de%ne resources, provide accommodation, and Janeiro to care for victims of a possible radiological or nuclear promote the treatment of a$ected people. disaster at the CNI, since under normal conditions — without any disaster — it is no longer possible to shows enough, being a national weakness. 'e reference site for radioactive 5. CONCLUSION and nuclear accidents is the Marcílio Dias Naval Hospital, which does not have enough Intensive Care Unit (ICU) For PROSUB to be successful, Brazil must be prepared beds for a major event. Even considering the support of the in technological and social terms, especially in terms of secu- Eletronuclear Medical Assistance Foundation ( Fundação rity and the region chosen to host the Naval Base, which Eletronuclear de Assistência Médica – FEAM), which is a ref- must be adequately prepared to ensure a response to nuclear erence in the area, the network may not be su>cient in the and radiological emergencies e$ective. 'e functions of the event of an accident. many actors involved should be the same as in a conventional 'e comparison between the Emergency Plans presented emergency, involving agencies and technical experts in an here showed relevant paths to be followed for the prepara- integrated manner with a nuclear or radiological emergency. tion of the PEE for the CNI, initially containing a brief When improving their regulations and guides to meet description of the naval base with technical characteristics at PROSUB, SIPRON, and CNEN should consider stake- an ostensible level with area, population, internal emergency holder comments and feedback from experience, in addition response team, among others.

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REFERENCES

BOTELHO, M.H.D.S. Estrutura Conceitual para o Licenciamento Nuclear do GUIMARÃES, L.S. Síntese de doutrina de segurança para projeto e Complexo Radiológico do Submarino Brasileiro Com Propulsão Nuclear . operação de submarinos nucleares . Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Pós-Graduação Lato Sensu em Proteção de São Paulo, São Paulo, 1999. Radiológica e Segurança de Fontes Radioativas) – Instituto de Radioproteção LINHARES, T.Q. Uma proposta de modelo de gerenciamento da e Dosimetria, Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, Rio de Janeiro, 2016. cultura de segurança para o submarino brasileiro com propulsão BRASIL. Lei nº 12.608, de 11 de abril de 2012 . Política Nacional de Proteção nuclear. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Rio de e Defesa Civil. Brasil, 2012. Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2016. ccivil_03/_Ato2011-2014/2012/Lei/L12608.htm. Acesso em: ago. 2018. MARINHA DO BRASIL. Benefícios Tecnológicos do PROSUB . Marinha CARVALHO, P.R.W. Plano de contingência para instalações industriais do Brasil. Disponível em: https://www.marinha.mil.br/prosub/ que processam e estocam produtos perigosos: uma abordagem a partir beneﬁcios-tecnologico. Acesso em: nov. 2018. do modelo para instalações nucleares de geração de energia elétrica . MARQUES, K.S.B. Subsídios para Elaboração de Plano de Emergência Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, 2015. Externo: Um estudo para o Complexo Naval de Itaguaí . Dissertação CORRÊA, F.G. O projeto do submarino nuclear brasileiro . Rio de (Mestrado) – Mestrado Proﬁssional em Defesa e Segurança Civil, Janeiro: Capax Dei, 2010. Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, 2019.

| 32 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 26-32 Figure 5 TECHNOLOGICAL CENTER OF THE NAVY IN RIO DE JANEIRO OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT

FORENSIC FINGERPRINTING OF OIL SPILLS: A STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF WEATHERING ON SOURCE IDENTIFICATION Identificação forense de derramamentos de óleo: um estudo sobre a influência do intemperismo na identificação de fontes

Márcio Martins Lobão1 , Tanise Klein Ramos 2 , Fernanda Freyesleben Thomazelli 3

Abstract: Sources of large oil spills are usually identi%ed. However, Resumo: As fontes dos grandes derramamentos de óleo são, geral- this is not always the case in common low-impact incidents. mente, identi%cadas. No entanto, nem sempre é esse o caso nos Fingerprinting an oil pollution incident provides information to incidentes de baixo impacto comumente observados. A determina- response teams assessing site contamination. 'is information ção da impressão digital de um incidente de poluição por óleo for- is also used for legal purposes as an important mechanism for nece informações para as equipes de resposta, que avaliam a conta- settling disputes related to liability. Using a standardized protocol minação do local, e para %ns legais, sendo usada como um impor- for forensic analysis of oil spills, this study — carried out over three tante mecanismo para resolver disputas relacionadas à de%nição de months, with oily samples exposed to weathering under controlled responsabilidades. Utilizando um protocolo padronizado para rea- conditions — aimed to evaluate whether changes in the chemical lização de análises forenses de derramamentos de óleo, este estudo composition of di$erent types of oils and their products could lead — realizado ao longo de três meses, com amostras oleosas expostas to source misidenti%cation or inconclusive results. Seven di$e- ao intemperismo sob condições controladas — teve como objetivo rent oils were used to simulate, in tanks, oil spills at sea. 'ey were avaliar se alterações na composição química de diferentes tipos de periodically sampled and examined to assess saturated hydrocar- óleos e seus derivados poderiam levar à identi%cação incorreta da bons, including oil biomarkers, by chromatographic analyses (gas fonte ou a resultados inconclusivos. Óleos de sete diferentes espe- chromatography-[ame ionization detection [GC-FID] and gas ci%cações foram utilizados para simular, em tanques, derramamen- chromatography-mass spectrometry [GC-MS]). 'e chromato- tos de óleo no mar, sendo periodicamente amostrados e analisados, graphic pro%les obtained from GC-FID sample screening chan- para avaliação de hidrocarbonetos saturados, incluindo biomarca- ged over time, indicating the increasing weathering of the expo- dores de óleo, por meio de análises cromatográ%cas (CG-DIC e sed samples. In contrast, the petroleum biomarker characteristics CG-EM). Os per%s cromatográ%cos obtidos da triagem das amos- present in the di$erent oils remained the same during the experi- tras por CG-DIC se modi%caram ao longo do tempo, indicando ment. We could identify, both based on the high correlation capa- o avanço do intemperismo sobre as amostras expostas. Já as carac- city of the geochemical parameters investigated and on the mul- terísticas dos biomarcadores de petróleo presentes nesses dife- tivariate analysis of the established diagnostic ratios, that di$e- rentes óleos não mudaram ao longo do experimento. Foi possível rent oils could be associated with their original sample for at least identi%car, tanto com base na alta capacidade de correlação dos

1. Head of the Oceanography Department at the Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira – Arraial do Cabo, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 2. Technician of the Monitoring Project at the Fundação Universidade do Vale do Itajaí – Itajaí, SC – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 3. Technical Consultant in Oceanography of the Fundação de Estudos do Mar working at the Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira – Arraial do Cabo, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]

| 34 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 34-40 Márcio Martins Lobão, Tanise Klein Ramos, Fernanda Freyesleben Thomazelli three months after the simulated spills, even in a tropical region, as parâmetros geoquímicos considerados quanto na análise multi- where this study was conducted. variada das razões de diagnóstico estabelecidas, que os diferentes Keywords: Molecular markers. Biomarkers. Forensic science. Oil óleos puderam ser correlacionados à sua amostra original por, pelo spill. Weathering. menos, três meses após os derramamentos simulados, mesmo em uma região tropical, onde este estudo foi realizado. Palavras-chave: Marcadores moleculares. Biomarcadores. Ciência forense. Derramamento de óleo. Intemperismo.

1. INTRODUCTION than a week to arrive at a laboratory capable of identifying their source. Methods for %ngerprinting the source of oil spills, popu- In order to ensure the integrity of investigation procedures, larly known as determining the oil “DNA”, have been used for it is important to assess whether the transport of samples out- decades in response to incidents involving signi%cant amounts side ideal preservation conditions or possible delays — prob- of petroleum and its products (ALBAIGÉS; KIENHUIS; lems observed in some incidents — can alter its composition DAHLMANN, 2015). In the meantime, several publications to the point of precluding the use of the results obtained. have addressed the theme (DALING et al., 2002; PETERS; 'ese results must be reliable to clearly identify the author WALTERS; MOLDOWAN, 2005; WANG; STOUT; of a given incident. At the same time, the collected samples FINGAS, 2006; LOBÃO et al., 2010; CEN, 2012b; FINGAS, need to arrive at a laboratory capable of treating and ana- 2015; SHIRNESHAN; BAKHTIARI; MEMARIANI, 2016; lyzing them without weathering e$ects hindering the inves- ASTM, 2013a; 2013b; OLIVEIRA et al., 2020). In Brazil, the tigation. Weathering consists of several physical, chemical, use of these methods grew in importance with the approval of and biological processes that change the composition of the Federal Law No. 9,966/2000 (LOBÃO et al., 2010). 'e law original product and can, over time, compromise source iden- establishes that the competence to investigate oil pollution ti%cation (PETERS; WALTERS; MOLDOWAN, 2005). incidents at sea lies with the Brazilian Maritime Authority 'us, the analytical techniques adopted focus on substances (BRAZIL, 2000). that are not easily degraded over time, interpretation of sev-

'e protocols currently adopted to investigate such eral chromatograms, determination of diagnostic ratios (D r) incidents are based on a sequential approach, employing of petroleum biomarkers, and multivariate data treatment internationally recognized analytical techniques (CEN, (PETERS; WALTERS; MOLDOWAN, 2005; WANG; 2012b; ASTM, 2013a; 2013b). The data produced by STOUT; FINGAS, 2006). these analytical methods are used to compare samples In 2019, an oil spill in the Brazilian coast — which collected at the incident site with those taken from sus- a$ected about 3,600 km of the country’s coast, especially in pected sources (DALING et al., 2002; KIENHUIS et al., the Northeast region (IBAMA, 2019) — showed that the 2016). Characteristic distributions and ratios of selected issue remains relevant, given the impossibility of determining compounds generate a “%ngerprint” that can identify the precisely how long this oil had been at sea, information that source of the spilled oil (WANG; STOUT; FINGAS, would have been very useful when investigating its source. 2006; CEN, 2012b). Since the degree of product degradation depends on several Samples collected to investigate the spill source should factors, such as its original speci%cation and the main envi- be promptly transported to the laboratory (CEN, 2012a; ronmental conditions at the discharge site, the methodolo- BRASIL, 2020). However, Brazil is a country of conti- gies employed should be su>ciently robust for the analyses nental dimensions. Samples collected in sites away from to unquestionably indicate the source of the incident, regard- large centers, such as the Amazon region, may take more less of where it occurred.

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2. OBJECTIVES 75, and 90 days of environmental exposure. 'e di$erent oils used were: crude petroleum from the Potiguar Basin 'is study analyzed di$erent oil samples over 90 days (Ubarana %eld) (A); marine diesel oil (B); heavy fuel oil of exposure to the environment in a region subject to high (HFO/Bunker) (C); fuel oil MAR-C (D); fuel oil MF40 temperatures and strong winds so as to determine whether (E); lubricating oil TR-86 (F); and crude petroleum from changes in their chemical composition due to increasing the Campos Basin (unknown %eld) (G). Except for sam- weathering could lead to inconclusive results concerning ple D, which had its collection interrupted after 43 days of source identi%cation. exposure due to oil depletion on the surface of the experimental unit, the samples remained exposed throughout the experiment. 3. METHOD 'e samples obtained were treated immediately after collection, using liquid-liquid extraction. Afterward, each Seven di$erent oils — from Brazilian crude petroleum extract was concentrated and then analyzed in a Shimadzu to products commonly used in the country — were exposed GC-17A gas chromatography-flame ionization detec- to weathering in experimental units to simulate oil spills at tor (GC-FID) to obtain the “whole oil” chromatographic sea under weather conditions of the city of Arraial do Cabo, pro%le. Part of this extract was fractioned in liquid chro- Rio de Janeiro. Each experimental unit comprised a trans- matography to separate saturated compounds and sent for parent glass reservoir (Figure 1) containing 5 L of seawater petroleum biomarker analysis. 'e fraction obtained was (without further treatment) and 30 mL of each oil, form- injected into a Perkin Elmer – Clarus 600 gas chromato- ing a set of seven di$erent experiments exposed to natural graph coupled to a single-quadrupole mass spectrometer environmental conditions to simulate, as far as possible, a (GC-MS). Ions 177, 191, 205, 217, 218, 231, and 259 were real oil spill. monitored based on oil spill correlation studies (DALING Sampling was performed at di$erent intervals, starting et al., 2002; LOBÃO et al., 2010; OLIVEIRA et al., 2020), from the original product and obtaining subsequent samples. aiming at determining the pro%les of the many petroleum Each experimental unit was exposed to weathering for up biomarker families. to 90 days, producing a set of 8 di$erent samples for each 'is study adopted the principal component analysis product investigated. 'e samples were obtained at the start (PCA) (WANG; STOUT; FINGAS, 2006; LOBÃO et al., of the experiment (original product) and at 7, 15, 30, 45, 60, 2010) to evaluate the correlation of di$erent D r established from identi%ed and integrated peak areas, with normalization of raw data to a common variance value. Multivariate data analysis was performed in the PAST software (HAMMER; HARPER; RYAN, 2001).

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1. “WHOLE OIL” PROFILES BY GC-FID 'e distribution of n-alkanes, isoprenoids, and unre- solved complex mixture (UCM) of hydrocarbons presented signi%cant changes in the chromatographic pro%les obtained, indicating increasing weathering over the 90 days

Figure 1. Experimental unit used to expose different of the experiment. 'e most signi%cant changes in n-alkane oils to weathering (in the image, crude oil from the chromatographic pro%les occurred in the %rst seven days of Potiguar Basin). the experiment, with an important loss of n-alkanes lower

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than n-C 15 in all oils studied, except for the lubricating oil compounds with greater resistance to degradation. As this TR-86 (F), which had no resolved n-alkanes and isoprenoids oil no longer had light hydrocarbons, the losses were not as since the beginning of the experiment. In addition to these signi%cant as those observed in the crude petroleum from alterations, the maximum retention time for UCM shifted the Potiguar Basin. 'is pattern was repeated in all samples during the experiment so that, as the days passed, com- analyzed throughout the experiment, revealing that weath- pounds with higher molecular mass experienced a propor- ering imposes limitations that compromise the interpre- tional enrichment. Figure 2 illustrates the chromatographic tation of results over time using this tool. 'erefore, such pro%le variations of 2 di$erent oils over the 90 days of the results should be considered only for the initial screening as experiment. Among these pro%les, crude petroleum from they allow eliminating suspected sources that obviously do the Potiguar Basin (Figures 2A and 2B) had signi%cant not coincide with the oil spilled as they consist of di$erent light n-alkane losses at the end of the experiment, at least products, regardless of the degree of weathering to which up to n-C 16 . At the same time, lubricating oil (Figures 2C the spilled oil has been subjected. Alone, these results also and 2D) presented no signi%cant variations in its chro- suggest that the transport of samples outside ideal preser- matographic pro%le according to GC-FID analyses, with vation conditions, in the dark, and at maximum tempera- a slight proportional enrichment in the posterior part of tures between 4 and 5°C (BRASIL, 2020) for prolonged its chromatogram, indicating preferential preservation of periods may hinder the interpretation of analytical results.

4.2. PETROLEUM BIOMARKER PROFILES BY GC-MS

'e di$erent D r — developed from peaks identi%ed by the method — presented signi%cant stability in their results over time, demonstrating that, despite the weathering, the relative proportions between the biomarkers analyzed remained the same throughout the experiment. Figure 3 presents the m/z 191 ion pro%les characteristic of the tricyclic, tetracy- clic, and pentacyclic terpane families (PETERS; WALTERS; MOLDOWAN, 2005; LOBÃO et al., 2010; OLIVEIRA et al., 2020), for both petroleum samples investigated in this study, showing no signi%cant variation in petroleum biomarker pro%les during the experiment. 'is characteristic indicates that, despite the signi%cant weathering observed over time, petroleum biomarker pro%les did not experience changes that could lead to misinterpretation of their chromatographic pro%les. Brazilian oils from the Potiguar Basin typically present very pronounced peaks in the gammacerane (GAM) biomarker, which, according to Wang, Stout, and Fingas (2006), is one of the so-called “unique biomarkers” since — given its specificity — its presence and relative concentration may be sufficient evidence to identify the source causing a certain oil pollution incident (Figures 3A and 3B). Crude petroleum samples from the Campos Figure 2. Variations in chromatographic profile Basin were also stable during the experiment (Figures 3C throughout the experiment. and 3D) and can be differentiated from crude petroleum

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samples from the Potiguar Basin by their lower relative abundance of GAM. According to Wang, Stout, and Fingas (2006), genetic correlations between oils are based on the concept that the biomarker composition of oil spill samples does not di$er from the samples that originated them. Most biomarkers of spill samples and their sources, particularly in homolo- gous series of biomarkers with similar structure, show lit-

tle or no change in their D r as a result of the weathering experienced by the spilled product. PCA of all oils and

Dr investigated revealed that, despite the exposure of the samples to weathering, no signi%cant dispersion or over- lap between the di$erent products studied was identi%ed. PCA explained 68.87% of the total variance when considering the %rst two principal components. According to this analysis, the closer two samples are to each other, the greater their similarity (Figure 4). It follows that all samples could be di$erentiated from each other during the experiment without overlapping results, con%rming that even in a tropical climate region, such as Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro, weathering does not change petroleum biomarker pro%les to the point of compromising source identi%cation. Unlike the results found in the “whole oil” pro%les determined by GC-FID, these ones suggest that the potential Figure 3. Comparison of chromatographic profiles transport of samples outside ideal preservation conditions, throughout the experiment (m/z 191). in the dark, and at maximum temperatures between 4 and

Lubricating oil TR-86 Fuel oil MAR-C

Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO/Bunker)

Fuel oil MF 40 Maritime diesel oil

Crude oil from the Potiguar Basin

Crude oil from the Campos Basin

Figure 4. Correlation between samples based on the principal component analysis.

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5°C (BRASIL, 2020) for short periods, like those observed demonstrating that even after this period of exposure (in a during the transport of samples from the incident site to region subject to strong winds and relatively high tempera- the laboratory, has no signi%cant in[uence on the interpre- tures), the samples studied could be unambiguously associ- tation of analytical results. ated with their original oils. After interpreting the results of this study, we can conclude that short periods outside ideal storage conditions, such as 5. CONCLUSIONS the transport of samples to the laboratory at room tempera- ture, even a few days after the incident, do not signi%cantly Based on the analyses performed, we can infer that, after a$ect subsequent analyses aimed at source identi%cation. three months of exposure, the samples underwent signi%cant Naturally, whenever possible, collection and transport of oil compositional changes, with loss of light hydrocarbons, due samples should follow the best practices available, consider- to the action of weathering. 'e distribution of aliphatic ing that samples obtained from sites a$ected by oil spills have hydrocarbons indicated a signi%cant loss of low molecular been weathered and may have been contaminated by other weight n-alkanes (lower than n-C 16 ), consumed after the dif- products. 'is study was limited to seven di$erent products, ferent oils su$ered a week of exposure. Nonetheless, saturated which may not be enough to represent the numerous petro- petroleum biomarkers showed high resistance to weathering, leum products used in Brazil and the world.

REFERENCES

ALBAIGÉS, J.; KIENHUIS, P.G.M.; DAHLMANN, G. Oil Spill Identiﬁcation. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION (CEN). CEN/TR In : FINGAS, M. (org.). Handbook of Oil Spill Science and Technology . 15522-1/2012 . Oil spill identiﬁcation: Waterborne petroleum and petroleum Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2015. p. 165-204. products. Part 1: Sampling. Bruxelas: Management Centre, 2012a.

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS (ASTM). Oil EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION (CEN). CEN/ Spill Identiﬁcation by Gas Chromatography and Positive Ion Electron TR 15522-2/2012 . Oil spill identiﬁcation: Waterborne petroleum Impact Low Resolution Mass Spectrometry . ASTM D5739-06 (2013). and petroleum products. Part 2: Analytical methodology and West Conshohocken: ASTM International, 2013a. Avalilable at: http:// interpretation of results based on GC-FID and GC-MS low resolution www.astm.org/cgi-bin/resolver.cgi?D5739-06(2013). Accessed on: analyses. Bruxelas: Management Centre, 2012b. Aug. 27, 2020. FINGAS, M. (org.). Handbook of Oil Spill Science and Technology . AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS (ASTM). Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons, 2015.

Standard Test Methods for Comparison of Waterborne Petroleum HAMMER, Ø.; HARPER, D.A.T.; RYAN, P.D. PAST: Paleontological Oils by Gas Chromatography . ASTM 3328D-06 (2013). West Statistics software package for education and data analysis. Conshohocken: ASTM International, 2013b. Avalilable at: http://www. Paleontologia Electronica , v. 4, n. 1, p. 1-9, 2001. astm.org/cgi-bin/resolver.cgi?D3328-06(2013). Accessed on: Aug. 27, 2020. INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DO MEIO AMBIENTE E RECURSOS NACIONAIS RENOVÁVEIS (IBAMA). Manchas de óleo - Litoral BRASIL. Diretoria de Portos e Costas. Norma Técnica Ambiental para do Nordeste . 2019. Avalilable at: http://www.ibama.gov.br/ a Coleta e o Transporte de Amostras de Derramamento de Óleo e manchasdeoleo. Accessed on: Jun. 02, 2021. seus Derivados – NORTAM-01 . Brasil, 2020. KIENHUIS, P.G.M.; HANSEN, A.B.; FAKSNESS, L.-G.; STOUT, S.A.; BRASIL. Lei Federal nº 9.966 . Prevenção, controle e monitoramento DAHLMANN, G. CEN methodology for oil spill identification. In : STOUT, da poluição causada pelo lançamento de óleo e outras substâncias S.A.; WANG, Z. (org.). Standard Handbook Oil Spill Environmental nocivas ou perigosas em águas sob jurisdição nacional e outras Forensics . 2. ed. Londres: Elsevier, 2016. medidas. Senado Federal, 2000. LOBÃO, M.M.; CARDOSO, J.N.; MELLO, M.R.; BROOKS, P.W.; LOPES, DALING, P.S.; FAKSNESS, L.G.; HANSEN, A.B.; STOUT, S.A. C.C.; LOPES, R.S.C. Identification of source of a marine oil-spill Improved and standardized methodology for oil-spill fingerprinting. using geochemical and chemometric techniques. Marine Pollution Environmental Forensics , v. 3, n. 3-4, p. 263-278, 2002. https://doi. Bulletin, v. 60, n. 12, p. 2263-2274, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. org/10.1006/enfo.2002.0099 marpolbul.2010.08.008

| 39 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 34-40 Márcio Martins Lobão, Tanise Klein Ramos, Fernanda Freyesleben Thomazelli

OLIVEIRA, O.M.C.; QUEIROZ, A.F.S.; CERQUEIRA, A.F.S.; SOARES, SHIRNESHAN, G.; BAKHTIARI, A.R.; MEMARIANI, M. Identification of S.A.R.; GARCIA, K.S.; PAVANI FILHO, A.; ROSA, M.L.S.; SUZART, sources of tar balls deposited along the southwest Caspian Coast, Iran C.M.; PINHEIRO, C.M.; MOREIRA, I.T.A. Environmental disaster in the using fingerprinting techniques. Science of the Total Environment , v. northeast coast of Brazil: Forensic geochemistry in the identification 568, p. 979-989, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.203 of the source of the oily material. Marine Pollution Bulletin , v. 160, WANG, Z.; STOUT, S.A.; FINGAS, M. Forensic Fingerprinting of 111597, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111597 Biomarkers for Oil Spill Characterization and Source Identification. PETERS, K.E.; WALTERS, C.C.; MOLDOWAN, J.M. The Biomarker Environmental Forensics , v. 7, n. 2, p. 105-146, 2006. https://doi. Guide. 2. ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. v. 1. org/10.1080/15275920600667104

| 40 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 34-40 Figure 6 “RIACHUELO” SUBMARINE MACHINERY SQUARE (SBR) DECISION-MAKING PROCESS

DEVELOPING A COMPUTATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FOR HIGH-LEVEL MAKING DECISION: A CONTRIBUTION OF THE BRAZILIAN NAVY TO SELECTING AUTOCLAVES IN THE FIGHT AGAINST COVID-19 Desenvolvimento de uma tecnologia computacional para tomada de decisão de alto nível: uma contribuição da Marinha do Brasil para seleção de autoclaves no combate à COVID-19

Natália Oliveira Barbosa de Paula 1

Abstract: 'is paper aimed to propose and present to the scien- Resumo: Este artigo teve por objetivo propor e apresentar à comuni- ti%c community and to society a new method of Multicriteria dade cientí%ca e à sociedade um novo método de Apoio Multicritério Decision Support (MDS) – ELECTRE-MOr. 'e method con- à Decisão (AMD) – o ELECTRE-MOr. O método consiste em uma sists of a proposal for classi%cation of multiple criteria with input proposta de classi%cação de múltiplos critérios com entrada de pesos of ordinal weights, which includes multiple alternative decision ordinal, que inclui múltiplos tomadores de decisão e distribui as alter- makers and distribution in prede%ned categories. In order to faci- nativas em categorias prede%nidas. Visando facilitar a difusão e uti- litate the dissemination and use by society in general, the axio- lização pela sociedade em geral, a axiomática do ELECTRE-MOr matics of ELECTRE-MOr was implemented in a simple and foi implementada em uma ferramenta computacional on-line simples intuitive online computational tool, which is also presented in this e intuitiva, a qual também é apresentada neste artigo. Para ilustrar a article. To illustrate the application, a real case study was conduc- aplicação, foi realizado, com especialistas em saúde pública, um estudo ted with public health experts for the selection of autoclaves to be de caso real para seleção de autoclaves a serem utilizadas na produção used in the production of the vaccine against the new coronavirus. da vacina contra o novo coronavírus. Como resultado, foi selecionado As a result, the Finnaqua model was selected as the one with the o modelo Finnaqua como o que apresenta maior custo-benefício den- highest cost-bene%t among the analyzed alternatives. 'is article tre as alternativas analisadas. Este artigo buscou solucionar um pro- seeks to solve a problem of extreme relevance to academia and blema de extrema relevância para a academia e a sociedade, pois pro- society, as it proposes the application of a new MDS method to põe a aplicação de um novo método de AMD para contribuir com a contribute to the solution of a problem that a$ects millions of peo- solução de um problema que afeta milhões de pessoas no Brasil e no ple in Brazil and worldwide. It is emphasized that the model pre- mundo. Ressalta-se que o modelo apresentado pode ser expandido e sented can be expanded and applied in several types of tactical, aplicado a diversos tipos de problemas táticos, operacionais e estraté- operational and strategic problems in the civil and military envi- gicos nos meios civil e militar, ou seja, possui forte característica dual. ronments, thus being a great method focused on the contribution Portanto, consiste em um método de grande utilidade voltado para a of high-level decision-making. contribuição da tomada de decisão de alto nível. Keywords: Brazilian Navy. ELECTRE-MOr. COVID-19. Palavras-chave: Marinha do Brasil. ELECTRE-MOr. Autoclave. Vaccine. COVID-19. Autoclave. Vacina.

1. Master’s student in Systems and Computing at Instituto Militar de Engenharia – Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]

| 42 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 42-49 Natália Oliveira Barbosa de Paula

1. INTRODUCTION continuous monitoring of deaths caused by the new coronavirus (MAJUMDER; BISWAS; MAJUMDER, 2020); 'e outbreak of the disease caused by the new corona- and in the selection of a Brazilian Navy Hospital Assistance virus (COVID-19) constitutes a Public Health Emergency Ship to be used in the %ght against the pandemic in Manaus of International Importance — the highest level of alert of (COSTA et al., 2020a). the World Health Organization (WHO), as provided for Given the extremely serious situation that the country in the International Health Regulations. On March 11 th , and the world are facing, in order to reduce costs and seek 2020, COVID-19 was characterized by the WHO as a pan- a more assertive solution, this article aimed to select the demic (OPAS BRASIL, 2020). most suitable autoclave model to be acquired to assist in 'ere are numerous laboratories studying and testing for the production of the vaccine against the new coronavirus. the creation of the vaccine against the advance of the pan- For the analysis of alternatives and decision-making sup- demic. However, this process requires, in addition to time, many port, the ELECTRE-MOr method was proposed and used, resources that, for some countries, are quite scarce. 'ere are as it is a new non-compensatory ordinal MCDS method, risks attached to the results of these tests that could lead to for multi-decision maker, which facilitates the expression of signi%cant losses; therefore, it is essential to use e>cient tools preference relations by decision makers. 'e article is divided both for the structuring and modeling of the problem to be into %ve sections: “Introduction”, “'eoretical framework”, analyzed and for the de%nition and ordering of (alternative) “Methodology”, “Results”, and “Conclusion”. solution strategies. Among the devices necessary for the production of the vaccine, the autoclave can be highlighted, an indispensable laboratory equipment, as it guarantees the 2. THEORETICAL REFERENCE sterilization of all products that will be used in the work, ensuring e$ectiveness against any microbial contamination 'e ELECTRE family methods are based on non-com- (MAX LABOR, 2015), especially in vaccine research and pensatory logic to establish overclassi%cation relationships production. Choosing the ideal equipment is not so simple, between pairs of alternatives (NEPOMUCENO; COSTA, as it involves a large number of variables. 2015). An alternative “a” trumps an alternative “b” (aSb) if a In this context, in the decision-making process, Production is at least as good as b in the criterion in question, which is Engineering becomes a fundamental mechanism in advising the main idea expressed by the concept of overclassi%cation managers (SANTOS et al., 2019). Within this large area (ALMEIDA-DIAS; FIGUEIRA; ROY, 2012). of Engineering, Operations Research (OR) is the com- 'e modeling of preference relations considers relations prehensive and multidisciplinary %eld that employs math- of indi$erence (q), strict preference (p), and incompatibility ematical and analytical models to solve complex every- (FIGUEIRA; MOUSSEAU; ROY, 2005), and the overclas- day problems (TEIXEIRA et al., 2019). In the vast %eld si%cation relation is submitted to cut-o$ levels established by of OR, the Multicriteria Decision Support (MCDS) has levels of minimum agreement and maximum disagreement unique relevance, providing a technical and scienti%c basis, (GOMES; COSTA, 2015). Table 1 presents a summary of and supporting the decision makers in choosing the alter- the properties of the ELECTRE methods. native that meets their needs and wishes in order to meet All ELECTRE methods are cardinal and non-compen- their preferences. satory, and it was found that there are no ELECTRE meth- MCDS methods have been widely used to %nd solutions ods with data entry in an ordinal form and for multi-agent to %ght the pandemic, as in Albahri et al. (2020), in aiding decision; therefore, this article aims to %ll that gap by imple- decision-making on structures for the transfusion of the best menting ELECTRE-MOR. 'e ordinal elicitation proposal convalescent plasma for the most critical patients; in bench- allows di$erent decision-makers to obtain weights, through marking methodology to select the ideal COVID-19 diagnos- non-cardinal preferences, which are later transformed into tic model (MOHAMMED et al., 2020); in new topography cardinal numbers, making the decision-making process more approaches to identify the most signi%cant risk factor and intuitive and transparent.

| 43 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 42-49 Natália Oliveira Barbosa de Paula ି ݇ כ ݄ ௛ ൌ ݃ ൅ܾ 2.1. THE ELECTRE-MOR METHOD Where ି ݇ כ ݄ ௛ ൌ ݃ ൅ܾ ELECTRE-MOr is a multi-criteria classi%cation pro- ି כ ି ି כ ௛ ି כ ݃ െ ݃ ି כ ݇ כ ݄ posal with ordinal entry of preferences,݃ whichെ ݃ includes sev-௝ ௜௝ ௝ ௜௝ ௝ ௜௝ ܾ ൌ௝ ݃௜௝ ൅ Ǥݏ݁ݏݏ݈ܽܿ݀݊ܽݏ݋݂݈݅݁ݎ݋݂݌ݎݐ݄݁݊ݑܾ݉݁ݏ݄݅ Ǥ ݉ܽݔ ݃ Ǣ݃ ൌ ݉݅݊ ݃ Ǣݏ݁ݏݏ݈ܽܿ݀݊ܽݏ݋݂݈݅݁ݎ݋݂݌ݎݐ݄݁݊ݑܾ݉݁ݏ݄݅ ൌ Ǣ݃ ൌ ݉ܽݔ ݃ Ǣ݃ ݇ ൌൌ ݉݅݊ Ǣ݃݃ ൌǢ ݇ eral decision makers and distributes the݄ alternatives ൅ ͳ in pre- ݄ ൅ ͳ ି כ ି כ ݃ െ ݃ Ǥ(2)ݏ݁ݏݏ݈ܽܿ݀݊ܽ ݏ݋݂݈݅݁ݎ݋݂ ݌ݎݐ݄݁݊ݑܾ݉݁ݏ݄݅ de%ned categories. 'e ELECTRE-MOR procedures are ݇ ൌ Ǣ݃ ൌ ݉ܽݔ ௝݃௜௝Ǣ݃ ௡ൌ ݉݅݊ ௝݃௜௝Ǣ ሿܮ כ ൅ ͳ ܾ ൌ ݃ሾሺ݄ ൅ ͳ െ ݊ሻ ݄ developed in two steps: ሿܮ כ ௡ ൌ ݃ሾሺ݄ ൅ ͳ െ ݊ሻܾ ݆ Ǥݏ݁ݏݏ݋݂݈ܿܽݏݎݐ݄݁݊ݑܾ݉݁ݏ݄݅ Ǣݏݐ݅ݒ݁݊ܽݎ݋݂݈ܽݐ݁ݎݐ݄݁݊ݑܾ݉݁ݏ݆݅ ݋݂݈݅݁Ǣ௡ݎݐ݄݁݅݊݀݁ݔ݋݂ݐ݄݁݌ݏ݅݊ ൌ Ǣ ܮ « ሿܮ כ Transforming ordinal criteria preferences into a criteria ݄ ൅Where, ͳ ܾ ൌ ݃ሾሺ݄ ൅ ͳ െ ݊ሻ weight vector. ݆ ݆ Ǥݏ݁ݏݏ݋݂݈ܿܽݏݎǤݏ݁ݏݏ݋݂݈ܿܽݏݐ݄݁݊ݑܾ݉݁ݏ݄݅ ݎݐ݄݁݊ݑܾ݉݁ݏ݄݅ Ǣݏݐ݅ݒ݁݊ܽݎ݋݂݈ܽݐ݁ݎݐ݄݁݊ݑܾ݉݁ݏ݆݅ ݋݂݈݅݁Ǣݎݐ݄݁݅݊݀݁ݔ݋݂ݐ݄݁݌ݏ݅݊ ǢǢݏݐ݅ݒ݁݊ܽݎ݋݂݈ܽݐ݁ݎݐ݄݁݊ݑܾ݉݁ݏ݆݅ ൌ ܮ݋݂݈݅݁Ǣݎݐ݄݁݅݊݀݁ݔ݋݂ݐ݄݁݌ݏ݅݊ ൌ Ǣ ܮ » Integrating the vector criteria of di$erent݄ ൅ ͳ decision makers. ݄ ൅ ͳ

'e aSb h statement means that “alternative a does not

In the procedure for building the overcoming relation- perform worse than the b h pro%le”. In validating the aSb h

ships, ELECTRE-MOR uses an adaptation of the methods statement, a credibility index σ (a,b h) is calculated, which Simple Aggregation of Preferences Expressed by Ordinal expresses the degree of con%dence of the statement “a is not

Vectors (SAPEVO) (GOMES; MURY; GOMES, 1997) worse than b h”. To de%ne the overclassi%cation ratio, the cut- and SAPEVO-M (GOMES et al., 2020), increased to gen- -o$ level λ is adopted (Equation 3). erate the criteria weights. 'e di$erence with this adaptation

is that the ELECTRE-MOR uses a %ve-point scale, rang- aSbh ↔ σ (a, b h) ≥ λ (3) ing from -2 to +2, whereas the original methods use a seven-point scale (from -3 to +3). Distribution is carried out through two procedures: From the study of the ELECTRE family methods, agreement, » Optimistic: consists of comparing the alternative suc- disagreement, and credibility indices were developed. One of the cessively to alternative b, based on the last pro%le (cat- main di$erences of ELECTRE-MOR in relation to the other egory, class). methods of the ELECTRE family is the establishment of class » Pessimistic: consists of comparing alternative a

pro%les, obtained by two forms — b h and b n (Equations 1 and 2): successively to alternative b, starting from the first profile (category, class), which is the most (1) demanding classification. ି ݇ כ ݄ ௛ ൌ ݃ ൅ܾ

.Table 1. Main properties of the ELECTRE methods ି כ ି כ ݃ െ ݃ Ǥ Type of problem Criterion Weights ݏ݁ݏݏ݈ܽܿ݀݊ܽ ݏ݋݂݈݅݁ݎ݋݂ ݌ݎݐ݄݁݊ݑܾ݉݁ݏ݄݅ ൌ Ǣ݃ ൌ ݉ܽݔ ௝݃௜௝Ǣ݃ ൌ ݉݅݊Methods௝݃௜௝Ǣ ݇ ݄ ൅ ͳ Electre I Choice True Yes Electre IS Choice Pseudo Yes ሿܮ כ ௡ ൌ ݃ሾሺ݄ ൅ ͳ െ ݊ሻܾ Electre II Ranking True Yes ݆ Electre III, ELECTRE-GD Ranking Pseudo Yes Ǥ ݏ݁ݏݏ݈ܽܿ ݋݂ݏݎݐ݄݁݊ݑܾ݉݁ݏ݄݅ Ǣ ݏݐ݅ݒ݁݊ܽݎ݋݂ ݈ܽݐ݁ݎݐ݄݁݊ݑܾ݉݁ݏ݆݅ ݋݂݈݅݁Ǣݎݐ݄݁݅݊݀݁ݔ ݋݂ ݐ݄݁݌ݏ݅݊ ൌ Ǣ ܮ ݄ ൅ ͳ Electre IV and IV-H Ranking Pseudo No

Electre TRI, TRI-B, TRI-C, TRI-nB, TRI-nC, TRI-Rc, ME Distribution Pseudo Yes

Electre INTERCLASS Distribution Pseudo Yes

ELECTRE-SORT Distribution Pseudo Yes

Electre-CBR Data mining* Pseudo Yes

ELECTREGKMS, Hierarchical ELECTRE GKMS Choice/Ranking Pseudo Yes

*The ELECTRE-CBR method is a hybrid model that uses the properties of the ELECTRE family to solve data mining problems.

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With the implementation of the two ways of obtaining the Autoclaves for this type of activity require a robust size thresholds of prede%ned classes (b h and b n), ELECTRE-MOr and di$er from common equipment that are easily accessible covers several types of distributions of values of alternatives on the market due to the need for customization through a in a given criterion, since b h divides the interval between the construction project that lasts an average of two to three years. maximum and minimum values at equal intervals, taking into 'e standard capacity of 800 L for all alternatives presented account the number of classes de%ned by the decision maker, and the warranty time after commissioning of two years for while the bn form allocates equal numbers of alternatives in all brands were taken into account. 'e values of the other each class of a given criterion. 'ese two forms aim to pro- criteria were based on equipment with similar characteris- vide greater reliability to the distribution of alternatives in tics in the institution for the purpose of developing vaccines prede%ned classes. In addition, the result presents two order- in the laboratories. ings of alternatives in the pessimistic and optimistic distribu- » Quantitative criteria: tions, which, according to Souza, Gomes and Barros (2018), I. Cost: Total value for project acquisition and equipment allows for a sensitivity analysis of the result, providing greater installation. transparency and robustness to the decision-making process. II. Drying time: Average time to complete the entire sterilization cycle. 2.2. ELECTRE-MOR SOFTWARE III. Maintenance cost: Average annual cost of technical labor, To facilitate the use of the method by society in general, the purchase of spare parts and consumables for preventive computational implementation of the method was performed. and corrective maintenance. 'e ELECTRE-MOr software (COSTA et al., 2020b) was developed from a partnership between the technical sta$ of the » Qualitative criteria: Center for Naval Systems Analysis ( Centro de Análise de Sistemas I. Technical Assistance: Evaluates the easiness of obtaining Navais – CASNAV), a research group from the Postgraduate replacement parts, as well as location and cost assessed by Program in Production Engineering at Universidade Federal a bias in terms of time, distance, and number of suppliers. Fluminense (UFF) and a research group from the Graduate II. Data Integration: Applicability of the equipment that Program in Systems and Computing Engineering at Instituto allows integration with computers to record data from Militar de Engenharia (IME). 'e software will be registered activities carried out digitally and programmed, in order at the National Institute of Industrial Property ( Instituto to comply with a legal requirement for auditing purposes. Nacional da Propriedade Industrial – INPI) via the Navy’s III. Quality/durability of materials: According to the percep- Technological Innovation Nucleus, headquartered in the tion of maintenance specialists and laboratory research- Navy’s General Directorate for Nuclear and Technological ers, this criterion denotes the best performance in rela- Development ( Diretoria-Geral de Desenvolvimento Nuclear e tion to the length of wear of the composite materials Tecnológico da Marinha – DGDNTM). and the number of times the equipment has failed or were defected.

3. METHOD 3.1. APPLICATION OF THE ELECTRE-MOR METHOD To make this study feasible, opinion surveys and data col- For the application of the method, the use of the lection were carried out with three specialists from Instituto ELECTRE-MOR software will be illustrated. First, the proj- de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos (Bio-Manguinhos), a unit ect, decision makers, criteria and alternatives that make up of Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) responsible for the the problem must be registered (Figure 1). technological development of vaccines and drugs, linked to 'en, the pair-wise analysis of the criteria for each deci- the Ministry of Health, regarding the types of autoclaves sion maker is carried out, using the scroll bar shown in used, their use, importance and form of acquisition, and Figure 2. 'e bar must be slid in the direction of the most equipment maintenance. important criterion.

| 45 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 42-49 Natália Oliveira Barbosa de Paula

'en, strong preference (p), weak preference (q), and veto 'e following groups of alternatives and their list of pref- (v) thresholds are inserted, which were obtained by consensus erences may be observed: among decision makers (FIOCRUZ specialists) (Figure 3). » Group 1 = Finnaqua. Table 2 lists the alternative models, criteria, classes, and » Group 2 = Hogner. weights of criteria. It is noteworthy that the weights were » Group 3 = Getinge, Getinge. obtained after parity analysis illustrated in Figure 2, while b h and b n class thresholds were obtained by applying Equations 1 and 2, with calculations performed automatically by the computational tool. Table 2 establishes the relationship between alternative models currently used in the Institution, criteria, classes, and weights of the criteria. The criteria “cost”, “drying time”, and “maintenance cost” were considered as monotonic of loss or cost, that is, the lower the better. For this reason, they are represented by negative values.

4. RESULTS

After applying all ELECTRE-MOr steps, pessimistic and optimistic orderings are generated in both scenarios

(using bh and bn), with a cut-o$ level of λ = 0.75 (Table 3). Analyzing Table 3, it can be observed that the Finnaqua alternative presents an A rating (best assessment) in both ways of obtaining classes (b h and b n) and, also, in both scenarios — optimistic and pessimistic. As a secondary option, the Hogner alternative ranks well in both ordering and ways of obtaining class thresholds. Likewise, using the criteria and data collected for this evaluation, the Subtilcrepeux and Tutinauer options presented the worst ratings compared to the other alternatives. Figure 2. Peer evaluation of the criteria.

Figure 1. Interface of the ELECTRE-MOr software.

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» Group 4 = Fedegari. where more than one alternative are classi%ed in the highest » Group 5 = Subtilcrepeux, Tutinauer. class, aiming to increase the level of demand in search of a smaller number of indicated alternatives. Based on the results presented, the Finnaqua model can be considered the most suitable to be acquired, as it was the only autoclave with an A rating in all evaluated scenarios. 5. CONCLUSION 'e factors that lead this alternative to be classi%ed as the best among the evaluated models are the good performances 'e objective of this study was achieved, since it was in the criteria of drying time, ease of data integration, and possible to obtain an analysis for the choice of autoclave quality. 'is model also stood out for its regularity in the cri- models based on the qualitative and quantitative evalu- teria, which justi%es its choice. 'e other models stand out ation of realistic and coherent data with the current sce- in certain criteria, but do not present good performances in nario. Although the alternatives that presented the best the other evaluated attributes. rating do not have a better purchase cost, they present a An important feature of the method is the possibility of better evaluation in other important criteria, which result carrying out a sensitivity analysis to verify the robustness in better e>ciency, durability, and savings in maintenance of the solution found. 'is analysis is recommended for cases costs (indirect costs).

Figure 3. Entering the project parameters.

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Table 2. Decision matrix.

Quantitative Qualitative

Ease of Ease Material Autoclaves Drying Maintenance Cost (R$ Mi) technical of data quality/ Time (min) Cost (R$) assistance integration durability

Fedegari -960,000 -30 -50,000 1 4 4

Finnaqua -1,080,000 -35 -30,000 2 3 4

Getinge -1,320,000 -30 -40,000 3 2 2

Baumer -864,000 -30 -40,000 3 3 2

Subtilcrepeux -650,000 -45 -10,000 0 0 4

Tutinauer -550,000 -50 -8,000 0 0 4

Hogner -768,000 -40 -20,000 2 2 4

Weights 0.064935065 0.194805195 0.142857143 0.207792208 0.155844156 0.233766234

b3 -742,500 -35.0 -18,500 2.3 3.0 3.5

bh b2 -935,000 -40.0 -29,000 1.5 2.0 3.0

b1 -1,127,500 -45.0 -39,500 0.8 1.0 2.5

b3 -650,000 -30.0 -10,000 3.0 3.0 4.0

bn b2 -864,000 -35 -30,000 2 2 4

b1 -960,000 -40 -40,000 1 2 4

q 50 5 2000 0.5 0.5 0.5 Decision Makers p 200 10 10000 1 1 1 (Consensus) v 1000 40 50000 4 4 4

Table 3. Results matrix. λ = 0.75

Alternatives bh bn Pessimistic Optimistic Pessimistic Optimistic

Fedegari C B B B

Finnaqua A A A A

Getinge B B B B

Baumer B B B B

Subtilcrepeux D C D D

Tutinauer D C D D

Hogner A A B B

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In this way, it is possible to evaluate, in the future, the makes the analysis much richer, more robust, and transparent, replacement of equipment from obsolete brands in the market making the method extremely useful for solving real prob- with better-evaluated alternatives, seeking the standardization lems of the most diverse sorts — tactical, operational, and of models, making it possible to reduce waste such as excessive strategic —, thus being a very useful method aimed at con- stock of various spare parts, price variability of parts, absolute tributing to high-level decision-making. In addition, imple- suppliers, purchase time of multiplicity of items, among others. menting calculations in software makes them easier, more It is noteworthy that the ELECTRE-MOr method proved [exible, more reliable, and faster to use. to be e>cient for the proposed analysis, allowing the entry of Finally, it is suggested that this distribution model in pre- ordinal weights, taking into account the opinion of multiple de%ned classes of alternatives using ELECTRE-MOR can decision makers both in obtaining the weights and in eliciting be expanded into other dual applications, both in the civil the preference, veto, and limits thresholds of the prede%ned and military sectors, aiming to assist the decision-making classes. 'e presentation of two orderings allows verifying the process in combating the pandemic and in other problems behavior of alternatives in more demanding scenarios, which faced by society.

REFERENCES

ALBAHRI, O.S. et al. Helping doctors hasten COVID-19 treatment: Towards MAX LABOR. Autoclave e sua importância em laboratórios . Max Labor, a rescue framework for the transfusion of best convalescent plasma to 2015. Disponível em: https://www.maxlabor.com.br/blog/autoclave- the most critical patients based on biological requirements via ml and e-sua-importancia-em-laboratorios/#:~:text=Por esse motivo%2C a novel MCDM methods. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine , autoclave,cotidianamente%2C garantindo qualquer contaminação v. 196, 105617, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105617 microbiana. Acesso em: 14 set. 2020.

ALMEIDA-DIAS, J.; FIGUEIRA, J.R.; ROY, B. A multiple criteria sorting MOHAMMED, M.A. et al. Benchmarking Methodology for Selection method where each category is characterized by several reference actions: of Optimal COVID-19 Diagnostic Model Based on Entropy and The Electre Tri-nC method. European Journal of Operational Research , v. TOPSIS Methods. IEEE Access , v. 8, p. 99115-99131, 2020. https://doi. 217, n. 3, p. 567-579, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2011.09.047 org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2995597

COSTA, I.P.A. et al. Choosing a hospital assistance ship to ﬁght the NEPOMUCENO, L.D.O.; COSTA, H.G. Analyzing perceptions about the covid-19 pandemic. Revista de Saúde Pública , v. 54, p. 79, 2020a. inﬂuence of a master course over the professional skills of its alumni: https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054002792 A multicriteria approach. Pesquisa Operacional , v. 35, n. 1, p. 187-211, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1590/0101-7438.2015.035.01.0187 COSTA, I.P.A. et al. ELECTRE-MOr Software . Disponível em: https:// electre-mor.herokuapp.com/. Acesso em: 14 set. 2020b. ORGANIZAÇÃO PAN-AMERICANA DA SAÚDE (OPAS BRASIL). COVID-19 (doença causada pelo novo coronavírus) . Disponível FIGUEIRA, J.; MOUSSEAU, V.; ROY, B. ELECTRE methods. In : GRECO, em: https://www.paho.org/bra/index.php?option=com_ S. (org.). Multiple criteria decision analysis: State of the art surveys. content&view=article&id=6101:covid19&Itemid=875. Acesso em: 14 [s.l.]: Springer, 2005. p. 133-153. set. 2020. GOMES, C.F.S.; COSTA, H.G. Aplicação de métodos multicritério SANTOS, M. et al. Utilização do algoritmo Branch and Bound na ao problema de escolha de modelos de pagamento eletrônico por otimização da produção de uma indústria de produtos plásticos. cartão de crédito. Production , v. 25, n. 1, p. 54-68, 2015. https://doi. Revista de Trabalhos Acadêmicos Lusófona , v. 2, n. 2, p. 218, 2019. org/10.1590/S0103-65132013005000068 SOUZA, L.P.; GOMES, C.F.S.; BARROS, A.P. Implementation of new GOMES, C.F.S. et al. SAPEVO-M: a group multicriteria ordinal ranking hybrid AHP–TOPSIS-2N method in sorting and prioritizing of an method. Pesquisa Operacional , v. 40, 2020. it CAPEX project portfolio. International Journal of Information GOMES, L.; MURY, A.-R.; GOMES, C.F.S. Multicriteria ranking with ordinal Technology & Decision Making , v. 17, n. 4, p. 977-1005, 2018. https:// data. Systems Analysis-Modelling-Simulation , v. 27, n. 2, p. 139-146, 1997. doi.org/10.1142/S0219622018500207

MAJUMDER, P.; BISWAS, P.; MAJUMDER, S. Application of new topsis TEIXEIRA, L.F.H.S.B. et al. Utilização do método SAPEVO-M approach to identify the most signiﬁcant risk factor and continuous com parâmetros do modelo SCOR 12.0 para ranqueamento dos monitoring of death of COVID-19. Electronic Journal of General fornecedores em uma cadeia de suprimentos de material hospitalar Medicine, v. 17, n. 6, 2020. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejgm/7904 da Marinha do Brasil. Revista Pesquisa Naval , n. 31, p. 1-13, 2019.

| 49 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 42-49 Figure 7 SUBMARINE IN FLOATING OPERATION THROUGH THE SHIPLIFT OF THE ITAGUAÍ NAVAL COMPLEX INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY

TECHNOLOGY-BASED BUSINESS INCUBATORS: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AND DISSEMINATION OF SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES Incubadoras de Empresas de Base Tecnológica: análise comparativa e disseminação de práticas sustentáveis

Renato Santiago Quintal 1

Abstract: 'e present research took as its theme the analysis Resumo: O presente estudo assumiu como tema a análise de of Technology-Based Business Incubators. 'e general objec- Incubadoras de Empresas de Base Tecnológica com área de atua- tive of the research is to comparatively analyze the Technology- ção no agronegócio. O objetivo geral da pesquisa foi analisar compa- Based Business Incubators, as well as their pre-incubated, incu- rativamente as Incubadoras de Empresas de Base Tecnológica, bem bated, graduated or associated companies, located in the state of como suas empresas pré-incubadas, incubadas, graduadas ou asso- Rio Grande do Sul, linked to the Gaúcha Network of Innovation ciadas, situadas no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, vinculadas à Rede Environments, with an area in agribusiness. 'e data collection Gaúcha de Ambientes de Inovação (Reginp), com área de atuação was mainly carried out through face-to-face interviews. 'e semi- no agronegócio. O levantamento de dados foi, majoritariamente, rea- -structured interview method was used, using open questions lizado por entrevistas face a face. Empregou-se o método de entre- arranged in a script. 16 interviews were conducted with mana- vista semiestruturada, utilizando-se questões abertas dispostas em gers and consultants of the innovation ecosystems and 31 inter- um roteiro. Realizaram-se 16 entrevistas com gestores e consultores views with the entrepreneurs of the companies participating in dos ecossistemas de inovação, e 31 entrevistas com os empreendedo- the research. Additionally, the data collection method based on res das empresas participantes da pesquisa. Adicionalmente, foi uti- direct observations was used. Aspects related to the subjectivity lizado o método de coleta de dados baseado em observações diretas. of the entrepreneur, business activity and incubator management Foram analisados aspectos relacionados à subjetividade do empreen- were analyzed. Regarding the main %ndings involving incubators dedor, à atividade empresarial e à gestão de incubadoras. Acerca dos and companies, it is worth mentioning the following: provision principais achados envolvendo incubadoras e empresas, convém elen- of material and intellectual support to entrepreneurs; promotion car os seguintes: disponibilização de suporte material e intelectual of periodic courses and training; insertion of masters and doc- aos empreendedores; promoção de cursos e treinamentos periódi- tors in companies, through university actions and speci%c govern- cos; inserção de mestres e doutores nas empresas, por intermédio de ment programs; identi%cation of promising ideas from undergra- ações universitárias e programas governamentais especí%cos; identi- duate courses and encouraging the participation of students in the %cação de ideias promissoras desde os cursos de graduação e incen- incubation processes; developed technologies fully inserted in the tivo à participação de alunos nos processos de incubação; tecnologias context of Agriculture 4.0; demand for management tools that go desenvolvidas plenamente inseridas no contexto da Agricultura 4.0; beyond traditional management; and opportunities for improve- demanda por ferramentas gerenciais que vão além da administração ment in the areas of intellectual property management and %scal tradicional; e oportunidades de melhoria nas áreas de gestão da pro- and tax planning. At the end of the work, a booklet of sustaina- priedade intelectual e do planejamento %scal e tributário. Ao %nal ble practices was proposed for the management of incubators and do trabalho, foi proposta uma cartilha de práticas sustentáveis para

1. Coordinator of the Economics and Politics area. Professor of International Relations at Escola Naval – Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]

| 51 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 51-57 Renato Santiago Quintal technology-based companies operating in agribusiness, covering gestão de incubadoras e empresas de base tecnológica com atuação the main %ndings of the research. no agronegócio, contemplando os principais achados da pesquisa. Keywords: Science and technology planning. Technology-based Palavras-chave: Planejamento em Ciência e Tecnologia. Incubadoras business incubators. Environmental technologies. de Empresas de Base Tecnológica. Tecnologias ambientais.

1. INTRODUCTION In this context, these companies aim to reach markets through the development of products or processes capable of Over the past 30 years, the world economic environ- distinguishing them from their competitors, as well as open- ment has been experiencing a period of considerable tech- ing up new opportunities or market segments. For Iacono, nological dynamics and a signi%cant increase in competition. Almeida, and Nagano (2011), technology-based companies, Technical progress and international competition suggest especially when incorporated into business incubators, start that, without su>cient %nancial resources for science, tech- to share an environment conducive to the development of nology, and innovation, a nation is unlikely to achieve e$ec- technologies and other bene%ts, such as: facilitating access tive development (REZENDE, 2010). to universities and centers of research, managerial assistance, In Science, Technology and Innovation (ST&I), there is reduction of operating costs, and access to subsidized %nancing. a range of de%nitions that describe the bringing together of In this area, technology parks are associated with inno- technology-based enterprises. 'e technological pole delimi- vation environments. 'ey are tools used in developed and tation is used in the sense of delineating an area in which there developing nations with the purpose of granting greater is a greater gathering of technological activities than in other dynamism to their regional and national economies, through locations. In the state of São Paulo, the cities of Campinas, the aggregation of knowledge content. Additionally, they São José dos Campos, and São Carlos are typical examples of are structures that aim to transform knowledge into wealth. technological centers. Another concept developed is related to 'us, these countries become more competitive in the inter- Local Productive Arrangements ( Arranjos Produtivos Locais national sphere, generate quali%ed jobs, collect taxes, and – APL), which are the object of interest of the Development promote social well-being. It is characteristic that technol- Secretariat, of the Brazilian Micro and Small Business Support ogy parks are located near universities and research centers, Service ( Serviço Brasileiro de Apoio às Micro e Pequenas Empresas knowledge-producing centers, and quali%ed human resources – Sebrae), and of the Federation of Industries of the State of trainers. It is an approach that generates synergy and oppor- São Paulo ( Federação das Indústrias do Estado de São Paulo – tunity (STEINER; CASSIM; ROBAZZI, 2008). Fiesp), with the purpose of stimulating the competitiveness In this context, the incorporation of incubators and parks and sustainability of micro and small companies, technological in local and regional development proposals and their har- innovation not being at the core of this approach. monization with local productive arrangements are relevant Judice and Baeta (2002) point out that APL are geo- aspects of policy that have come to be articulated with the graphic concentrations of interrelated companies, belonging strategies of recent Brazilian experiments (LAHORGUE, to the same sector or the same production chain, with phys- 2004 apud LAHORGUE; GUIMARÃES, 2015). ical proximity and interests that contribute to their coexis- 'e territory of Rio Grande do Sul is operated by the Rio tence in a regime of collaboration and/or competition, fos- Grande do Sul Network of Innovation Environments ( Rede tering competitive advantages dynamics in global markets. Gaúcha de Ambientes de Inovação – Reginp). It is a non-pro%t Finally, it is necessary to list the understanding about civil association created on November 11 th , 2005, by incuba- technology-based incubators: they are organizations that spe- tor managers together with support entities, conceived as a ci%cally aim to host and foster micro and small businesses, legal entity governed by private law, endowed with admin- in order to make their initial and temporary advancement istrative, %nancial, and legal autonomy, and with extensive viable, in addition to enabling their creation (STEINER; management of its resources and assets. In this sense, it CASSIM; ROBAZZI, 2008). established itself as one of the most relevant state networks

| 52 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 51-57 Renato Santiago Quintal in the country, bringing together 14 technology parks and to its being an active risk environment in Brazil, as well as 26 business incubators. the desire of the main actors in agribusiness for technologi- 'is study considered that innovation environments in cal integration (VASCONCELOS, 2020). Rio Grande do Sul can o$er relevant contributions to the agribusiness sector at the regional and national levels, especially in the context of Agriculture 4.0, which represented a 2. OBJECTIVES signi%cant change in the agricultural production paradigm, based on the intensive use of integrated digital technologies. 'is research took as its theme the analysis of Technology- For Chagas (2019), Brazilian agribusiness represents Based Business Incubators (Incubadoras de Empresas de Base approximately 23% of the national Gross Domestic Product Tecnológica – IEBT) and installed agtechs. (GDP) and is increasingly prone to adopt technology to 'e general objective of the research was to compara- improve itself and remain competitive abroad. 'is arrange- tively analyze IEBT, as well as their pre-incubated, incubated, ment has been successful, since, in the period from 2000 to graduated or associated agtechs, located in the state of Rio 2017, the volume of exports in this sector increased by more Grande do Sul, linked to Reginp. than 244%. Chagas (2019) points out that this growth remains Speci%c objectives are: equally substantial in Rio Grande do Sul, where agribusiness • to analyze the established incubators and agtechs from is a robust sector in terms of economic performance, equiva- the perspective of sustainable practices in the scientif- lent to approximately 67% of the state’s total exports. ic-technological, managerial and marketing aspects; 'e use of information technologies is changing agri- • to propose a booklet of sustainable practices related to culture. 'e rural producer’s decision-making process, con- IEBT and agtechs installed based on information col- secrated based on experience, intuition, and tradition, is lected during the research. now based on accurate information in real time. Recently, satellite tracking systems, drones, ground sensors, and other It is expected, at the end of the research, that the follow- devices have been incorporated into the rural environment ing questions are answered: to gather data on factors that a$ect productivity, such as pest • How are the established incubators and agtechs struc- incidence, soil properties, and climate change. Systems that tured from the perspective of sustainable practices in enable remote monitoring and operation, favoring crop man- the scienti%c-technological, managerial, and market- agement, are loaded on tractors and agricultural machinery. ing aspects?; Software enables data analysis. Consequently, the intercon- • To what extent are incubators and agtechs similar and nection of these technological solutions fosters new stimuli di$erent in relation to the aspects mentioned above? for agribusiness (ZAPAROLLI, 2020). • How can incubator management interfere with the 'is situation favors the development of innovative tech- results, in terms of the pro%le and survivability of the nology-based companies oriented to the rural environment, installed agtechs? also known as agtechs. 'ese ventures represent one of the foundations of the national agribusiness innovation ecosystem, It is glimpsed that the comparative analysis of IEBT will equally composed of research centers, universities, large agri- result in the proposal of a booklet of sustainable practices, cultural conglomerates, manufacturers of inputs, and equip- considering that the sociocultural, environmental, and eco- ment for the %eld and investors. In this context, Brazil has nomic attributes are the basic dimensions of sustainability. proved to be a favorable locus for the emergence, validation, and establishment of new technologies developed by this type of startup. 'is fact is intrinsically associated with the impor- 3. METHOD tance of Brazilian agriculture and the robust innovation environment in this sector. Over the past %ve years, this group of Data collection was mostly carried out through face-to-face agtechs has shown solid evidence of growth, especially due interviews. 'e semi-structured interview method was used,

| 53 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 51-57 Renato Santiago Quintal using open questions arranged in a script. 16 interviews were training in order to contribute to the improvement of the conducted with managers and consultants from the innova- incubator’s sta$ and entrepreneurs. tion ecosystems, and 31 interviews with entrepreneurs from In the area of providing technological information, there the companies participating in the research. Additionally, the is the insertion of masters and doctors in private companies, data collection method based on direct observations was used. especially micro, small, and medium ones (RHAE Researcher Aspects related to the entrepreneur’s subjectivity, business in the Company Program). 'e program for providing ini- activity and incubator management were analyzed. tiation grants to technological innovation is in e$ect, some involving professors, advisees, and startups; in addition to awarding the best Undergraduate Course Conclusion Paper 4. RESULTS aimed at entrepreneurial activity (TCC Empreendedor ), among other actions. It is necessary to list some interventions in Regarding the main %ndings involving incubators and order to bring together professors and undergraduate and companies, the following should be listed: provision of mate- graduate students of the incubator and agtechs, by providing rial and intellectual support to entrepreneurs; promotion of appropriate space for professors to teach their classes and periodic courses and training; insertion of masters and doc- use that innovation ecosystem as an instructional resource tors in companies, through university actions and speci%c for them. As a way to seek insertion of the incubator and government programs; identi%cation of promising ideas from its agtechs in agribusiness, there is participation in special- undergraduate courses and encouragement of student partic- ized events (Femec, Agrishow, Expointer, and Expodireto, ipation in incubation processes; fully developed technologies for example). within the context of Agriculture 4.0; demand for manage- With regard to agtechs, it appears that the %rst contact ment tools that go beyond traditional administration; and of some entrepreneurs with an incubator was through under- opportunities for improvement in the areas of intellectual graduate entrepreneurship classes, and the choice of the incu- property management and %scal and tax planning. At the bator for the installation of the enterprise occurs, mainly, for end of the work, a booklet of sustainable practices for the the following reasons, namely: link with the institution (pro- management of incubators and technology-based compa- fessor, student, technical-administrative, graduate); logistical nies operating in agribusiness was proposed, covering the aspects (proximity to residence, place of work or circulation main %ndings of the research. It is envisaged that the afore- routes for people, and goods); infrastructure o$ered; amounts mentioned booklet, available in the annex, can be used, even charged; reputation and credibility of the institution; and pri- if partially, with incubators of technology-based companies ority branches of activity. that work beyond the agribusiness %eld. As for the relationship between agtech and the incubator, cordiality, trust and dialogue are assumed. Furthermore, in order to be successful, as illustrated by one of the inter- 5. CONCLUSIONS viewed entrepreneurs, it demands that the entrepreneur adopt a proactive posture, resorting to creativity and the adoption Regarding the examination of the %rst research prob- of innovative strategies as a way to anticipate unfavorable lem — “How are the incubators and agtechs installed from scenarios, instead of passively waiting for the incubator to the perspective of sustainable practices in the scienti%c-tech- prescribe the solution to all problems encountered. nological, managerial, and marketing aspects structured?” —, With regard to the relationship with external actors, it it is observed that incubators provide material and intellec- was found that this relationship is part of the entrepreneur’s tual support to entrepreneurs, especially by providing o>ces, articulation plan, especially for the development of techno- laboratories, meeting rooms, auditoriums, mentoring, and logical solutions with external partners. 'is is an area that specialized consultancy (business management, technolog- could be better explored, especially due to the low level of ical management, investment capture, marketing and legal cooperation between companies in Brazil, when compared assistance, for example). 'ey promote courses and periodical to Finland, as indicated in the specialized literature.

| 54 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 51-57 Renato Santiago Quintal

With regard to possible contributions to agribusiness, Finally, regarding the actions aimed at raising funds, there agtechs have played a relevant role in di$erent %elds, especially are several sources that the entrepreneur can turn to. 'e main by using technologies in the areas of Data Analysis, Arti%cial ones, by way of illustration, are: repayable %nancing, economic Intelligence, Internet of 'ings, Robotics, Systems Integration, subsidy, private investors, venture capital and own resources, Augmented Reality, Cloud Computing, 3D printing, among among others. In this context, there are peculiarities related to others. 'ese are technologies re[ect on: optimization of pro- each type of resource source that should be known by entre- duction planning and control, environmental and meteorolog- preneurs, so that it is possible to choose the most suitable ical monitoring, waste reduction, projection of the best stor- for the stage in which the business is. It is worth mentioning age conditions, increased productivity of the rural producer, here some of these peculiarities, namely: identi%cation of the availability of ecologically acceptable solutions for agriculture right moment to raise funds; in[uence of the national and and livestock, and food safety of the %nal consumer. international macroeconomic scenario; expertise in project Regarding strategic planning and the business plan, it was writing; need to provide guarantees; dilemma involving the observed that, in agtechs, both are formulated from the pro- leverage of the business to the detriment of the assignment fessional experience of entrepreneurs and the performance of a portion of the project; among others. of market research, counting, upon demand presented by the As for the examination of the second research problem entrepreneur or need veri%ed by the incubator, with the col- — “To what extent are incubators and agtechs similar and laboration of mentors and consultants from those innovation di$erent in relation to the aspects mentioned above?” —, it ecosystems. In this context, concepts of traditional admin- appears that there is consensus among entrepreneurs about istration are used, such as the SWOT Matrix, but also the the gains of integrating an incubation process, both from the conceptual framework linked to new thinking methodolo- point of view of personal and professional maturation. As can gies, in particular Lean Startup, Customer Development, and be seen in relation to entrepreneurs — some with a lot of life, Design 'inking, among others. Regarding Marketing and professional and academic experience and others who have Advertising, it is recommended that actions of this nature recently entered the university —, it appears that there are are preceded by a careful analysis of the target audience and incubators that, as they have been operating for much lon- by the advice of the incubator manager and the university’s ger than others, have more consolidated processes. It is also press and content management o>ce. 'is is prudent behavior worth mentioning the issue of the vocation of regions for a on the part of the entrepreneur, in order to not frustrate the particular product. What is clear in all of them is the com- customer’s expectations, as well as not jeopardize the cred- mitment of managers and university administration with the ibility of the company, in the event that the entrepreneur is success of incubated entrepreneurs. 'e victory of each entre- unable to meet a demand driven by scaled marketing actions preneur is e$usively celebrated by the incubator. inappropriately. Regarding the ultimate research problem “How can incu- Regarding actions aimed at protecting intellectual prop- bator management interfere in their results, in terms of the erty, this is a relevant area for the continuity of business activ- pro%le and survivability of the installed agtechs?”, the follow- ity and which is intrinsically associated with the need for the ing points emerge: incubator management produces almost entrepreneur to carry out an accurate market analysis, in order immediate e$ects on the daily lives of installed agtechs, nota- to identify the company’s position in face of competitors and bly in pre-incubated and incubated ones, which, in general, how customers see it. In this way, entrepreneurs will be able are highly dependent on incubators with regard to business to decide on the best way to protect the intellectual property management, technology management, investment capture, generated by their enterprise. marketing, and legal assistance, as presented earlier in this Regarding issues related to %scal and tax planning, there section and throughout the work. is the possibility of entrepreneurs adhering to the bene%ts It is necessary to register the existence of weaknesses in arising from the ST&I legal framework, especially the Law the innovation structure, especially with regard to the relation- of Good ( Lei do Bem). However, it is still an area little known ship between the actors of the innovation ecosystems, associ- and used by the entrepreneurs studied. ated with the di>culties associated with the macroeconomic

| 55 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 51-57 Renato Santiago Quintal scenario of the state and the country as a whole, impacting the responses contain characteristic nuances of the interpre- the %nancing of initiatives and innovative businesses. tation and understanding of each respondent regarding the 'is research contemplated limitations regarding the questions asked. 'us, the result of the research is linked to subjective assessment of respondents, linked to the fact that the cases studied, making it impossible to be generalized.

REFERENCES

CHAGAS, D. A tecnologia como aliada da produção no agronegócio. LAHORGUE, M.A.; GUIMARÃES, S.M.K. A promoção dos APLs, parques Economia Digital , 30 jan. 2019. Disponível em: https://sebraers.com. tecnológicos e incubadoras de empresas: construção de uma nova geração br/economia-digital/a-tecnologia-como-aliada-da-producao-node política pública no Brasil. Marseille: Open Edition Press, 2015. Disponível agronegocio/. Acesso em: 19 jan. 2020. em: http://books.openedition.org/oep/376. Acesso em: 30 maio 2019.

IACONO, A.; ALMEIDA, C.A.S.; NAGANO, M.S. Interação e cooperação REZENDE, S.M. Momentos da ciência e tecnologia no Brasil: uma de empresas incubadas de base tecnológica: uma análise diante caminhada de 40 anos pela C&T. Rio de Janeiro: Vieira & Lent, 2010. do novo paradigma de inovação. Revista de Administração STEINER, J.E.; CASSIM, M.B.; ROBAZZI, A.C. Parques tecnológicos: Pública , v. 45, n. 5, p. 1485-1516, 2011. Disponível em: http://www. ambientes de inovação. Revista IEA , São Paulo, 2008. Disponível em: scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0034-76122011000500011&script=sci_ http://www.unilago.com.br/download/arquivos/21016/__Steiner_PT_ arttext&tlng=pt. Acesso em: 19 jan. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1590/ ambientes_inovacao.pdf. Acesso em: 19 jan. 2020. S0034-76122011000500011 VASCONCELOS, Y. A força das agtechs. Pesquisa Fapesp , 2020. JUDICE, V.M.M.; BAÊTA, A.M.C. Clusters em bioindústria e Disponível em: https://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/a-forca-das- biotecnologia em Minas Gerais - habitats construídos de inovação, agtechs/. Acesso em: 10 jun. 2020. competitividade e desenvolvimento regional. Revista Gestão & Tecnologia , v. 1, n. 1, set. 2002. Disponível em: http://revistagt.fpl.edu. ZAPAROLLI, D. Agricultura 4.0. Pesquisa Fapesp , 16 jan. 2020. br/get/article/view/107/106. Acesso em: 27 maio 2019. http://dx.doi. Disponível em: https://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/agricultura-4-0/. org/10.20397/2177-6652/2002.v1i1.107 Acesso em: 10 jun. 2020.

| 56 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 51-57 Renato Santiago Quintal

Annex 1. Handbook: Suggestion of sustainable practices for incubators and agtechs.

PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY INSERTION IN AGRIBUSINESS Signing of Cooperation Agreements with INPI, through the O ĸĐ e of Regional Par ƟĐ ipa Ɵon in spe Đialized events (Feme Đ, Agrishow, Expointer, and Dissemina Ɵon of RS ( Escritório de Difusão Regional do RS – EDIR/RS), Expodireto, for example). Prospe ĐƟ on for POSSIBLE partnerships (training, in order to enable in Đompany Đourses and training , both in person or resear Đh and development, te ĐhniĐal assistan Đe, for example) with distan Đe learning , for employees and entrepreneurs , in the areas AssoĐia Ɵons of Rural Produ Đers; Agri Đultural Coopera Ɵves; and Input Đovered in the ins Ɵtu Ɵon’s Đourse Đatalogue , the following stand out : Companies for Agribusiness. Addi Ɵonally, it is expe Đted that in Đubators Intelle Đtual Property (in Đludes spe Đial issues for Librarians, So Đial and their startups Đan signi ĮĐ antly Đontribute to the SERVICES provided by CommuniĐaƟon Professionals and Entrepreneurs), Patent s (Wri Ɵng the following publi Đ a Đtors: Se Đretariat of Agri Đulture, Livesto Đk and Rural and Informa Ɵon Sear ĐŚ ), Trademarks, Industrial Designs , Geograph ŝĐ al Development of RS; Se Đretary of Environment and Infrastru Đture of RS; Ind ŝĐ aƟons , Te Đhnology Contra Đts , Computer Program Department of Innova Ɵon, S Đien Đe and Te Đhnology; Extraordinary Prote ĐƟ on . Se Đretariat for Partnerships. They are dis ƟnĐt Đontribu Ɵons in the areas of environmental and meteorologi Đal monitoring, disaster preven Ɵon, TECHNOLOGICAL INFORMATION environmental li Đensing, reforesta Ɵon, environmental edu ĐaƟon, among others. Undertake a ĐƟ ons that strengthen the rela Ɵonship between fa Đulty SUGGESTIONS and students and startups. In this Đontext, it is Đonvenient to list some aĐƟ ons already in progress within the s Đope of the VISITED INCUBATORS ins Ɵtu Ɵons: Inser Ɵon of Masters and Do Đtors in PRIVATE Đompanies, OF SUSTAINABLE espe Đially mi Đro, small, and medium ones (Program RHAE Resear Đher in the Company); Ini ƟaƟon S Đholarship Program for Te Đhnologi Đal Innova Ɵon, some involving tea Đhers, mentees, and startups; Award PRACTICES FOR for the best graduaƟon work aimed at the entrepreneurial Įeld ( TCC Empreendedor ), Đon Đeived by UFSM, among other a ĐƟ ons. INCUBATORS

PARTNERSHIPS

Signing of a Coopera Ɵon Agreement with the CRC-RS to Đarry out short Đourses, AND AGTECH trainings, and le Đtures on the ĮsĐal and tax planning of startups in order to adhere to the bene Įts arising from the legal framework of S,T&I. In this Đontext, there is also the possibility of establishing a Đademi Đ partnerships on this topi Đ with the Graduate Folder Đreated by: AĐĐ oun Ɵng Programs in Rio Grande do Sul (UNISINOS, UFRGS, UFSM, and FURG), Renato San Ɵago Quintal sin Đe the PPGCC operate on the border of a ĐĐ oun Ɵng knowledge. Analogously, a (Student at PGAD/UNIVATES) similar system an be adopted for spe i topi s in the area of Law, involving the Đ Đ ĮĐ Đ Orienta Ɵon: OAB-RS and the PPGD, su Đh as Agrarian Law and Agribusiness, Environmental Law, Prof. Dr. Simone Stülp UNIVERSIDADES Biomedi Đal Law, Informa Ɵon Te Đhnology Law, among other themes. (Professor at PPGAD/UNIVATES) . Layout: Simone Oliveira da Silva AĐknowlegments: INTERACTION AND INFORMATION EXCHANGE Managers of Technology Parks and Incubators, as well as INTERVENTIONS to bring professors and undergraduate and graduate entrepreneurs who kindly o īered valuable contribu Ɵons to the prepara on of this simple proposal. students Đloser to the in Đubator and startups: providing appropriate Ɵ spa Đe for professors to tea Đh their Đlasses and use that innova Ɵon eĐosystem as an instru ĐƟ onal resour Đe for their ACTIVITY; exploring Lajeado - RS - 2020 partnerships with fa Đulty in the dis Điplines of entrepreneurship and resear Đh methodology; promoting periodi Đ and informal mee Ɵngs, seeking intera ĐƟ on and ex Đhange of informa Ɵon betw een established arlo Kuhn (2019) Kuhn arlo Đompanies; fostering the ar ƟĐ ula Ɵon of entrepreneurial ĐommuniƟes, Đ su Đh as Candy Valley, in Pelotas, for example, among other a ĐƟ ons. Foto:Gian

Sustainable prac Ɵces for Agtech ACTIONS FOR FUNDRAISING STRATEGIC PLANNING AND BUSINESS PLAN There are SEVERAL sour Đes of resour Đes to whi Đh the entrepreneur Đan turn, and I invite you to list the main ones, by way of The Đompanies' strategi Đ planning and business plan are formulated based illustra on: repayable nan ing, e onomi SUBVENTION, PRIVATE CHOICE OF INCUBATOR Ɵ Į Đ Đ Đ on the professional experien Đe of entrepreneurs and the performan Đe of investors, venture Đapital, own resour Đes, among others. In this ma rket resear Đh, Đoun ƟŶŐ , upon demand presented by the entrepreneur or The Įrst Đonta Đt of some entrepreneurs with an in Đubator was through Đontext, there are pe Đuliari Ɵes related to ea Đh type of resour Đe need Veri Įed by the in Đubator, with the ĐollaboraƟon of mentors and entrepreneurship Đlasses at gradua Ɵon and the Đhoi Đe of the in Đubator for sour Đe, whi Đh must be known by entrepreneurs in order to be Đonsultants of those innova Ɵon e Đosystems. In this Đontext, Đon Đepts of the installa Ɵon of the enterprise is mainly due to the following REASONS, POSSIBLE to Đhoose the most suitable one for the stage in whi Đh tradi Ɵonal administra Ɵon are used, su Đh as “SWOT Matrix”, but also the namely: RELATIONSHIP with the ins Ɵtu Ɵon (professor, student, te Đhni Đal - the business is. Some of these pe Đuliari Ɵes should be listed, Đon Đeptual framework linked to new thinking methodologies, in parƟĐ ular: administra Ɵve, graduate); logisƟĐ al aspe Đts (proximity to residen Đe, pla Đe of namely: iden ƟĮĐ aƟon of the right moment to raise funds; “Lean Startup”, “Customer Development”, “Design Thinking”, among others. work or Đir Đula Ɵon routes for people and goods); infrastru Đture o īered; in Ňuen Đe of the na Ɵonal and interna Ɵonal ma Đroe Đonomi Đ Amo unts Đharged; reputa Ɵon and Đredibility of the ins Ɵtu Ɵon; and priority sĐenario; exper Ɵse in proje Đt wri Ɵng; need to present guarantees; bran Đhes of ACTIVITY . Dilemma INVOLVING the leverage of the business to the detriment of the assignment of a por Ɵon of the proje Đt, among others .

AGETCH'S RELATIONSHIP WITH THE INCUBATOR MARKETING AND ADVERTISING Sustainable Prac Ɵces for It is a rela Ɵonship that presupposes warmth, trust, and dialogue. It is re Đommended that the Marke Ɵng and Adver Ɵsing a ĐƟ ons be Incubators Furthermore, in order for it to be su ĐĐ essful, as illustrated by one of pre Đeded by a Đareful analysis of the target audien Đe and by the advi Đe the interviewed entrepreneurs, it demands that the entrepreneur of the In Đubator Manager and of the Press and Content Management adopt a proa ĐƟ ve posture, making use of CREATIVITY and the at the University. This is prudent behavior on the part of the CONTRIBUTORS adop Ɵon of innova Ɵve strategies as a way to an ƟĐ ipate entrepreneur, in order not to frustrate the Đustomer's expe Đta Ɵon, as UNFAVORABLE s Đenarios, instead of PASSIVELY wai Ɵng for the well as not jeopardize the Đredibility of the Đompany, in the event that The management body is one of the Đri ƟĐ al su ĐĐ ess fa Đtors of an in Đubator pres Đribes the solu Ɵon to all problems en Đountered. the entrepreneur is unable to meet a demand driven by marke Ɵng in Đubator and highlights some a Ʃributes that entrepreneurs most value aĐƟ ons improperly sized. in managers, namely: leadership, tranquility, persisten Đe, Đharisma, helpfulness, openness, ease of Đommuni ĐaƟon, ability to handle many AGETCH'S RELATIONSHIP WITH EXTERNAL ACTORS tasks, solving problems, ar ƟĐ ula Ɵng people, and taking responsibility. Throughout the INTERVIEWS, it was found that the rela onship with These are Đhara Đteris ƟĐ s that refer to transforma Ɵonal leadership. Ɵ external a Đtors is part of the entrepreneur's ar ƟĐ ula Ɵon plan, espe Đially for the development of te Đhnologi Đal solu Ɵons with PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY external partners. This is an area that Đould be be Ʃer explored, AVAILABLE INFRASTRUCTURE This is a RELEVANT area for the on nuity of the business ACTIVITY and espe Đially due to the low level of Đoopera Ɵon between Đompanies in Đ Ɵ wh h is intrins ally asso ated with the entrepreneur's need to arry Material and intelle tual support for entrepreneurs, espe ially Brazil when Đompared to Finland , as ind ŝĐ ated in the spe Đialized ŝĐ ŝĐ Đŝ Đ Đ Đ literature. out an a ĐĐ urate market analysis, in order to ide n Ɵfy the Đompany's through the provision of o ĸĐ es, laboratories, mee Ɵng rooms, posi Ɵon vis-à-vis Đompe Ɵtors and how Đustomers see it. In this way, the auditoriums, mentorships, and spe Đialized Đonsultan Đies (business entrepreneur will be able to de Đŝ de on the best way to prote Đt the management, te Đhnologi Đal management, fundraising, marke Ɵng, intelle Đtual property generated by his enterprise. Addi Ɵonal and legal assistan Đe, for example). Promo Ɵon of Đourses and POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTIONS TO AGRIBUSINESS informa Ɵon Đan be found in the se ĐƟ on “Best pra ĐƟĐ es for in Đubator periodi Đal training in order to Đontribute to the improvement of the managers”, topi Đ “Prote ĐƟ on of IntelleĐtual Property”. in Đubator's sta ī and entrepreneurs . Startups have Đontributed to agribusiness in di īerent Įelds, espe Đially by using te Đhnologies in the Įelds of Data Analysis, Ar ƟĮĐ ial Intelligen Đe, Internet of Things, Robo ƟĐ s, Systems Integra Ɵon, MARKETING AND ADVERTISING Augmented Reality, Cloud Compu Ɵng, 3D Prin Ɵng, among others. There is the possibility of evalua Ɵng, together with the These are te Đhnologies that produ Đe re ŇeĐƟ ons in the op Ɵmiza Ɵon of TAX AND TAX PLANNING IN S,T&I produ ĐƟ on planning and Đontrol, in environmental and meteorolog ŝĐ al University’s Press O ĸĐ e and Content Management, the design monitoring, in the redu on of waste, in the proje on of the best and management of spe ĐiĮĐ ĐommuniĐaƟon poli Đies aimed at ĐƟ ĐƟ There is the possibility of the entrepreneur adhering to the bene Įts storage ondi ons, in the in rease of the produ vity of the rural startups, adherent to the University’s rela Ɵonship networks. In Đ Ɵ Đ ĐƟ arising from the legal framework of S,T&I. In the se ĐƟ on “Best produ er, in the availability of e ologi ally a eptable solu ons for this Đontext, the possibility of spe ĐiĮĐ a ĐƟ ons with the use of the Đ Đ Đ ĐĐ Ɵ praĐƟĐ es for in Đubator managers”, topi Đ “partnerships”, brief agr ulture and livesto k and in the food se urity of the nal onsumer. Universi Ɵes' own ĐommuniĐaƟon Đhannels, su Đh as newspapers, ŝĐ Đ Đ Į Đ sugges Ɵons on this topi Đ were presented. radio sta Ɵons or University blogs, is envisioned.

| 57 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 51-57 Figure 8 MACHINE CONTROL CONSOLE NUCLEAR

REQUIREMENTS GATHERING OF INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS FOR NUCLEAR SUBMARINES Levantamento de requisitos de sistemas de gestão integrado para submarinos nucleares

Antonelly Assis Gregorio de Sousa1, José Gilberto Fernandes Junior 2, Eduardo Henrique Damasceno da Gama 3, Luciano Carlos Belezia 4, Ricardo Kropf Santos Fermam5

Abstract: 'e Brazilian Navy (MB) through its Submarine Resumo: A Marinha do Brasil (MB), por meio de seu Programa Development Program (PROSUB) aims to provide its [eet with de Desenvolvimento de Submarinos (PROSUB), objetiva dotar four conventional submarines and a nuclear-powered submarine. sua esquadra com quatro submarinos convencionais e um subma- 'e unprecedented nature of this program poses several techno- rino com propulsão nuclear. O ineditismo desse programa acar- logical, regulatory and regulatory development challenges. 'is reta diversos desa%os de desenvolvimento tecnológico, normativo e paper sought to identify the main norms to compose integrated regulatório. Este artigo buscou identi%car as principais normas para management systems to be applied to the operation of nuclear compor sistemas de gestão integrados a ser aplicada a operação de submarines, contemplating requirements of: quality, environment, submarinos nucleares contemplando requisitos de: qualidade, meio health and occupational safety. A bibliographic search was used to ambiente, saúde e segurança ocupacional. Empregou-se uma pes- obtain papers, rules, theses, and dissertations that addressed the quisa bibliográ%ca para obter artigos, normas, teses e dissertações theme. 17 standards were obtained as results, of which the follo- que abordassem o tema. Obtiveram-se 17 normas como resultados, wing standards were identi%ed as applicable: IAEA – GSR Part das quais se identi%caram como aplicáveis: IAEA – GSR Part 2, BSI 2, BSI – PAS 99:2012, CNEN NN 1.16, ABNT – NBR ISO – PAS 99:2012, CNEN NN 1.16, ABNT – NBR ISO 9001:2015, 9001:2015, ABNT – NBR ISO 14001:2015 and BSI – OHSAS ABNT – NBR ISO 14001:2015 e BSI – OHSAS 18001:2007. 18001:2007. Palavras-chave: Submarinos nucleares. Sistemas de gestão Keywords: Nuclear submarines. Integrated Management systems . integrados .

1. Production Engineer, Master in Metrology and Quality by Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia. Assistant in the Planning and Control Division of Agência Naval de Segurança Nuclear e Qualidade na Marinha do Brasil – Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 2. Electronic Engineer by Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Assistant in the Quality Assurance Division of Agência Naval de Segurança Nuclear e Qualidade na Marinha do Brasil – Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 3. Electronic engineer by Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Assistant in the Quality Assurance Division of Agência Naval de Segurança Nuclear e Qualidade na Marinha do Brasil – Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 4. Mechanical Engineer, Master in Metrology by Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro . Assistant in the Quality Assurance Division of Agência Naval de Segurança Nuclear e Qualidade na Marinha do Brasil – Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 5. Chemical Engineer, PhD in Chemical and Biochemical Process Engineering by Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Head of the Capacitation Division in General Coordination Accreditation of Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia – Duque de Caxias, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]

| 59 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 59-67 Antonelly Assis Gregorio de Sousa, José Gilberto Fernandes Junior, Eduardo Henrique Damasceno da Gama, Luciano Carlos Belezia, Ricardo Kropf Santos Fermam

1. INTRODUCTION Submarine ( Submarino Nuclear Brasileiro – SN-BR), taking as reference the standards of national and international reg- One of the strategic objectives of the Brazilian Navy ulatory bodies, such as the CNEN, the Nuclear Regulatory (Marinha do Brasil – MB) is to deny the use of the sea to any Commission (NRC) and the International Atomic Energy concentration of enemy forces that approach Brazil by sea, and Agency (IAEA, 2019). should therefore be endowed with a large submarine Naval Regarding the IAEA, the GSR Part 2: Leadership and Force, composed of conventional submarines and with nuclear Management for Safety standard provide requirements for propulsion, as established by the National Defense Strategy the establishment, maintenance, and continuous improve- (Estratégia Nacional de Defesa – END) (BRASIL, 2013). ment for an integrated management system (IMS), cover- 'e current challenge for ful%lling this mission lies in ing the scopes of health, environment, safety, quality, human acquiring the capacity to design, build, and operate nuclear and organizational factors, and social and economic elements. submarines. In this sense, the Submarine Development Program 'is standard applies to regulatory bodies for nuclear safety (Programa de Desenvolvimento de Submarinos – PROSUB) was and nuclear facilities (IAEA, 2016a). 'e guidelines, principles, created for the transfer of technology and the acquisition of and speci%cations developed and disseminated by the IAEA four conventional submarines and the hull of a nuclear sub- serve as parameters for states and their authorities, including marine. PROSUB came to complement the Navy’s Nuclear regulators. When applied together, all of these requirements Program ( Programa Nuclear da Marinha – PNM), aimed at ensure the installation has the appropriate level of protection developing a nuclear plant to be shipped in a naval environ- for employees, society, and the environment against radiation ment (MARINHA DO BRASIL, 2020). 'is nuclear plant risks (IAEA, 2019). must be evaluated and veri%ed in light of compliance with 'e objective of this article was to identify the main nuclear safety conditions (CNEN, 2020). standards to compose integrated management systems to 'e regulation of safety standards for nuclear materi- be applied to the operation of nuclear submarines, contem- als in Brazil is the responsibility of the National Nuclear plating the requirements of quality, environment, health, and Energy Commission ( Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear occupational safety. – CNEN), an authority linked to the Ministry of Science and 'is article is divided into six sections. After this intro- Technology, under Law No. 6.189, of December 16, 1974 duction, the concepts related in a theoretical framework will (BRASIL, 1974). However, this competence does not cover be presented; the third section will describe the methodology the use of nuclear materials in a situation of permanent dis- employed; in the fourth section, the results found will be pre- placements, such as in submarines (AGÊNCIA SENADO, sented; in the %fth section, the results will be analyzed; and 2019). Given this gap, the attribution for regulating and in the sixth section, the %nal considerations will be presented. inspecting naval assets with nuclear propulsion became the responsibility of the Navy Command, according to Law No. 13.976, of January 7, 2020 (BRASIL, 2020b), transfer- 2. THEORETICAL REFERENCE ring from CNEN to the Navy Command the competence to promote the licensing and inspection of nuclear-powered 2.1. STANDARDIZATION naval resources (BRASIL, 2020a). AND TECHNICAL REGULATION Created speci%cally for this purpose, the Naval Nuclear Standardization consists of the prescription intended for Safety and Quality Agency ( Agência Naval de Segurança voluntary, common, and repetitive use to obtain the optimal Nuclear e Qualidade – AgNSNQ), among other attribu- degree about existing or potential problems so that: products, tions, is the Military Organization ( Organização Militar – projects, processes, systems, people, goods or services meet OM) of the MB, which will act as a regulatory and licens- their purposes, observing the security aspects (ABNT, 2014a). ing body for naval assets. 'is OM currently structures a 'e geographic, political or economic reach of standard- regulatory framework that includes naval and nuclear safety ization can be in the scope: international, regional, national, aspects to be used in the licensing of the Brazilian Nuclear business, and association (ABNT, 2014b).

| 60 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 59-67 Antonelly Assis Gregorio de Sousa, José Gilberto Fernandes Junior, Eduardo Henrique Damasceno da Gama, Luciano Carlos Belezia, Ricardo Kropf Santos Fermam

Technical regulation is the action carried out by govern- . 'e scope of the requirements of the interested parties is ment agencies aiming to establish characteristics of a product the result obtained by the organizations through the use of or of production processes and methods whose observance IMS. Such systems bring sustainable prosperity to both pub- is mandatory (INMETRO, 2012). lic and private organizations. 'e successful implementation Despite receiving the nomenclature of “standards”, the of such systems leads them to assimilate the di$erent aspects publications that will guide: the design, construction, opera- of management systems, the most common being: quality, tion, maintenance, and decommissioning of naval assets with environment, health, and occupational safety. 'e use of dif- nuclear propulsion will be mandatory, assuming, therefore, ferent aspects of management systems on the same proce- characteristics of technical regulations. 'is terminology is dural basis was called IMS (NEVES, 2007). recommended by MB. According to the IAEA (2006a), a well-implemented management system must be able to support improvements 2.2. INTEGRATED in the safety culture, achieving the desired level of safety. MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IAEA presents guides that direct the implementation of Organizations that implement stand-alone management management systems to manage e>cient safety programs systems regarding quality ( e.g. ISO 9001), environmen- for operators, the environment and society, about nuclear tal ( e.g. ISO 14001), occupational health and safety (ISO installations (IAEA, 2006a). 45001), and energy (ISO 50001) aspects, among others inev- itably occur in duplication of e$ort, resulting in confusion and loss of e>ciency, in addition to the loss of added value 3. METHOD of these systems for the organization (KYMAL; GRUSKA; REID, 2015). 'is research, classi%ed as descriptive, was based on a lit- 'e main idea of an IMS is to reduce duplication and erature search to obtain secondary data from articles, theses, increase e>ciency, taking advantage of the similarities between and dissertations (GIL, 2017). the regulations that will make up this system. 'rough an IMS, Due to the scarcity of research on the subject, Google it is possible to manage several operations of an organization Scholar was used as a research base, concentrating a high through a single system, avoiding duplication of e$orts for the number of scienti%c productions from several other bases. organization, both concerning documentation, control of forms, Aiming to obtain researches that followed the recent publi- procedures, etc. and in relation to the di>culty in ensuring cations of management systems of the IAEA, we opted for the alignment of these di$erent systems with the company’s a time frame of 5 years. 'e research was carried out from strategy (POLTRONIERI; GEROLAMO; CARPINETTI, March 1 st to 15 th , 2020 with search arguments compatible 2017). Additionally, it is estimated that systems integration with the theme of this research, available in the %rst column reduces implementation costs by 50% and maintenance costs of Chart 1. After reading the title %rst and then the abstract, by 66% (KYMAL; GRUSKA; REID, 2015). results were pre-selected. From these results, those that indi- IMS is more than just a juxtaposition of systems, it is cated the functioning in an integrated manner of national born from the synergistic union of such systems, generating and international standards of quality, environment, health, something greater than each one in isolation. In integrated and occupational safety for nuclear installations or nuclear systems, the simultaneity paradigm, expressed in the maxim submarines were selected. attributed to Aristotle “the whole is greater than the sum of 'e quantitative of these results can be found in the third its parts” (NASCIMENTO; TRENTINI, 2004), must be column of Chart 1. In Chart 2, the results of this %nal selec- veri%ed as true. tion were compiled, and in Chart 3, the norms indicated by An IMS can produce a basis for structuring and develop- the authors. ing the processes necessary to address all organizational goals, After analyzing these standards, those described in the which should include safety, health, environment, quality, and %nal considerations were identi%ed as applicable to the pur- economy, among other social responsibilities (IAEA, 2006a) pose of this article.

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Chart 1. Results found.

Search parameters Results found Selected results

“sistemas de gestão integrado” AND “requisitos” AND “licenciamento” AND 0 0 “submarinos nucleares”

“sistemas de gestão da qualidade” OR “sistemas de gestão de saúde e segurança ocupacional” OR “sistemas de gestão ambiental” AND “requisitos” 14 1 AND “licenciamento” AND “submarinos nucleares”

“sistemas de gestão da qualidade” OR “sistemas de gestão de saúde e segurança ocupacional” OR “sistemas de gestão ambiental” AND “requisitos” 139 3 AND “licenciamento” AND “instalações nucleares”

“sistemas de gestão integrado” AND “requisitos” AND “licenciamento” AND 0 0 “instalações nucleares”

“integrated management systems” AND “requirements” AND “licensing” AND 0 0 “nuclear submarines”

“quality management systems” OR “occupational health and safety management systems” OR “environmental management systems” AND 104 0 “requirements” AND “licensing” AND “nuclear submarines”

“quality management systems” OR “occupational health and safety management systems” OR “environmental management systems” AND 928 0 “requirements” AND “licensing” AND “nuclear facilities”

“integrated management systems” AND “requirements” AND “licensing” 13 0 AND “nuclear facilities”

Chart 2. Selected results. Author(s) Year Title Abstract Standards

The research proposed IAEA – SF-1: Avaliação dos improvements to the Fundamental Safety Principles processos evaluation process of de análise de the safety analysis of IAEA – SSR6: Speciﬁc Safety Requirements segurança do radioactive material Mattar, 6, Regulations for the Safe Transport of transporte transport carried Patrícia 2017 Radioactive Material de material out by the Brazilian Morais radioativo regulatory agency, IAEA – TS-G-1.4: The Management System for realizados according to the the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material por um órgão standards of the regulador International Atomic IAEA – TS-G-1.5: Safety Standards Series No. Energy Agency (IAEA).

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Chart 2. Continuation. Author(s) Year Title Abstract Standards CNEN NN 1.16: Quality assurance for the safety of nuclear plants and other facilities

IAEA – GS-R-3.3: The management system The research for the processing, handling and storage of surveyed the laws, radioactive waste Proposta para regulations, and implantação standards applicable IAEA – GSR Part 2: Leadership and de sistema de to the management management for safety gestão integrado of radioactive waste para unidade generated by the BSI – PAS 99:2012: Speciﬁcation of common de tratamento e Brazilian Multipurpose management system requirements as a Salvetti, armazenamento Reactor ( Reator framework for integration Tereza 2017 de rejeitos Multipropósito Brasileiro Cristina radioativos – RBM), presenting BSI – OHSAS 18001:2007: Occupational de baixo e a proposal for an Health and Safety Management System médio níveis integrated management – Requirements de radiação do system (IMS) for this empreendimento type of project that ABNT – NBR ISO 9001:2015: Quality RMB provides guidelines for management systems – Requirements licensing documents of the RBM. ABNT – NBR ISO 14001:2015: Environmental management systems – Requirements

DOE/RW-0333P Revision 21: Quality Assurance Requirements and Description The research analyzed CNEN NN 1.16: Quality assurance for the safety the beneﬁts and of nuclear plants and other facilities dizculties in the Integração integration of the CNEN ABNT – NBR ISO 9001:2015: Quality entre normas Campos, NN 1.16 and ISO 9001:15 management systems – Requirements de gestão da Renato standards, as well as the 2019 qualidade em Augusto possible contributions of ISO 19443:2018: Quality management systems uma empresa de the ISO 19443 standard – fornecedora da to the composition Speciﬁc requirements for the application of ISO cadeia nuclear of an IMS in a company 9001:2015 by organizations in the supply chain that supplies the of the nuclear energy sector supplying products nuclear chain. and services important to nuclear safety (ITNS) Management Excellence Model (MEG) in its 21st edition

IAEA – SSR-3: Safety of Research Reactors

IAEA – GS-R-3: The Management System for Facilities and Activities Modelo de This thesis proposes sistema de a sustainability IAEA – GSR Part 2: Leadership and gestão da management system management for safety sustentabilidade model for organizations Kibrit, para operating research IAEA – NG-T-3.16: Strategic Planning for 2019 Eduardo organizações nuclear reactors Research Reactors operadoras supported by the four de reatores pillars of sustainability: IAEA – SSG-22: Use of a Graded Approach in nucleares de institutional, economic, the Application of Safety Requirements for pesquisa environmental, and social. Research Reactors

ABNT – NBR ISO 14001:2015: Environmental management systems – Requirements

BSI – PAS 99:2012: Speciﬁcation of common management system requirements as a framework for integration

| 63 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 59-67 Antonelly Assis Gregorio de Sousa, José Gilberto Fernandes Junior, Eduardo Henrique Damasceno da Gama, Luciano Carlos Belezia, Ricardo Kropf Santos Fermam

Chart 3. Occurrence and abstract of the standards suggested by the authors.

Standards Abstract (occurrences)

It establishes the ten fundamental principles of nuclear safety to protect people and the IAEA – SF-1 (1) environment from the harmful e{ects of ionizing radiation. It is applicable to any type of installation that produces nuclear hazards.

It establishes requirements that support the third fundamental principle of nuclear safety related to the establishment, maintenance, and continuous improvement of an integrated management IAEA – GSR Part 2 (2) system (IMS) contemplating safety, a management system that integrates: safety, health, environment, quality, human and organizational factors, social and economic elements.

Establishes International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safety requirements for the safe transport of radioactive material. The SSR-6 regulations apply to transport of radioactive IAEA – SSR-6 (1) material by all modes on land, water or air, including transport that is incidental to the use of the radioactive material.

This guide provides guidance to organizations that are developing, implementing or evaluating a IAEA – TS-G-1.4 (1) management system for activities related to the transport of radioactive material.

This guide sets out guidelines for competent authorities in developing compliance assurance IAEA – TS-G-1.5 (1) programs relating to the transport of radioactive material. It also provides guidance to applicants, licensees, and operating organizations for their interactions with regulatory authorities.

It establishes safety requirements for all major safety areas of research reactors, with special IAEA – SSR-3 (1) emphasis on design and operation requirements.

It sets out requirements for all major safety areas of research reactors, with special emphasis IAEA – GS-R-3 (1) on design and operation requirements.

It sets out guidelines for developing and implementing a strategic plan for a new research IAEA – NG-T-3.16 (1) reactor project.

Establishes recommendations to meet the safety requirements for research reactors, IAEA IAEA – SSG-22 (1) Safety Standards Series No. NS-R-4.

This guide sets out guidelines for the development and implementation of management IAEA – GS-R-3.3 (1) systems for the pre-treatment, treatment, conditioning, and storage of radioactive waste.

Quality assurance program applicable to Safety Important Structures, Systems and DOE/RW-0333P Components (SSCs) (ITS) for the design and detailing of Important Waste Isolation Barriers Revision 21 (1) (ITWI) and related activities.

BSI – PAS 99:2012 Establishes requirements for integrated management systems covering the main certiﬁable (2) management systems.

BSI – OHSAS Establishes structure and requirements for an occupational health and safety (OHS) 18001:2007 (1) management system.

Establishes speciﬁc quality management system requirements for nuclear power industry supply ISO 19443:2018 (1) chain organizations that provide products and services important to nuclear safety (ITNS).

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| 64 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 59-67 Antonelly Assis Gregorio de Sousa, José Gilberto Fernandes Junior, Eduardo Henrique Damasceno da Gama, Luciano Carlos Belezia, Ricardo Kropf Santos Fermam

Chart 3. Continuation.

Standards Abstract (occurrences)

It sets requirements for a quality management system when an organization needs to ABNT – NBR ISO demonstrate its ability to consistently provide products and services that meet customer 9001:2015 (2) requirements and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements.

Establishes requirements for an environmental management system applicable to ABNT – NBR ISO organizations that seek to systematically manage their environmental responsibilities in a 14001:2015 (2) sustainable manner.

It sets out requirements for the establishment and implementation of quality assurance systems for nuclear power plants, nuclear facilities and, as applicable, radioactive facilities. In CNEN NN 1.16 (2) addition, it determines the way in which the Quality Assurance Programs must be prepared and submitted to the National Nuclear Energy Commission (Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear – CNEN);

It establishes a systemic model of continuous improvement inspired by the PDCL cycle (Plan, MEG 21st edition (1) Do, Check, Learn) adaptable to any type of organization, allowing to adapt its management practices, respecting the existing culture.

4. RESULTS IAEA – GSR Part 2 and BSI – PAS 99:2012 standards (focused on IMS structuring). By establishing the funda- 'e results of the research carried out are shown in three mental principles of nuclear safety, it is safe to say that charts (Chart 1, Chart 2, and Chart 3). Chart 1 presents the the IAEA – SF-1 is the basis for the eight other standards search arguments, the results found, and the selected results. of this norm. 'e IAEA – SSR-6, IAEA – TS-G-1.4, In turn, Chart 2 presents the authors, years, titles, abstracts, and IAEA – TS-G-1.5 standards establish requirements and standards indicated. Finally, Chart 3 shows the summary for quality assurance systems applied to the transport of of each selected standard. radioactive material. 'e IAEA – SSR-3, IAEA – GS-R- 3, IAEA – NG-T-3.16, and IAEA – SSG-22 standards establish safety requirements applied to the design and 5. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS operation of research reactors. The IAEA standards – GS-R-3.3 and DOE/RW-0333P establish requirements Based on the results, 17 standards were selected from applicable to radioactive waste management. Among the various standards organizations: 9 from the IAEA, 3 from selected standards, only one is dedicated to environmen- the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), tal requirements (ABNT – NBR ISO 14001:2015) and 2 from the British Standards Institution (BSI), 1 from the one to occupational health and safety requirements (BSI Department of Energy (DOE), 1 from CNEN, and 1 from – OHSAS 18001:2007). MEG 21 st edition establishes a the National Quality Foundation ( Fundação Nacional da set of requirements that describe a model of excellence in Qualidade – FNQ). 'e high number of IAEA standards can management with requirements beyond those normally be attributed to the extensive and interdisciplinary frame- found in management systems. 'e IAEA – GSR Part work maintained by this international agency. 2, BSI – PAS 99:2012, ABNT – NBR ISO 9001:2015, 'ere was a predominance of standards aimed at qual- ABNT – NBR ISO 14001:2015, and CNEN NN 1.16 ity management or quality assurance systems, except the standards were cited by more than one author.

| 65 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 59-67 Antonelly Assis Gregorio de Sousa, José Gilberto Fernandes Junior, Eduardo Henrique Damasceno da Gama, Luciano Carlos Belezia, Ricardo Kropf Santos Fermam

6. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS – SSR-3, IAEA – NG-T-3.16, IAEA – SSG-22, and ISO 19443 (for establishing management requirements already Analyzing the content of the standards found, to serve covered by the standards identi%ed as applicable and spe- as a hall of requirements for comparison and extraction of ci%c requirements for: transport of radioactive materials and possible overlaps, the following were identi%ed as standards waste, nuclear sector supply chain suppliers and research that apply to the purpose of this study: IAEA – GSR Part 2, reactors, tasks that are not expected to be performed by the BSI – PAS 99:2012, CNEN NN 1.16, and ABNT – NBR SN-BR crew). 'e IAEA – GS-R-3 standard was discarded ISO 9001:2015 (to obtain a systemic requirements struc- for having been revoked by the IAEA – GSR Part 2, for ture that provides integration and guidance to nuclear facil- extrapolating common requirements of management sys- ities); ABNT – NBR ISO 14001:2015 and BSI – OHSAS tems and for not being integrable with the other standards 18001:2007 (as they are references in their %elds: environ- identi%ed as applicable; the 21 st edition of MEG standard ment and occupational health and safety). 'e following was also discarded. standards were not identi%ed as applicable: IAEA – SF-1 Future works may address the comparison and exclu- (due to their dilution of applicable requirements in other sion of requirements from standards identi%ed as applica- IAEA standards), IAEA – SSR-6, IAEA – TS-G-1.4, IAEA ble to establish the appropriate requirements framework for – TS-G-1.5 , IAEA – GS-R-3.3, DOE/RW-0333P, IAEA AgNSNQ standard development.

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FUNDAMENTO NACIONAL DA QUALIDADE (FNQ). MEG: Guia de INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARTIZATION (ISO). referência da gestão para excelência. 21. ed. São Paulo: FNQ, 2016. ISO 19443 . Quality management systems — Speciﬁc requirements for the application of ISO 9001:2015 by organizations in the supply GIL, A.C. Como elaborar projetos de pesquisa . 6. ed. São Paulo: Atlas, chain of the nuclear energy sector supplying products and services 2017. 173 p. important to nuclear safety (ITNS). Genova: ISO, 2018. INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY (IAEA). GS-G-3.1 . KIBRIT, Eduardo. Modelo de sistema de gestão da sustentabilidade Application of the management system for facilities and activities: para organizações operadoras de reatores nucleares de pesquisa . Safety Guide. Viena: IAEA, 2006a. Tese (Doutorado em Ciências na Área de Tecnologia Nuclear) – INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY (IAEA). GS-R-3: The Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2019. Management System for Facilities and Activities. Viena: IAEA, 2006b. KYMAL, C.; GRUSKA, G.; REID, R.D. Integrated Management INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY (IAEA). GS-R-3.3: The Systems: QMS, EMS, OHSMS, FSMS including Aerospace, Service, Management System for the Processing, Handling and Storage of Semiconductor/Electronics, Automotive, and Food. Milwaukee: Radioactive Waste. Viena: IAEA, 2008a. Quality Press, 2015.

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY (IAEA). GSR Part 2: MARINHA DO BRASIL. Programas Estratégicos da Marinha . Brasília: Leadership and Management for Safety. Viena: IAEA, 2016a. Marinha do Brasil, dez. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.marinha.mil. br/programas-estrategicos/prosub. Acesso em: 29 abr. 2021. INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY (IAEA). Management systems for nuclear facilities . IAEA, 2019. Disponível em: https://www. MATTAR, Patrícia Morais. Avaliação dos processos de análise de iaea.org/topics/management-systems. Acesso em: 1º maio 2020. segurança do transporte de material radioativo realizados por um órgão regulador . 2017. Dissertação (Mestrado em Sistemas de Gestão) INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY (IAEA). NG-T-3.16: – Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, 2017. Strategic Planning for Research Reactors. Viena: IAEA, 2017. NASCIMENTO, E.R.P.; TRENTINI, M. O cuidado de enfermagem na INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY (IAEA). SSR-3: Safety unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI): teoria humanística de Paterson of Research Reactors. Viena: IAEA, 2016b. e Zderad. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem , Ribeirão Preto, INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY (IAEA). SSR-6 . Regulations v. 12, n. 2, p. 250-257, abr. 2004. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/ for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material. Viena: IAEA, 2018. scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-11692004000200015&lng =en&nrm=iso. Acesso em: 28 abr. 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/ INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY (IAEA). SSG-22: Use of S0104-11692004000200015 a Graded Approach in the Application of the Safety Requirements for Research Reactors. Viena: IAEA, 2012. NEVES, L. Sistemas de gestão integrados. Segurança e Qualidade Alimentar, v. 2, p. 30-31, 2007. INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY (IAEA). TS-G-1.4: The Management System for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material. POLTRONIERI, C.F.; GEROLAMO, M.C.; CARPINETTI, L.C.R. An Viena: IAEA, 2008b. instrument for the assessment of management systems integration. Gestão & Produção , São Carlos, v. 24, n. 4, p. 638-652, dez. 2017. INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY (IAEA). TS-G-1.5: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-530x1697-14 Compliance Assurance for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material. Viena: IAEA, 2009. SALVETTI, T.C. Proposta para implantação de sistema de gestão integrado para unidade de tratamento e armazenamento de rejeitos INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE METROLOGIA, QUALIDADE E TECNOLOGIA radioativos de baixo e médio níveis de radiação do empreendimento (INMETRO). Articulação Internacional: Deﬁnições de Regulamento RMB. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências na Área de Tecnologia Técnico, Norma e Procedimento de Avaliação da Conformidade. Nuclear) – Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2017. Brasil: INMETRO, 2012. Disponível em: http://www.inmetro.gov.br/ barreirastecnicas/deﬁnicoes.asp. Acesso em: 1 maio 2020.

| 67 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 59-67 Figure 9 MARINE SIMULATOR INSTALLED AT THE NAVAL SCHOOL NUCLEAR

STUDY OF STRAIN-INDUCED PHASE TRANSFORMATION IN AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS APPLIED TO NUCLEAR FUEL COMPONENTS Estudo da transformação de fases induzida por deformação em aços inoxidáveis austeníticos aplicados a componentes de combustíveis nucleares

Jamil Martins Guimarães Junior 1

Abstract: Nuclear fuels have been developed continuously during Resumo: Combustíveis nucleares vêm se desenvolvendo cada vez the last years; specially plate-type fuels obtained by rolling process, mais nos últimos anos; em especial, combustíveis do tipo placa, which can be used for naval propulsion due to the use of many obtidos por meio de processos de laminação, os quais podem ser metallic elements. 'erefore, aspects related to the work hardening aplicados em propulsão nuclear devido ao uso de diferentes com- and phase transformations must be understood. Investigations ponentes metálicos. Para tanto, aspectos relacionados ao encrua- by compression and cold rolling (which deserves a special atten- mento e transformações de fases desses componentes precisam tion) in AISI 304 and AISI 316 stainless steels were performed. ser compreendidos. Foram realizadas investigações com defor- 'ese analyses resulted in interesting optical microscopy, hard- mações plásticas de aços inoxidáveis AISI 304 e AISI 316 por ness measurements, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X Ray meio de compressão e laminação, a qual merece especial aten- di$raction and electron backscatter di$raction (EBSD) data. ção neste trabalho. Análises completas resultaram em interessan- Low rolled steels showed high transformation into ε-martensite, tes dados de microscopia óptica, medidas de dureza, espectrosco- and high rolled levels showed high grain elongation and very high pia por dispersão de energia (EDS), difração de raios X e difração α’- martensite fractions. Di$erent mechanical forming processes de elétrons retroespalhados (EBSD). Baixos níveis de redução na resulted in di$erent α’- martensite transformation levels, which espessura dos aços promoveram elevada transformação da auste- also depends on the materials stacking fault energy (SFE). nita para martensita ε, enquanto altos níveis de redução mostra- Keywords: Rolling. Nuclear fuel. Stainless steels. Austenite. ram elevado alongamento dos grãos e as maiores frações de trans- Martensite. formação martensítica induzida por deformação (martensita α’). Deformações por diferentes processos resultaram em níveis diferentes de transformação martensítica devido aos valores de energia de defeito de empilhamento (EDE) de cada material. Palavras-chave: Laminação. Combustível nuclear. Aços inoxidáveis. Austenita. Martensita.

1. Materials Engineer at the Brazilian Navy’s Directorate of Nuclear Development – São Paulo, SP – Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]

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1. INTRODUCTION are increasingly focusing on this topic nowadays, there are still many knowledge gaps in relation to the mechanisms Although stainless steels with phase transformation involved in the martensitic transformation applied to nuclear dependent properties can be used in many projects, a speci%c fuels (ZHOU et al., 2015). application for the materials used in this work deserves to be 'e coating of plate-type nuclear fuels, obtained by the highlighted: the use in nuclear fuels, combining mechanical lamination process, can be manufactured with different properties, high formability, and satisfactory behavior when metallic materials. Among them, aluminum alloys and aus- irradiated (SANTOS; TUNES; SCHÖN, 2014; ŞAHIN; tenitic stainless steels stand out, such as those resulted from ÜBEYLI, 2008). this study. Other components of nuclear fuels are also man- Austenitic stainless steels have a crystalline structure of ufactured in austenitic stainless steels, such as fuel rod noz- the cubic face centered (CFC) type, they are paramagnetic, zles and caps, essential in a nuclear reactor type Pressurized with a percentage of chromium generally between 16 and Water Reactor (PWR). 30% by mass, making them excellent in terms of corrosion 'us, the knowledge gained through this work can help in resistance. Nickel, a gammagenic element (which stabilizes the development of the %rst Brazilian nuclear-powered sub- the austenite phase), is added in proportions of 8 to 20% by marine (SN-BR), as well as in the development of compo- mass to stabilize the austenite at the desired temperatures, nents for other nuclear energy sources, such as the Brazilian since chromium is an alphagenic element, facilitating the Multipurpose Reactor, nuclear power plants such as that of formation of ferrite (TOO, 2002). 'e amount of carbon Angra dos Reis or reactors for the Nuclear Industries of Brazil (also gammagenic) present has values between 0.03 and (Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil – INB), cooperating with the 0.1% by mass, as an excess of this element can lead to sen- health and quality of life of the Brazilian population. sitization of the steel due to the precipitation of carbides, preferentially in the grain boundaries (SONG; GUAN, 2011). Other elements, such as molybdenum, titanium, and 2. OBJECTIVES manganese, are always present, as they can provide higher mechanical resistance or even increase the resistance to To evaluate the transformation of the austenitic phase localized corrosion mechanisms in steel, such as galvanic into the martensitic one in stainless steels of the AISI 304 corrosion (TOO, 2002). and AISI 316 classes, in order to develop new possibilities for When compared to other stainless steels, there is a high the application of these materials in nuclear fuels. 'us, it is ductility and high tenacity in austenitics, even at low tempera- possible to evaluate the e$ect of deformations on the micro- tures, which demonstrates the inexistence of a ductile-brit- structure of two austenitic stainless steels of di$erent chemi- tle transition in these stainless steels. In addition, austenitic cal compositions, even with a behavior theoretically close to stainless steels have low hardenability (due to the small per- a third stainless steel capable of meeting the needs for such centages of carbon present) when compared to other grades application, the AISI 304L stainless steel, which can be used of stainless steels (ANTUNES; ANTUNES, 2007). on components such as combustible rod caps, nozzles or plate- Lamination is the processing most commonly applied type combustible liners. when producing these steels and results in three-dimen- sionally elongated grains in order to accommodate them on top of each other as compactly as possible (BRESCIANI 3. METHOD FILHO, 1991). Countries that master nuclear technology have obtained 'e initial characterization of the two stainless steels good results when applying austenitic stainless steels in (AISI 304 and AISI 316) was carried out before deforma- some components, often processing them through lam- tion using two di$erent methods: rolling and compression. ination, which proves the importance of this study with Samples of stainless steel rolled at 12, 31, 50, 70, 80, and 90% regard to applications in nuclear fuels. Although scholars reduction were characterized. Keeping attention to the value

| 70 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 69-75 Jamil Martins Guimarães Junior of the delta factor (ZIMMERMANN, 2013), the deforma- microstructure fragmentation, and a large amount of defor- tion for the 90% reduction desired in this work was as close mation heterogeneity. as possible to a homogeneous process, with few variations Both materials underwent a large increase in hardness regarding thickness. after compression deformation. 'e results show that, with Compression tests were applied on cylindrical speci- deformations of 60% by compression, it is possible to prac- mens. After being solubilized at 1,050°C for 30 minutes, tically double the hardness of AISI 316 steel and increase the cylinders with dimensions of 6.5 mm in diameter and the hardness of AISI 304 steel by approximately 157% of the 10.6 mm in height were submitted to uniaxial compression, initial value, as shown by the comparative curves between all which resulted in samples with 60% reduction in height. deformation conditions (Figure 2). 'erefore, the specimens after the test began to measure Electron backscatter di$raction analyses were performed 4.25 mm in height. only for the laminated samples with 12 and 31% reduction, Based on Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis, since higher levels of deformation compromise the analysis it was possible to calculate the stacking-fault energy (SFE) using this technique due to the large number of defects in of the materials, since the SFE is dependent on the chemical composition. By applying this equation (SCHRAMM; REED, 1975), in turn, it was possible to calculate an experi- 600 mental value of SFE equal to 18.02 mJ/m 2 for AISI 304 steel 550 2 and 50.07 mJ/m for AISI steel 316, in accordance with the 500 values reported by Murr (1975). 450 400 350 300 4. RESULTS 250 Hardness (HV) Hardness 200 150 The optical microscopy images, shown in Figure 1, 100 demonstrate that the polygonal character of the grains is 12 31 50 70 80 90 maintained at low levels of reduction by rolling, such as Lamination reduction 12% for both materials. With 70% thickness reduction, the As received Ssolubilized Condition grains are almost completely aligned in the rolling direction. 'is is due to the stress used during processing being Compressed by 60% AISI 304 AISI 316 the cause of an unavoidable deformation in the material, Figure 2. Comparison of Vickers hardness under all which responds to the demand with large lattice rotations, different conditions.

A B C D

Figure 1. Steel microstructures: (A) AISI 304 with 12% reduction; (B) AISI 316 with 12% reduction; (C) AISI 304 with 70% reduction; (D) AISI 316 with 70% reduction. Carpenter reagent and horizontal lamination direction.

| 71 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 69-75 Jamil Martins Guimarães Junior the samples. A phase map provides information about which or surfaces not identi%ed during the scan. For these EBSD phases are present in the material’s grains from crystallographic results, the equipment was con%gured so that all dark lines in aspects, so that a CFC structure can be shown with distinct the phase maps correspond to grain contours with an angle coloration from a body-centered cubic (BCC), for example. greater than 15°, revealing the geometry of polygonal grains 'is is what happens for the following result, where austen- and macules, such as those that Renard observed in his stud- ite (CFC) appears in red, and α’ martensite (BCC) appears ies, which relate mechanical properties of steels with their in blue. 'e green colored regions are the result of non-in- SFE (RENARD; JACQUES, 2012). For all images obtained dexed areas, that is, regions where the equipment was unable by EBSD (Figure 3), the lamination direction corresponds to generate data due to an even greater number of defects to the vertical direction.

A B

C D

Figure 3. Phase maps: (A) AISI 304 with 12% reduction; (B) AISI 316 with 12% reduction; (C) AISI 304 with 31% reduction; (D) AISI 316 with 31% reduction. Obtained by backscattered electron diffraction.

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'e X-ray di$raction %gures (Figure 4) are the result of the AISI 304 steel and that all or almost all of the ε martensite 12% reduction level for the lamination and show the trans- contained in the rolled samples with smaller reductions was formation of part of the austenite into ε martensite (angles transformed into α’ martensite. coinciding with those of the austenitic phase) and part into For all samples, di$raction %gures were obtained contin- α’ martensite. 'is would be expected, since low levels of uously at a speed of 1° per minute. reduction favor the formation of ε martensite, a precursor 'ickness reduction levels of 90% promoted the transfor- of α’ martensite. mation of a very high fraction of the austenitic microstructure Reduction levels of 50% promoted the most pronounced into martensitic for the AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel. formation of α’ martensite according to the di$raction %g- Although less pronounced, there was also a large increase in ures below. 'e %gures also show that the transformation the deformation-induced α’ martensite fraction in the AISI from austenite to α’ martensite was more pronounced in steel 316. Both results are shown in Figures 5 and 6.

A 4,500 B 14,000

4,000 (111) γ 12,000 (111) γ 3,500 10,000 3,000 2,500 8,000 2,000 6,000 (110) (112) ε (110) ε ε 1,500 (112) 4,000 ε Intensity (CPS) Intensity (CPS) Intensity (200)

1,000 γ (200) (311) / (220) / γ γ

γ 2,000 ’ (110) (220) / (222) (311) / 500 (222) γ γ γ α γ ’ (110) (011) ε 0 0 α 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 2T 2T AISI 304 laminated with 12% reduction AISI 316 laminated with 12% reduction

Figure 4. Diffraction figures: (A) AISI 304 laminate with 12% thickness reduction; (B) AISI 316 laminated with 12% thickness reduction. CuKα radiation.

A 700 B 2,000 1,800

600 (111) 1,600 γ 500 1,400 (111) γ 400 1,200 1,000 300 800 200 600 Intensity (CPS) Intensity (CPS) Intensity 400 ’ (110) (220)

100 α (200) (220) γ (311) (222) ’ (110) (311) γ γ (222) ’ (211) γ γ

’ (211) 200 ’ (220) α γ γ α α 0 α 0 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100 110 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 2T 2T AISI 304 laminated with 50% reduction AISI 316 laminated with 50% reduction Figure 5. Diffraction figures: (A) AISI 304 laminate with 50% thickness reduction. (B) AISI 316 laminate with 50% thickness reduction. CuKα radiation.

| 73 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 69-75 Jamil Martins Guimarães Junior

A 300 B 800 700 600 ’ (211) 200 (111) γ α 500 400 (220) γ ’ (110) α (111)

300 (220) γ γ

100 ’ (200) α ’ (211) Intensity (CPS) Intensity (CPS) Intensity 200 α ’ (110) ’ (200) α 100 α (222) ’ (220) γ 0 0 α 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 2T 2T AISI 304 laminated with 90% reduction AISI 316 laminated with 90% reduction

Figure 6. Diffraction figures: (A) AISI 304 laminate with 90% thickness reduction; (B) AISI 316 laminate with 90% thickness reduction. CuKα radiation.

5. CONCLUSIONS α’ martensite among all deformation conditions. 'is fact is of paramount importance for the lamination of plate-type AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel is more resistant nuclear fuels. to processing during rolling, since its SFE is lower than All deformation processes promote high rates of transfor- that of AISI 316 according to the values calculated in this mation of austenite into α’ martensite for AISI 304 stainless work, which facilitates the work hardening of the material. steel. On the other hand, when submitted to compression, 'is result also allows predicting an intermediate theoreti- AISI 316 steel does not present considerable fractions of cal hardening if a 304L austenitic stainless steel is used, as this constituent. 'erefore, when deformed by compression, it has an intermediate SFE between 304 and 316. the increase in hardness of AISI 316 steel occurs by classical During rolling deformation, high levels of reduction hardening mechanisms, and not by the formation of marten- promote high grain elongation and the highest fractions of site induced by deformation.

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ANTUNES, A.E.B.; ANTUNES, L.M.D. Comportamento plástico do and Engineering: A, v. 542, p. 8-14, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. aço inoxidável austenítico em baixa temperatura. Rem: Revista msea.2012.01.123 Escola de Minas, v. 60, n. 1, p. 141-147, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1590/ ŞAHIN, S.; ÜBEYLI, M. A review on the potential use of austenitic S0370-44672007000100022 stainless steels in nuclear fusion reactors. Journal of Fusion BRESCIANI FILHO, E. Conformação Plástica dos Metais . 4. Campinas, Energy , v. 27, n. 4, p. 271-277, 2008. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/ 1991. link_gateway/2008JFuE...27..271S/doi:10.1007/s10894-008-9136-3 SANTOS, V.O.; TUNES, M.A.; SCHÖN, C.G. Quadro comparativo MURR, L.E. Interfacial phenomena in metals and alloys . Estados da integridade estrutural das ligas de zircônio e aços inoxidáveis Unidos: Addison-Wesley, 1975. austeníticos sob irradiação neutrônica. In: CONGRESSO ANUAL RENARD, K.; JACQUES, P.J. On the relationship between work DA ABM, 2014. Anais [….]. São Paulo: ABM, 2014. https://doi. hardening and twinning rate in TWIP steels. Materials Science org/10.5151/1516-392X-24659

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SCHRAMM, R.E.; REED, R.P. Stacking fault energies of seven ZHOU, X. et al. Phase transformation behavior and microstructural commercial austenitic stainless steels. Metallurgical Transactions A , v. control of high-Cr martensitic/ferritic heat-resistant steels for 6, n. 7, p. 1345-1351, 1975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02641927 power and nuclear plants: A review. Journal of Materials Science & Technology , v. 31, n. 3, p. 235-242, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. SONG, M.; GUAN, K. Failure analysis of a weld-decayed austenitic stainless steel. Engineering Failure Analysis , v. 18, n. 6, p. 1613-1618, 2011. jmst.2014.12.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2011.05.019 ZIMMERMANN, A.J.D.O. Encruamento, recristalização e textura TOO, C.H. Sensitisation of Austenitic Stainless Steels . Dissertação cristalográﬁca de zircônio puro e da liga Zircaloy-4 . 99f. Tese (Mestrado) – Department of Materials Science and Mettalurgy, (Doutorado em Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais) – Escola University of Cambridge, Cambridge, 2002. Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2013.

| 75 | Revista Pesquisa Naval, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, n. 32, 2020, p. 69-75 Figure 10 MARINE SIMULATOR IN A NAVIGATION EXERCISE IN GUANABARA BAY

REVISTA PESQUISA NAVAL