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Excito-Repellency of Deltamethrin on the Malaria Vectors, Anopheles Minimus, Anopheles Dirus, Anopheles Swadiwongporni, and Anopheles Maculazus, in Thailand

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Excito-Repellency of Deltamethrin on the Malaria Vectors, Anopheles Minimus, Anopheles Dirus, Anopheles Swadiwongporni, and Anopheles Maculazus, in Thailand Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association' 2O(l):45-54,2OO4 Copyright @ 2OO4 by the American Mosquito Control Association, Inc. EXCITO-REPELLENCY OF DELTAMETHRIN ON THE MALARIA VECTORS, ANOPHELES MINIMUS, ANOPHELES DIRUS, ANOPHELES SWADIWONGPORNI, AND ANOPHELES MACULAZUS, IN THAILAND THEERAPHAP CHAREONVIRIYAPHARI ATCHARIYA PRABARIPAI, AND MICHAEL J. BANGS3 ABSTRACT. This study compared the behavioral avoidance responses of 4 mosquito malaria vectors, Anoph- eles minimus, Anopheles iirus, Anopheles maculatus form B, and Anopheles swadiwongpoml, to deltamethrin, the primary insecticide used for indoor residual spraying for malaria vector control in Thailand. Six test popu- lations, reiresenting 4 laboratory colonies and 2 wild-caught populations, were observed during and after ex- posure to deltamethrin at the opeiational dose (0.02 g active ingredienVm2) in_excito-repellency escape chambers. The laboratory colonies included a deltamethrin-susceptible colony and a deltamethrin-resistant colony of An. minimus species A, I colony of An. dirus species B, and I colony of An- maculatus form B. The 2 wild-caught populations included An. swadiwongpomi and members of the An. dirus complex. Times to__escape_byfemale mosquitoes during 30 min of exposure to deltamethrin-treated papers were observed in all populations and compared to nontreated paired controls in contact and noncontact test configurations. Strong behavioral avoid- unc. ,tu. observed in thi deltamethrin-resistant colony of An. minimus, followed by An' swadiwongporni and An. maculatus. The slowest escape response was observed in the colony of An. dirus species B. All 6 populations of Anopheles showed marked contact irritancy to deltamethrin compared to paired controls ilnd noncontact repellency trials, in both confiol'led laboratory colonies and field-caught populations. The degree of repellency wis less profbund than irritancy but, in most cases, produced a significant escape response compared to paired controls. Avoidance behavior appears to be an innate behavior of mosquitoes, as indicated by the general avoidance response detected in all 4 species, regardless of deltamethrin susceptibility status, age, or nutritional and physiological status. Excito-repellency assays of the type described in this study should become an integral part^ofthe overall assessment of an insecticide's ability to control disease transmission in any given area- KEY WORDS Behavioral avoidance, irritancy, repellency, deltamethrin, Anopheles minimus, Anopheles mac ulatus, Ano p he Ie s d i ru s, Ano phe I es sw ad iw o n gp o rn i, Thailand INTRODUCTION cliwongpomi are morphologically distinct members in the An. maculatus group (Rattanarithikul and malaria remains a major and re- In Thailand, Green 1986). One of the principal methods of ma- health problem (Chareonviriyaphap et al. emerging laria abatement in Thailand has been use of various primary vectors in Thailand include 2001). The methods of vector control to reduce transmission Peyton and Harrison, Anopheles Anopheles dirus risk. For many years, DDT was the chemical of Anophele s maculatus Theobald, minimus Theobald, choice and was used extensively in malaria-endem- s swadiwongporni Rattanaithikul and and Anophele ic areas. Because of reported adverse impact on the members of the subgenvs Cellia. F,ach Green, all environment and general negative public attitudes, represents a member in broader species species DDT use was gradually phased out between 1995 including An. dirus, An. minimus, and complexes, and 2000 for the control of malaria vectors in Thai- (which contains An. swadiwongpor' An. maculatus land (Chareonviriyaphap et al. 1999). nl), respectively (Rattanarithikul and Green 1986, Deltamethrin, a common synthetic pyrethroid, is 1998). Many members within these spe- Subbarao frequently and widely used for indoor residual cies complexes exhibit both endophagous and ex- spraying of house surfaces to control anopheline ophagous behavioral patterns conducive for effi- mosquitoes (Patipong 2000). This compound gen- cient malaria transmission (Pinichpongse and erally is applied in 1 or 2 spray rounds per year in Bullner 1967, Suwonkerd et al. 1990, Chareonvi- malaria-endemic areas of Thailand (Ministry of riyaphap et al. 2000). Anopheles dirus and An. min' Public Health 2000). The true mode of action of imus are members representing individual species deltamethrin on the control of vectors and malaria complexes, of which the respective sibling species is still open to investigation in terms of the relative often are not distinguishable morphologically from importance of the lethal properties and behavioral one another (Baimai 1989, Rattanarithikul and Pan- responses of vector populations (Roberts et al. thusiri 1994). Anopheles maculatus and An. swa- 2000). Because most pyrethroids demonstrate a sig- nificant and immediate excito-repellency action on IDepartment of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, exposed mosquitoes, the proposed wide-scale use Kasetsart University, Bangkean, Bangkok, 10900, Thai- of deltamethrin for malaria control in Thailand has land. stimulated the need for well-designed studies on the 2 Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart Uni- significance of pyrethroid avoidance behavior and versity, Kamphaengsean Campus, Nakhon Pathom, human-vector con- 73140, Thailand. its overall efficacy in reducing 3 U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Jl. Perce- tact. Moreover, the respective roles of irritability takan Negara No. 29, Jakarta, lndonesia. and repellency of deltamethrin against the impor- 45 46 JounNel on rnl Avgntcen Mosqurro CoNrnol AssocrnrroN Vor. 20, No. 1 tant malaria vectors in Thailand merit careful in_ (DISB) originally was collected from wild-animal vestigation before launching programs that use this footprints in Ban Paung District, Chantaburee prov- compound exclusively. ince, eastern Thailand, in 1987, and was maintained Two different types of behavioral avoidance re_ in insectary-controlled conditions at the Armed sponses by mosquitoes are recognized: irritancy Forces Research Institute of Medical Science (AF- and repellency (Rutledge et al. 1999, Roberts et al. RIMS), Bangkok, Thailand. The colony was ob- 2000). Irritability occurs when insects actually tained by the Malaria Division, Department of make physical contact with chemical residues be_ Communicable Disease Control (CDC), Ministry of fore eliciting a stimulus-mediated response, where- Public Health, Nontaburi, Thailand, in 1995 and as repellency is defined as a stimulus actins fiom obtained in 1998 by the Department of Entomolo- a distinct distance from the insecricide-treatEd sur- gy, Kasetsart University, for the pu{poses of this face that deters insects from entering treated areas study. This colony was found to be completely sus- or otherwise disrupts normal partern-=sof behavior. ceptible to deltamethrin at the field operational dos- Excito-repellency bioassays for describing and age of O.O2 glrn, when using the standard WHO quantifying the irritant effects of insecticides on contact bioassay and impregnated papers supplied mosquitoes were developed beginning in 1963 and by WHO. Susceptible An. minimus species A have been modified over the years (Rachou et al. (MISA) originally was collecred from animal quar- 1963, Shalaby 1966, WHO 1970). Initial laborarory ters in Rong Klang District. Prae Province, nortirern investigations on behavioral response of Anopheles Thailand, in 1993 and maintained in insectarv-con- to various insecticides were conducted by using the trolled conditions at the CDC, Nontaburi, beginning World Health Organization (WHO) excito-repellen- in 1995. The colony was received from the CDC cy test box design (Coluzzi 1963, Bondareva et al. in 1998 and raised in the Department of Entomol- 1986, Pell et al. 1989, Quinones and Suarez 1989, ogy, Kasetsart University. This colony was deter- Ree and Loong 1989). Presently, no method for the mined to be completely susceptible to the field dos- assessment of mosquito behavioral responses has age of deltamethrin. The origins and colonization been universally endorsed as a standard for con- of resistant An. minimus species A (MIRA) have ducting excito-repellency testing, data analysis, and been described in a previous study (Sungvorny- interpretation (Brown 1964, Roberts et al. 1984, othrin et al. 2001). This colony exhibited berween Evans 1993, Rutledge et al. 1999, Roberts et al. 50 and 6O7o resistance to deltamethrin at the op- 20O0, Chareonviriyaphap et al. 2001). Recently, a erational dosage based on standard contact bioas- controlled-design excito-repellency box was devel- say. Anopheles maculatus form B (MASB) was ob- oped for testing both contact irritancy and noncon- tained from resting collections in animal quarters at tact repellency (Roberts et al. 1997, Chareonviri- Ban Khun Hauy, Mae Sot District, in 1999. The yaphap et al. 2OO1). This initial system has been colony was initially maintained at the Department modified further into a collapsible chamber de- of Entomology, AFRIMS, and was provided to the signed for greater ease of use (Chareonviriyaphap Department of Entomology, Kasetsart University, et al. 2OO2). Described herein are the behavioral in February 2OO2. The colony was found to be responses when using contact and noncontact as- completely susceptible to deltamethdn. Anopheles says and colonized An. minimus species A. An. ma- swadiwongponzi (SASA) was collected by evening culatus form B, and,An. dirzs species B. and 2 field resting collections
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