Review Lpr Trends & Technologies for Future Lighting Solutions Mar/Apr 2016 | Issue 54

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Review LpR Trends & Technologies for Future Lighting Solutions Mar/Apr 2016 | Issue 54

Research: Thin-Film Optics Connected Lighting: PoE & BLE with iBeacons Technology: RGBW Dimming Tech-Talks BREGENZ: Karl Jónsson 160218_PAIS_LEDPR_EU.indd 1 2/17/16 1:40 PM

CATEGORYEDITORIAL 4 Systems & Applications

This issue of LED professional Review (LpR) is dedicated to Systems & Applications, because it’s associated with the Light+Building in Frankfurt, the world’s largest lighting exhibition covering new lighting systems and its applications.

Dee Denteneer, the newly elected secretary general from the Zhaga Consortium, covers the topic of smart lighting in his commentary. The newest Zhaga specification, which is still at the proposal stage, continues a trend towards interchangeability, and is directly related to smart lighting. It will enable interchangeability of sensing/ communication modules that are used to control LED luminaires for outdoor lighting applications.

Dr. Walter Werner has commented on the Light Flicker article in LpR 53. He refers to the Wilkins, Pawan and Lindner idea that there is more flicker than is visible to the eye and comes to conclusions that are worthy of more discussion and possibly research in this area.

The Tech Talk BREGENZ with Karl Jónsson touches on the world of IoT in lighting. Mr. Jónsson is an IoT system architect who points out how IoT and smart lighting could be a part of future lighting systems for things like remote monitoring, space management or Li-Fi controlled systems.

Another important technology for connectivity is Bluetooth 4.0. Saara Guastella from Casambi writes about Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology and compares it to other established communication technologies for smart lighting. The fact that BLE is integrated into smart phones and tablets makes it a very cost-effective wireless technology.

Giovanna Frezza from Molex discusses Power over Ethernet (PoE) for commercial buildings. In the future PoE may allow for up to 95W of power to be transmitted. This would dramatically change lighting installation system architectures.

Further articles in this issue include "Safety Concept for LED Street Lighting“, "Illuminating Education“ and "The Value of Dark Skies“.

The developments and creation of future lighting systems require an overview and understanding of the environment, the applications, the technologies and, last but not least, the needs of human beings. We are looking forward to what the Light + Building in Frankfurt will reveal this year.

The LED professional team would be happy to meet with you in Frankfurt to talk about future trends. We will be in Hall 4.1 at Booth B11.

Yours Sincerely,

Siegfried Luger CEO, Luger Research e.U. Publisher, LED professional Event Director, LpS 2016

PS: Early Bird Tickets for the LpS 2016 are available until July 1st. See www.LpS2016.com/registration

CONTENT OVERVIEW 6

COMMENTARY REGULARS 08 ZHAGA Meets Smart Lighting 04 EDITORIAL by Dee Denteneer, Secretary General of the Zhaga Consortium 08 COMMENTARY 10 PRODUCT NEWS 26 RESEARCH NEWS TECH-TALKS BREGENZ 32 REGULATION NEWS 38 Karl Jónsson, IoT Architect, Tridonic 36 READER'S OPINION compiled by Arno Grabher-Meyer, LED professional

RESEARCH 66 ABOUT | IMPRINT 46 Thin-Film Light Management System for Intelligent Large-Area LED Luminaires by Oscar Fernandez, Centre Suisse d’Electronique et de Microtechnique SA

CONNECTED LIGHTING 52 Advanced Bluetooth 4.0+ -Based Smart Lighting Technology by Saara Guastella, Casambi 56 Power over Ethernet Lighting for Commercial Buildings by Giovanni Frezza, Molex

TECHNOLOGIES 62 Create Colorful and Bright LED Light with an LED Matrix Dimmer by Keith Szolusha, Linear Technology LEADING ARTICLE 44 TTB: Karl Jónsson, IoT Architect, APPLICATION Tridonic 68 Safety Concept for LED Street Lighting compiled by Arno Grabher-Meyer, by Andreas Schamber, Phoenix Contact LED professional 72 Illuminating Education - Providing a Brighter Future for Students by Jay Black, Revolution Lighting Technologies

SPECIAL 80 The Value of Dark Skies - About Environmentally Friendly Lighting by J. Scott Feierabend, International Dark-Sky Association (IDA)

ADVERTISING INDEX

FUTURE LIGHTING SOLUTIONS 1 LEXTAR 23 INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS 44 DIGI-KEY 2 CREE 24 MONOLITHIC POWER SYSTEMS 45 LUMILEDS 3 LEDLINK 25 STUCCHI 55 ACEVEL 5 ELLSWORTH ADHESIVES 27 INTERLUMI PANAMA 59 OSRAM 7 REFOND 27 EDISON 60 OSRAM 9 FUTURE LIGHTING SOLUTIONS 29 INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS 61 LPS 11 INFINEON 30 LIGHT FAIR INTERNATIONAL 66 GL OPTIC 13 LAMBDA RESEARCH 30 GUANGZHOU INT. LIGHTING EXHIBITION 67 EPISTAR 13 FUTURE LIGHTING SOLUTIONS 31 LED EXPO THAILAND 77 FUHUA 14 AUER LIGHTING 32 LEDFRIEND 78 HONGLITRONIC 16 FUTURE LIGHTING SOLUTIONS 33 LED EXPO MUMBAI 79 VIAPAQ 17 EVERFINE 34 LED & OLED EXPO 84 SAMSUNG 19 CREE 35 ILLUMINOTRONICA 85 LED LIGHT FOR YOU 20 DOW CORNING 37 LPR 87 GRAFTECH INTERNATIONAL 21 HONGLITRONIC 44 FLIP CHIP OPTO 88

COMMENTARYCATEGORY ZHAGA ADAPTS TO NEW REQUIREMENTS 8

ZHAGA MEETS SMART LIGHTING

At first glance, the standardization of significantly improve the efficiency, LED lighting components seems to be maintenance and running costs of quite remote from the rise of smart, outdoor luminaires. For example, connected lighting and the Internet of light levels can be controlled in response Things (IoT). But the projected growth to input from motion and other sensors. in penetration of smart lighting can only Also, energy usage can be monitored, be realized through developments in and operational problems can be high-volume electronics and detected and reported. standardization. Such standardization is intended to remove arbitrary variations Typically, a smart luminaire will have a in components, making design and sensing and communication module on implementation easier for manufacturers the exterior of the luminaire that can of smart LED luminaires, and enabling provide control inputs to the driver. a supplier ecosystem. This is where The proposed Zhaga specification will Dee Denteneer Zhaga comes in. define the interface between a sensor/ connectivity module and the LED Dee Denteneer was elected Zhaga is an open industry consortium luminaire. Specifically, the module will as Secretary General of the that aims to simplify the design and fit into a receptacle on the luminaire, Zhaga Consortium during manufacturing of LED luminaires and using a 4-pin connector. The Zhaga the most recent gathering accelerate the adoption of LED lighting specification will define this connector solutions. It does this by writing interface but will not place any of the Zhaga General specifications for the interfaces unnecessary restrictions on, for example, Assembly in Shanghai. between LED luminaires and different the design or functionality of the sensor/ Dee has held positions at component types. connectivity module itself. the University of Utrecht, While Zhaga’s early specifications A standardized connector interface the Statistical Office of the focused on complete LED light engines, enables interchangeability. This means Netherlands, and Philips there has been a change of focus to that the luminaire maker is able to fit Research. He has a PhD enable independent interchangeability different sensor modules, from different in mathematics, and a of LED modules and LED drivers. suppliers, according to the needs of the customer. Or, the luminaire could be background in wireless Different module types are now covered supplied with a sealed cap on top of the connectivity, lighting, by their own individual specifications. receptacle, allowing the sensor module project and program Examples are the new Zhaga Book 12 to be added later. And, perhaps most management, and finance. specification, which defines a family of significantly, the standardized interface six chip-on-board (COB) LED arrays, will allow the module to be easily Currently, he is Director of and the LED drivers, which are now upgraded in the field, adding new Standards at Philips Lighting, specified in Zhaga Book 13. intelligence and extending the useful focussing on strategy and life of the luminaire. governance in industry The newest Zhaga specification, which is still at the proposal stage, The new proposal aligns with Zhaga’s alliances. Along side of his continues this trend towards central goal of simplifying the design position in the Zhaga interchangeability, and is directly and manufacturing of LED luminaires. Consortium, Dee is a related to smart lighting. It will The use of a standardized connector member of the executive enable interchangeability of sensing/ interface can reduce the design effort communication modules that are used for the luminaire maker while enabling a team, treasurer and chair of to control LED luminaires for outdoor broad choice of modules from different the Finance Committee lighting applications. sources, according to the requirements of the ZigBee Alliance; of the application. Technical Working Group In the outdoor lighting market, the industry is seeing a transition to Going forward, Zhaga will continue to Chair of the Fairhair Alliance; LED-based light sources in parallel respond to requests from its members and non-executive member with a demand for smart lighting and the wider lighting community, of the Board of the enabled by connectivity and control. and will investigate areas where component Philips Pension Fund. This type of functionality can standardization is the smart option. D.D.

NEWS PRODUCTS 10

Toyoda Gosei Develops thermosetting plastics to provide high Lumileds also attributes its industry leading High Efficiency LED reliability while maintaining a superior performance to its low thermal resistance gas barrier. substrate, which is up to 4X lower than other for Lighting commercial products. The lowest thermal Toyoda Gosei has developed a new LED Samples of the 200 lm/W package have resistance enables smaller heat sinks and package for lighting that produces up to been available since March. Additionally, optics, delivering lower system cost. 100% of 200 lumens per watt (lm/W), while Toyoda Gosei will release a 185 lm/W Luxeon CoB Core Range (Gen 3) arrays are maintaining color fidelity. The LED package package that is cost competitive. Further hot tested at 85°C to ensure performance in is designed for general lighting applications, development of an even higher efficiency real world operating conditions and to such as bulbs, tubes, downlights, and ceiling package is planned for the fall of 2016. minimize additional testing. lights. This new package gives our clients cost-effective alternatives to fluorescent For ease of upgrade, the Luxeon CoB Core and lower CRI (Color Rendering Index) LED Range (Gen 3) products are fully compatible products and can help reduce overall Lumileds Launches with the Luxeon CoB Gen 1 and Gen 2 arrays. energy consumption. Gen 3 Luxeon The company’s ecosystem of compatible CoB Core Range drivers, optics and holders help speed the time-to-market of all directional lamps. Lumileds introduced its third generation of CoB arrays, the Luxeon Core Range (Gen 3), extending its market leadership in the CoB space with a breakthrough in efficacy. LED Engin Doubles the With the Luxeon CoB Core Range (Gen 3), Flux Density from tiny luminaire designers can enjoy 10% higher RGBW Emitters efficacy at constant flux compared to previous generations. LED Engin, Inc. has launched a new 4-die, high current, RGBW flat lens LED emitter that sets a new standard for best-in-class flux density in stage, entertainment and Toyoda Gosei's new 3030 LEDs will be architectural lighting. The LZ4-04MDPB available in two versions, one high emitter delivers more than twice the light performance 200 lm/W version, and one more cost optimized 185 lm/W version output of the company’s previous version because each individually addressable green, blue and white die can be driven at Product Summary: up to 3 amps and the red die up to 2.5 amps from the same 2.15 x 2.15 mm light emitting Name TG White 30 H TG White 30 E Achieving significant improvements in surface as its predecessor. It produces Package type 3030 3030 efficacy, the Luxeon Core Range (Gen 3) everything from tungsten-effect white light to arrays provide the industry’s best CoB a full spectrum of brilliant colors in fixtures Size (mm) 3.0x3.0x0.65 3.0x3.0x0.65 performance with efficacy reaching more such as moving heads with zoom optics, than 160 lm/W No. of dice 2 1 directional effect lighting and wall washes. Efficiency (5000 K, 200 lm/W 185 lm/W CRI 80+, All Luxeon CoB developments are If = 65 mA) engineered to produce the highest flux with Start of the smallest light emitting surface (LES). sample March 2016 “This performance upgrade is the result of shipments significant improvements in both die Planned start of mass April 2016 development and our industry-leading production phosphor solutions that give us industry Use Lighting leading performance,” said Eric Senders, Product Line Director for the Luxeon CoB Family. The Gen 3 Luxeon CoB upgrade LED Engin' s new LZ4-04MDPB emitters set a new standard for industry-leading The new package is a surface mount LED spans the company’s full range of products performance narrow-beam stage and component that combines blue LED die from the smallest LES of 6.5 mm (Luxeon architectural lighting made twice as bright with phosphors. Toyoda Gosei achieved CoB 1202s), which delivers cost effective without increasing fixture size this increase in efficiency, as compared to spotlights, to an LES of 23 mm (Luxeon CoB its prior LED package, through improvements 1216), for efficient replacement of 100-150 W The tiny emitter, which has a 7 x 7 mm to both die and package materials. HIDs in indoor or outdoor applications. footprint, rapidly and effectively dissipates up The package combines high efficiency, The Luxeon CoB Core Range is offered over to 40 watts thanks to a thinner, 4-channel, low thermal resistance to enhance the the widest range of color temperatures multilayer ceramic substrate which cuts performance of the LED, and uses (2200 K to 5700 K) and CRIs (70, 80 or 90). thermal resistance to just 0.9 °C/W.

NEWS PRODUCTS 12

It has a lower profile substrate and thinner The Duet series represents Flip Chip Opto’s “To date, we have achieved outstanding flat glass lens than the previous version. horticultural solution to the Flip Chip COB performance in all of our mid-power LED Secondary optics can therefore be market. Duet 2400 features 4 independent packages,” said Jaewook Kwon, Vice positioned closer to the surface, maximizing illuminating sections with customizable light President of Lighting Marketing Group, coupling efficiency to deliver powerful, spectrums; the standard product line will run LED Business Team at Samsung Electronics. punchy illumination from fixtures with tightly a peak of 450 nm of royal blue, and 660 nm “By offering premium light quality to a controlled beam widths down to 4 degrees. of broadband red. The two different light greater number of customers with our Fixture designers can adopt the same spectrums compliment the peak absorption LM561B+ LED packages, we are able to secondary lenses and optical design used rates of chlorophyll in most plant organisms. now provide superior performance on a with existing LED Engin flat top RGBW The Duet series also allows the substitution much wider scale.” emitters, providing the lenses are rated for of other light spectrums for applications with the increased temperatures that result from plant organisms that do not absorb 450 nm Since 2013, Samsung has been introducing higher power operation. or 660 nm spectrums. high-performance mid-power LED packages such as the LM561 series for indoor lighting The breakthrough performance of the Duet 2400 is unique due to its thermal applications including LED Lamps, L-Tubes, LZ4-04MDPB emitter has been achieved by properties; allowing designers to reduce the ambient lighting and downlights. Its latest developing a thinner, 4-channel, multilayer form factor of their cooling solutions while LM561 LED packages – the LM561B+ and ceramic substrate. This facilitates better heat maximizing output. It is ideal for extreme LM561C – provide 190 lm/W and 200 lm/W dissipation, allowing each die to be driven to applications such as greenhouses, of light efficacy respectively, an industry- a higher current without compromising commercial grow facilities, indoor farming, leading performance level. Later this year, reliability or operating life. supplemental tree lighting, and other Samsung will also extend its offering of applications which require high powered, 3-step MacAdam ellipse bins and quarter LED Engin CEO, David Tahmassebi, said, energy efficient LED grow lighting. bins for the LM561C across all CCT levels. “Once again, we’ve advanced our proprietary technologies to deliver exactly what In addition, for its high color rendering customers in these demanding lighting LM561B+ packages with over 90 CRI, applications have asked us for: ever higher Samsung Mid-Power Samsung plans to apply advanced phosphor light output without increasing the emitter LED Series, LM561B+, control technology, which will lead to size. Most importantly, we’ve done so in a for Superior Performance approximately 15% higher flux performance. way that ensures sustained performance and long-term reliability.” and CRI 90+ Samsung is also strengthening its product Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., a world certification program around the globe. leader in advanced components, Through cooperative relationships with announced that LM561B+, the company’s recognized certification companies, Flip Chip Opto - new mid-power LED package line-up with Samsung is working to help minimize any Special Horticulture high light efficacy, is now offered with 3-step difficulties that customers could encounter Flip Chip COB MacAdam ellipse bins and quarter bins due to varying certification requirements for across the range of all CCTs (from 2700 K lighting quality, safety and power efficiency. Flip Chip Opto releases a first-in-class 2400 to 6500 K), for use in premium luminaires. The partnerships reduce the time to market and watt high powered horticultural flip chip By leveraging the chromaticity control have a positive impact on overall costs. COB. This COB is part of their new Duet standard with the LM561B+, manufacturers series geared towards the grow light industry will be able to make lighting products that based on the company’s 3-PAD Pillar Metal deliver greater uniformity and consistency in Core Printed Circuit Board technology. light color without any visible difference in Cree Expands XQ LED This technology allows a breakthrough in the color output between packages. Family to Deliver Lower high powered horticultural flip chip LEDs, System Cost reducing junction temperatures to 0.003˚C/W on Duet 2400 at a max. power of 2433 watts. Cree, Inc. expands its industry-leading portfolio of lighting-class LEDs with the addition of the XLamp® XQ-A LED to the XQ LED family. The compact, ceramic-based XQ-A enables lighting manufacturers to quickly and cost-effectively expand their product portfolios by leveraging an LED design that is similar to that of the proven and reliable XQ-E. With a broad range of color options and optical symmetry, Samsung's new phosphor control technology the XQ-A LED is the smallest LED building leads to approximately 15 percent higher flux Flip Chip Opto's Duet 2400 features 4 while providing CRI 90+ in their latest LM561 block available for designs that use white independent 608 watt illuminating sections LED packages and color LEDs.

According to Cree, the XQ-A LED is the smallest LED building block available for designs that use white and color LEDs

“Unlike mid-power color LEDs, the compact, ceramic-based XQ-A LED will allow us to put two, three or even four LEDs under our new silicone lens technology where we could only use one LED before. This generates more light for industrial applications without compromising lifetime,” said Matt Pinter, co-founder and lead design engineer for Smart Vision Lights.

The ceramic XQ-A LED delivers lighting-class reliability, quality and long-life performance comparable to Cree’s other ceramic high- power LEDs such as the high performing XP and XT. The new LEDs leverage the proven XQ platform to provide optical symmetry, consistency across all colors and tiny 1.6 mm footprint to improve color mixing and simplify the production process.

“The ceramic-based XQ-A LED family allows designers to offer high quality solutions that do not compromise lifetime or affordability,” said Dave Emerson, Vice President and General Manager for Cree LEDs.

The XQ-A delivers up to 89 lumens and is characterized at 85°C. It is available in white color temperatures ranging from 2700 K to 6200 K and CRI options of 70, 80 and 90. The LED is also available in red, red-orange, PC amber, green, blue and royal blue.

costs in low-level light applications. They are T8 and T5HO (high output) tubes and are available in various color temperatures, from suitable for high-flux LED luminaires covering 2200 K to 6500 K with a minimum 80 CRI, up to 40,000 lm (luminous flux*). and are dimmable (Triac compatible).

Features: • Direct AC connection - no external power supply required • 2200 K to 6500 K CCT • 80 CRI minimum • Small size reduces fixture cost • Triac compatible (dimming) • On-board thermal management - prevents overheating Samsung's inFlux Linear LED modules allow a • Designed to meet Energy Star replacement of FL tubes for luminaires requirements for certification covering up to 40,000 lm • UL Recognized Component; File No. E362275 “By providing a wide variety of installation • Conformal coating available layout options and brightness intensities, our new inFlux linear module will deliver The new light engines are designed to greater design flexibility and convenience integrate easily into new and existing fixtures for lighting designers, as well as high in a wide range of general lighting applications. performance and reliability for fixture They feature embedded circuitry that manufacturers,” said Jaewook Kwon, provides optimum power to the LEDs while Vice President, Lighting Marketing Group, regulating the temperature to prevent LED Business Team, Samsung Electronics. over-heating and ensure long lifetimes. The “We will continue to reinforce our well- light engines connect directly to the mains differentiated LED lighting engine lineups to power (110-130 VAC), eliminating external be able to meet more diverse market needs.” drivers and reducing system costs. The inFlux LED module incorporates the “We have spent the last decade developing company’s mid-power LED package, custom lighting solutions for many well- which features advanced “flip chip” Illumination Devices - known lighting manufacturers. We have technology that enables a shorter junction- LE-Hx Standard Line of learned what works and have innovated to to-base distance and less thermal barrier LED Light Engines build solutions that solve the most common layers in each package, while avoiding the manufacturing challenges,” said Josh need for metal wire bonding. This leads to a Illumination Devices, innovator and manufacturer Niebling, president of Illumination Devices. lower thermal resistance of the packages, of high performance LED light engine “Our new LE-Hx light engines are already and permits each package to handle a wide technology, has announced the immediate proven in the field. With these light engines, range of currents with improved light efficacy. availability of its new LE-Hx standard range our customers can benefit from years of Fully embracing the flip chip LED approach, of light engines. The LED technology is focused research and development.” the new inFlux modules can provide better designed to facilitate lighting manufacturer’s light performance, wider current alternatives assembly for a wide range of applications. The new LE-Hx line of standard light engines and much lower heat resistance than is supported with a 5 year warranty. modules using a conventional epi-up chip package. High-efficacy mid-power packages bring additional benefits to customers, compared to using high-power packages. Samsung Launches Mid-power packages can be placed more inFlux Linear LED densely than high-power packages, which Modules for High-flux results in minimizing light deviation and increasing light uniformity of the inFlux Industrial Lighting module lineup. By utilizing a mid-power Samsung Electronics, a world leader in package, the inFlux lineup also brings cost Illumination Devices' new miniature series advanced components, introduced inFlux, benefits to manufacturers. reduces system costs in a wide range of a new lineup of high-flux (extremely bright), general lighting applications linear LED modules optimized for industrial Samsung inFlux modules are available in lighting applications such as plants, parking six product types. Each type comes in a The LE-Hx line is a series of three miniature lots and warehouses. The LED modules different flux range between 1,310 lm and AC light engines designed to reduce system serve as a replacement for conventional 9,380 lm with a length option, either 280 mm

or 560 mm, and offers several CCT color VLSL12A03-3Q3T-50A are serially connected “LUXEON XR-M incorporates LUXEON M, variations, including 3000, 3500, 4000 and on an aluminum metal-core, single-side PCB one of our most efficient and top selling, 5000 K. These product alternatives will offer measuring 161 by 50 by 2 mm and featuring high power LEDs. The boards can be lighting fixture makers more design flexibility a shiny white surface. To allow for a variety of connected in parallel or series for driver in addressing a wide variety of application emission patterns, this layout is compatible design flexibility, and the wide variety of requirements. Through a combination of with LEDiL 2 x 2 STRADA and High Bay lens options means designers have multiple different module types, LED fixture quadruple lenses. turnkey options to release a full range manufacturers can vary their lamp flux of luminaires much faster to market,” from 6000lm to 40,000lm. Based on InGaN (indium gallium nitride) said Andrew Cohen, Product Manager of technology, the VLSL12A03-3Q3T-50A the Matrix Platform at Lumileds. The Samsung inFlux modules have been UL/ provides a maximum current of 1500 mA, cUL certified (U.S.), as well as CE and ENEC color temperature from 4700 K to 5500 K, The LUXEON XR-M achieves excellent certified (Europe), and carry a 10-year warranty. power dissipation of 55 W, and forward efficacy at the board level of 140 lm/W at voltage from 33.6 V to 40.8 V at 1 A. 4000 K, 70 CRI, Tc = 85°C and 700 mA drive Samsung also makes it easier for fixture The LED module offers an angle of half current. Using constant pitch between the makers to take their lighting products intensity of ± 60° and luminous flux binning. LEDs and PCBs, combining multiple through industry certification processes, RoHS-compliant, halogen-free, and Vishay LUXEON XR-M modules achieves the most thanks to cooperative relationships that Green, the device provides ESD withstand uniform, distributed light patterns. Samsung LED has established with voltage up to 2 kV in accordance with recognized certification companies. JESD22-A114-B. Each LUXEON XR-M module provides 3,300 to 5,500 lumens and is available in color Samples and production quantities of the temperatures of 4000 K, 5000 K and 5700 K VLSL12A03-3Q3T-50A are available now. with a minimum CRI of 70. This new product Vishay Intertechnology - Design engineers may request samples is part of the Lumileds Matrix Platform of New High-Brightness by sending an email to [email protected]. infinitely configurable LED boards, linear flex LED Module Lead time for production quantities is six and modules featuring LUXEON LEDs. The to eight weeks. Pricing for U.S. delivery is Matrix Platform comes in both off-the-shelf Vishay Intertechnology, Inc. introduced a $22 per piece. and built-to-spec options, offering a virtually new metal-core-based cool white LED power limitless range of solutions module featuring 12 high-brightness LEDs for any application. with high luminous flux of 4000 lm each at 1 A. To simplify designs and manufacturing Lumileds Introduces processes, the Vishay Semiconductors LUXEON XR-M to Wacker Launches New VLSL12A03-3Q3T-50A can be combined Accelerate Outdoor with off-the-shelf LEDiL quadruple lenses, Fixture Design High-Refractive-Index while its integrated small thermal sensor Silicones for LEDs (NTCS0603E347JHT) and fourfold plug-in Designed specifically as a turnkey solution connector (87438-0443) eliminate the need for outdoor LED fixtures, Lumileds introduces Wacker, the Munich-based chemical for additional soldering. the LUXEON XR-M line of Matrix Platform company, has developed new encapsulants solutions. These versatile building blocks for light emitting diodes (LED) and optical integrate 3, 4 or 5 LUXEON M LEDs on a components. The compounds are made of metal core PCB, providing a platform that highly transparent silicone elastomers with enables fixture manufacturers to accelerate a high refractive index. their design of streetlights, high bay and low bay luminaires.

Compatible with LEDiL quadruple lenses, the device's integrated thermal sensor and fourfold plug-in connector eliminate the need for additional soldering. Vishay Intertechnology's High-Brightness LED module simpLi-Fies designs and the manufacturing processes

Optimized for illumination in internal building Using the industry-leading LUXEON M, Wacker presents two new HRI silicones LUXEON XR-M can be combined with standard for encapsulating high-performance LEDs. lighting, street lighting, tunnel lights, industrial lenses, lens plates and easily-mounted drivers The encapsulants stand out due to their high lighting, and general lighting applications, the to provide the industry’s simplest LED solution refractive index, excellent transparency and 12 LM80-certified LEDs of the for streetlights and high/low bay fixtures yet low gas permeability

The products withstand high operating LED chip that can pass through the of the mix of 2,000 and 2,500 mPa*s temperatures and strong light radiation encapsulation, the refractive index respectively, they enable efficient, cost- without yellowing. That makes them ideal for of the chip and encapsulant must be roughly effective processing. Both products are manufacturing LEDs with high light efficiency. the same value. Thanks to their refractive suitable for encapsulating the LED chip via They also protect the LED chip against index of 1.53, Lumisil® 590 and Lumisil® contact-free dispensing processes. Lumisil® corrosive gases, which greatly extends the 591 make LEDs highly efficient. What’s more, 590 and Lumisil® 591 form cured rubber component’s service life. The silicone the highly transparent silicones are almost grades of varying hardness. With a hardness encapsulation compounds can be processed completely transparent for light in the visible of Shore A 65, Lumisil® 590 is relatively soft, in industrial metering processes such as spectral range (approx. 400 to 700 nm) and whereas Lumisil® 591 is formulated to be dispensing. do not yellow even when radiation is significantly harder at Shore D 40. extremely intense. Transmission tests with Lumisil® 590 and Lumisil® 591 are highly Lumisil® 590 show that a one-millimeter- Lumisil®: transparent, addition curing silicone thick layer lets over 91% of visible light through. The Lumisil® product line comprises optical elastomers with a refractive index of 1.53, high-performance silicones with high which means they rank among the high- Lumisil® 590 and Lumisil® 591 protect the photostability that offer cost-effective refractive-index (HRI) encapsulants. LED chip reliably against environmental production for LED manufacturers with high Such grades are particularly suitable for influences. Corrosive gases such as hydrogen requirements. They protect the LED chip manufacturing highly efficient LEDs. sulfide can damage the LED chip and reduce reliably against environmental influences and The HRI silicone protects the sensitive its performance. Tests show that LED chips thereby extend its service life. LED chip against mechanical influences encapsulated with Lumisil® 590/591 are and corrosive gases. At the same time, protected against such damage longer and Wacker offers highly transparent silicones for the silicone’s high refractive index enables have a prolonged service life. applications with a high (HRI) and normal optimum light efficiency. (NRI) refractive index. For NRI applications, The new HRI silicones are easy to process, Wacker offers a wide range of products with Semiconductor chips used to generate light heat-resistant and absolutely tack-free after easy workability in conventional processes in LEDs have a high refractive index. To curing. They also exhibit optimized flow and such as encapsulation, mold-making and maximize the amount of light emitted by the crosslinking characteristics. With a viscosity injection molding.

MechaTronix Launches The CoolBay® comes in 2 power platforms, capacitors of the driver experience an Patented High Bay The CoolBay® Giga up to 22,000 lumen in a ambient temperature between 50°C diameter of 152 mm and the CoolBay® Tera and 60°C. The CoolBay® comes with Coolers Up To 35,000 lm up to 35,000 lumen in a diameter of 192 specific mounting options so that the While LED manufacturers are bringing more mm. These sizes are specifically chosen to driver sits remote from the led cooler, and more high power COBs to the market match the design with the diameter of the what easily drops the driver temperature like Lumileds COB 1216, Citizen’s CLU550, round high bay coolers from Mean Well, with 10 degrees. Cree’s CXB3590 and Bridgelux’s Vero 29, the HBG series. MechaTronix announces their new CoolBay® high bay cooler program. The CoolBay® is a The extreme high conductivity of the passive round cooler based on the patented CoolTube® in the center of the cooler IST's iDrive® is Leading CoolTube® quadruple closed-loop heat pipe transports away the heat loss from high the Li-Fi Revolution structure, which makes it the most compact power density COB LED engines and is design on the market cooling down with designed in this way, so that it can be used The iDrive R&D team have developed a approx. 35,000 lumen. in any orientation, which, in addition to high VLC technology platform to facilitate the bay developments, use the cooler for mass adoption of Li-Fi, which will be industrial lighting applications like high available to all developers and end-users. power flood lights or high mast lights. Li-Fi or Visible Light Communication (VLC) is an enabling technology providing a means With this new platform MechaTronix went of transmitting information using LED light further than keeping the LED dies at the fixtures by modulating their light at a correct temperature. In many high bay frequency too high to be perceptible to designs the lifetime of the LED array might the human eye. The advent of Li-Fi and be thermally well designed, but the drivers VLC is hugely exciting because of the high used in these applications are mostly data transfer rates that can be achieved Two CoolBay® platforms are available for up integrated on top of the cooler in an IP67 and the fact that LED lighting is a huge to 22,000 lm and 35,000 lm respectively box, what causes that the electrolytical growth market.

driver stage to allow integration of Li-Fi and share their phones' GPS location with ensure compatibility with the new ArtVLC VLC-enabled lighting to better navigate the standard. The iDrive® team have, with the aisles or find special offers. All of these help of a UK Government Knowledge applications can be enabled with very little Transfer Partnership (KTP) research cost and the simple development of apps programme, developed a low-cost Li-Fi that use sensing technology within mobile output stage with a team from the University phones or tablets, thus opening up the of Wolverhampton, which extends the hybrid technology to new markets. driver technology developed and patented by The new hybrid Li-Fi enabled LED driver IST back in 2010. The new Hybrid Li-Fi enabled LED driver output stages will introduced to the entire output stages will be introduced to the entire iDrive® product range that allows setups The latest iteration of the hybrid output iDrive® product range in fall 2016. like this one stage offers a breakthrough in price and performance, with features such as: Finally, the iDrive® team have created a Although Li-Fi solutions have recently been flexible approach to licensing the new output trailed by a couple of the world’s largest • Increased reliability of LED drivers by stage technology, with cost competitive lighting companies, the systems are based employing long-life, high temperature frameworks to encourage all companies that around proprietary technologies, which are ceramic capacitors instead of the do not have the same R&D expertise to closed to a wide community of developers degradation issues commonly associated accelerate their Li-Fi application offerings and end-users and are prohibitively with the use of the electrolytic capacitors to market. expensive, thus reducing their attractiveness found in most LED drivers and scalability. • Meets all healthy lighting requirements Commenting on IST’s latest development, through the patented adoption of high Dr. Nina Archenhold explained, “We have The iDrive® team set out to resolve the frequency anti-flicker technology, even worked on many iDrive® technologies over issues holding back Li-Fi from being totally when lights are dimmed to levels of 1% the last 17 years and the technology platform ubiquitous by taking a three-stage approach: • Removal of digital “flicker” during dimming we are announcing is a culmination of all at low levels, which is caused by poor these research efforts. The latest hybrid • Help create an open standard control dimming resolution of incumbent LED LED technology was designed to disrupt protocol that can be used by the industry driver output stages the LED driver market and address all to send information within a VLC or Li-Fi • Includes advanced algorithms to allow LED end-user concerns, from lifetime to dimming system driver dimming to mimic traditional light capabilities, and obviously create a driver • Build a low-cost Li-Fi enabled LED driver sources, such as halogen and that is fit for the Internet of Things (IoT)." platform to ease deployment and reduce incandescents, to improve ambient lighting R&D expenditure for companies wishing to • Overcomes intellectual property issues Through support from the UK Government deploy Li-Fi solutions with traditional pulsed dimming modulation and the University of Wolverhampton • Create an innovative licensing support • The ability to choose the most Engineering department, the latest iteration programme to take advantage of IST’s appropriate dimming modulation of IST's hybrid driver stages represents a granted worldwide patents scheme for the application paradigm shift for the industry by creating • Over 98% output driver stage efficiency to the world’s first software-defined LED driver The first objective was to create an open, increase lifetime and reduce the size of stage, configurable in real-time to allow worldwide standard control protocol that high power driver topologies different LED dimming and Li-Fi modulation could be universally adopted, so partnering • Enables a variety of cost effective Li-Fi schemes. Dr. Archenhold added, "Li-Fi is a with Wayne Howell, Art-Net inventor and solutions for smart data with parameters huge opportunity in smart lighting but we Artistic Licence CEO, was an obvious choice. defined by the ArtVLC standard wanted to make sure Li-Fi wasn’t restricted Art-Net is one of the most ubiquitous • Removes the chance of LED fixture to just large businesses, but available to ethernet-based lighting control protocols damage when hot-plugged anyone that has a great idea for a Li-Fi service." adopted today, which enables transmission • Super smooth time-independent dimming of DMX512 data in an open manner. (from seconds to days) with software Dr Archenhold stated further that, selectable forward currents of 1600 mA “The technical team have spent several The teams at Artistic Licence and iDrive® down to 20 uA (or a seep dimming ratio of years developing a cost effective Li-Fi have worked together to devise a standard over 81920:1) solution which is to be launched at method of controlling Li-Fi via Art-Net and 'The Next Step' lighting show in Japan in DMX512 (the newer sACN standard is also At lower Li-Fi speeds (defined as being March 2016, with our Japanese partners supported). Within the Art-Net specification, between 1 kHz to 50 KHz), Li-Fi has the huge providing a demonstration of the unique there is now a packet identified as ArtVLC, advantage of being compatible with existing driver solutions. I firmly believe this platform which can be used for both Art-Net and technology infrastructures. For example, the will become one of the most popular DMX512. LED display lighting in a museum could platforms to deploy Li-Fi solutions because transmit text information or video URLs it meets all the commercial, technical and Secondly, the iDrive® team needed to about the exhibits to visitors’ smart devices. user requirements.” finalise the design of its new LED output Customers in a large retail store could opt to

NEWS PRODUCTS 20

Tridonic TALEXXdriver TALEXXdriver Types: of the ready2mains programmer so there is PREMIUM OTD with • LCA 30W 250–700 mA one4all C PRE OTD no need for an additional communications • LCA 60 W 350-1050 mA one4all C PRE OTD interface. During production the ready2mains High Overvoltage • LCA 75 W 250-750 mA one4all C PRE OTD enables output currents to be set and tested, Protection • LCA 120 W 350-1050 mA one4all C PRE OTD and dimming commands to be defined. • LCA 160 W 350-1050 mA one4all C PRE OTD Integration in automated test processes is LED street lights and outdoor lights can be also possible. professionally dimmed with voltage-resistant Tridonic has extended its outdoor portfolio TALEXXdrivers in the PREMIUM OTD series with the addition of the TALEXXdriver Outdoors, ready2mains can be used to from Tridonic. These drivers for luminaire PREMIUM OTD series for professional program individual LED street lights, or entire installation offer impressive surge/burst dimmable LED lighting solutions in luminaires street runs can be programmed from the resistance of 10 kV and are extremely of protection classes I and II. The drivers are switching cabinet via the U6Me2 durable with a life of 100,000 hours. housed in a fully encapsulated enclosure and communication protocol with a high degree are particularly suitable for use in harsh of flexibility. The chronoSTEP 2 function, ambient conditions outdoors, providing which is also known as virtual midnight, reliable, flexible and cost-effective lighting offers additional energy savings. It takes into with a high level of efficiency. There are five account reduced traffic on the streets at different versions with different outputs and certain times during the night and enables variable output currents. the lighting to be programmed in eight individual dimming levels and times. All the versions are equipped with one4all (DALI DT6, DSI, corridorFUNCTION) and In accordance with their intended use ready2mains™/U6Me2 (chronoSTEP 2) outdoors, the drivers operate reliably in an interfaces. The drivers therefore have the extended temperature range from -40 to flexibility to meet different lighting +70°C. Standby mode is particularly Robustness and high 10 kV surge/burst resistance are the significant properties for requirements. Luminaires can be easily economical with a power draw of less Tridonic's new outdoor TALEXXdriver series configured via the power cable with the aid than 0.16 W.

CapXon's LE Series of At 105˚C ambient temperatures, the capacitors Electrolytic Capacitors have lifetimes of 12,000 hours for 6.3 x 11 mm, 8 x 9 mm and 10 x 9 mm case sizes, 15,000 Provide Ultra-Long Life hours for 8 x 11.5 mm and 10 x 12.5 mm and CapXon introduces the LE series of 20,000 hours for case sizes 10 x 16 mm or electrolytic capacitors providing high larger. The radial mount series is available in reliability and ultra-long life in LED lighting industry standard capacitance values applications. Available in the UK from ranging from 1 to 68 µF, with rated voltages Components Bureau, the products operate of 160 V, 200 V, 250 V, 400 V and 450 V DC. over an extended temperature range of -40 Ripple current ratings of up to 1300 mA Power Integrations' flexible LYTSwitch-5 to +105˚C making them suitable for LED (rms at 105˚C at 100 KHz) are available, and platform delivers high PF, low THD and highly drivers powering outdoor lighting applications. maximum low temperature impedance ratios accurate constant-current regulation This series offers a longer life alternative to range from 8 to 12 depending upon the the FL series used in electronic lighting capacitor voltage rating. Solid-state lighting applications have highly ballasts and energy-saving luminaires. variable driver requirements, and power engineers are often challenged to develop optimized designs quickly in response PI's New LYTSwitch-5 to requests from lighting designers. ICs Support Multiple The LYTSwitch-5 family supports the LED Driver Topologies safety-rated isolated flyback topology for ballast applications, and non-isolated Power Integrations, the leader in high- topologies such as buck and buck-boost efficiency, high-reliability LED driver ICs, for low-cost lamps and bulbs. Additionally, announced its LYTSwitch™-5 single-stage a choice of low-side or high-side switching LED driver IC family. LYTSwitch-5 devices enables designers to optimize for low EMI CapXon's LE Series of electrolytic capacitors combine PFC and constant-current output, or for reduced inductor complexity. is specified at 105˚C ambient temperature and support multiple LED driver topologies. By achieving over 90% efficiency, 0.9 PF,

less than 5% THD and +/-3% current regulation a lower price point by eliminating the LED The ready2mains programmer enables accuracy over line, load, production variance, indicator included on regular FSP3 models. luminaires to be configured, controlled and temperature and multiple topologies, dimmed via the mains. All that is required is a LYTSwitch-5 is the best LED driver for ready2mains interface in the relevant driver. solid-state lighting applications below 25 W. The programmer uses simple phase control for digital command transmission. The high efficiency of LYTSwitch-5 LED Configuration commands are transmitted in driver designs results in smaller heatsinks, this way, such as the required output current more compact implementations and of the LED Driver or a virtual midnight increased lifetime. Highly accurate CC function for LED street lights. The current regulation reduces the degree of overdesign can be configured in 1 mA steps to achieve required to guarantee compliance to lumen the precise illuminance needed. Up to five output standards from regulatory bodies drivers (maximum of 400 W) can be such as the California Energy Commission configured in parallel. ready2mains TRP's new NI models are available for both (CEC) and ENERGY STAR®. 650 V and 277 V and 480 V circuits technology supports dimmable devices 725 V MOSFET options are available to in the Premium and Premium Outdoor optimize surge-withstand performance TALEXXdriver series and also switchable for a variety of product types and TRP's new NI models are available for both devices in the Excite series. geographical installations. 277 V and 480 V circuits. The patent-pending FSP3 series is UL1449 Recognized and Luminaire manufacturers can benefit from Hubertus Notohamiprodjo, Product Marketing CE certified. using the programmer at the production Director at Power Integrations said, stage because automated configuration of “LYTSwitch-5 ICs suit multiple applications TRP's popular Surge Protectors provide the luminaires via the mains will save time including tubes, down-lights, high- and an extra level protection for LED luminaires and costs. User-defined configuration low-bay ballasts. The simple designs and from dangerous power line transients in scripts reduce the risk of errors considerably low component count enabled by these commercial applications. Avoid costly compared with manual entry. new ICs result in compact, reliable, problems in 24/7 outdoor applications, With ready2mains it is possible to high-performance driver circuits and a including street lighting, big-box retail, incorporate programming functionality in platform-based design approach with warehouses, parking garages, existing production lines with a high degree increased manufacturing throughput.” and transportation facilities. of flexibility. And for simple integration in automated test procedures there is a USB LYTSwitch-5 LED driver ICs offer up to 25 W, interface with appropriate software drivers. an extended universal input range and wide output voltage range (2:1). Protection Tridonic Introduces The ready2mains programmer works features include thermal foldback with ready2mains™ with different protocols – in addition to end-stop shutdown, short-circuit protection, Programmer for ready2mains, it will work with DALI and with input and output OVP, overcurrent protection the proprietary U6Me2 for the outdoor and safe brown-in and brown-out. Configuration Via Mains sector. If required, manual programming via With the ready2mains™ programmer, the integrated keypad is also possible. information such as configuration parameters can be quickly transmitted via the mains Additional energy savings can be achieved Thomas Research cabling to the LED drivers of indoor and for outdoor and street lighting by dimming Products Introduces outdoor luminaires. There is no need for an the lighting at quiet times during the night. New Lower Cost FSP3 additional communications interface or any The chronoSTEP2 function is used to record rewiring. Commands are transferred in the times when the appropriate lighting Surge Protectors digital format – simply via phase control. installation is switched on and off on three Thomas Research Products has introduced consecutive days – in most cases these are a lower cost version of its premium FSP3 the sunrise and sunset times. The average series Surge Protectors. These devices of these two reference points is then the protect LED luminaires from damaging virtual midnight, which is then used as the power line disturbances. Thomas Research reference point for reducing the lighting level. Products manufactures complete SSL Eight different lighting profiles with different power and control solutions for OEMs. times and brightnesses provide the flexibility for adapting to different local circumstances. The FSP3-NI series includes in-line fusing In addition to five predefined lighting profiles to shut down the luminaire when the there are three configurable profiles available capabilities of the surge protector have been which can be freely programmed via the exceeded. This not only protects the LED proprietary U6Me2 protocol. Individual street luminaire, it also demonstrates that the unit The ready2mains™ Programmer also supports lights can be controlled, or entire street runs needs to be replaced. These models achieve DALI and U6Me2 from the switching cabinet.

Code Mercenaries - LED-Warrior10 PWM LED Dimmer

LED-Warrior10 allows to control the LED brightness by a potentiometer, or one or two buttons. The high PWM frequency of 730 Hz guarantees a flicker-free operation. For button control, a power-on value and minimum value may be set.

Code Mercenaries' LED-Warrior10 is available as chip or module, for single or dual push button control or potentiometer control

Technical Specification: • PWM dimmer for LED • Dimming control by single or dual button or by potentiometer • Power-on brightness programmable • Minimum brightness programmable • Logarithmic curve for optimal dimming • PWM output at 730 Hz • PWM dimming from 0.1% to 100% • PWM power output up to 4 A • Available as module or DIL8/SOIC8 chip

Available as chip or module LED-Warrior10 is available as DIL8 or SOIC8 chip or as a ready-to- use module. The module (LW10-01MOD) can control LED drivers which have a PWM input or it can directly supply constant voltage LEDs with up to 4 A. LED strips, lamps, or modules working with a constant voltage in the range of 5.5 V to 40 V can be directly driven. A potentiometer may be soldered direct into the module.

AwoX SmartPEBBLE - Gesture Commands to Control Lighting

AwoX, a pure-player in connected objects and technology dedicated to Smart Homes, has expanded its ecosystem dedicated to intelligent lighting with the SmartPEBBLE: a revolutionary, wireless light switch based on intuitive hand gesture technology designed to control connected light bulbs without the use of a smartphone. Shake it to change from white light to color. Flip it to put lighting into sleep mode. Turn it to lighten or dim brightness of light. Discover our award winning innovation for the Smart Home category.

Designed by AwoX’s teams of engineers in France, the SmartPEBBLE introduces a real innovation in the way to control lighting at home. It comes in two parts: a switch in the form of a pebble and a wall plate.

The choice is yours: either leave the pebble Installation is done in seconds: leave it on on its wall plate, or carry it with you (battery your fridge with its fitted magnet, stick it to operated) throughout your home. the wall with the sticker included with the The SmartPEBBLE fits naturally into your wall plate, or simply screw it to the wall. hand, and its use is intuitive. It’s a new way of controlling light at home that is Product activation cannot be simpler: plug in both easy and fun. all the products you wish to control from our range of connected objects shown below, and turn off other electronics. Then simply remove the plastic battery tab located at the back of the SmartPEBBLE; the light bulbs TRP's TCM models are available as ZigBee HA automatically connect to the switch. and standard RF model versions

This new generation light switch is completely The TCM series of control modules are independent. There is no need for a designed for use with LED luminaires powered smartphone or a WiFi bridge. by TRP's LED drivers. These devices provide wireless ON/OFF with full 0-10 V dimming The SmartPEBBLE controls the entire AwoX control using standard protocols. These ecosystem and makes it possible to create 2 modules also store the last dim setting when groups of up to 8 light bulbs for simultaneous powered off. They are designed to operate control of different products and instantly fixtures on 100-277 V circuits. changes mood lighting. The SmartPEBBLE AwoX's SmartPEBBLE comes with a simple allows for customizable mood lighting. Two TCM models are available. The ZigBee CR2450 battery for 1 to 2 years of autonomous battery life model is ZigBee HA certified for use with Using the latest technology in accelerometers input devices that utilize that standard. and gyroscopes, AwoX’s expertise in The RF model has an available RF cordless Among some of the possible commands hardware and software integration resulted in remote accessory for directly controlling on/ with SmartPEBBLE: a product with a natural user experience, off switching and dimming of up to 4 groups • Turn light bulbs off and on with a simple click both fluid and precise. The SmartPEBBLE of TCM controls. The small case design is • Turn the SmartPEBBLE to adjust brightness gesture control is completely customizable easily mounted in most luminaires. • Shake it to change from white lighting to through the SmartCONTROL application. brightly-colored mood lighting TRP's new controls provide simple OEM • Adjust the intensity of white or the shade options for energy saving requirements and of color by simply moving the pebble user comfort. "Easy installation" means these from left to right TRP Releases New modules don not require running new wires • Flip it to activate sleep mode Wireless Control or relay panels to configure. By utilizing open (progressively turn lighting off and on) Modules for LED Drivers standards, these controls give lighting • Double click to change to different manufacturers freedom from being bound groups of light bulbs Thomas Research Products has introduced to a proprietary system. a series of new Wireless Lighting Control With its elegant and discreet design, Modules designed for OEMs. Both ZigBee the SmartPEBBLE can blend into any and RF models are available for controlling decor wherever you need a light switch, LED Drivers. Thomas Research Products and without the fuss of electrical wiring manufactures complete SSL power and thanks to BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy). control solutions for OEMs.

Cree® XLamp® XQ-A LED: Lower System Cost in the Proven Ceramic XQ Package The XLamp XQ-A LED brings a mid-power, cost-effective option to the proven, compact ceramic XQ package, enabling lighting manufacturers to leverage a common XQ design. Unlike plastic mid-power LEDs, the ceramic-based XQ-A LEDs deliver long lifetimes. Available in white and color, the XQ-A LED delivers up to 89 lm at 85°C. Please visit www.cree.com/xlamp/xqa for more information on Cree® XLamp XQ-A LEDs.

NEWS RESEARCH 26

Cree Lab Announces output and power consumption levels at by Anvil using its patented stress relief IP Outstanding R&D LED no additional cost. The recently approved that enables growth of device quality silicon California Title 20 appliance standard for carbide on 100 mm diameter silicon wafers. Efficacy Combined with LED bulbs highlights the importance of this The process is readily migrated onto 150 mm Superior Color Quality type of performance without cost and diameter wafers and potentially beyond energy savings compromises. without modification and is, therefore, Cree, Inc. records another LED industry first suitable for large, industrial-scale applications. with the demonstration of a single high- Cree reports that the R&D LED performance Plessey has started to commercialise LEDs power LED delivering nearly 1,600 lumens at was measured at 1587 lumens at 350 mA produced in conventional (Hexagonal) GaN 134 lumens-per-watt (LPW) with similar color and junction temperature of 85°C, delivering grown 150 mm silicon wafers using IP quality as an incandescent light bulb. With 134 LPW with a CRI Ra > 90 and R9 > 90 originally developed at The University of this result, Cree achieved a breakthrough at 2700 K CCT. Cambridge. Anvil's high quality 3C-SiC on 25% increase in lumens per watt over Silicon technology, which is being developed production LEDs of similar color quality for SiC power devices, provides an effective under operating conditions found in substrate, to allow single phase cubic GaN real-world LED lighting applications. Plessey - Cubic GaN epitaxy growth and provides a process This important milestone coupled with Cree’s on 3C-SiC/Si LEDs to which is compatible with Plessey's GaN latest SC5 Technology™ platform will lead to Overcome Green Gap on Si device technology. LED systems with increased performance, lower cost and better light. Plessey, Anvil Semiconductors and the Keith Strickland, the CTO of Plessey University of Cambridge announced that they explained: "At Plessey we are constantly are working together to fabricate high striving to find novel technology that can efficiency LEDs in cubic GaN grown on enhance our LED products. The work that Anvil's 3C-SiC / Si substrates. Cubic GaN has previously been carried out at the has the potential to overcome the problems University of Cambridge in collaboration with caused in conventional LEDs by the strong Anvil Semiconductors has demonstrated that internal electric fields which impair carrier high quality cubic-GaN can be grown on recombination and contribute to efficiency large area Si substrates compatible with our droop. This is particularly true for green LEDs manufacturing process. This has opened up where the internal electric fields are stronger the possibility to develop green LEDs with A CCT of 2700 K with a CRI of 90+ and also an and are believed to cause a rapid reduction high efficiency that will allow us to R9 of 90+ are important properties to guarantee in efficiency at green wavelengths known as demonstrate a new generation of efficient incandescent-like illumination quality "the green gap". The availability of cubic GaN and controllable lighting products." from a readily commercializable process on “Today, advancing LED technology goes large diameter silicon wafers is as a key Professor Sir Colin Humphreys, Director of beyond just increasing LPW,” said John enabler for increasing the efficiency of green the Cambridge Centre for GaN, added, "The Edmond, Cree co-founder and director of LEDs and reducing the cost of LED lighting. properties of Cubic GaN have been explored advanced optoelectronics. “Cree is also before, but the challenges of growing this focused on improving spectral content and thermodynamically unstable crystal structure the efficacy of warmer color temperatures have limited its development. The high while pursuing tremendous opportunities to quality of Anvil's cubic SiC on Si substrates increase LPW at real-world operating and our experience of developing conditions. This R&D result continues Cree’s conventional GaN LED structures on large high power LED technology innovation and area wafers have enabled a breakthrough in provides a path to better lighting experiences material quality. This latest project will build at the lowest overall system cost.” on our ongoing collaboration with Plessey to deliver, for the first time, green LED devices Many of today’s LEDs that provide excellent Growth chamber for the growth of cubic GaN with efficiency approaching that in blue and light quality do so by compromising LED for highly efficient green LEDs, performed in a red LEDs." efficacy, resulting in lower system cooperation of Plessey, Anvil Semiconductors and the University of Cambridge performance or higher system cost. Jill Shaw, CEO of Anvil, added: "Our cubic Cree’s latest innovation demonstrates a SiC on Si has unlocked a route to large area no-compromise solution that enables The collaboration, which is partly funded by growth of cubic GaN. We are delighted to be high quality light at the lowest cost. As an Innovate UK under the £14m Energy Catalyst collaborating on this exciting project that example of what Cree’s technology could Programme, follows on from work by Anvil offers the possibility of exploiting our achieve, a current 60W LED replacement Semiconductors and the Cambridge Centre technology in high efficiency LEDs as well as lamp with average light quality (3000 K CCT for GaN at the University of Cambridge in our core low-cost, high-efficiency power & 80 CRI) could be upgraded to where they successfully grew cubic GaN electronics markets." incandescent-like light quality (2700 K CCT, on 3C-SiC on silicon wafers by MOCVD. 90+ CRI & 90+ R9) with the same light The underlying 3C-SiC layers were produced

Uncovering Oxygen’s Role in Enhancing Red Eu-Doped GaN LEDs

Oxygen is indispensable to animal and plant life, but its presence in the wrong places can feed a fire and cause iron to rust. Scientists are learning that, in the fabrication of solid state lighting devices, oxygen also plays a two-edged role. While oxygen can impede the effectiveness of gallium nitride (GaN), an enabling material for LEDs, small amounts of oxygen in some cases are needed to enhance the devices’ optical properties. GaN doped with europium (Eu), which could provide the red color in LEDs and other displays, is one such case.

A reconstructed atom probe tomography image (a) shows the europium (Eu) distribution of the delta structure (DS) samples with alternating 10-nanometer gallium nitride (GaN) layers and 4-nm GaN:Eu layers. A zoomed in view (b) of the DS sample structure aligns with a plot of the atomic percentage of Eu and oxygen as a function of space. The background signal of Eu is also indicated for reference

Last week, an international group of A comprehensive study group reported, but have not yet achieved researchers shed light on this seeming Gallium nitride, a hard and durable commercial viability, in part because of the contradiction and reported that the quantity semiconductor, is valued in solid state incompatibility of oxygen with GaN. and location of oxygen in GaN can be lighting because it emits light in the visible fine-tuned to improve the optical performance spectrum and because its wide band gap To overcome that hurdle, said Dierolf, the of Eu-doped GaN devices. The group makes GaN electronic devices more researchers decided that instead of growing includes researchers from Lehigh, powerful and energy-efficient than devices one thick, homogeneous layer of GaN:Eu Osaka University in Japan, the Instituto made of silicon and other semiconductors. they would grow several thinner layers of Superior Técnico in Portugal, the University alternating doped and undoped regions. of Mount Union in Ohio, and Oak Ridge The adverse effect of oxygen on GaN’s This approach, they found, utilizes the National Laboratory in Tennessee. properties has been much discussed in the relatively small amount of oxygen that is scientific literature, the researchers wrote in naturally present in GaN grown with organo- Writing in Scientific Reports, a Nature Scientific Reports, but oxygen’s influence on, metallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE), the publication, the group said that small and interaction with, RE dopants in GaN is common method of preparing GaN. quantities of oxygen promote the uniform less understood. incorporation of Eu into the crystal lattices “Instead of growing a thick layer of Eu-doped of GaN. The group also demonstrated a “The presence of oxygen in GaN,” the group GaN,” said Dierolf, “we grew a layer that method of uniformly incorporating Eu, wrote in their article, which was published alternated doped and undoped regions. which utilizes only the oxygen levels that online Jan. 4, “… is normally discussed Through the diffusion of the europium ion, are inevitably present in the GaN. with a purely negative connotation, oxygen from the undoped regions was Eu, a rare earth (RE) element, is added to where possible positive aspects of its utilized to incorporate the Eu into the GaN. GaN as a “dopant” to provide highly efficient influence are not considered. The europium then diffused into the red color emission, which is still a challenge undoped regions.” for GaN-based optoelectronic devices. “For the continued optimization of this material, the positive and negative roles of critical To determine the optimal amount of The devices’ ability to emit light is dependent defects, such as oxygen, need to be explored.” oxygen needed to circumvent the oxygen- on the relative homogeneity of Eu incorporation, GaN incompatibility, the researchers also said Volkmar Dierolf, professor and chair of The group used several imaging techniques, conducted experiments on GaN grown Lehigh’s physics department. including Rutherford Backscattering, with an Eu “precursor” containing oxygen Atomic Probe Tomography and Combined and on GaN intentionally doped with “Some details, such as why the oxygen is Excitation Emission Spectroscopy, to obtain argon-diluted oxygen. needed for Eu incorporation, are still unclear,” an atomic-level view of the diffusion and local said Dierolf. “But we have determined that concentrations of oxygen and Eu in the They found that the OMVPE- grown GaN the amount required is roughly 2% of the GaN crystal lattice. contained significantly less oxygen than amount of Eu ions. For every 100 Eu ions, the other samples. you need two oxygen atoms to facilitate Its investigation, the group wrote, the incorporation of Eu to GaN.” represented the “first comprehensive study “The concentration of this oxygen (in the of the critical role that oxygen has on Eu in OMVPE- grown GaN) is over two orders of “If the oxygen is not there, the Eu clusters up GaN.” The group chose to experiment with magnitude lower than those [concentrations] and does not incorporate. When the oxygen Eu-doped GaN (GaN:Eu), said Dierolf, found in the samples grown with the is present at about 2 percent, oxygen because europium emits bright light in the oxygen-containing Eu … precursor,” passivation takes place, allowing the Eu to red portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, the group wrote, “rendering the material incorporate into the GaN without clustering.” a promising quality given the difficulty compatible with current GaN-based devices.” scientists have encountered in realizing The article is titled “Utilization of native red LED light. “We have demonstrated that the oxygen oxygen in Eu(RE)-doped GaN for enabling concentration in GaN:Eu materials can be device compatibility in optoelectronic The group said its results “strongly indicate reduced to a device-compatible level. applications.” The lead author, Brandon that for single layers of GaN:Eu, significant Periodic optimization of the concentration Mitchell, received his Ph.D. from Lehigh in concentrations of oxygen are required to ratio between the normally occurring oxygen 2014 and is now an assistant professor of ensure uniform Eu incorporation and found in GaN and the Eu ions resulted in physics and astronomy at the University of favorable optical properties.” uniform Eu incorporation, without sacrificing Mount Union and a visiting professor at emission intensity.” Osaka University. “However, for the high performance and reliability of GaN-based devices, the minimization “These results appear to coincide with Coauthors of the article include Dierolf; of oxygen is essential. It is clear that these observations in other RE-doped GaN Yasufumi Fujiwara, a professor of materials two requirements are not mutually compatible.” materials. Adoption of the methods science at Osaka University; and Jonathan discussed in this article could have a D. Poplawsky, a research associate at Oak Preliminary LED devices containing a single profound influence on the future optimization Ridge National Laboratory who received 300-nanometer active GaN:Eu layer have of these systems as well as GaN:Eu.” his Ph.D. from Lehigh in 2012. been demonstrated in recent years, the

NEWS RESEARCH 30

The group plans next to grow GaN quantum Purdue University's School of Electrical and compact fluorescent and LED lighting, said well structures and determine if they enable Computer Engineering. "The way Bermel, who worked with researchers at the Eu to incorporate even more favorably and incandescent lights work is that you heat a Massachusetts Institute of Technology to effectively into GaN. Toward that end, Dierolf filament to a certain temperature and it emits develop the filter. and Nelson Tansu, professor of electrical and a broad band of light, but only about one in computer engineering and director of 20 photons or so is actually visible to the The selective filter designed and built by the Lehigh’s Center for Photonics and human eye; the other 19 photons are researchers allows the passage of visible Nanoelectronics, have been awarded a essentially just wasted as heat." photons but not infrared photons, which Collaborative Research Opportunity reflect back to the incandescent source and (CORE) grant from Lehigh. are essentially recycled.

The other coauthors of the Scientific Reports The efficiency of the new lighting source paper were D. Timmerman, W. Zhu, D. Lee, already approaches that of some fluorescent R. Wakamatsu, J. Takatsu, M. Matsuda, W. and LED bulbs, and could theoretically Guo, A. Koizumi, and Y. Fujiwara from Osaka approach 40%. - Today, advanced LEDs can University, and K. Lorenz and E. Alves from reach up to 29%. the Campus Tecnológico e Nuclear of the Instituto Superior Técnico in Bobadela. The filter also could have applications in The photograph (left) shows a new technology a new type of solar technology called that uses a special filter to improve the thermophotovoltaics, which could improve efficiency of incandescent lighting and could the efficiency of solar cells. The filter can be bring more efficient solar energy (MIT Image/ Innovation Could used to select only photons with energy Ognjen Ilic). Schematic diagram of a new type Bring More Efficient of filter (right) that could revive incandescent levels corresponding to the semiconductor Solar Cells, Revive lighting and make possible more efficient solar band gap of the material in the solar cell for electricity generation. The schematic shows maximally efficient conversion. Incandescent Lighting the technology from a front and side view. (Purdue University-MIT Image/Peter Bermel) Incandescent lighting could make a The researchers have performed both comeback with a new type of filter that detailed numerical simulations and laboratory "recycles" infrared photons and improves Now researchers have developed a potential experiments to confirm the findings. efficiency, an innovation that also could solution: a new type of filter to recycle However, some practical questions remain, enable solar cells to convert heat into wasted photons that is made out of such as the ultimate performance, thermal electricity more efficiently than conventional alternating layers of materials such as silicon stability and lifetime of the design. photovoltaic technology. dioxide and tantalum dioxide, each with thicknesses less than 1/100th that of a human The press release summarizes the results "The biggest disadvantage of incandescent hair. This approach could improve and expectations based on an article lighting has been a lack of energy efficiency,” incandescent lighting efficiency by 10 times, published on January 11th, 2016 in the Nature said Peter Bermel, an assistant professor in making it equally efficient than commercial Nanotechnology | Letter at Nature.com.

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FLS_Nichia_Ad_LED Pro.indd 1 2016-02-23 1:55 PM REGULATION NEWS REGULATORY COMPLIANCE UPDATE 32

TECHNICAL REGULATORY COMPLIANCE UPDATE (Part 1) Standard Segment Product (Certification) Region Technical Regulatory Compliance Information

Lighting Luminaires GB 7000.214- China Standard GB 7000.214-2015 Luminaires - Part 2-14 - Particular 2015 Requirements - Luminaires for Cold Cathode Tubular Discharge Lamps Energy (Neon Tubes) and Similar Equipment is approved and came into force on Efficiency 1 January 2016. This compulsory standard is harmonized to IEC 60598-2- 14:2009 establishing particular requirements for luminaires of cold cathode tubular discharge lamps and similar equipment, operating on a no-load rated output voltage from 1000 V to 10,000 V, used for indoor or outdoor general applications. The covered luminaires are those incorporating luminous- discharge tubes and supply units, of fixed or portable type, supplied by high, mains or extra low voltage (ELV) by transformers, inverters or converters. This is standard of Part 2-14 of the GB 7000 series on lighting standards.

Lighting Electric Lamps Energy Turkey The following changes are done to align Turkish energy labelling and Lighting Efficiency requirements with EU Regulation (EU) No 518/2014 which sets electronic Fixtures Resolution energy labelling and product information requirements for online sales using 9265 the internet. The dealers of Electric lamps and lighting fixtures must avail an electronic energy label and fiche with a new model identifier for their products starting from January 1, 2016. Whenever the product is offered for sale-purchase or hire through the internet, this electronic energy label and fiche must be shown. Detailed requirements on the information to be provided in this form on online selling are described in the new Annex which is added to all the base Communiques.

Lighting Self-ballasted Decree Egypt Decree 692/2015 from Egypt which was enacted on September 15, 2015 LED lamps 692/2015 approves several Egyptian national standards and makes their application mandatory which is coming into force on November 06, 2016. The standards include ES: 7773/2014 on Self allasted LED Lamps for general lighting services with supply voltages greater than 50 V, which are also its performance requirements.

Lighting LED Lamps Safety Taiwan Taiwanese Standard 15829:2015 describes the safety, test methods and Standard interchangeability requirements to be used to demonstrate compliance of 15829:2015 double-capped LED lamps with G5 and G13 caps. It is intended for replacing fluorescent lamps with the same caps which have a rated power less than 125 W and a rated voltage under 250 V. This standard was published by Taiwan’s Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection (BSMI) and entered into force on September 23, 2015

Electrical and Electric Lamps Energy Ukraine The resolution establishes requirements for the energy labelling of electrical Electronics and Lighting Efficiency lamps and fixtures including high-intensity discharge lamps, LED lamps, Fixtures Resolution incandescent bulbs and fluorescent tubes. It basically aims to provide No. 340, 2015 consumers with product information on energy consumption and, in turn, align Ukrainian legislation with that of the EU, in particular, Commission Delegated Regulation. -On May 27, 2015 the Ukrainian Cabinet of Ministers adopted the Resolution No. 340 and it has been in force since Dec 05, 2015

Electrical and Electrical and Energy China On November 11, 2015 China MIIT published the “Energy Efficiency Star Electronics Electronic Efficiency Certified Products List 2015”. The list contains 141 models of products which products Star are further distinguished into 13 categories for its acceptance in the Energy Notice No. 71, Efficiency Star Program. This voluntary program promotes high energy- 2015 efficient products like water heaters, clothes washers, LCD televisions, room air conditioning equipment, household refrigerators/freezers, transformers, electric motors, industrial equipment, welding equipment, boilers, air compressors, plastic injection machinery, fans, and pumps. The validation period for ’’Energy Star’’ label is 2 years for consumer products and 3 years for industrial equipment.

REGULATION NEWS REGULATORY COMPLIANCE UPDATE 34

TECHNICAL REGULATORY COMPLIANCE UPDATE (Part 2) Standard Segment Product (Certification) Region Technical Regulatory Compliance Information

Lighting All lighting Energy Worldwide The new edition of the EN/IEC 62493:2015 for EMF for lighting products was products Efficiency revised to make the use and application of the standard easier. ErP Some important changes to previous edition of the standard are: cl. 4.2: Removal of the need for CISPR-15-compliance as a prerequisite for IEC 62493 compliance; cl. 4.2.2, Annex H: Identification of lighting product types deemed to comply with the standard without the need for test; cl. 4.3, cl. 7, Annex I: Inclusion of compliance demonstration method for products having intentional radiators; cl. 5, cl. 6: Adding some guidance to the Van der Hoofden test head method to improve reproducibility of results

Lighting Electronic lamp IEC / EN Worldwide This International Standard provides general and safety requirements for control gear 62733:2015 programmable components used in products covered by IEC / EN 61347. with The requirements of this standard are only applicable to the programmable programmable components in the electronic lamp control gear. A risk assessment shall be components done to determine which parts of this standard are applicable. If the risk assessment shows that the used software built in, to prevent the control gear from becoming unsafe, has a risk above the tolerable risk, then this standard is mandatory. The focus of the risk assessment shall be the possible risks by the electronic control gear including the abnormal operation and fault conditions of the relevant part 2 of IEC / EN 61347. For other electric/ electronic circuits and their components in the electronic lamp control gear, the requirements of IEC / EN 61347 series apply.

Lighting Lamps Energy Star Europe EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) published the specification ENERGY ErP STAR Lamps ver. 2.0. - Some of the important changes are listed below: • Slight modification in scope: added G4, G9 type lamp base, removed ST type • Guidance on test of color tunable lamps • Update of referenced standards and harmonies with California & federal or coming federal standards • Increase of the luminous efficiency • Added CCT 2200 K & 2500 K • Reporting of spectral power distribution • Remove of rapid stress test for SSL • PF ≥0.7 for all SSL • Run-up time for CFL more strict • Standby power consumption • Connected products • Clarified and added packaging requirements • New test methods for light output for dimmer and light source flicker were announced in Dec. 2015

Lighting LED light LM-80 Europe New version of IES LM-80-15 is published sources The scope of the IES LM-80-15 has been expanded to include tests for three types of flux maintenance along with tests for how chromaticity changes over time. LED drive characteristics have been updated to include pulse width modulated current, DC constant voltage and AC regulated voltage drive. The maintenance test duration and measurement interval are no longer specified but rather left for determination according to the intended usage of the data.

Disclaimer: This information is research work of TÜV SÜD Product Service and is intended for general information purposes only. The content is publishable only after having the consent of TÜV SÜD Product Service. If it is published with any changes, the company is not liable for it. The information is subject to change and all rights for it are reserved by TÜV SÜD Product Service GmbH. For further information on the latest upgrades and testing standards please contact [email protected]

GO-R5000 Full-Field Speed Goniophotometer EVERFINE GO-R5000 combines multi goniophotometers in 1 facility by the German, US and China Granted patent technology. It can realize high accuracy measurement of luminous flux, luminous intensity, spatial color distribution and luminance distribution, and is the most applied system in the accredited lighting labs. EVERFINE is the only public company focusing on LED & lighting measurement instruments worldwide. Please visit us at Light+Building 2016, Frankfurt, B11 in Hall 10.1

READER'S OPINION FLICKER 36

THERE IS MORE TO FLICKER THAN VISIBLE PERCEPTION by Dr. Walter Werner, Werner Consulting

In his excellent article in the Jan/Feb 2016 While the latter observation has been LpR 53 issue, Georges Zisses showed researched with moving sources and that flicker needs to be limited according could well be an artifact caused by the to existing standards to stay well out of interference of the moving sources with the perceivable range. some eye-movements, H. Lindner’s research [3] proved a reduction of the The main research and arguments, ability to resolve very fine structures up however, are focused on visible to a modulation frequency of 400 Hz. perception. This is sufficient if we This seems to be very high, given the assume that what cannot be perceived bio-chemical nature of the sensors and The article about flicker issues and drivers does not cause any harm. But this has the relatively low fusion frequency of our by Prof. Georges Zissis was the object of not been proven, and not much visual system. One quite obvious reason some discussions. Dr. Walter Werner had research is available about long-term for this could be that the neural network a very interesting point of view effects of unperceivable flicker. can use the fast signals to enhance the Very likely, science and regulations quality of the received visual signal. need to rethink this type of assumption; just look at x-rays and radioactivity. What does this tell us about flicker with frequencies below 400 Hz, and what Wilkins et al. investigated medium to would be the logical consequences? longer-term effects in the late 1980’s (as part of the “sick building” syndrome • Short term exposure to higher research). The research focused on frequency flicker seems to be no 100 Hz modulation [1]. He showed trouble, as long as no advanced that a switch from a longer exposition visual tasks need to be performed (multiple months) with substantially • Longer term exposure to higher modulated light (60%) to low modulated frequency flicker should be avoided, light (6%) reduces headaches and as research cannot give evidence eyestrain within a few weeks. about the thresholds to maintain. These results are statistically significant. The existing research is poor but Most of the lighting industry ignored suggests strongly that there are the results because the opposite effect negative effects like stress or References: (increased eyestrain and headaches) wear-out to the visual apparatus [1] Wilkins A.J., I.M. Nimmo-Smith, A. could not be shown within the four • Flicker should be avoided wherever Slater and L. Bedocs: Fluorescent weeks of exposition that the research (younger) children stay longer, to lighting, headaches and eye-strain, campaign allowed for. make sure the possibility of Lighting Research and Technology, interference with their later visual 21(1), 11-18, 1989 Research on blind people that regained abilities is minimized [2] Pawan Sinha: Es werde Licht, their sight as adults (Project Prakash [2]), Spektrum der Wissenschaft 18.7.2014 showed that the visual apparatus and As a clear conclusion, we can say (partly based on Held, R. et al: object recognition ability adapt to a that there is enough evidence that flicker The Newly Sighted Fail to Match mostly normal view after a while in adults up to 400Hz is not harmless with longer Seen with Felt, Nature Neuroscience but does not gain some of the more term exposition and responsible 14, p 551-553, 2011) [3] Lindner, Heinrich: Untersuchungen advanced abilities. This could point to the manufacturers should keep out of this zur zeitlichen Gleichmässigkeit der fact that the complex analysis ability is range to keep lighting that is intended to Beleuchtung unter besonderer trained and formed during childhood. be used in offices, work areas, baby and Berücksichtigung von Lichtwelligkeit, children’s’ rooms, kindergarten Flimmerempfindlichkeit und There is also evidence that there is installations and screen illumination of Sehbeschwerden bei Beleuchtung some influence up to about 400 Hz, and small children’s’ toys safe. As a result, mit Gasentladungslampen, 1989, transitional effects of flicker have been more research is needed to understand Thesis, TU Ilmenau, Germany. claimed to be detectable up to 800 Hz. where the safe zone really is. W.W., February 2016

Innovation is not simply the invention of combination with red and green LEDs - of high-brightness LEDs. Four years later, new things, it is the invention of new value. were just emerging, and still unproven in Dow Corning formalized the technology Often, the value of new things is not commercial applications. Yet, a team of with the launch of its high-RI Dow Corning immediately recognized by the marketplace. four pioneering Dow Corning chemists had OE-66XX encapsulant portfolio. Select So, innovation can require taking tremendous already recognized silicone’s breakthrough products in that portfolio now enable as risks. Just 15 years ago, the commercial potential for enabling and optimizing the much as 7 percent greater LED output value of LEDs for general lighting applications disruptive new lighting technology that over standard methyl-based silicones. was far from certain. Yet even in those early LEDs presented. days, Dow Corning experts were working The same industry-leading expertise that alongside the pioneers of LED technology At the time, they were developing products helped innovate the company’s cutting-edge to innovate the cutting-edge silicones that for semiconductors and opto-couplers. optical encapsulants continues to fuel new would help solid-state lighting become the But the team quickly shifted focus to begin LED advances today. Specifically, pioneering more reliable, more appealing and more collaborating with leading LED developers. chemist Makoto Yoshitake - one of the efficient illumination it is today. Their goal was to formulate optical-grade original four team members - is helping to silicone encapsulants able to withstand the guide development today of advanced At Dow Corning, innovation is more than a heat of LED dies without diminishing in silicone phosphor films that target new buzzword. It is a proven methodology for performance. Exploring both methyl and design and manufacturing options for identifying new market trends, and managing phenyl-based silicone chemistries, their early next-generation LED concepts, such as the risks implicit in creating entirely new, successes showed significant promise for chip-scale packaging. but targeted solutions that deliver disruptive improving the long-term reliability of LED value for customers while their market is packaging. Further development of phenyl What began fifteen years ago as a still evolving. The company’s portfolio silicones revealed the higher refractive index controlled risk is today the industry standard management approach invests in people (RI) of these materials actually improved the for value-added optical encapsulants and resources to explore multiple new optical efficiency of LEDs independently of targeting high-brightness LEDs for general applications, and regularly measures its improvements to the chip, case or input power. lighting applications. That tradition continues relative progress as well as the changing at Dow Corning. The company’s generations opportunities and risks. In 2002, Dow Corning filed the basic patents of expertise, its proven methodology for for its optical phenyl resin encapsulants, innovation, its industry-leading silicone Few markets illustrate the success of and introduced its first commercial product solutions and its strong intellectual property Dow Corning’s methodology for targeted a year later. Under the protection of these portfolio all offer LED-makers the freedom innovation better than the LED lighting patents, the team and their industry partners and confidence to collaborate on new industry. In 2000, red and green LEDs had had the confidence to accelerate innovation LED lighting breakthroughs and fuel been a reality for decades. But blue LEDs - of new high-RI, phenyl-based silicone successive generations of competitive necessary to produce white light in encapsulants for successive generations new product technologies.

Karl Jónsson Karl Jónsson joined Tridonic in 2014 as IoT Architect to pave Tridonic’s way into the Internet of Things era. Over the last 6 years, as the General Manager for the Smart Lighting business unit at GreenWave Systems^ which he co-founded in 2008, he pioneered the world’s first IP based lighting solution for consumers. Before that, he reported to the CTO office of Cisco Systems consumer group. In the early 90’s, he started his carreer in entertainment lighting with over a 10-year track record at major TV, theater and show productions in Scandinavia. Karl Jónsson holds an M.Sc. degree in Information Technology from IT University of Copenhagen, a B.Sc. degree in Electronics Engineering from Copenhagen Engineering College and an Electrical Science Degree from the Technical College of Reykjavik. Karl has over 50 patents filed and granted worldwide in areas of IoT and lighting, and has been an active member and strong influencer of major standards bodies.

Karl Jónsson, IoT Architect at Tridonic presented some interesting facts, figures, and ideas about IoT and the future of lighting in his speeches about “The Internet of Things and Lighting” at Zumtobel’s International Year of Light Event in 2015 and again at the Light + Building 2016 preview. LED professional got the chance to talk with him about his visions for IoT and Tridonic’s latest developments in that domain.

LED professional: Welcome to Bregenz, Mr. Jónsson. As a short introduction, could you please tell us what makes IoT so interesting and why lighting will become such an important part of it?

Karl Jónsson: Yes, of course. IoT offers many new opportunities to established infrastructures, especially for lighting to become the connectivity backbone for IoT sensors and devices to offer new services and automations. For example, in a big office building there might be a few hundred or even a few thousand bathrooms that have to be checked every day. Soap dispensers and napkin holders need to be checked and Development of the internet and the expectations for IoT refilled. They could have built-in sensors to connect to the light and signal that they need the internet protocol (IP) and moving making systems “speak” with each to be refilled. That is just one example of away from individual solutions. other “over the top” through cloud based what can be monitored. Retail applications is wrappers and gateways can go a long way, another example where digital price tags LED professional: This requires new but doesn’t guarantee security, reliability, need to be managed or customer behaviors developments which draw huge R&D operation efficiency, and, in the end, monitored in order to offer improved resources. One could argue that any lighting customer satisfaction services. Space management and remote task, sufficient control and monitoring of the monitoring of energy is also a use case that lighting infrastructure could be fulfilled by LED professional: Can you go into detail is high in demand where IoT integration with connecting DALI to the web using a gateway. concerning silos? lighting will be a great benefit. How would you counter that argument and what were the reasons for joining forces for Karl Jónsson: The best analogy I can give IoT needs a dense network to allow these this new development? is the cell phone market. Two years before services. While we mainly use our cell the first iPhone came out, I visited Nokia phones as a bridge to the world for our apps Karl Jónsson: DALI and other non-IP-based innovation lab in Oulu Finland where I in our private and consumer life, this is not protocols are certainly efficient and good witnessed a mind-blowing application and as easy in the professional environment. enough for today’s use cases. The upcoming development around the Nokia Symbian OS. Therefore, another bridge needs to be used. problem, however, is that they operate in As an example, they demonstrated an Light is the densest network of wired devices silos and are self-contained without the application that used the phone camera to worldwide and this is a big chance for possibility of interconnecting with pier translate a Chinese menu to English on the lighting to become the infrastructure and building automation systems without fly, so the display showed the English text. a core enabler for this technology. translation. This is the case especially when There were also payment solutions and it comes to support sensors, data collection home automation use cases that, at the time, LED professional: That means that this and other features through the lighting felt unreal but are a commodity today. would go beyond lighting tasks. It would network that are beyond today’s use cases. I believe the reason why this never became become a data collection resource, and an public domain at the time was not only infrastructure for other devices. What are the This is also true for many other systems. because of the aesthetic design, user main requirements to allow these new Lighting, building automation, security interface and business model as often opportunities and to get it to work smoothly? systems, retail services and other referred to. I think it is much more because of professional services still operate in vertical the same technology silos we are trying to Karl Jónsson: The first thing of importance is silos and in independent ecosystems. avoid today, which are the closed platform, standardization. It has been a struggle in the The operation of these systems is, therefore, a limited update strategy as the entire phone past and it is ongoing. But it seems that the very inefficient and the systems are not needed software update when new “apps” industry is looking more and more towards scalable. Creating a joint ecosystem and were added, and the infrastructure dependency.

Tridonic as well as the OpenAIS project LED professional: Tridonic also partners recognized belongs to the OpenAIS consortium. an internet protocol- How is net4more related to the based open system OpenAIS project? Is it a direct technology, especially IPv6 with its variations, outcome of this project? to be the key element for a successful, Karl Jónsson: With the development widespread market of net4more, we already started introduction of IoT R&D activities and plans to move into IP-based lighting. Therefore, we were very happy when the OpenAIS project was initiated. Since we believe that this IP technology will pick up fastest and to the best customer satisfaction, we followed the idea to design it right from the start as open as possible. We were happy to see that the experts in Closed or open can mean many The communication protocol OpenAIS, coming from lighting, things. For example, you could between the gateway and cloud, building automation, semiconductor argue that Apple is a closed which is commonly proprietary, and IT, came to the same ecosystem, but it’s open enough would have to update and finally conclusion on how a system that protocols are a commodity and the cloud, apps and application should be designed. And some providers can compete on the interface would have to add support new ideas where born! application layer. It will be hard to for this. Not to mention QA that convince an HVAC manufacturer, would have an exponentially While net4more is not a direct for example, to support DALI. growing test matrix of features to derivative of OpenAIS, it shares Therefore, there is an increasing guarantee stability instead of just synergetic properties that we are demand for a common networking having to test the device and trying to drive and align between layer for M2M communication and application itself. other standards as well. We see centralized operations. If everyone net4more and OpenAIS moving communicates over IP, it’s easy to In an IP world, the device would be in the same direction but at enable interactivity both ways, added to the network and be told different speeds and with slightly when the business calls for it. which infrastructure device, in the different scopes. form or a switch or access point, LED professional: Could you give us it is allowed to talk to. From there, In OpenAIS we hope to fill all the an example of why it is such a big only the application and business gaps that we have already identified advantage to use the IP-based logic needs to be updated at in the available technical standards technology approach? the other end as IP-2-IP security and technologies. Professional and interoperability is already lighting has different requirements Karl Jónsson: Adding a new feature a commodity. than the telecom industry. Lighting in today’s systems can be very needs peer-to-peer communication difficult. For example, let’s say we LED professional: Does that mean and multicast messaging. It is also wanted to add a microphone that that the IP protocol is the way to different from the home automation detects sound patterns for context go for IoT and smart lighting for and, therefore, the current Thread awareness in a room like a meeting, Tridonic and the Zumtobel Group? Group specification 1.0 does not talking, vacuum cleaning, a party, fulfill all lighting needs, like and so on. We would have to get Karl Jónsson: Yes, for the whole commissioning of big installations DALI alliance to support such group it is all about following with hundreds or thousands of features or try to be creative with standards. And the Internet protocol luminaires. In OpenAIS we do existing standards with a proprietary is therefore very crucial for us. research on several layers of the modification. Then we would need Currently, there are technologies communication stack in the field to push a firmware update to the offered that are bridged into the IP of security to solve these issues. gateway in order to support the world that have their own benefits, feature. At the gateway the like DC-String and ready2mains LED professional: Does that mean connection is terminated for which are part of the company’s that customers have to wait until protocol translation, which could ecosystem. But the most OpenAIS has delivered in order to give hackers direct access and let straightforward approach for benefit from an IP-based lighting them eavesdrop on the audio now is net4more. solution, or is net4more already coming from the microphone. future-proof?

Karl Jónsson: No, not at all. explain the difference between learned that currently, approximately We designed net4more as a IPv4 and IPv6 and tell us some of 60 W can be supplied and a new starting point of a future-proven the benefits? spec to allow up to 95 W is in and upgradable smart lighting progress. Is PoE also an integral solution that is based on open Karl Jónsson: IPv6 is the 6th version part of the net4more concept? standards where they exist. of the popular Internet Protocol. Is this specification really sufficient Once the OpenAIS solution Although IPv6 is becoming more for all applications? becomes a standard, we will be dominant, IPv4 currently powers able to change over and merge most of the 8B devices in the Karl Jónsson: Yes, PoE is also both solutions easily. world today, like computers, being considered. It’s ideal for phones, and tablets. The problem IT-based installations where lighting We are an active member of several with IPv4 is mainly its addressing needs to be a part of the IT network. consortia and committees (IETF, scheme, which is limited to 4.3B But it is not ideal for high power Thread Group, Fairhair, TCLA) addresses. Because of this, applications like high bays, where we want to contribute to a many networks, especially home stadium lighting or most other fast standardization process for networks, are currently using outdoor lighting applications. IP-based lighting together with Network Address Translation (NAT) players from the lighting, IT, which allows all devices in a home LED professional: This means and building industry. to connect by using a single there are some specific target IPv4 Address. IPv6 is backwards applications. What are the LED professional: Could you compatible and solves the greatest advantages? please give us an idea about the addressing problem by allowing cornerstones of this IP-based 3.4x1038 addresses, which should Karl Jónsson: It’s mainly office technology and how it compares never run out. Devices can thus panels and downlights that are to other approaches? avoid any translation and talk being targeted. For these directly with each other when applications, PoE offers a strong Karl Jónsson: It is important to be allowed and authorized. value proposition when the lighting based on end-2-end IPv6 control system is designed like an IT technology, which is IPv6 for low LED professional: Both net4more system. IT planners are very familiar power networks, and in case of and OpenAIS support wired or with this technology and it allows wireless 6LoWPAN. Other wireless communication. Are there cost savings during installation. cornerstones are that it offers a different target applications and common, secure and open way to safety issues? LED professional: One is still connect on-board and pair and fighting for any percent of increased secure wireless devices to a Karl Jónsson: The architecture efficiency today. But PoE has network. It is also important that of an IP-based lighting system relatively high line losses because no gateways are needed for native should always be designed to it originally was not intended for net4more devices, which offers work independently of the chosen transporting that amount of energy many benefits compared to physical layer. This is a big progress continuously. Isn’t that a significant conventional solutions. For instance, compared to DALI where the disadvantage? scalability is not limited to a protocol is entangled with the proprietary addressing scheme method to transmit it. Therefore yes, Karl Jónsson: There are pros and as IPv6 has practically “unlimited” both wired and wireless connectivity cons. Some or all of the line voltage addresses available. It is based on methods are supported. While both can be regained by decentralizing open standards where available. will be very safe and secure, they the PoE switches that shorten the No protocol translations are will have different benefits cable that runs between luminaires necessary, and hence, infrastructure depending on the installation and and switches. This lowers the line devices do not need updates to application. As an example, in a losses. Intelligent light scheduling support new features. The system public place, it might be more of such intelligent systems will also relies on common IETF-based appropriate to use wireless solutions contribute to savings. standards that are already to avoid people unplugging an empowering today’s Internet of ethernet cable to gain access to a LED professional: All these over 8B devices, and when needed, local network. In a hospital, a wired discussed systems are IP-based. it can virtualize DALI and other solution might be more suitable to People often associate security and non-IP-based devices into IP. reduce wireless noise for potentially privacy issues with the Internet and sensitive medical equipment. IP. Adding these sensors and actors LED professional: Not all of our from their currently “private” readers might be familiar with the LED professional: PoE is currently environment directly to the Internet IPv6 specifications and related another trend and a relatively new could cause some uneasy feelings network technologies. Could you approach for Tridonic. We’ve when they think about all this

Providing services beyond lighting like only affects small parts of the those for connected systems. That could mean to build commerce or the security architecture as a connected buildings, “marketplace” instead of a “castle”. are new business models that are And last but not least, simply being discussed and following known standards on targeted by lighting Internet security and to comply with manufacturers. The the security and privacy regulations topics of security and privacy are very would mean a significant reduction important of risk in most cases.

Since bank transactions, aviation controls and other critical applications can rely on the IP infrastructure, lighting can, too.

LED professional: This all is about security, but what about privacy?

Karl Jónsson: Privacy issues depend strongly on where a solution is located. It is, in many aspects, a legal issue. Germany has probably the most stringent law. Many German companies don’t allow the use of US-based hosting services. They are worried about data collection. But there are ways to keep it information being in the cloud. same tools are usually used. anonymous. One popular trend is Can you tell us about security Looking at the latest trends at fog computing where data are and privacy? hacker conferences like the Black preprocessed on site. You are not Hat in Las Vegas might help to sending raw data but just relevant Karl Jónsson: Looking at the pitfalls minimize risk. data, already stripped of the privacy and history of smart lighting, we see part. For instance, from a camera that until now usability is one of the LED professional: In a speech you for people counting, it only sends most relevant topics. But it has pointed out that the biggest safety the numbers and not the actual become much less an issue with risk is the app, not the system. pictures. Such technologies will the introduction of the smart phone, How could this risk be minimized? become very important. One relevant which we all know how to use. side benefit of this technology is that While today it is protocol and Karl Jónsson: In this regard, the amount of transmitted data is interoperability, tomorrow it will be the biggest risk is most often the drastically reduced. security, data collection and privacy. user of the solution. Very often they This cannot be an afterthought. don’t change default user names There is still a certain disconnect We have to think about it now. and passwords like admin/admin, between what is anonymous and or they use simple passwords to what not. For example, when you Looking back at the history of data easily remember them. Furthermore, are walking through a supermarket, breaches we see that a lot of the end device, either PC or and you are tracked based on the common mistakes can be avoided. smartphone, is typically an ID of your phone, all actions and When you are running on the IP uncontrolled domain adding the reactions are collected, even when protocol and you follow the common risk of spoofing and backdoor they are not tied directly to your standards and practices in security, software compromising access. personal information. Is that you are pretty safe. Please note that anonymous or not? You are still I am talking about security and not There are several ways to mitigate targeted as your personal device. privacy or data collection. If you get the risks. One of the best solutions audited by one of the major security would be to get rid of passwords LED professional: Could we companies it doesn’t necessarily and use a secure token from an conclude that this means that guarantee that you won’t be hacked. NFC care, phone or fingerprint. the exact meaning of privacy You also need to look at the history On another level it would be helpful must be agreed on and is of recent attacks. These attacks are to design the system in a tiered necessary to develop or chose not usually very innovative in that the approach so that one compromise an appropriate technology?

Lighting specialists Karl Jónsson: Yes, that would are convinced that the be the ideal situation. lighting infrastructure must meet all LED professional: Earlier in the requirements to become the backbone interview you mentioned two of the smart buildings systems that Tridonic developed of the future and introduced during the last few years: ready2mains and DC-Grid, which are bridging the IoT world. Are they equally well suitable for IoT and when are they the right choice?

Karl Jónsson: There are applications with less sophisticated requirements where costs are more important. Both are also developed for professional applications, but their Moving forward, we see a potential and commissioners will have limited IoT capabilities are limited. They can trend that buildings will be designed tolerance for a learning curve and bridge into DALI, or later, net4more, completely off the grid and become will expect things are WYSIWYG. but end points cannot feed back CO2 neutral. Tesla’s announcement With this upcoming new generation any information and they cannot of the power wall and power pack of professionals in mind we are control lights individually. Therefore, for residential and industrial exploring a new visual and fun integrated sensors are not supported. buildings could accelerate this way to perform commissioning They offer limited applications aside trend. DC-String has big advantages without compromising on security from dimming and energy savings. for such buildings. It does not make and still allowing experienced sense to convert DC voltage from professionals to familiarize LED professional: Which technologies solar panels to AC, then again back themselves with new and exciting are used for these product lines? to DC for batteries and then again features to improve and speed to AC for the lights because LEDs up the commissioning process. Karl Jónsson: These systems use need DC. the power cables for communication LED professional: As you mentioned but have distinct technical Ready2mains uses a very lean at the beginning, one of the most differences to Power Line Systems way to send digital commands on exciting issues of IoT is that it is at and should therefore not be the mains' wires to enable group the starting point and may open confused with them. For the switching and dimming via a unknown future prospects. DC-String no common standards gateway. For retrofit from At the same time, there are other were available because there are conventional to LED light where technologies emerging like Li-Fi. just a few activities in the DC no granular light control or If you don’t mind, could we domain, and most of the AC power management solution is required, concentrate on these prospects line activities are related to high ready2mains would still be the and visions in the last part of data transmission rates that are best choice if cost and energy our interview? not necessary for this application. savings are the primary goal. For us, stability is much more Karl Jónsson: Yes, of course. important. Therefore we had to LED professional: Besides end-user develop our own technologies functionality and costs, there is LED professional: Could you please and communication standard. another important aspect: give us an idea and update of the Installation and commissioning. future of IoT, related technologies LED professional: What were the I know that one of Tridonics’ goals is and their applications? major reasons and applications for to develop a solution that also works developing these products? for “uneducated” users. This raises Karl Jónsson: Aside from remote several questions. What would this monitoring and space management, Karl Jónsson: In the case of the type of system or approach look like there are several other services that DC-String it currently benefits and how would it work? Is it could benefit from the net4more applications where space is possible to keep it simple while infrastructure, only the imagination limited for luminaire designs and being secure at the same time? is the limit to what applications individual controls are still desired. could be built once the lighting With DC-String the power supply Karl Jónsson: A detailed network is IP-enabled. Another and control can be centrally explanation would probably break example of driving service located without compromising the mold, but in general the enablement is certainly Li-Fi where these requirements. millennial generation of installers light itself becomes a physical

layer in the networking stack, LED professional: You once said, LED professional: To close, could which would be a natural extension “The true benefits of IoT may not you tell us what is the most exciting of an IP-based luminaire when each be that much for already known future prospect for you, personally? luminaire becomes a Li-Fi access applications, but rather for new ones point. Li-Fi is focused on high-speed that are currently not yet known.” Karl Jónsson: I’ve been obsessed data transfers and is targeted to Could you give us examples? with lighting ever since I can compete and compliment WiFi. remember and my personal passion The current problem with Li-Fi is Karl Jónsson: IP-based lighting is is when a light source can be taken that it requires a dedicated receiver often referred to as the “backbone under complete control and the on the user side so it won’t be of the IoT”. A meshed wireless power of darkness can be popular unless a popular device lighting network could give other appreciated. I’m excited about manufacturer decides to natively “things” access to the Internet. making lighting truly dynamic, integrate it in their devices. However, Things like distributed access something that’s not just a statically there are already strong rumors this points that allow small-constrained mounted device that offers services, might become natively supported in battery-powered sensors or but a truly integrated experience future iPhones. That could be the actuators to communicate with that can become a part of my breakthrough for this technology. the Internet amongst themselves digital life. or with the cloud, even if their There are, however, other lighting information is not needed for LED professional: Thank you very modulation schemes, that operate lighting. It could be used for much for your visions and insights at a lower frequency so a smart logistics, climate control, on IoT and Tridonic’s latest activities phone camera is enough to receive safety or asset tracking. in that domain. It was a pleasure the signal. Generic light modulation This opens up new service talking with you, here in Bregenz? is typically referred to as Visual Light possibilities that can be hosted Communication (VLC). While low by the platform created through Karl Jónsson: My pleasure. speed VLC is not useful for high- a connected lighting network. speed data transfers, it is good enough for other applications Other examples I can think of are such as indoor navigation and for the integration of the lighting localization during commissioning. backbone with other emerging VLC is typically used in conjunction technologies like Augmented Reality with a smart phone’s Gyro and and self-driving cars, where lighting magnetometer to determine place, could play a role in context angle and orientation. awareness and communication.

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RESEARCHCATEGORY THIN-FILM OPTICAL SYSTEMS 46 Thin-Film Light Management System for Intelligent Large-Area LED Luminaires

The recent advances in Solid State Lighting have triggered the development of smart lighting solutions. However, the point-like nature of LEDs imposes the use of inefficient and/or bulky light scattering sheets or costly, short-pitch LED arrays to achieve acceptable spatial luminance uniformity. Ph.D. Oscar Fernandez, Senior R&D Engineer at the Centre Suisse d’Electronique et de Microtechnique SA (CSEM) shows a new approach in the form of an innovative thin form-factor light management (LM) system comprising a highly engineered combination of thin-film diffractive nano-optical and refractive micro-optical elements.

The recent advances in the Such interfacing is fundamental Introduction domain of Solid State Lighting to account for the complex Lighting represents almost 20% of (SSL) and, in paxxxxrticular, optical interplay of the different global electricity consumption [1], in Light Emitting Diode (LED) components in the system and, similar to the amount of electricity technology has triggered the therefore, to ensure meaningful generated by nuclear power and development of smart lighting simulation results. The optimized equivalent to 70% of the emissions solutions. However, the point- system demonstrates excellent from the world’s light passenger like nature of the LEDs imposes efficiency and luminance spatial vehicles. The development and the use of either inefficient and/ uniformity even when combined implementation of more efficient or bulky light scattering sheets with long-pitch LED arrays. lighting systems will undoubtedly or costly short-pitch LED arrays make a significant contribution to

to achieve acceptable spatial The LM system presented controlling global CO2 emissions. luminance uniformity in, for here has been developed in In addition, LEDs do not contain example, large-area luminaires the framework of the EU-funded mercury, in contrast to high for professional lighting. project, LASSIE-FP7, efficiency fluorescent lamps. whose objective is the Here, we present an innovative realization of a cost-efficient, The high efficacy values, close to thin form-factor light large-area, efficient, 60% for commercially available management (LM) system intelligent luminaire with high-power blue and well over comprising a highly engineered outstanding light quality. 120 lm/W for commercial cool white combination of thin-film LEDs, achieved in the last years diffractive nano and refractive together with standard lifetime micro-optical elements. Our LM values in excess of 50,000 hours solution allows the decreasing under continuous operation makes of the LED pitch by a factor LEDs the most convenient light of 2-3, hence reducing the source for energy savings. In fact, amount of LEDs for a given total LED technology is expected to emitting area and luminous flux. conquer the lighting market in the coming years with a penetration The accurate prediction of rate of 56% by 2016 [2]. the system optical response is achieved using interfaced Large-area light sources represent rigorous and ray-tracing the most convenient option when a modelling tools. large amount of light is needed and

Table 1: Highest Luminous Largest Performance Flux Area Highest Efficacy Large-Area LED comparison of current OLED OLED OLED Module best commercially available OLEDs and LG Innotek standard LED-based Model Philips FL300 LG N6SD30 LG N8SA30 ReflectA Free large-area lighting modules (effective Area (mm2) 102 x 102 320 x 320 100 x 100 600 x 600 summer 2015) Thickness (mm) 3.0 1 1.0 8 1.97 12 69.5

Luminous flux (lm) 300 2 850 9 75 3000

Efficacy (lm/W) >50 3 60 80 97

CCT (K) 3000 4 3000 3000 3500

CRI >80 >90 >80 80

10 5 LT70 (103 hours) 40 10, 11 50 13 ~50 16 50 6

Cost (lm / $) 2.2 / 5 7 1.25 15 0.91 14 25.4 17

Please Note: 1 Including thermal back plate, housing and wiring; 2 at 340 mA and 19 V; 3 at 300 lumen ; 4 4000 K planned; 5 at 300 lumen; 6 at 125 lumen; 7 for orders above 40 OLEDs (http://www.oled-info.com/philips-launches-new-sales-campaign-sees-oleds-reaching-mass- market-early-2017); 8 bare OLED; 9 1700 mA, 8.5 V; 10 at 3000 cd/m2; 11 using LG proprietary “Face Seal” technology; 12 with housing and wiring; 13 initial luminance not specified; 14 https://www.maritex.com.pl/en/oled-lg-chem-lighting/olp-n8sa30-i-34063-c-33634; 15 http://www.oled-info.com/lg-details-price-their-320x320-mm-and-truly-flexible-oled-lighting-panels; 16 not quoted for the lamp, given figure is based on the lifetime information of the LED chips; 17 http://www.futurelightingsolutions.com/en/Technologies/ Semiconductors/Lighting-Solutions/LED-Light-Modules/Pages/3029132-LLFML66-38K308A.aspx?ManufacturerName=LG- INNOTEK&isFLS=true&IM=0 are, therefore, widely used in a process and with emissive areas and/or device flexibility. variety of lighting segments including of typically 100 cm2 or less (Table 1). Although diffusers with large hiding office, shop-retail, hospitality, factors can be used in closer industrial and architectural lighting On the other hand, non-transparent, proximity to the sources, it comes segments, which are predicted to be scattering out-coupling films used at a substantial drop in efficacy worth 40 billion Euros in 2020 [3]. to boost device efficacy and to as shown in figure 1. alleviate cavity-related angular Organic light-emitting diodes color shift, are not compatible with A way to overcome this issue is (OLEDs), the organic counterparts of appealing mirror-like or transparent the so-called edge-lit technology LEDs are flat, thin, surface emitting off-state appearance, a many-times where the LEDs are distributed devices that have been seen as the cited advantage of OLED technology. across at least one of the edges of “next big thing” in large-area lighting a thin transparent plate. The light and the natural successors of LEDs Finally, most of the mentioned emitted by the LEDs is coupled for large-area products. However, unique selling points of OLED inside the waveguide and guided several factors exist that are causing technology such as large-area, through total internal reflection (TIR). OLEDs to struggle on their way to low-cost, transparency and flexibility Light extraction features replicated the general lighting market and that, have continuously been eroded by on the emissive surface/s of the according to many, will likely prevent LED-based technology. In fact, waveguide disturb the TIR and this ever happening. large-area, 600 x 600 mm2, allow the guided light to escape. luminaires based on LEDs have On the one hand, OLED technology been available on the market for In large-area edge-lit luminaires, lags well behind LED in terms of a few years. a large part of the emitted light has efficacy, lifetime, lumen output and to be guided across long distances, lumen-per-dollar. Indeed, the ever A common approach is to eliminate which results in high optical losses promised large-area, low-cost, the hot spots associated with the even when relatively transparent solution-based R2R fabrication LEDs by using a diffusing plate materials such as PMMA are used on flexible substrates is not even located a certain distance from the (PMMA absorption coefficient of close to becoming a reality in the light sources. Regardless of its 0.0017 mm -1 [5] leads to 17% optical next years. On the contrary, simplicity, uniform luminance losses on a 100 mm length). In commercially available OLEDs today completely free of appreciable addition, since the waveguide are expensive, glass-based devices, hot-spots, requires a distance of a perimeter increases only as the manufactured using several few centimetres between the LEDs square root of its area, high LED expensive evaporation processes and the diffuser, an approach densities are required as the under vacuum in a sheet-to-sheet incompatible with thin form-factors emissive area increases which

Figure 1: Optical transmittance is deposited on top of a blue LED versus half power chip. Part of the blue light passing angle (hiding through the phosphor layer power) for diffusing experiences Stokes down- plates based on volumetric scattering conversion, resulting in a white manufactured by Bayer; emission whose CCT is determined modified from [4] by the composition of the phosphor layer and its thickness.

Phosphor-containing white LEDs give a much broader emission spectrum than CCT-equivalent RGB LEDs and hence better color rendition. In fact, CRI values as high as 98 have been reported using a combination of green, yellow and red phosphors [7] [8]. Moreover, demand efficient thermal management standard, surface-emitting, with phosphors near to 100% solutions to avoid excessive heat at LEDs located outside the quantum yields, phosphor white LEDs the waveguide edges to prevent waveguide. The spatial separation are also more efficient than RGB. associated detrimental effects such of light emission and light guiding/ as waveguide deformation and/or out-coupling results in a minimum However, the phosphor approach material yellowing. temperature-driven degradation also suffers from CCT shift and effect in the waveguide material efficiency drop related to the A different approach consists in and allows the use of much wavelength shift of the pumping embedding white LEDs inside the thinner waveguides. blue LEDs during operation and, waveguide, evenly distributed more importantly, to the phosphor across its area [6]. This technology White LED emission can be degradation and emission solves some, but not all the issues achieved using the so-called quenching observed primarily at related to edge-lit. For example, multichannel or RGB approach. high temperatures. For example, moderate-to-high temperatures This approach uses a combination a 10% drop in down-conversion around the LEDs over sufficiently of red, green and blue LEDs quantum efficiency or in the long time periods may degrade the (often 4 or 5 different “colors” are phosphor absorption coefficient waveguide material locally close used). When appropriately driven, (in the blue region) can cause a color to the LEDs. Therefore, unless an such combination produces a shift close to a MacAdam ellipse expensive, short-pitch LED white light of a predetermined step size 4 [9]. High temperatures configuration is adopted, the correlated temperature (CCT). also cause local delamination of maximum attainable brightness of Although compatible with CCT the phosphor layer form the LED the luminaire is noticeably limited. tuning, it suffers from low efficacy surface which results in a noticeable Also, non-standard side-emitting values at medium to low CCT values CCT shift [10]. These temperature- LEDs or precisely tilted standard due to the low efficacy of green/ driven detrimental effects can be surface-emitting LEDs are required amber LEDs in the so-called green highly alleviated by locating the as otherwise most of the light will gap. In addition, the spectral phosphor layer away from the leave the waveguide without distribution of the resulting white emitting chip in what is known as undergoing TIR, giving rise to light, formed by the superposition remote phosphor approach. appreciable hot-spots. Moreover, of few relatively narrow spectra, as the LEDs must be fully results in a substantial number of embedded into the waveguide, missing wavelengths and the Thin-Film Light a minimum thickness of the consequent color misinterpretation, Management Foil latter is mandatory. (poor color rendition) of objects Contrary to the continuous with emittances around these improvements in LED efficacy and Our light management technology wavelengths. Finally, the differential optical power output, the secondary (patent pending) was designed and aging of the red, green and blue optics of large-area LED-based engineered to overcome the LEDs must be properly luminaires has not improved much [11]. mentioned shortcomings. It is based compensated to avoid undesired Indeed, as mentioned earlier, on the use of diffractive elements CCT shift during device operation. today’s large-area LED luminaires, and blue LEDs. By using diffractive the spatial and angular distribution nanostructures, light emitted around Alternatively, in the so-called of the light emitted by the individual the normal to the LED surface can phosphor approach, a layer of a LEDs, is still controlled by thick be efficiently in-coupled even for yellow phosphor-containing resin volumetric scattering plates, distant

Figure 2: Comparison of an LED array with a PC foil. The left image shows a misalignment of the gratings and the LED while the right image shows well-aligned, in-coupling diffractive elements

Figure 3: thin-film diffusers in combination In-coupling efficiency with reflectors and/or refractors plotted as a function which results in bulky and heavy of the polar incident luminaires. Thin and light LED- angle for 0° azimuthal incident angle based luminaires require alternative technologies.

Light in-coupling In our solution, the light emitted by blue LEDs is in-coupling into a thin-film, flexible transparent waveguide through diffractive in-coupling elements replicated on the largest surface of the waveguide. The in-coupling diffractive elements are replicated in the form of pixels and distributed across the waveguide following the same pattern as the LEDs in the substrate. Each in-coupling pixel covers an area similar to that of the • The regular spatial distribution of Figure 2 shows an array of LEDs. When the waveguide is the LEDs over the emissive area pixelated in-coupling gratings located at close distance from the results in shorter light travel replicated on a 0.5 mm thick PC LEDs and the in-coupling pixels distances and hence, in lower foil located on top of a LED board aligned with respect to the sources, optical losses in the waveguide (manufactured by VTT) comprising a substantial amount of the • The physical separation between a 3 x 3 array of blue LEDs. On the emitted light is in-coupled inside the LED (i.e. heat) sources and the left image no light in-coupling the waveguide. waveguide ensures the observed due to the misalignment mechanical and optical integrity of of the gratings and the LEDs. This approach has the following the waveguide during device On the right image a part of the advantages with respect to other operation light emitted by the LEDs is approaches mentioned above: • High in-coupling efficiency values in-coupled into the waveguide of 50% have been theoretically by the well-aligned in-coupling • The decoupling of the light predicted for optimized in- diffractive elements. in-coupling from the waveguide couplers in combination with edge allows using much thinner lambertian blue LEDs. Higher In addition, each of such in- waveguides with the immediate values are expected when coupling pixels contains a reduction in weight and cost. In additional diffractive in-couplers series of 100 x 100 μm linear addition, the increased flexibility are added on the top surface of 1-dimensional gratings with of the waveguide opens the door the waveguide. Moreover, optimum grating parameters for Roll-to-Roll manufacturing in-coupling efficiency values in with their grooves oriented in two • The increased in-coupling area is excess of 80% are expected for perpendicular directions in a compatible with higher LED polar incident angles between chessboard arrangement which density with still manageable -10 and 10° with respect to the ensures light in-coupling in two integration of heat management normal (Figure 3) in-plane directions as shown solutions in figure 4.

Figure 4: Light in-coupling (and subsequent out-coupling) in two in-plane perpendicular directions as described in the article

Figure 5: Comparison of a 3 x 3 LED array without and with LM foil

Figure 6: Light edge-coupled into a 0.5 mm thick PC foil

Light out-coupling diffractive nano- (Figure 5) or Figure 6 shows a light, edge- The in-coupled light travels inside refractive microstructures (Figure 6). coupled into a 0.5 mm thick PC foil. the waveguide based on total In the left image, the light internal reflection, TIR, at the The left image of figure 5 shows a propagates via TIR through the interface between the top surface 50 x 50 mm2 LED board with a waveguide and leaves primarily of the waveguide and air. The TIR 3 x 3 LED array fabricated by VTT. at the opposite edge. In the condition is disrupted by the The right picture shows the same right image, the replicated presence of out-coupling structures LED board an LM foil with a microstructures disturb the TIR allowing the in-coupled light to 3 x 3 array of in-coupling pixels and force the light to be coupled escape the waveguide. aligned with respect to the LEDs out the waveguide; the light and 16 out-coupling pixels; emitted through the opposite edge For light out-coupling, our approach light in- and out-coupling is observed. is negligible, indicative of high uses out-coupling pixels of similar A considerable amount of in- out-coupling efficiency. size to the in-coupling pixels. coupled light remains trapped and They can be replicated on the top partially leaves the waveguide This way, the light emitted by the and/or the bottom surface of the through its edges due to the LEDs is spread inside the waveguide waveguide and can comprise relatively low out-coupling efficiency. and coupled-out towards the viewer.

Table 2: Radiant Luminous Photometric data of the CCF power (W) flux (lm) u’ v’ CCT (K) CRI CRI9 down-converted white A 0.445 128.39 0.2120 0.4753 5770 93.3 68.0 light using an array of

blue LEDs (lmax= 460 B 0.438 128.26 0.2348 0.5095 3546 93.9 77.8 nm) and two different CCFs from BASF Figure 7: organic phosphors that, due to the CIE1976 u’v’ unresolved molecular vibrational coordinates of the levels, render a broad emission down-converted white spectrum, which, in turn, results in light using two different CCFs from BASF in high color rendering index (Table 2). combination with a blue light of max 460 nm In addition, by carefully engineering the chemical composition of the individual dyes, their combination in the foil and the binding material, high efficacy and long lifetime has been demonstrated.

Conclusions A new approach has been presented for the fabrication of thin-film efficient LED-based lighting modules compatible with R2R production. This approach has demonstrated the potential to overcome the fundamental Color conversion By carefully engineering (for a given limitations of current technologies The out-coupled blue light is blue light source) the chemical for the fabrication of efficient down-converted using BASF composition of the individual dyes thin-film lighting modules with high (Ludwigshafen, Germany) and their combination in the film, luminance uniformity and excellent proprietary thin-film color changing white light with a color of different spectral properties with a reduced films (CCF) remotely located with CCTs along the Planckian locus can number of LEDs. respect to the LED sources. be produced. BASF CCFs contain

Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank S. Ivanovici at BASF (Ludwigshafen, Germany) for the supply of the Color Changing Films, B. Koller at REGENT LIGHTING AG (Basel, Switzerland) for the measurement of the white devices and Kimmo Keränen and Olli Tapaninen at VTT (Oulu, Finland) for the supply of the blue LED substrates.

The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme [FP7/2007-2013] under grant agreement n°619556, project LASSIE-FP7.

References: [1] http://www.photonics21.org/download/SRA_2010.pdf [2] A. Prasad, “2015 Year of (LED) Light”, LED Professional 47, pp. 32-36 (2015) [3] Lighting the way: Perspectives on the global lighting market, 2nd Edition, McKinsey and Company (2012) [4] www.plastics.bayer.com/~/media/Product%20Center/PCS/Images/5_Library/Broschueren/ LED%20Brochure/ MS00069823_LED-Brosch.ashx [5] J-P. Lauret, “Selecting the Ideal Material for Improved Optical Solutions”, Proc. LpS2014 pp. 228-237. [6] J. Gourlay, “Making Light Work - Light Sources for Modern Lighting Requirements”, LED Professional, 47 (2015) pp. 72-75 [7] J. Carey, ”Intematix expands phosphor development and IP to meet demanding SSL applications”, LEDs Magazine, March 2014, pp.21-25 [8] R. Mueller-Mach, G. Mueller, M.R. Krames, H.A. Höppe, F. Stadler, W. Schnick, T. Juestel and P. Schmidt, “Highly efficient all-nitride phosphor-converted white light emitting diode”, Physica Status Solidi (a), 202 (9), pp. 1727-1732 (2005) [9] C. Sommer, P. Hartmann, P. Pachler, H. Hoschopf, F.P. Wenzl, “White light quality of phosphor converted light-emitting diodes: A phosphor materials perspective of view”, J. Alloys Comp. 520 pp. 146-152 (2012) [10] R.C. Tuttle, “Method for Projecting Color Shift of High-Power LED Package”, Proc. LpS2014, pp. 46-54. [11] M. Macha, “Optomechanical Nanostructures for Overcoming Fundamentals in Optics Design”, Proc. LpS2014, pp-214-219

Smart lighting and lighting controls are not restricted by hardware or traditional lighting control protocols anymore. Today, system modifications and firmware updates can all be done over-the-air. Wireless technologies enable lighting controls in places where it was not an option before. Besides Bluetooth, Zigbee and WiFi there are proprietary technologies in use. Saara Guastella M.Sc. in Lighting Engineering and Lighting Controls, is Product Marketing Manager at Casambi. In the following article she introduces Casambi’s technology based on Bluetooth Low Energy, and describes, explains and compares it with other established communication technologies for smart lighting.

Many of us remember Bluetooth A New Technology manufacturer’s range of existing Classic from our first mobile Approach luminaires or already installed phones; the battery consuming, The new wireless lighting control wall switches but can also be easily wireless alternative to RS-232 solution is based on BLE but it is integrated into LED drivers, cables, invented by Ericsson in not just a wireless lighting control LED bulbs or LED modules. 1994. It is important to system; it is its own technology. understand that Classic On top of BLE, this technology Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low provides a mesh network where all Essential Distinguishing Energy are not the same thing. the intelligence of the system is Marks Bluetooth Low Energy is not just replicated in every node and, another Bluetooth revisionn - it is in such a way, creates a system with No gateways a completely new technology. no points of failure. Such a self- BLE was built for Internet of Things healing and self-organizing wireless (IoT) and has been implemented in Bluetooth Low Energy, also mesh network can control a large smartphones and tablets since the called Bluetooth 4.0+, Bluetooth number of fixtures from any point. beginning of 2012. This means that Smart or simply BLE, was It also allows for firmware updates no gateway modules or any kind of originally designed by Nokia as over the network, allowing any kind dongle is needed to control lighting Wibree before being adopted by of changes to be made over-the-air via BLE, which makes a BLE - the Bluetooth Special Interest and, in that way, to be truly wireless. based lighting control solution more Group (SIG) and published in In this kind of fully distributed and cost effective than solutions built on 2010. The low energy symmetric architecture, any unit can other wireless technologies. Other functionality of BLE allows go offline and catch up to others technologies, like WiFi and Zigbee, developers to make products when they return back online. require a gateway module between that run on small coin-cell Internet connection is only needed the control device and the network. batteries or energy-harvesting for user interface configurations devices, making BLE a good for smartphones and tablets via protocol to be used in wireless cloud service. Solving interference issues lighting control applications. WiFi, Zigbee and Bluetooth all An implemented firmware-over- operate on the 2.400 - 2.4835 GHz extension-interface offers unlimited ISM band. However, BLE is more possibilities on what can be robust and not as sensitive to controlled/reported from the system interferences as WiFi and Zigbee. to the client’s user interface. WiFi uses Direct Sequence Spread The technology works with any Spectrum (DSSS) and therefore

Figure 1: does not hop or change frequency Network structures but remains centered on one and SPOFs channel that is 22 MHz wide. While there is room for 11 overlapping channels in this 83 MHz-wide band, there is only room for three non- overlapping channels. Thus there can be no more than three different WiFi networks operating in close proximity to one another.

For each WiFi channel, there are four overlapping ZigBee channels, as Zigbee breaks the band into 16 channels. Zigbee also uses DSSS as WiFi. When a WiFi network is on the same channel as a ZigBee network, the WiFi network will awareness and acts based on Apple introduced iBeacon, a protocol usually interfere with the ZigBee proximity estimations. A beacon based on BLE for advertising in 2013. network. As a Zigbee lighting control establishes a region around it and solution also needs a gateway for a understands when a beacon- An iBeacon advertisement provides smartphone or tablet solutions, receiving device has entered or left the following information via BLE: and as this gateway in most cases this region based on proximity is WiFi, some serious coexistence information. A device entering the • UUID: A 16-byte Universally Used problems are to be faced. region can determine if it wants Identifier string used to to receive the information sent differentiate a large group of BLE operates in a different manner to it or not. related beacons than WiFi or Zigbee. BLE uses • Major: A 2-byte string used to Frequency Hopping Spread Beacon transmitters could be distinguish a smaller subset of Spectrum (FHSS) which means placed basically anywhere, but it is beacons within the larger group it hops between channels to quite logical to place them inside • Minor: A 2-byte string meant to counteract interference problems. luminaires. Luminaires already identify individual beacons BLE specifies 40 channels, cover the whole area people move • Tx Power: Used to determine separated by 2 MHz, of which around in and they already have proximity (distance) from the 3 channels are used as advertising their power installed in the building. beacon. It is defined as the channels and 37 are used as Luminaires also tend to light up strength of the signal exactly data channels. some kind of object and whether 1 meter from the device the object is a piece of art in an art gallery or a car at a car retailer, Example: Single point of failure a beacon receiver can trigger an A computer shop chain has different A single point of failure (SPOF) is app to display information about discounts in different countries. The a critical part or component of a the object in question. If beacon computer shop chain has an app system that, if it fails, will stop the technology is already integrated that listens to iBeacons and the entire system from working. in lighting modules, no additional chain wants to inform its clients of SPOF are, for example, routers, investment needs to be done for the relevant discounts for the app proxies or other physical or these services. users. The computer shop would virtual web or application nodes. define a unique identifier, the UUID, A comparison of the network which only their app will react to. topology and setup of WiFi, How the iBeacon Therefore, the UUID would be Zigbee and BLE shows that Technology Works specific for the computer shop WiFi and Zigbee solutions are not BLE communicates on so called chain, but the same in the whole as reliable as BLE-based solutions, “advertisement channels” where of Europe. The major value of as shown in figure 1. small packets of data are broadcasted the beacon would be different at regular intervals. This kind of depending on the country. advertising is also called beaconing. The minor value would be different Proximity sensing Devices like smartphones can be depending on where in the shop it A technology that BLE enables, used to collect the sent data and is situated. One beacon transmitter which is not possible with Zigbee or use it for a variety of applications to would be by the laptops, one by the WiFi, is the Beacon technology. trigger actions or push messages. screens and one by the cables. Beacon technology enables location A person entering a computer shop

Figure 2: A typical Bluetooth 4.0 In the lighting application this lighting mesh network kind of proximity sensing configuration technology can be used for triggering lighting scenes. Not only predefined scenes that are common in the lighting control industry but actually user-specific scenes. Lighting can be used for guidance, to find the right path to the end goal where the user is heading to or as a “follow me” functionality; meaning that lighting is turned on only where the user i Figure 3: iBeacon technology s situated and needs it. allows different levels of interaction at each Beacon technology could be range used in car parks as navigation help to find where a car was parked, in coffee shops and kiosks for ordering processes, at airports for gate navigation, in zoos to provide information on animals or at bus stops to tell the timetable for buses at that particular bus stop. As the technology enables location of that particular chain in Spain and Obstacles between the beacon awareness and knows when a walking by the computers would get and the receiving device can affect user enters or leaves a certain a message that a specific computer the signal strength. As mentioned area there are an enormous is on discount, while a person entering before, the four states are not only amount of benefits from the same chain’s computer shop in based on proximity but also the this technology. Norway would get a discount accuracy of the estimation. notification on another product with For example, “Far” does not another price and currency. As the necessarily mean that the device Security same user would walk over to the is physically far from the beacon, GPS and GSM based location area of computer screens, another it can also mean that the accuracy services are widely used for message would pop up. has been affected. outdoor applications. However, they do not work very well indoors. When a device detects a beacon The location platforms that BLE signal, it uses signal strength to Applications enables for indoor applications determine the proximity, as well Well-suited applications for iBeacons gives a lot of opportunities. It is as the accuracy of its estimation are museums and retail. Instead of also important not to mix beacons of proximity to the beacon. using an audio guide the museum with GPS locations. A beacon is visitor can download a museum app not a physical location; it is a The estimate is according to that is able to receive information transmitter that can be placed one of the following four states: from beacon transmitters. These anywhere and have its location units can be placed, for example, changed at anytime, while GPS • Immediate: A high level of in the driver of the luminaire and locations are always there, forever confidence that the device is the luminaire would obviously be fixed and public for everyone. physically very close to the lighting up a piece of art. When the iBeacons have a unique identifier: beacon. Very likely being held museum visitor is in the proximity If the receiver does not know directly up to the beacon. of the art piece his/her app will this UUID, it will never know • Near: Proximity of about 1-3 m display the information on the piece it is there. • Far: This state indicates that a that has been sent by beacon beacon device can be detected technology over BLE. In retail iBeacon technology is also but the confidence in the applications, beacon technology different from other location-based accuracy is too low to determine allows marketing and guidance, technologies as the transmitter only either Near or Immediate information on happenings and sends out one-way communication. • Unknown: The proximity of the discounts in the stores to be sent This ensures that only a user that beacon cannot be determined to smartphone users. has installed an app that can

receive that particular beacon’s Conclusion “Why now?” many might wonder. information will receive it. The user The lighting and the lighting control Before the launch of Bluetooth must not only have installed the industry is being disrupted by Low Energy there was not a well- app but also given permission to semiconductors, software and suited wireless protocol that would the app to listen to beacons. wireless technologies. New players have enabled all the functionalities This means that the user gives on the market overlook traditional and benefits that BLE does. the permission to the app to track lighting control protocols and The fact that BLE is integrated the user. As the beacon technology is introduce sophisticated wireless in smartphones and tablets is the not based on two-way ommunication, lighting control systems to the core benefit that makes BLE a this means that no beacon market that provide for the same, mainstream, most cost effective transmitter can track users as if not for more, functionalities and and the only truly future proof of they walk past transmitters. with more benefits. the wireless technologies.

Today, information technology (IT) and lighting are separate worlds. It is necessary to create a bridge between these worlds, not only from a technical standpoint but also from the perspective of understanding what is important to each industry. Giovanni Frezza, Group Product Manager at Molex, discusses how LEDs and PoE may pave the way with new power standards: LEDs far outperform the lumens output of older lighting technologies. Today, the PoE standard for LED is 30 W. An UPOE standard for 60 W is in the works, and an expansion called BP is in progress for up to 95 W.

Power over Ethernet (PoE) While still in an early stage, New Control Methods lighting is beginning to LED penetration in commercial The adoption of LED fixtures in transform the lighting industry buildings is reaching critical commercial buildings is accelerating and the industries it serves. mass, making it cost interest in PoE lighting because While the concept is being competitive with other lighting more efficient and higher used in commercial buildings, technologies and enabling performance control makes it more it is poised to break out in 2016 deeper market penetration. affordable in commercial buildings. as large-scale projects get This represents one of the To date, the lighting industry has underway. Growing affordability key elements driving the focused mostly on retrofitting and higher efficiencies are introduction of PoE lighting. existing lighting fixtures with LEDs driving the use of PoE lighting New commercial buildings are to replace older technologies, in commercial buildings, the best candidates for PoE such as fluorescent and compact making possible concepts lighting systems, which can be fluorescent lighting. Controlled LED, such as the smart building and designed as part of a building’s however, not only improves other applications that drive infrastructure but deep retrofit efficiency but also provides better efficiency and productivity. projects are appropriate as well. light quality, smoother intensity/ Innovative owners of enterprises There have been significant dimming control, and dynamically and buildings are beginning pilot installations of PoE lighting adjustable color temperature, to perceive PoE lighting in commercial buildings but, providing the right light when and infrastructure as an asset that as mentioned above, several where it is needed. This results in enables practical applications larger scale installations are augmented worker comfort and for the Internet of Things (IoT) being developed. more interactive and purposeful and smart buildings while lighting and spaces for people. adding significant value to The ability to migrate lighting control buildings and companies. to network IP-based infrastructure

Figure 1: A schematic of the Transcend® Network Connected Lighting, a PoE lighting system. Transcend comprises software, networking technology, category cables, sensors, a PoE gateway, and can be used for lighting fixtures from various manufacturers

makes lighting a service and an actuators and other devices. By analyzing this data, it is known IoT building asset that can be Lighting infrastructure is always how many people are in the controlled synergistically along present in a building and it’s very building at given times, where they with other building functions. granular. More integration means are located, how spaces are being not only better control but also more utilized, the condition of those It is important to note the difference data and information being collected spaces and how usage of different between smart lighting and PoE by a distributed sensor system as areas of multi-floor and multi- lighting. Smart lighting does not part of the lighting network. building campuses compare necessarily need to be connected to each other. All told, PoE lighting to a central network, and can be These data have the potential to will dramatically accelerate the implemented simply by retrofitting open up a new value proposition integration of the IoT into older lighting fixtures with individual for commercial buildings. The first commercial buildings. LEDs and sensors capable of application is, of course, real-time simple, local control. PoE lighting, energy usage reporting, but other on the other hand, requires a applications - such as sensor-based Key Obstacles centralized, software-based control occupancy reporting, light status While progress is being made in the system that coordinates all the and environmental monitoring - deployment of PoE lighting systems, elements in the lighting system, provide an entirely new view into several obstacles to deeper market including luminaries, sensors, how commercial buildings are used. penetration must be resolved.

Figure 2: Technology integrated within PoE lighting systems allows for full customization. End users can adjust lighting needs based on defined zones

Figure 3: PoE lighting system according to a specification, modules (top right) to establish the appropriate allow lighting designers communication protocol between to implement a variety the devices to deliver power and of lighting methods, including directed, create a link to exchange data. indirect, ambient, and decorative The driver of LED efficiency is its outstanding lighting output per watt of power, which far outstrips that of older lighting technologies. While already advanced, LED technology is becoming more versatile, efficient, secure and capable of supporting available wattages in PoE lighting systems according to the IEEE 802.3xx standard. This standard has been Today, traditional connected lighting distribution and data communication proven as a mechanism for systems are difficult to design and for control. Distribution of power classifying the endpoint devices commission. The installation, and data on low-voltage cabling needed to establish power configuration and commissioning is possible using the same connections. process must be simpLi-Fied and infrastructure that the IT industry standardized, which will boost has deployed for 15 years, For example, the original PoE adoption significantly. allowing growing penetration of standard IEEE802.3af, based on LED lighting in indoor areas for 15.4w per switch port of power, Also, PoE lighting systems need to various applications, such as has increased to 30 W in PoE+ be easily understood by lighting data centers, office spaces, (IEEE802.3at), today’s standard. architects, building owners, educational institutions, However, a new de facto-standard facility managers, installers and healthcare, and hospitality. has been developed called UPOE, users to truly unlock the value which delivers 60 W per switch port. associated with these systems. PoE delivers electrical power over The standard is due to change again The lighting infrastructure and its category cabling to networked soon with the recently introduced installation cannot be disruptive devices and is widely deployed to Power over HDBaseT (POH) to the management of the building. provide power to various endpoints standard, which supports over 95 W In addition, the software used to in commercial buildings, including per port. The IEEE is working to control PoE lighting systems must VOIP, cameras, HVAC and now standardize the 60 W and 95 W be very simple and user friendly. lighting. PoE offers high availability PoE options under the 802.3bt for power, guarantees uninterrupted specification, which should be To date, the majority of installed service and lowers operating completed in 2017. The technology PoE lighting systems are based expenses by providing network is backward compatible and on proprietary systems, but the resiliency at a lower cost by interoperable with the existing industry needs open standards consolidating backup power. IEEE standard. and interoperable systems that can It also offers faster deployment simplify integration with the rest of of new networks by eliminating The 60 W and 95 W standards are the building automation network. the need for a power outlet at based on using a four-pair power every endpoint. transfer format rather than the two-pair format used by the 30 W New Power Paradigm PoE+ standard. The new standards PoE is one of the most promising PoE Requirements improve efficiency and allow a much technologies allowing IP convergence PoE is a well-defined technology wider range of device support while for building automation networks through IEEE802.3, which specifies using the same low-voltage Class D (BANs) - including lighting - the physical and data link layer (Cat5e) cable as the PoE+ standard. without the use of proprietary media access control (MAC) for systems. LED technology requires wired Ethernet networks. A PoE In the existing PoE+ standard, low-voltage DC power in a different network includes PSEs (power a two-pair 30 W system delivers manner than older lighting sources, sourcing equipment) and PDs electrical power over two of the four which utilize AC power that has (powered devices), with the available twisted pairs in Cat5e been converted to low-voltage PSE using two-pair or four-pair cabling. In this system, the pairs 1, 2 power. A smart PoE lighting connections to transmit power. and 3, 6 are used to transport system requires low-voltage power The PD negotiates with the PSE, power from the PSE

to the PD and the spare pairs will be to develop efficient, (4, 5 and 7, 8) are idle. The 60 W deployable, reliable and UPOE standard uses the same commercially successful PoE cabling as the 30 W PoE+ lighting systems on a large scale, standard, but while the two-pair but the tools are already available system uses one PSE controller to do that. Moving forward, to power the PD through the large-scale deployments will signal pairs of the cable, become more common. a four-pair system uses two PSE controllers to power both the The key will be optimizing the signal pairs and the spare pairs. low-voltage cable infrastructure to deploy power and data in a Because it uses all four twisted more convenient way. This will pairs to deliver power, UPOE can require a hybrid deployment of deliver more power and is more technologies, including PoE and efficient than PoE+, reducing distributed power conversion. channel losses. More specifically, Another issue will be limiting a UPOE PD node can receive up power losses over the low- to 51 W of power, enough to voltage cable infrastructure. support lighting requirements in Molex is implementing a PoE a wide variety of indoor lighting architecture that reduces applications. It also offers the power loss to below 5% on possibility to optimize the category cables. low-voltage cable infrastructure by daisy-chaining multiple Power losses can also be reduced devices on a single UPOE port, by using heavier gauge cable. reducing the number of ports While CAT 5e, 24-gauge cable is and amount of cabling required the minimum that can be specified on a system. for a PoE lighting system, as a best practice we recommend CAT 6, 23-gauge. We design PoE Cabling Architecture lighting systems that minimize the In the IEEE PoE standard, bundle size for cables (usually the maximum allowable fewer than 48 cables per bundle). cabling length is 100 m (total) In general, the recommended between the PSE and the PD, maximum bundle size is no which allows the development more than 98 cables to keep heat of a single lighting system for within an acceptable range; about 15,000 square feet of if temperatures exceed pre- space. Strategies for optimizing specified limits, power must the low-voltage cable be reduced. infrastructure required for PoE lighting have led to several system architecture innovations, Advantages of PoE allowing lighting architects to PoE lighting is practically the only re-think interior commercial effective technology that allows spaces and how to redesign power and data on the same IT closets to support BANs low-voltage cable infrastructure; and traditional IT applications. any other connected lighting system requires a dual layer PoE lighting networks also infrastructure: one to distribute require new expertise in the power (i.e., AC main) and another design of cabling architecture to provide communication, and infrastructure in order to data and control on low-voltage support efficient PoE lighting cables or wirelessly. deployment. Companies that develop and possess this In new construction, the know-how will be the ones with installation of PoE lighting the capacity to efficiently scale fixtures is much simpler and the technology. The challenge faster than the installation of a

traditional hard-wired AC/DC The advantages of PoE lighting New Lighting Paradigm distributed lighting system. PoE can by summarized as follows: Through the development of new lighting elements do not require the • Power and data over single-layer products and new, more efficient use of an electrician and are infrastructure standards, PoE lighting is rapidly powered/connected with an RJ45 • Uses DC power - ideal for LEDs becoming a key part of commercial connector. Because low-voltage • Is low-voltage and safe to install; building design, and companies that cabling is installed as part of an no certified electrician required create enabling technology for this IT system, no additional costs for • Uses ethernet standards new technology will help drive the control are required for a PoE • Is future proof and upgradable; industry through the transition. system, and commissioning is each light and sensor has an IP very simple because each lamp address that can be re-configured Also, keep in mind that, as with any receives an IP address. at any time new technology, potential new • Software and firmware upgrades benefits of PoE lighting will likely Also, if you need to change a can be made from the network emerge. As commercial buildings control scheme or rearrange a without the need to change migrate to the IoT via IP protocol, configuration in a traditional lighting hardware that opens the door to big data system, the wiring scheme must be • Advanced control is possible: analytics, and the long-term completely reworked, which is a a PoE lighting system can include significance of that development time-consuming and expensive tunable luminaries and as part of the value proposition process. PoE lighting, however, incorporate dynamic/bio-adaptive for PoE lighting is just becoming is totally configurable. If you are control. Lights can be used to understandable. reconfiguring office spaces, communicate information to users for example creating rooms from • Can be integrated with other open space or vice versa, you can systems change zoning and control in a PoE • Highly secure lighting system by simply re-assigning • Creates the possibility for new sensors; no re-wiring is required. data analytic schemes

TECHNOLOGIESCATEGORY RGBW DIMMING 62 Create Colorful and Bright LED Light with an LED Matrix Dimmer

RGB LEDs are quite common and used in many applications today. More advanced multi-color solutions like RGBW, RGBA or RGBWA offer huge advantages over RGB solutions, but several aspects are more complicated. Keith Szolusha, applications engineering section leader for power products at Linear Technology explains the advantages of RGBW systems, how they work, how to set up such systems, and how to drive them correctly using Linear Technology’s LT3965 8-switch LED matrix dimmer in combination with the LT3952 boost-buck LED driver as an example.

RGB LEDs are used in projector, There are various ways to drive RGBW The LT3965 matrix LED dimmer architectural, display, stage and LEDs for color and brightness enables such a design, as shown automotive lighting systems that control. One way to drive and dim in figure 5. Each of these 8-switch require efficient, bright output. RGBW LEDs is to use four separate matrix dimmers can pair with exactly To produce predictable colors LED drivers, one for each color two RGBW LEDs, allowing control from an RGB LED, each of its as shown in figure 1a. In such a of the individual brightness of each component LEDs (red, green system, the LED current, or PWM LED (red, green, blue and white) in and blue) requires individual, dimming, of each individual LED or PWM steps of 1/256 between zero accurate dimming control. string is driven by separate drivers and 100% brightness. Two-wire I2C High-end systems can use an and control signals. In this solution, serial commands provide both color optical feedback loop to allow though, the number of LED drivers and brightness control to all eight a microcontroller to adjust increases quickly with the number channels. I2C serial code to the the LEDs for color accuracy. of RGBW LEDs. Any lighting system matrix LED dimmer IC determines Adding a white LED to an RGB with a significant number of RGBW the brightness state of all eight LEDs LED to produce an RGBW LED LEDs requires a substantial number and can check for open and short extends the hue, saturation and of drivers and synchronization of the LEDs in case of a fault. brightness values available in control signals to those drivers. the color system. Each RGBW Since each RGBW LED is designed LED requires accurate dimming A much simpler - and more elegant - as a single point source, the red, of four component LEDs. approach is to drive all of the LEDs green, blue, and white light combine Two RGBW LEDs require with a single driver/converter at a to produce color variety, with eight “channels.” fixed current, while using a matrix saturation, hue, and brightness of shunting power MOSFETs to control. Each LED can be set in PWM dim the individual LEDs for 1/256 steps between zero (0/256) brightness control. The matrix and 100% (256/256) with this dimmer and single LED driver high-speed matrix dimmer. shown in figure 1b reduces the circuit size of the figure 1a solution. Furthermore, a single communications Accurate Full Range bus to control the matrix LED RGBW Color and dimmer makes RGBW color-mixing Brightness Control LED systems relatively simple and RGBW LEDs can produce accurate compact, while driving high current color and brightness with PWM RGBW LEDs with accurate color dimming of the individual and brightness control. component red, green, blue and

Figure 1 a&b: white LEDs. Individual PWM (1a) Eight separate brightness control can support LED drivers and PWM 256-to-1 or higher dimming ratios. signals can be used to An alternative to PWM dimming is to drive two RGBW LEDs in a high power color- simply reduce the drive current for mixing application or each LED, but accuracy suffers in (1b) a single boost- this method, allowing only 10-to-1 buck LED driver and matrix LED dimmer with dimming ratios, and incurring color serial communications drift in the LEDs themselves. can be used for a much A matrix dimming approach smaller and compact using PWM dimming outperforms solution drive-current schemes in accuracy of color and brightness.

The bandwidth and transient response of the LED driver (the source of the 500 mA LED current) affects the color accuracy. With over 10 kHz crossover frequency and little or no output capacitor, the compact boost-buck converter in figure 5 reacts quickly to changes in the number of driven LEDs as the matrix dimmer turns its switches on and off.

To illustrate how important this is to accuracy, red, green and blue LEDs are run separately at different PWM duty cycles and measured for light output with an RGB optical sensor. The results in figure 2 show uniform Figure 2: slopes of each color from 4/256 to Red, green, blue, 256/256, with a slight change in and white brightness slope below that. Of course, red, control versus 0-256 green and blue LEDs are not perfect (out of 256) PWM dimming duty cycle in their color, so some color from controlled by the matrix other bands sneaks out even when LED dimmer when only one is driven. Overall, this is a paired with the LT3952 boost-buck LED driver highly accurate system. in figure 5

Accuracy can be improved down to 1/256 PWM dimming using a very high bandwidth (> 40 kHz) buck converter LED driver, but that involves either the expense of adding another step-up converter to create a regulated, greater than 30 V output voltage, or having an input voltage source above 30 V. Unless a high level of accuracy at extremely low light is necessary, there is little reason to forgo the figure 5 boost-buck’s versatility, simplicity and compact size by adding an extra converter. as shown in figure 3. Adding oranges that RGBW LEDs cannot. additional colors, such as amber, These LEDs can also be driven with The matrix dimmed RGBW LED can expand the gamut. the matrix dimmer, but the eight color mixer system described here RGBWA LEDs (with an amber LED) channels of the matrix dimmer achieves a broad color gamut, can produce deep yellows and match well to two RGBW LEDs.

Figure 3: RGB LEDs feature The 256-level dimming scheme a wide color gamut. easily translates to typical RGB paint Adding white is one programs and common color-mixing way to simplify the algorithms. For instance, if a standard algorithmic mixing of specific colors. In some PC paint program is opened, one mixing schemes, white will see that colors are mixed using is used to change the a 256-value RGB system, as shown saturation, while red, in figure 6. For example, the LED green and blue set the hue current waveforms in figure 4 produce purple light from an RGBW matrix LED system controlled by a basic PC-based paint program. Because the design described in this article produces accurate current drive and PWM control, RGBW LEDs can be predictably color-calibrated by adjusting the duty cycles of the component LEDs, easily accounting for inherent variations in LED brightness.

Matrix LED Color Mixer with Boost-Buck The matrix dimmer requires a Figure 5: Together with the suitable LED driver to power the LT3952 boost-buck string of eight LEDs from a variety of LED driver, the LT3965 inputs: standard 12 V ±10%, 9-16 V matrix LED dimmer (auto) or 6-8.4 V (Li-ion). One such controls individual colors on two 500 mA solution is the LT3952 boost-buck RGBW LEDs for serial- LED driver, which both steps up and controlled color and steps down input-to-LED voltage, patterns while providing low ripple input and output current. With little or no output capacitor in its floating output topology, it can react quickly to changes in LED voltage as the individual LEDs are PWM-dimmed on and off to control color and brightness (Figure 4).

Figure 4: The RGBW 500 mA LED currents are PWM dimmed and phased by the LT3965 matrix dimmer to create colors and patterns. The LT3952 boost-buck converter/LED driver easily keeps up with the rapid changes in LED voltage as individual LEDs are PWM dimmed

Figures 6 a-c: Process to set colors

The LT3952 500 mA boost-buck the LT3965 is connected to 330 mΩ x 500 mA x 8 = 1.3 V. LED driver (Figure 5) pairs with the SKYHOOK, which is at least 7.1 V This frequency also supports high LT3965 8-switch matrix LED dimmer above LED+, all of the shunt dimming ratios without visible and two RGBW 500 mA LEDs. MOSFETs work properly. LED flicker. This new boost-buck topology SKYHOOK can be created with a gracefully operates over the entire charge pump from the switching range of zero-to-eight LEDs in converter or it can be supplied with Start-Up Sequence with series, with a voltage of 0 V to 25 V. a regulated source that is at least LEDs ON or OFF The instantaneous series LED 7.1 V greater than the highest The matrix LED dimmer system can voltage changes, determined by expected LED+ voltage (in this case, be set to start with all of the LEDs which, and how many LEDs are VINmax + VLEDmax = 20 V + 25 V). on or off. Starting up with all of the enabled and disabled by the matrix The tiny LT8330 boost converter in LEDs off allows them to fade on dimmer at any given moment. a 3 x 2 mm DFN is a good choice to softly or to start at a programmed The 60 V OUT voltage of this generate SKYHOOK. color and brightness, such as converter/topology (a sum of VIN green-blue at 10% brightness. and VLED), and the converter duty An optional external clocking device If all of the LEDs start with full cycle, are rated for the full input is used to synchronize the system at 500 mA current before the serial range of 6 V to 20 V and output 350 kHz, which is suitable for communications begin telling the range (LED series voltage) of automotive environments, relatively dimmer what to do, then full bright 0 V to 25 V at 500 mA. efficient and allows the use of “white” light may be observed compact components. Although before serial communications start. The matrix dimmer controls LED this system could just as well run brightness by shunting the LEDs at 2 MHz (above the AM band), With either start-up method, the with parallel power MOSFETs. 350 KHz (below the AM band) LT3965 should be powered up The LEDs do not need to be enables this boost-buck converter before it receives I2C serial connected to ground with either to regulate without pulse-skipping communications, or the initial the floating output boost-buck when all LEDs are shorted by communications may be lost when LED driver or with the matrix LED the matrix dimmer and the it performs a power-on reset (POR). dimmer. As long as the VIN pin of LED string voltage drops to The POR occurs when the EN/

UVLO pin crosses above the 1.2 RGBW LED, simplifying the work V threshold. Since this voltage is of a lighting designer. based on SKYHOOK being at least 7.1 V above LED+, this can The three simple steps are: occur at any time after a high (6a) Choose a color SKYHOOK voltage is applied, (6b) Set the RGB values such as 55 V from a small boost corresponding the LT3965 regulator, or it can happen after LED matrix dimming ratios a charge-pumped voltage from (6c) Use a PC to set the dimming the LT3952 switch node is high values to see the results enough to create SKYHOOK. In the case of a charge-pumped Upon a reset, the PWM of the SKYHOOK, the LED current may LT3952 must be pulled low again be present before the charge- to turn it off and restart in the pumped SKYHOOK, so the LEDs off position. In the case of LEDs light up before the matrix figure 5, a simple micro power dimmer switches can turn the boost such as an LT8330 can LEDs off. This is a simple supply 55 V from the 6-20 V solution for a designer who input. The microcontroller would like the LEDs to turn on receives a signal that LT3965 full brightness to start. is powered up and ready to receive serial communications To start the LEDs off, SKYHOOK by asserting the ALERT flag. must be present at a high voltage Before any of the switches are before the LT3952 is turned on. shorted out, zero current through As shown in figure 6, if the PWM the LEDs shows up as zero pin is held low during start-up, voltage across the switches the LT3952 will not start up until - interpreted and reported as it is commanded to do so by an a short-circuit fault. Only after external source, such as the the matrix LED dimmer is master microcontroller. powered up by SKYHOOK is The microcontroller can send I2C the flag asserted. setup commands to the LT3965 once SKYHOOK is present and set up its switches to the LED Conclusion OFF position before current is Matrix LED dimmers can be flowing to them. Then, after paired with a boost-buck LED setup, the LT3952 PWM can be driver to form an accurate-color asserted and the current begins RGBW LED color mixer system. to flow through shorted matrix In our example, it can drive two LED dimmer switches, with the RGBW LEDs at 500 mA with LEDs off. After this, a fade start 350 kHz switching frequency can occur, or the LT3965 dimmer from a 6 V to 20 V input. can jump to a particular color This versatile system can be or brightness. powered with automotive batteries, 12 V power or Li-ion The figures 6 a-c show the batteries. High color accuracy standard process to set colors: results from the fast transient Colors can be chosen using a response of the patent-pending standard PC-based color picker. boost-buck LED driver topology The 0-256 values used by the and predictable dimming control matrix dimmer can be related to via the 256:1, I2C-controlled the 0-255 values used in typical matrix system. It can be set up to RGB systems. For instance, start up with all of the LEDs off RGB(128|10|128) produces a and can fade to start or jump to purple hue. As can be seen in a particular color. Although not the photograph on page 66, required, optical feedback (via the matrix dimmer can produce microcontroller) can be added to predictable colors with a real improve color accuracy.

APPLICATIONSCATEGORY SURGE PROTECTION 68 Safety Concept for LED Street Lighting

Street and building lighting has profited greatly from the advantages of LED technology. While modern LED lampposts have dielectric strengths of up to 6 kV, surge currents and voltages occurring in the grid can be significantly higher. Andreas Schamber, Product Manager for surge protection at Phoenix Contact, presents and discusses a comprehensive power surge protection concept to prevent blackouts during power surges and to protect investments in LED lighting based on the company’s product portfolio.

Figure 1: LEDs have become the LED technology has become common technology for prevalent in many areas due to street lighting. Specific its significantly longer service protection devices are life and higher energy efficiency. used to protect these sensitive systems Street and building lighting has benefited in numerous ways from the advantages of this new technology. LED modules have also made lights much more compact and they can be dimmed by sensors, allowing them to be adapted to the needs of the user. While the dielectric strengths of modern LED lampposts is up to 6 kV, Power Surges and Their Lampposts are generally placed power surges in the grid caused Consequences in highly exposed locations, by direct and indirect lightning Undesirable power surges have leaving them susceptible to direct strikes or switching action can various causes. A distinction is lightning strikes that can affect be significantly higher. made between direct and indirect the entire streets. If there are no effects of lightning strikes and suitable protective devices in place, The destruction of sensitive switching operations. There can be the lightning current can be lighting electronics or the a low number of direct lightning dispersed across the entire LED modules by power surges strikes, depending on the region. installation (due to galvanic coupling) will increase the time for ROI. Nevertheless, these kinds of strikes and cause enormous damage. The cost of replacing LED are always high-energy, usually equipment is also higher resulting in greater damage. Lightning strikes cause the voltage than replacing conventional Lightning strikes can indirectly affect to increases by several thousand lighting technology. Preventing devices up to distances of 5 km. volts at the point of impact. downtime from power This voltage decreases exponentially surges and to protect the Power surges typically result from: and depends largely on the soil investment in LED technology, • Direct lightning strikes to lights or conditions and the distance from a comprehensive surge power lines the point of impact. For example, protection concept is highly • Indirect effects of lightning, if lightning strikes a building with recommended, even for ground feedbacks, or an external lightning protection street and building lighting. electromagnetic induction system or a nearby tree, this raises The consequences in security- • Switching operations in the the ground potential (Figure 2). relevant areas can be severe power grid If the insulation resistance of the (Figure 1). components is exceeded,

Figure 2: A lightning strike directly in or close to the street lighting system raises the voltage potential and endangers the street lighting

a flashover can occur, and the several kilovolts. These transient components. Other occurrences, insulation will be damaged. power surges occur far more such as switching operations at frequently than lightning strikes large-scale plants and unforeseeable If the insulation of the supply cables, and have a lower energy density ground faults or short circuits in the the junction box or the electronics and shorter duration. Nevertheless, alternating current, can also cause has been damaged, it can usually they still cause damage due to power surges to reach and overload only be determined during the next the high number of incidents that the consumer. Grid operators work routine check. Insulation failures stress the components. in accordance with the guidelines pose a lethal risk and, in the worst specified in EN 50160 to ensure the case, can lead to electric shock if These transient power surges can required grid quality. However, contact is made with metallic parts have various causes: due to the limitations of the such as a light pole. • Switch-on and switch-off technical means currently available, operations in nearby electrical grid operators are far from able to Inductive coupling in the power devices and at large-scale plants protect all consumers from supply cable can also generate • Switching conventional discharge unforeseeable power surges. power surges. This is caused by lamps on and off A comprehensive lightning current the magnetic field of the lightning • Ground faults and short circuits and power surge protection concept current flowing to the ground. in the alternating current protects LED lights from early failure. For instance, the current through • Triggering of the fuses a downed conductor, or even a tree, • Conductor-to-conductor errors in generates an electromagnetic field the medium- or high-voltage grids Example for a Suitable around the conductor, which induces Protection Concept energy in cables running in parallel. Most street and outdoor lighting is A comprehensive protection These surges are strong enough to connected to the low-voltage grids, concept with coordinated damage the electronic components which sometimes run over long components is necessary for connected to those wires. distances. When it comes to protecting an entire streets’ worth conductor-to-conductor errors in of LED lights with several light The other main cause for power the high and medium-voltage grids, points. This kind of multi-level surges is switching operations sometimes the voltage impulses power surge protection concept in the power distribution network. reach the consumer, which significantly revolves around three installation These can cause power surges of speeds up the aging process of the locations (Figure 3).

Figure 3: Possible areas of Useful Product Features application for power Several million Protection Class I surge protection in and II light points are installed the street lighting worldwide. In the past, Protection system - a multi-level power surge protection Class II lights were frequently concept secures the installed for a variety of reasons, entire installation for depending on the region and the long term (SPD country. Light installation requires = surge protection device) double or reinforced insulation for all electrical components in accordance with IEC 60598-1. Today, these requirements can also be applied to the power surge protection devices for Protection Class II. Doing so ensures that future standard requirements will also be fulfilled.

Differences between installations mean that conductor cross sections ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 mm² are found in the field. This usually The three installation locations are: additional advantage - compared to affects the standard lights. • In the control cabinet when it is installed directly in the Because of this, devices with flexible • Directly in the LED light light - in that the protective ground connection technology that can take • In the cable junction box at the conductor also goes into the cable this connection area into account base of the pole junction box. The protective ground during retrofitting are required. conductor, which is wired to the Combinations of Type 1 and Type 2 ground, can be used to effectively One product feature in particular arrestors are advantageous for protect Protection Class II LED lights should be prioritized: the visual protection installed in control against transient power surges. indicator on the power surge cabinets - the arrestors provide This setup is also easy to access protection device. This advantageous protection from direct lightning for inspection or retrofitting. feature is prescribed by standards strikes and transient power surges and allows the function status to caused by the indirect effects of a The described power surge be read directly off the device. lightning strike or switching protection devices are suitable The indicator needs to be easy to operations in the distribution for the entire installation concept. read even when the device is in network. This setup ensures that all All of the components are optimally a dead state, since maintenance powered LED lights are protected coordinated with one another. work is not usually performed against the direct and indirect They are also tested and certified while the device is live. If the power effects of lightning. for security and reliability by an surge protection devices are independent testing agency. directly integrated into the lights Integrating a Type 2 or Type 3 Some of these components and are only accessible with the power surge protection device belong to the pluggable Type 1 help of tools, then the signal can protects the electronic components and Type 2 product family and be transmitted to the lamp. directly in the light from power come either with or without remote For example, if the power surge surges caused by the indirect signaling for use in the control protection device’s disconnect effects of nearby lightning strikes. cabinet. Meanwhile, the specially device is securely triggered due The light manufacturer directly developed Type 2 and Type 3 to an overload, the light is also influences the positioning of arrestor product family features switched off. The functions of the matched components; he or she compact design and flexible power surge protection device can can protect the lights and their types of wiring. Because of this, then be recognized during routine sensitive electronic components these product types are perfect inspection of the light (Figure 4). from unforeseeable power surges. to install directly in the LED light or in the cable junction box in the pole. Last but not least, product approval The cable junction box is also a Reinforced insulation means that plays an important role in lighting suitable location for installing a these protection devices can be installation. This is because the power surge protection device. used in Protection Class II LED approval mark on the product When a power surge protection applications without additional indicates that the product’s quality device is installed here, there is an measures. and security have been confirmed

Figure 4: level is required; it should lie Signals can be beneath the surge voltage capacity transmitted to the of the light source and the LED lamp via the so-called driver. This also applies for the L connection. If the disconnect device has multi-level protection concept for been disconnected Type 1 lighting arrestors in the from the power surge control cabinet through to Type 2 protection device due to an overload, the and 3 lightning arrestors in the light is also electrically LED light. The appropriate devices isolated from the are only effective if the incoming network and thereby pulses through installed devices protected from further power surges are successively limited to the reliable protection level, which thereby prevents the pulses from overloading the downstream end devices (Figure 5). And if the pulses reach the power limits of the protective devices, these devices need to be securely disconnected. When suitable protective devices - such as T2 and T3 Blocktrab components - are installed in the light or in the cable junction box, Figure 5: even end devices can be electrically Residual stress curve for a surge voltage isolated from the network impulse (1.2/50 µs) - (depending on the selected circuit), power surge impulses thereby protecting the lights from are limited to a voltage level sufficient for further pulses until the defective sensitive devices device has been replaced.

Summary All of the components necessary for the installation must be carefully selected in order for LED lights to be operated safely and efficiently for many years. A professional lightning current and power surge protection concept is recommended for all types of lighting: indoor, outdoor, tunnel, and building lighting. Suitable protective devices protect sensitive electronic components from undesirable and unforeseeable by an independent testing agency. (for example, in accordance with power surges and thereby help the As such, this approval mark lets the ENEC, or European Norms Electrical user reach the planned payback user know that the product’s Certification). The IEC 61643-12 period. Protective devices also technology is state-of-the-art. installation guidelines should also contribute to personal and system Moreover, securing product be acknowledged when installing safety and reduce maintenance approval for the power surge protection devices. Lightning current and repair costs. protection device can reduce the and power surge protection devices cost of certifying the entire light. are only guaranteed to function Certification bodies typically properly and provide suitable acknowledge the results of quality protection if these installation tests conducted on power surge guidelines are followed. protection devices. If these bodies see that the protection devices It is also important to take the have already been approved, protective effect of power surge then they reduce the cost of protection devices into account approving the entire light during installation. A low protection

Illumination is expanding its definition in the education sector. While its core tenets continue to drive primary and secondary schools to foster environments of higher knowledge and enlightenment, the influence of lighting has quickly broadened this definition to literally shine a brighter future on our students. Jay Black, Vice President of development and communications for Revolution Lighting Technologies, discusses expectations and experiences, and gives technical background information.

Since the advent of architecture, from general and task lighting, Light and Humans lighting has played a central including mobile devices, As light travels through the eyes, role toward influencing our tablets, computers and the cornea and lens refract it to environment. Light allows televisions, prevails. converge on the retina, stimulating us to perceive objects, These new tools have two different photoreceptor nerve provide safety, complete tasks, provided significant benefits, cells, rod cells and cone cells, maintain a close connection allowing students to improve each independently tasked with with nature, and even influence efficiency and productivity, the absorption of specific short, our architectural designs. access information, improve middle and long wave light rays study habits, and work longer through activation of photo The emergence of the industrial to complete class projects. pigments. This physiological revolution during the 19th In addition, proper classroom interaction between light and the century paved the way for design, including lighting, can human body commonly assumed new scientific discoveries have a significant effect on the retina’s primary function was and technologies that would learning with up to a twenty- to assist with visualizing form and forge a new direction. For the five percent positive impact on perception of color. However, first time in history solar was a student’s performance over recent medical findings have replaced with artificial light an academic year according challenged this understanding, as the predominant lighting to a 2011-2012 British study uncovering that our retina plays a source. We created new and among 751 students in thirty- much broader biological role. larger structures to live and four classrooms [1]. However, work in, exchanging natural recent scientific advancements In 2000, a study was published, light for incandescent lighting. are once again pushing new identifying a new photo pigment, During the 20th century, boundaries to broaden our melanopsin, located within the newer technologies, including understanding of light’s retinal area of the eye. Unlike rod fluorescent, metal halide, potential to impact individual cells and cone cells located within halogen lighting were used. health, well-being and comfort. outer retinal regions, this pigment These solutions have now was uniquely located within the paved the way for LED lighting ganglion cell layer, concluding that in the 21st century. it did not participate in image formation, but rather is a chief Today it is estimated that candidate for circadian photo people spend 90% of their pigment. Shortly after 2001, time indoors, limiting individual scientific evidence suggested exposure to natural light, that non-rod and non-cone while artificial illumination photoreceptor systems existed

that facilitated circadian rhythms. Biological Effects synchronizes, close to but not Researchers identified Humans and other mammals exactly, a 24-hour cycle, the clock characteristics of a group of cells operate within a 24-hour biological must be recalibrated each day. containing melanopsin within mice cycle or “clock”, known as the This is where the ipRGCs plays a and rats, which are called circadian rhythm. This rhythm vital role, responding to light, intrinsically photosensitive retinal influences various aspects of our sending neurological signals to the ganglion cells (ipRGCs), responsible biochemistry, endocrinology, hypothalamus, which in turn for non-image forming responses physiology, metabolism and regulates localized “time-clocks” and circadian synchronization behavior to synchronize our internal among various organs in the body, [2,3,4,5,6]. processes as well as our external also referred to as photoentrainment environment. While this rhythm [7,8,9,10,11].

Figure 1: Diagram of the human eye – (1) light entering eye triggers photochemical reaction in rods and cones of retina, (2) chemical reaction in turn activates bipolar cells, (3) information is sent to visual cortex via thalamus (source: http://wellbeing.media. mit.edu/2014/02/12/ light-and-sleep- cycles/)

Figure 2: Circadian Rhythm in Humans (source: https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Circadian_ rhythm)

ipRGCs are uniquely suited to circadian cycle can negatively at time of waking, in order to engage address photoentrainment through impact melatonin levels, in addition the body’s metabolic processes, a slow kinetic response to light. to other hormones including while also acting as a key stress Unlike the millions of rod and cone prolactin, parathyroid hormone, hormone within the body. It is well cells distributed within the retina, and thyroid stimulating hormone. documented that cortisol does have ipRGCs, by comparison, make up Nighttime exposure to bright light weakening effects on the immune only a small number. As a subset can disrupt this rhythm, resetting system, and maintaining a healthy of ganglion cells, ipRGCs are the circadian clock, suppressing sleep-wake cycle, combined with distributed across the entire retina, melatonin production, and causing proper exposure to natural sunlight creating a broad, yet low density, the body to simulate a daytime can help regulate these levels photoreceptive net. While this physiological response. This includes [20,21,22]. density creates a lower probability raising body temperature and heart for absorbing photons, ipRGCs rate, promoting “alertness”, The connection between light, larger unitary response, compared translating to other potential issues ipRGCs and circadian rhythm has with the other two photoreceptor including poorer sleep quality. shown other non-visual effects that cells, significantly increases the impact alertness, mood, cognition, chance of activation when Students prone to working or and sleep quality. When considering absorbing even a single photon, studying late with general and task practical applications of lighting, and thus initiating a physiological lighting on, using electronic devices light is an important stimulant that response. This results in the including tablets, smartphones or signals day and night to the brain. improvement of the ipRGCs’ those simply watching TV while Neuroscience studies have shown biological structure sensitivity over going to bed can be particularly that light stimulation activates longer time durations, gradually susceptible. Repeated exposure to brain areas that control alertness, modifying response despite short high levels of light at night also including the thalamus and term light level fluctuations, affects metabolic functions including brainstem. In addition, changes in and allowing measurement of heart rate, shifting the timing of the EEG brain activity patterns that daylight, determining time of day circadian clock, which may impair indicate a more alert state were and seasonality. It is also worth proper cardiac function as well as found, leading to higher subjective noting that while all photoreceptors negatively impacting cholesterol alertness ratings and improvement respond to various spectral levels, body weight, and BMI. in cognitive performance tests. wavelengths, each of the three Health effects, including some Light studies have shown other photoreceptor cells show greater sleep disorders, are also possible positive neurological impacts, responsiveness to specific wave [17,18,19]. including activation of the amygdala, lengths. ipRGCs, for example, which helps regulate mood. As a have the greatest sensitivity to Cortisol is another key hormone result, forms of light treatment are short wavelength blue light from regulated, in part, by the circadian beginning to be used clinically to 464 - 484 nm [12,13,14,15,16]. clock. While studies have shown address some mental health conflicting evidence on the direct disorders [23,24,25,26]. Regulation of hormone levels is correlation between cortisol and the closely tied to circadian rhythm, circadian cycle, fluctuation due to Scientific research is still exploring which will fluctuate within the light exposure appear to occur. the broad spectrum benefits from 24-hour cycle. The hypothalamus, Unlike melatonin, which is light. This increased understanding as a primary regulator of the suppressed during light exposure, of non-visual impact of light and role hormone melatonin, raises levels as cortisol rises with increased light. of ipRGCs and melanopsin is night, signaling to the body that it is Cortisol begins to rise at the leading to new opportunities for a time of darkness, and prepares mid-point of sleep, increasing proper lighting design. the body for sleep. Disruption of the through increased light and peaking

Figure 3: Circadian Rhythm Impact on Hormone Levels (Melatonin and Cortisol Cycles) (source: https:// freyaled.com/en/blog/ health-effects-of-the- light)

Figure 4: The Right Light The WELL Building This new and much broader Standard Concepts understanding of the relationship (source: https://www. between light and the human body go-gba.org/resources/ building-product- is essential to establishing new a certifications/well- opportunity for addressing positive building-standard/) biological functioning. Organizations such the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) have already coordinated with key groups in the U.S. including the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHREA) to establish the lighting and energy benchmark in the United States, known as ANSI/ASHRAE/ Better Lighting for devices on fixtures and material IESNA 90.1. Documents such as Better Learning selection for surfaces and furniture. these provide illumination targets Recent findings regarding lighting’s based on the tasked performed ability to positively impact non-visual LED Lighting: as well as age of the individuals responses, now offer a new Integration of proper lighting levels within given environments [27]. opportunity for schools to should also consider utilizing differentiate, while positively artificial lighting that most accurately While current guidelines already impacting the learning experience reflects natural light’s “full spectrum exist for the specification of proper and productivity for their students. output”. LED lighting is an optimal lighting illumination, color solution due to its unique capability temperatures and energy efficiency Recent recommendations through to maximize spectral adjustment levels, in 2014, the International medical research, including those through its diodes, make it an Well Building Institute (IWBI) provided through the WELL effective lighting solution for released the WELL Building building standards, offer several circadian emulation. Even at Standard becoming the first recommendations to ensure proper different color temperatures, performance-based system for design that more effectively LEDs are able to achieve a broad measuring, certifying, and addresses individual health, spectral output, and strong “blue monitoring features of the built wellbeing and comfort. peaks” of light that are close to the environment that impact human frequencies that ipRGC retinal health and wellbeing, addressing Illumination Levels: photoreceptors are most sensitive, categories including air, water, Proper general illumination is a and maintain suppression of nourishment, light, fitness, comfort, core consideration. According to melatonin during the day. and mind. Grounded in a body of ANSI’s approval of IES standards, medical research that explores the uniformity and well-lit general CCT: connection between the buildings lighting, which factors illumination Designers must also consider and the health and wellness of its from targeted task lighting, appropriate correlated color occupants, this is the first standard to achieve illuminance levels temperature (CCT) when developing to solely focus on bringing human between 150 lux to 1500 lux. appropriate illumination throughout health to the forefront of building They will ensure proper visual acuity the space. While studies suggest practices [28]. and productivity, reduce eye strain, 6000 K – 8000 K LEDs with a avoid circadian drift and associated spectral composition leaning toward The WELL Building Standard negative hormonal effects. This is a blue spectral focus may have the Concepts, address illumination particularly important during best biological impact, this is likely through its section titled “Light”. afternoon hours, when lower levels undesirable to occupants. 5300 K or The intent is to minimize disruption of light can cause drowsiness as higher lights, closer to “daylight to the body’s circadian system, body’s cortisol levels lower [29]. white, may also be good for alerting enhancing productivity and provide Designers should also pay careful affects, but proper selection must proper visual acuity, visual and attention to excess illumination, balance individual comfort and circadian light design guidelines, reducing glare to ensure comfort focus requirements. 3500 K – 5500 K artificial and solar glare control, while enhancing aesthetic appeal were found through studies to be color rendering, shading and throughout the space. This can the most visually pleasing, however dimming controls and proper include the use of direct/indirect conclusions revealed there was not access to daylight. lighting, consideration of shielding a single preferred spectrum [30,31].

CRI: Some schools are already beginning Conclusions While CCT is a key consideration, to respond accordingly through There is silver lining, and as we it must be done in conjunction with modified policy to ensure a more look for new opportunities within proper color rendering to ensure reasonable workload. This will an existing puzzle, many educational colors within a space are accurately reduce conflict with healthy sleep facility managers are already taking depicted. CRI of 80 or higher is schedules and maintain a proper first steps through the use of LED suggested for general illumination circadian rhythm. technology. While the driver remains through IES standards, however largely economic, it offers dual spaces that require precise color Home Environment: benefits, delivering a more effective rendering, lighting with a CRI of Quality lighting design can have a form of broad spectrum lighting, 90 or higher, is suggested [32]. profound impact on our comfort combined with higher CRI. and well-being within learning In addition, LED lighting addresses Reflectivity: environments, and organizations other lamp-life related concerns, Surface reflectivity should also be such as the AMA have already made limiting total light depreciation to considered to control the overall several key recommendations and ensure lasting acuity when light intensity within a space. solutions to address proper compared to other lighting The total potential illuminance that circadian rhythms within our homes. technologies. But LED benefits can reach the eye has a substantial should be maximized by using impact on circadian rhythm. AMA recommendations include: advanced drivers to prevent flicker, The WELL Building Standard has • Evening lighting should utilize low and sophisticated control solutions developed recommended light intensity or dimmed red lighting. including photo sensors, to regulate reflectance values (LRV) for ceilings, Similarly, night lights used for artificial lighting based on natural walls and furniture systems, navigation during the middle of the light levels to foster photoentrainment. are derived from several sources night should also be considered Glare reduction strategies should including IES and General Services • Incorporate blackout shears on also be considered through direct/ Administration’s (GSA) Facility windows in bedrooms to limit indirect fixture specification and Standards [32]. light from entering the room perimeter window fenestration or • Limiting or eliminating the use shading to significantly improve Natural Light: of electronic devices during the student comfort and unwanted heat Design of proper lighting systems is evening and night can avoid gain. While fundamental in design, crucial. However, integration of negative impacts to our these considerations offer a natural light should always be circadian clock cost effective first step toward considered as a key opportunity to • Maintain a healthy sleep schedule, supporting lighting’s non-visual expose individuals to broad- including regular bed times and benefits for students. spectrum light, aligning us with the eight hours of sleep per night solar day to benefit circadian • Students rely on social media, Each opportunity will require its own photoentrainment. This must also be texting and video chat to solutions, however as designers, balanced with proper controls and communicate. Parents can engineers and manufacturers of fenestration, improving occupant institute boundaries around lighting, it is clear we are presented comfort through diffuse light that “screen time” and accessibility with a new opportunity to elevate avoids excess glare and heat gain. to ensure better focus on school the health well-being and comfort Many businesses promote physical obligations and improved sleeping of individuals through an activity among its employees, patterns by eliminating the expanded understanding of light, suggesting short walks, which may disruptive, and often constant creating a new path to transform also improve individual exposure to chime of a smart device to our schools, campuses, sunlight and alertness. announce incoming messages and education facilities.

School Policy: While the construction of new As professionals within the lighting school facilities is best positioned to industry, we are not alone in maximize these qualitative benefits, providing solutions that foster more this strategy is limited. Given the productive learning environments. overwhelming number of existing School administration faculty can educational facilities within the U.S., also play a vital role. Studies reveal it is unlikely that broad sweeping that students regularly spend more measures addressing light’s than three hours per night on non-visual benefits will occur, homework and as more students either due to impracticality or participate in extracurricular insufficient funding available as activities, many are often required to administrations continue to address stay up late to complete assignments. overarching budgetary challenges.

APPLICATIONS ILLUMINATING SCHOOLS 78

References: [1] Fast Company: http://www.fastcodesign.com/1671627/study-shows-how-classroom-design-affects-student-learning [2] Melanopsin: An opsin in melanophores, brain, and eye. Provencio, I, Jiang, G, Grip, WJD, Hayes, WP, Rollag, MD. 1, Nov 5, 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 95, pp. 340-345 [3] Melanopsin in cells of origin of the retinohypothalmic tract. Gooley, JJ, Lu, J, Chou, TC, Scammell, TE, & Saper, CB. 12, Dec 2001, Nature Neuroscience, Vol. 4, p. 1165 [4] An action spectrum for melatonin suppression: evidence for a novel non-rod, non-cone photoreceptor system in humans. Thapan, K, Arendt, J and Skene, D. s.l. : Journal of Physiology, 2001 [5] Phototransduction by Retinal Ganglion Cells That Set the Circadian Clock. Berson, DM, Dunn, FA, Takao, M. 5557, Feb 8, 2002, Science, Vol. 295, pp. 1070-3 [6] Melanopsin-Containing Retinal Ganglion Cells: Architecture, Projections, and Intrinsic Photosensitivity. Hattar, S, Liao, H-W, Takao, M, Bersom, DM, Yau, K-W. 5557, Feb 8, 2002, Science, Vol. 295, pp. 1065-1070 [7] Kandel, ER, et al. Principles of Neural Science. 5th. New York : McGraw Hill Medical, 2013 [8] Melanopsin-Expressing Retinal Ganglion-Cell Photoreceptors: Cellular Diversity and Role In Pattern Vision. Ecker, JL, et al. 1, July 10, 2015, Neuron, Vol. 67, pp. 49-60 [9] Acute Effects of Bright Light Exposure on Cortisol Levels. Jung, CM, et al. 3, 2010, Journal of Biological Thythms, Vol. 25, pp. 208-216 [10] Melanopsin Cells are the Principal Conduits for Rod/Cone Input to Non-Image forming Vision. Gruler, AD, et al. 1791, May 1, 2008, Nature, Vol. 453, pp. 102-105 [11] Kunz, Dieter. Impact of Light on Human Beings. Frankfurt : licht.de, 2010. 978-3-926193-60-5 [12] Melanopsin, ganglion-cell photoreceptiors, and mammalian photoentrainment. Rollag, M D, Berson, D M and Provencio, I. 3, 2003, Journal of Biological Rhythms, Vol. 18, pp. 227-234 [13] Photon Capture and Signalling by Melanopsin Retinal Ganglion Cells. Do, MTH, et al. s.l. : Macmillan, January, 15, 2009, Nature, Vol. 457, pp. 281-288 [14] Membrane Current of Single Rods Outer Segments. Baylor, DA, Lamb, TD and Yau, K-W. 1979, Journal of Physiology, Vol 288, pp. 589-611 [15] Melanopsin-Positive Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells: From Form to Function. Schmidt, TM, et al. 45, 2011, Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 31, pp. 16094-16101 [16] Photoreceptive Net in the Mammalian Retina. This Mesh of Cells May Explain How Some Blind Mice can still Tell Day from Night. Provencio, I, Rollag, MD and Castrucci, AM. 6871, January 31, 2002, Nature, Vol. 415, p. 493 [17] Effect of Light on Human Circadian Physiology. Duffy, Jeanne F and Czelsler, Charles A. 2, s.l. : Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 2009, Vol. 4. [18] Effects of bright light exposure on heart rate variability during sleep in young women. Kohsaka, M, et al. 3, June 2001, Psychiatry Clini Neurosci, Vol. 55, pp. 283-4 [19] Exposure to light at night, nocturnal urinary melatonin excretion, and obesity/dyslipidemia in the elderly. Obayashi, K, et al. 1, Chevy Chase, MD : Journal of clinical endocrinology and embolism, 2013,Vol. 98 [20] Light and Immunomodulation. Roberts, JE. New York : Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2000, Vol. 917 [21] Kunz, Dieter. Impact of Light on Human Beings. Frankfurt : licht.de, 2010. 978-3-926193-60-5 [22] Acute Effects of Bright Light Exposure on Cortisol Levels. Jung, CM, et al. 3, 2010, Journal of Biological Rhythms, Vol. 25, pp. 208-216 [23] Effects of Light on Cognitive Brain Responses Depend on Circadian Phase and Sleep Homeostasis. Vandewalle, G, et al. 2011, J Biol Rhythms, Vol. 26, pp. 249-259 [24] Vandewalle, G, et al. 45, 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 107, pp. 19549-19554. [25] Aberrant light directly impairs mood and learning through melanopsin-expressing neurons. LeGates, T A, et al. November 2012, Nature, Vol. 491, pp. 594-8 [26] Light as a central modulator of circadian rhythms, sleep and affect. LeGates, TA A, Fernandez, DC and Hattar, S. June 2014, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, Vol. 15, pp. 443-54 [27] Illuminating Engineering Society. American National Standard Practice for Office Lighting. New York: s.n., 2013. 978-0-87995-262-4 [28] www.wellcertified.com [29] Illuminating Engineering Society. American National Standard Practice for Office Lighting. New York: s.n., 2013. 978-0-87995-262-4 [30] Leuchtenmuller, Andreas. Office Lighting: Motivating and Efficient. Frankfurt : licht.de, 2012. 978-3-926193-73-5 [31] Preferred Chromaticity of Color-Tunable LED Lighitng. Dikei, E E, et al. 2, 2014, LEUKOS: The Journal of the Illuninating Engineering Society of North America, Vol. 10, pp. 101-115 [32] Well Building Standard, version 1.0. Delos Living, LLC, et al. 15, February 2015, pp. 100

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CATEGORYSPECIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF LIGHTING 80 The Value of Dark Skies - About Environmentally Friendly Lighting

For many years no one worried about light pollution: on the contrary, the brighter the better. Then it became evident that darkness also has its value. J. Scott Feierabend, executive director of the International Dark-Sky Association (IDA), presents and explains in detail, the latest findings and suggestions published in the “New IDA LED Lighting Practical Guide” and “New IDA Standards on Blue Light at Night”. He also discusses how to illuminate public areas while avoiding excess light pollution.

LED technology is transforming It is increasingly common to Color Matters the way we light our cities and read news reports that claim New technical capabilities towns, offering a once-in-a- LEDs reduce light pollution, often come with unanticipated lifetime chance to radically improve safety and security, consequences. Most white LED improve how we use both and save money while lowering lighting on the market emits energy and our outdoor spaces carbon emissions. While significant amounts of potentially at night. With this opportunity these positive outcomes hazardous blue light. In 2010, comes an obligation to manage are certainly possible when the International Dark-Sky these changes responsibly and switching to LEDs from older Association (IDA) released a sustainably. The stakes are high lighting technologies, they are comprehensive review paper, and the potential rewards great, not inevitable. This is why it "Visibility, Environmental, but outcomes depend critically is essential to be armed with and Astronomical Issues on policymakers, professional information that is both timely Associated with Blue-Rich White lighting designers, and the and accurate. Outdoor Lighting", detailing the public having access to reliable hazards of blue-rich white light information. sources. In the years since, scientific evidence has solidified Unfortunately, municipalities around its conclusions. enticed by substantial cost savings - and reduction In natural settings, exposure to in greenhouse gas emissions - artificial blue light at night has been continue to rush into LED shown to adversely affect the lighting conversions without nocturnal habitat. Every year new doing their homework to research is published expanding the ensure the conversion has the breadth of species known to be best possible outcomes for negatively impacted by artificial light municipalities, the public, at night, and often the higher the and the nocturnal environment. lighting temperature, the greater the Too often, misinformation leads impact. For example, a 2015 study to the installation of overly- in eLife found that corals exposed to bright, potentially harmful artificial light at night in the green street lighting. and blue part of the spectrum delayed their spawning times by six hours to two days compared to corals exposed to ambient light or artificial light with a strong red

Figure 1: The Berlin Wall has been down for decades, but the divide between East and West is still visible at night from space. This image, taken by astronaut Chris Hadfield in 2012, shows the gas lamps of the West and the orange high-pressure sodium lamps of the East, with a stark contrast between them. The image is a powerful reminder that lighting choices made by city planners are long lasting indeed. Given that many cities are now rushing to change to more energy efficient LED streetlights, this image demonstrates that smart lighting decisions is very important, as their consequences last a long, long time component. This is significant Outdoor lighting with significant which has a very narrow bandwidth, because delayed spawning can blue light content not only presents similar to low-pressure sodium negatively affect the reproduction known threats to ecology and lighting. of an already threatened species. human health, but is also more likely to contribute to light pollution. It is still widely believed that using City dwelling and migratory species Because blue light scatters more low-color temperature white lighting that often stop over in cities, efficiently through our atmosphere for outdoor applications is cost are not immune to the threats than light of other colors, it has a prohibitive due to significant posed by artificial light at night. much greater geographic reach. losses from low luminous efficacy. Recent research has shown that As a result, even if cities that The fact is, that is simply no longer that everything from the feeding convert their old municipal lighting the case. While it was once true strategies to reproductive timing of systems to white LED at a fixed that the efficacy difference between urban wildlife is altered, delayed or amount of light, the shift to a bluer low- and high-CCT white LED inhibited in the presence of artificial spectrum is expected to yield systems presented a significant light at night. Millions of birds die increased skyglow visible at large financial dilemma to municipalities each year in nighttime collisions distances from cities. planning white LED conversion with lighted radio transmission projects, technological advances towers and skyscraper windows. For these and related reasons, have enabled cost-competitive Exposure to short-wavelength IDA issued new standards in 2014 solutions that minimize blue artificial light at night has also been for its Fixture Seal of Approval light emissions. been implicated in the onset of program, which provides objective, various chronic human diseases, third-party certification for although intensity and exposure lighting that minimizes glare, Road Safety duration thresholds are not yet well reduces light trespass, and light LED lighting can both help and established. In 2012, the American pollution. The new requirements harm motorists, pedestrians, Medical Association concluded, limit certification to lighting that has and bicyclists who all share the “Pervasive use of nighttime lighting a Correlated Color Temperature road at night simultaneously. … creates potentially harmful health (CCT) of no more than 3000 K. The key to public safety on effects and/or hazardous situations But, it is important to note that streets and highways is visibility, with varying degrees of harm,” 3000 K still includes a good which is enhanced by high and recommended “further amount of blue light and may not contrast between objects and the multidisciplinary research on be appropriate for ecologically background. Uniformity of lighting, occupational and environmental sensitive places in cities such on the other hand, reduces contrast exposure to light-at-night, the risk as greenbelts and riparian areas. and lowers the odds that motorists of cancer, and effects on various For these fragile sites, the use of will be able to see moving objects chronic diseases.” amber LEDs is most appropriate, in the road.

Figure 2: Changes to cities that particularly toward the center of the have adopted LED light distribution, can help reduce for municipal street the negative impacts of glare. lighting are literally visible from space. The city of Milan, Italy is shown here at night The Crime and Safety in images taken from Quagmire the International Space Under the guidance of law Station before (2012, top) and after enforcement, city officials and (2015, bottom) the planners often elect to install bright conversion of the white lighting systems under the city center’s lighting from an existing assumption that they will increase high-pressure sodium traffic safety and deter crime. system to white LED. However, these claims are not The new lighting backed by clear scientific evidence. system makes central Milan noticeably more blue at night Some believe that the more vivid colors provided by white LEDs increase traffic safety, but there’s no research support for this argument, either. An unpublished study by the lighting design firm Clanton and Associates showed that the color of lighting may be a factor in the ability to see moving objects at night. But no one knows yet how color influences actual traffic safety. For now, there simply is no conclusive evidence that LED lighting enhances traffic safety.

Regarding crime, research to date has mostly focused on the brightness of light and ignored its other characteristics. LED lighting has the potential to decrease safety because it is a highly directional source that can yield scene The strong directionality of LED rather than a scene. Glare is never illumination with large contrast sources enables precise control of a good thing and only serves to and harsh shadows. While illuminated regions. Early LED reduce visibility. In response to uniformity of illumination is thought products attempted to conserve the glare, the pupil of the eye narrows, to be detrimental to traffic safety, precious lumens, due to low reducing the eye’s ability to quickly it is of paramount importance in luminous efficacy, by controlling light react to changing illumination levels. pedestrian situations such as distribution very strictly. As light has In fact, a 2012 report of the parking areas. In these places, become cheaper to produce with American Medical Association uniformity is desirable because too LEDs, manufacturers have taken a Council on Science and Public much contrast can lead to deep relaxed attitude toward distribution. Health stated: “Glare from nighttime shadows in which criminals may This makes proper luminaire design lighting can create hazards ranging hide. Exquisite cutoff can be that aims to achieve good contrast from discomfort to frank disability.” achieved with LEDs like no other more challenging. The problem is more acute in older source, but when coupled with eyes whose ability to adapt pupil the great potential for glare, Along with low contrast, size is diminished. LED lighting may well be glare presents a significant threat detrimental to our security to visibility for all users of roads at While LED roadway luminaires are regardless of its color. Done right, night. Glare is a reduction in visual effective at controlling glare at large where the feathering from light to acuity caused by the presence of distances, the glare they produce at darkness is gradual, outdoor lighting intense light sources in the field of short distances can be crippling. creates a much safer environment view, and is a symptom of wasted Better luminaire design, including and a feeling of true security. light that illuminates the eye itself optics to reflect or diffuse light,

Figure 3: White LED lighting need not Filtered LED (left) and emit large amounts of blue light phosphor-converted in order to accurately render colors amber LED (right) in outdoor spaces at night. are shown here in a test installation at Low-CCT white LED systems an intersection in now achieve color rendering index Flagstaff, Arizona. values comparable to those of The City of Flagstaff is currently testing these higher-CCT lights, further lowering and other low-blue- barriers to their adoption. light LED technologies This quality addresses concerns for the replacement frequently addressed by law of its existing low- pressure sodium enforcement agencies about the municipal lighting color of lighting and its perceived system (credit: IDA / effect on public safety. John Barentine)

Listening to the Community the city failed to consider relevant the purchase of new LED lights. From Seattle, Washington to West specifications including glare, Test sites must include a meaningful London in the United Kingdom, light trespass, and color number and variety of LED options - news stories recount complaints temperature when designing including several CCT values - from city dwellers living under new its new street lighting system. if they are to properly serve the LED lighting. The recent lighting Poorly-installed, high-CCT lighting public interest, and residents should debacle in Davis, California, makes utilizing ineffective shielding be given a sufficient amount of time a good case in point. resulted in bright white light to evaluate the options and provide shining into peoples’ homes and their feedback. In 2014, the City of Davis contracted the degradation of the nighttime to replace 2,600 high-pressure ambience in a “cozy college town.” Lastly, cities should take care so sodium ‘cobrahead’-style lights with In the end, Davis listened to as not to fall victim to the Jevons new white LED fixtures. A hail of its citizens and replaced the Paradox, a concept from economics complaints followed the installation lighting with a 2700 K white in which the progress of technology of half of these new streetlights, LED system at a cost of increases the efficiency of resource culminating in a line of angry $350,000 to local taxpayers. use, but the rate of its consumption residents running out the door fails to decline because a lower cost at a city council meeting. The cautionary tale of Davis makes of providing the resource spurs Protestors characterized the it clear: local governments that fail further demand from consumers. new system as “zombie lights” to adequately consider popular The Paradox is itself a form of the and “prison lighting.” opinion on the specifications of more familiar Rebound Effect. proposed municipal lighting According to researcher Blake Jim Benya, a lighting engineer and changes risk public rejection of new Alcott, who coined the term, former member of the International lighting systems. In order to avoid “Governments and environmentalists Dark-Sky Association Board of costly replacements, city staff generally assume that efficiency Directors, wrote about the episode should engage residents with test gains will lower resource for LD+A. According to Benya, installations before committing to consumption and are an effective

Figure 4: A comparison of the spectrum of white LEDs (solid lines) with the response of the human visual system in the photopic regime (dashed lines) for two LED correlated color temperatures: 5500 K (left) and 3000 K (right). The curves match well for 3000 K, indicating that much of the light generated by LEDs at this color temperature is efficiently perceived by the eye, while the strong blue emission component of the 5500 K LED goes largely undetected

policy for sustainability, ignoring LED technology is here to stay. the possibility of the paradox It leads the lighting industry arising.” The LED revolution is and dominates streetlight sales, particularly susceptible to the and will continue to do so for Jevons Paradox because the the next decade or more. cost reduction resulting from Cities that have yet to convert improved energy efficiency to LED certainly will in the next makes routing the savings into five years. By educating the the purchase and installation of public, professional lighting more (and unnecessary) lighting designers, and city officials and an attractive option. planners, money is saved, our carbon footprint is reduced, and a healthy, safe outdoor Solution and environment is ensured for Considerations humans and wildlife. There are already many white LED options now available on the outdoor lighting market and that number will only rise in the future. IDA has developed a set of recommendations to help guide those choosing among them. These suggestions will aid in selecting lighting that is energy and cost efficient, yet ensures safety and security, protects wildlife and promotes the protection of dark night skies.

IDA recommendations include: • Always choose full-cutoff fixtures that emit no light above a horizontal plane passing through the light- emitting element of the fixture nearest to the ground • Use “warm-white” or filtered LEDs (CCT ≤ 3000 K) to minimize blue emission • Look for products with adaptive controls like dimmers, timers, and motion sensors • Consider dimming or curfew requirements during overnight hours • Avoid the temptation to overlight because of the increased efficacy of LEDs • Only light the exact space and in the amount required for particular tasks

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Imprint Next LpR LED professional Review (LpR), ISSN 1993-890X PERFORMANCE & MANUFACTURING Publishing Company Issue 55 - May/June 2016 Luger Research e.U. TECHNOLOGIES Institute for Innovation & Technology Cost and Performance Optimization Moosmahdstrasse 30 of Thermal Management Solution A 6850 Dornbirn, Austria / Europe for High Power LEDs phone +43 5572 39 44 89 The LED industry has a challenge. fax +43 5572 20 60 70 General lighting requires very bright LEDs info(at)lugerresearch.com that can replace incandescent and halogen www.lugerresearch.com lights. Manufacturers need efficacy, cost and manufacturability to be “just right” Publisher but most leading solutions, especially in Siegfried Luger +43 699 11 33 55 70 thermal management, are short of the s.luger(at)led-professional.com mark. The article discusses ways to combine performance with reasonable Editor-in-Chief costs and good manufacturability. Arno Grabher-Meyer +43 699 11 33 55 18 a.g-m(at)led-professional.com

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