Vol. XVIil No. 12 December, 1963 INFORMATION ISSUED BY THE ASSOCI AT/ON OF JEWISH REFUGEES IN GREAT BRITAIN 8 FAIRFAX MANSIONS, FINCHLEY RD, (corner Fairfax Rd), London. N.W.3 Office and Consulting Hours: Telephone : MAIda Vale 909S/7 (General Office and Welfare for the Aged). Monday to Thursday 10 a,m,—1 p.m, 3—6 p m MAIda Vale 4449 (Employment Agency, annually licensed by the L.C.C., and Social Services Dept.) Friday 10 a.m,—1 p,m.

achievements the opening of a Rabbinical Col­ lege (based mainly on the Breslau tradition) FOCUS ON JERUSALEM in Buenos Aires, Mrs, Ruth Fabian (Paris) dealt with the special problems of the sur­ Conference of the Council of Jews from Germany vivors of the catastrophe in France who, after their emigration from Germany, had to endure For the first time since its inception the part. This, in turn, involves heavy financial persecution again when the country was annual conference of the Council of Jews obligations to which the Council is expected occupied by the Nazis. Dr. W. Rosenstock from Germany, of which the AJR is the to contribute out of its share of the proceeds (London) recalled Great Britain's outstand­ British constituent, took place in Israel. The from the heirless and communal Jewish ing contribution to the rescue of German choice of venue was no accident, for this year's property recovered in Germany. As these Jews after the November pogroms, and Dr. conference was to have a meaning beyond the funds are limited, and as a certain portion Curt Silbermann (New York) described the usual exchange of views on day-to-day activi­ has also to be allocated to the cultural work position of the German Jews in the American, ties. Its wider object was to commemorate the of the Leo Baeck Institute, it was understand­ pluralistic society. happenings of 1933 and 1938, not for the sake able that each affiliated organisation strongly of looking back on past sufierings, but to put forward its own needs. However, after The conference of the Irgun on the follow­ become aware of the wider historical context prolonged amicable discussions, an agreement ing day was attended by about 200 delegates of our position. on the distribution of the means available from all parts of the country. Its composi­ tion differed in so far from that of the AJR For a gathering with such motivation Israel was reached. After this had been settled Dr. F. Goldschmidt (London) gave a report on Board Meetings with their predominantly Was the obvious place. There, work for Jews London members, as in Israel there is not from Central Europe is not a subsidiary the Council's current efforts in the field of restitution and compensation. The Council such a strict division between the capital and activity, supplementing the work of the public the " provinces" : the three main cities— authorities, but an integral part of the also debated the questions arising from recent publications levelling unjustified and undigni­ Jerusalem, Tel Aviv and Haifa—are of equal country's life. To be received by the Head importance and there are also rural settle­ of State, to meet among the participants of fied accusations against the responsible Jewish leaders under the Nazi regime. ments built up by German Jews, A detailed the committee meetings Ministers and Par­ report on the Irgun's activities was given by liamentarians of German-Jewish origin, to see the General Secretary, Dr. Hans Tramer. It the homes built up by and for former Central reaffirmed that a great number of problems European Jews as part and parcel of steadily Cultural Tasks which the Irgun has to face are similar to expanding cities and suburbs—all this would those of the AJR. One aspect on which the not have been conceivable in any other The deliberations the following day were speaker laid stress is of particular importance country. Under this aspect the Jerusalem held under the auspices of the Leo Baeck for us as well: the necessity of raising in nieetings fulfilled the expectations which we Institute, The unique collection of books and time by our own efforts the means which had anticipated. To be truthful, the original documents built up in New York by the Insti­ will be required for the continuation of our idea of a mass reunion of Jews from Ger- tute's American section and the Year Books social work after the funds available at •nany did not materialise : Great Britain was edited by Dr, Robert Weltsch (London) have present have been exhausted. A report on the only country from which, in addition to now become established features. However, the meetings of the Council and the Leo Baeck the official delegates, other friends, most of of no lesser importance are the manifold Institute was given by Dr. Siegfried Moses. them connected with the work of the AJR, other publications and research actfvities Participated. On the credit side tribute must initiated or sponsored by the L,B,I. Among Impressive Public Meeting he paid to the devotion and efficiency with the publications which will be ready shortly which the Jerusalem offices of the Council are a symposium on the situation of the Jews and of the Irgun Oley Merkas Europa (the in Gennany during the last years of the The conference was concluded by a public •^JR's Israeli sister organisation) had Weimar Republic and a German selection of meeting in the Wise Auditorium of the created the appropriate atmosphere and had articles which have appeared in previous vol­ Hebrew University in memory of the events S'ven thought to all the technicalities umes of the Year Books. The meeting was of 1933 and 1938, Almost one thousand involved. honoured by the presence of Martin Buber people were present and many had to be who, as a member of the Institute's Jerusalem turned away. Dr. S, Moses, who was in the The following countries had sent delegates Board, has always been associated with the chair, stressed that the achievements of the to the conference of the Council: United L,B,I, As readers will remember, Professor organisations built up by Jews from Germany States (American Federation of Jews from Buber was recently awarded the Erasmus Prize testified to their solidarity. The first speaker, Central Europe), Great Britain (AJR), France and dedicated the major part of the award to Rabbi Dr, Max Gruenewald (New York), (La Solidarite, representing at the same time the Institute to be used for the publication of a recalled the courageous attitude of the leaders l^oref, the Council's affiliate in Belgium) and work on the Jewish position during the Euro­ of German Jewry under the Nazi regime. Mr. the South American countries represented by pean crisis. Several questions regarding the Bruno Woyda (London) presented the chair­ ^cntra. In addition, representatives of the terms of reference of the work and the pros­ man with a recently completed volume of Leo Baeck Institute's London and New York pective author or authors were discussed photographs and biographical data of the eentres and several other honorary officers with Professor Buber who, himself, contri­ German-Jewish communal leaders who ?nd close friends of the Council and the Leo buted important proposals to the scheme. perished under the Nazis; the work will Baeck Institute (some of them at present ultimately be exhibited in the Memorial Hall Working in Germany) took part. All the The meetings of the Council and the Leo of the Wiener Library (London). Mr. Woyda ^eetings were presi(ied over by Dr, Siegfried Baeck Institute were followed by the biennial also stated that a book dedicated to the Moses. conference of the Irgun Oley Merkas Europa. memory of these communal leaders will be At a reception held in the Irgun's beautiful published shortly. The names of Otto , The meeting of the Council was opened "Elternheim" in Jerusalem the delegates Hirsch, Julius L. Seligsohn, Arthur Lilien­ ^y reports of the delegates on the work of from abroad briefly reported on the position thal, Heinrich Stahl and Alfred Klee were but their organisations , the main present activi- of the Jews from Central Europe in their some among the great number of personali­ ^es of the AJR were outlined by its Chairman, respective countries, Mr, Hans Leschnitzer ties who came to mind at this hour of remem­ '"'•• A. S. Dresel. It transpired that in most (Montevideo) referred to the spiritual revival brance, he said. Professor Martin Buber, in countries the establishment and administra­ of Jewish life in South America, to a high a message read by Professor Ernst Simon, tion of Old Age Homes and Flatlet Homes extent due to the former German Jews, and *or elderly people now plays a prominent described as one of the most important recent Continued on page 2, column 1 Page 2 AJR INFORMATION December, 1963

FORMER REFUGEES' THANKS TO Focus on Jerusalem BRITAIN Continued from page 1 Collective Gesture of Gratitude Planned As already mentioned in this journal, the pointed out that in their period of grave trial " younger generation", a question which AJR Executive plans to mark the 25 years' the German Jews had stood the test. The played a great part in the Jerusalem dehbera- stay of the former refugees in this country main speaker. Professor Ernst Simon (Jeru­ tions. We are faced with the situation that by a visible expression of their gratitude salem), analysed the situation with which the the work will have to go on for a considerable to the British people. In the meantime, Jews from Germany were faced after 1933. time to come and that those who initiated it Mr. Victor Ross has published a letter in Active physical resistance was inconceivable, will gradually have to hand over to members of several national papers in which he too but their cultural resistance by the preserva­ a comparatively younger age group. We feel proposes such a gesture of collective tion of the humanitarian values amidst Nazi justified in the expectation that, as long as gratitude. The response to this letter has barbarity, was one of the characteristics by tasks have to be carried out, there will also been most encouraging ; co-operation was which this period was marked. Space does not be people to shoulder them. Yet there is also offered by many former refugees permit us to give a detailed report on the much more involved in tfie problem, and it who usually are not associated with their important addresses. As a manifestation of would be gratifying if those concerned would community of origin. Together with Mr. the past record and the present strength of contribute to a discussion on the wider issues Ross we are now considering several con­ the world-wide community of the Jews from of the matter. To be associated with the structive schemes which have been sug­ Germany the meeting was an unforgettable work of the Council of Jews from Germany gested, and as soon as a decision has been experience. and of the AJR does not only mean loyalty reached, an appeal will be launched on the The last of the Jerusalem functions was to the past. It calls for dedication to a great widest possible basis. fittingly dedicated to a gathering at Yad number of activities which are of the greatest Vashem, the Memorial Centre outside the City importance in the present and which will have HERRENLOSES VERMOEGEN IN DER of Jerusalem, amidst overwhelmingly beautiful to be carried on in the future. scenery. The Centre houses a unique and W.R. SCHWEIZ steadily increasing collection of documents Wie bereits in der Mai-Ausgabe von relating to the Nazi holocaust. To mark the "ANSWERING HANNAH ARENDT" AJR Information mitgeteilt wurde, ist in occasion the administrators had arranged a der Schweiz ein Gesetz ergangen, nach dem special display of exhibits (photographs, A Symposium held in London alle in der Schweiz liegenden Vermoegen Gestapo decrees, letters, etc) referring to the auslaendischer Staatsangehoeriger oder On October 29 the World Jewish Congress, Staatenloser, von denen seit dem 9 Mai, November, 1938, pogroms. After having been British Section, held a symposium in the Stern shown round the exhibition we assembled for a Hall to refute the charges which Hannah 1945, zuverlaessige Nachrichten fehlen, moving special Service in the Memorial Hall, Arendt, in her book " Eichmann in Jeru­ und von denen man weiss oder vermutet, As already mentioned, the delegates were salem ", has levelled against the Jewish leaders dass sie Opfer der Nazi-Verfolgung received by the President of the State of in Germany and German-occupied countries as wurden, von den Verwahrern solcher Israel, Mr. S, Shazar, In his welcoming well as against the Jewish victims of perse­ Guthaben (Banken etc.) bei dem Schweizer address Mr, Shazar, who had spent several cution who, she claims, allowed themselves to Justiz- und Polizeidepartment in Bern years in Germany, expressed his appreciation be slaughtered like sheep. A large audience anzumelden sind. Die Anmeldefrist laeuft of our efforts and paid particular tribute to filled the hall nearly to capacity. am 29 Februar 1964 ab. Mr. A. L. Easterman, Director of the Inter­ the Leo Baeck Institute with whose achieve­ national Affairs Department of the W.J.C., was Personen in der Schweiz oder im Aus­ ments he was very familiar. in the chair. In his introduction he quoted land, die glauben, auf solche Guthaben some of the most reprehensible passages of Anspruch zu haben, wird empfohlen, bis Visits to Old Age Homes the " offensive and revolting book ". He then Ende Februar 1964 abzuwarten, bevor sie called on the five speakers of the panel, follow­ irgendwelche Schritte unternehmen, da Of course, we also took the opportunity of ing the chronological sequence of the advance ihren Eingaben vor diesem Termin keine visiting the Homes established by the Irgun of Nazi barbarity. All of them had held Folge gegeben werden koennte. in Jerusalem, Haifa and Tel Aviv, They have responsible positions in the Jewish community much in common with those in this country. of their respective countries during the crucial FEDERAL PARLIAMENT DEBATES As in England, special accommodation has time of persecution and were therefore in a INDEMNIFICATION now been provided for the more infirm position of contradicting Hannah Arendt's As this issue was going to press the Draft elderly people. Apart from some homes which statements and arguments from first-hand Amendment Bills to the Federal Restitution have already been in existence for a compara­ knowledge. Dr. Eva Reichmann spoke on Law and the Federal Indemnification Law were tively great number of years, the standard is persecution in Germany prior to the war*; she read for the first time in the Federal Parlia­ similar to that of the London homes. How­ was followed by Dr. C. I. Kapralik (Austria), ment. The Bills, main contents of which were ever, while our Homes consist of converted Dr. O M. Arie (Czechoslovakia), Dr. W. described in previous issues of AJR Infornia- Schindler (Poland) and Dr. S. J, Roth (Hun­ tion, were referred to Parliament's Indemnifi­ houses extended by new wings, the planners in gary), By numerous examples the speakers cation Committee, and further developments Israel have had the advantage of starting from illustrated the factual misstatements on which will be reported in due course. scratch on vacant sites. Hannah Arendt has based her irresponsible In summing up the impressions gained in theories and conclusions. Gathering her information in a superficial manner and pre­ Israel, we have to restrict ourselves in this INVEST YOUR SURPLUS CAPITAL report to a few brief remarks, but we senting it with a bias so as to prove her pre­ conceived thesis, she has failed as a historian IN hope that an opportunity to go into greater and, at the same time, damaged her inter­ detail will arise on a later occasion. What national renown as a sociological and philo­ became evident anew was the spirit of sophical author. TRUSTEE solidarity among the Jews from Germany, Worse than that, she has—as Mr. Easterman their organisational ability and their construc­ pointed out in his concluding summary— tive achievements both in the social and in irresponsibly provided Nazi criminals with a INVESTMENTS the cultural spheres. However, while this is welcome weapon to dispute their guilt by realised by the rank and file as far as the laying part of the blame for the catastrophe at which are : social work is concerned, especially with the doors of the innocent and defenceless Jews 1. Fully secured on property. regard to the establishment of Homes, appre­ themselves. It seems, he said, inconceivable ciation and support of the equally important that a Jewish woman of her prominence who, 2. Guaranteed at on Interest Rate for many years, had taken an active part in the cultural work of the Leo Baeck Institute are work of Jewish and Zionist organisations of between 6%-8% per annum. not as widespread as they deserve. Yet it should, for the sake of facile originality and must be realised that, from the historical journalistic sensationalism, have contributed 3. Insured against inflation by a aspect, this work is at least equally essential. to an apology of the greatest crime in recorded unique built-in safeguard. It was gratifying to notice at the Conference history. However, he concluded, discerning that the list of scholars who carry out readers will not fail to note the glaring For further information contact : research work on the German-Jewish past inaccuracies and obvious contradictions in this Mr. P. Abbey (London Consultant) includes quite a few members of the younger objectionable book as well as her wicked mis­ generation. The awareness of the forces representation of Jewish leaders of our time, many of whom, refusing to save themselves, BRICE, TARRY & CO., LTD. which have designed our outlook seems to be staved with their flock and paid for their stronger now than it appeared to be during gallant sacrifice with their lives. Telephone : CHAncery 2345 the first post-war years. Evening, WORdsworth 1148 * Extracts from ber address will be published In This leads to the general question of the the next issue. AJR INFORMA'nON December, 1963 Page 3 ANGLO-JUDAICA HOME NEWS Remembrance Parade Over 4,000 Jewish Ex-Servicemen attended "THE REPRESENTATIVE " DEPUTIES WELCOME CATHOLIC the annual Remembrance Service held at the STATEMENT Cenotaph on November 17th, The Parade was In a B.B.C, sound programme on the play, to have been reviewed by the Duke of Sister Marie-Louise Gabriel said that Pope At a meeting of the Board of Deputies, the Gloucester, but due to his absence because of Pius XII had acted " according to his con­ President, Sir Barnett Janner, M.P., welcomed illness, it was inspected by his official repre­ science, according to his knowledge at the " the momentous and highly significant state­ sentative, General Sir Richard Hull, Chief of moment . , . and he believed this right. It ment " prepared by Cardinal Bea and pro­ the Imperial General Staff, The Home Secre­ is possible that he took the wrong decision posing to remove from Catholic teaching the tary, Mr, Henry Brooke, also witnessed the and that another man would have acted charge of responsibility of Jews as a whole for Parade. differently". Professor Gordon Rupp, Pro­ the Crucifixion. " We can hope (Sir Barnett fessor of Church History at Manchester The principal speaker at the rally at the said) that the removal of this derogatory inter­ Odeon, Hammersmith, was Mr. Maurice Edel­ University, considered that Hochhuth had " a pretation of the Gospel story from Christian legitimate right" to launch his attack on the man, M.P., president of the Anglo-Jewish teaching, especially to children, will help to Association. Pope. In his introduction to the programme, eradicate a deeply rooted prejudice." the chairman, the Rev. Paul Oestreicher, head J.N.F. Target of the B.B,C.'s religious broadcasts, traced the DEATH OF LORD NATHAN history of antisemitism which, he said, had Having reached yet another fund-raising been sown by the Church. " Hitler made a Lord Nathan of Churt, who died aged 74, peak in the past year, the Jewish National doctrine of it and the Jewish people of our was Minister of Aviation in the last Labour Fund of Britain and Ireland has set itself a own time have reaped a bitter harvest. The Government and one of Anglo-Jewry's most still higher target figure of £1 million for nianner of their death defies our imagina­ active public workers. He started his political each of the next two years. The Fund will tion," career by contesting Whitechapel as a Liberal thus be enabled to finance the development of Mr, Billy Rose has relinquished the pro­ in 1924. In 1929 he was elected M.P, for Ma'alot in the heart of Galilee—a most duction rights to " The Representative", N,E, Bethnal Green, In 1934 he joined the ambitious project. called " The Deputy " in its American produc­ Labour Party, and from 1937 he was M.P. for Gentile Tribute tion. The rights have been acquired by Mr, Central Wandsworth until he was made a peer Herman Shumlin who, it is understood, will in 1940. A non-Jewish woman has sent £250 to the stage the plav in New York in January next In addition to his widespread public activi­ Jewish Blind Society so that a bed at Braemar year. It is believed that Mr. Rose's action ties, he held many offices with Jewish Royal, the Bournemouth Home for the Blind, Was due mainly to pressure from prominent organisations, including the presidencies of can be named after her father. At the donor's American Jews opposed to presentation of the British Maccabi and of the Hillel Founda­ request the bed was consecrated at a Jewish the play. He said, however, that his faith in tion. As chairman of the Appeals Committee, service. In a letter to the chairman of the the play had not diminished and that it had his he was also associated with several J.N.F. Society the woman wrote that her donation blessing.—(J,C,) afforestation projects in Israel, such as the was but a " drop in the ocean compare(l with Balfour Forest (1928), the Weizmann Forest what your community has done for every race (1949) and the Queen Elizabeth Coronation and creed throughout the centuries." JOINT TASKS FOR CHRISTIANS AND JEWS Forest (1955). Illegitimate Births Speaking at the annual meeting of the At the eighth biennial conference of the Council of Christians and Jews, Hampstead RACE BILL Association of Jewish Social Workers held at branch meeting, Mr. Richard Hauser, the Mr. Fenner Brockway, M.P., has admitted the Stepney Jewish Girls' Club and Settlement, sociologist and director of the Institute for that he has little hope of achieving greater East London, an attack was made upon the Group and Society Development said : " The success at the tenth attempt with his Racial Jewish community for not paying its pro­ time has come when the ' J.'s' and the ' C.'s ' Discrimination and Incitement Bill than he fessional social workers enough. An increase should stop patting each other on the back had on the previous nine occasions. The Bill in the number of unmarried Jewish mothers and telling each other what fine people they proposes to outlaw racial discrimination in was reported and it was revealed that last are, and instead work together on behalf of licensed places and to make public incitement year the Board of Guardians dealt with 100 others who are in a worse predicament or to hatred of religious and racial groups an cases. It appeared that, among the Jewish Under greater stress than themselves ", offence, Mr, Brockway is introducing it soon. community, there was a higher proportion of Christian-Jewish relations in Britain were Addressing the Luncheon Club of the Anglo- separation of illegitimate children from their at present in a state of " pleasant stagnation ", Jewish Association, he implied that only a mothers after birth than was the case in the while the role of the traditional scapegoat change of Government would enable his general community. Hardly any of the fathers had been imposed on the latter-day arrivals, measure to become the law of the land,—(J,C,) of these illegitimate children were Jews, it such as coloured immigrants from Africa and was reported. the West Indies or Roman Catholics from GREENWOOD'S CALL FOR PEACE MOVE treland, Mr, Hauser suggested that the Coun­ Menuhin Concert cil should engage in the work of " concilia­ Addressing the annual conference of the More than 100 tickets at 25 guineas each tion ", and that Jews and Christians should Jewish National Fund in London, Mr. Anthony were sold at a reception at the Savoy Hotel Undertake it jointly if they really wanted to Greenwood, chairman of the Labour Party, to launch a recital to be given by Yehudi pull together". called for a new British initiative to relax and Hephzibah Menuhin. The reception was tension between Israel and her Arab neigh­ held by the Friends of the Israel Philharmonic The Rev. Dr, I, Levy, minister of the Hamp­ Orchestra and the Yehudi Menuhin Trust, stead Synagogue, supported Mr, Hauser's bours and to stop " the terrifying arms race ". Mr. Greenwood said that such an initiative which will both benefit by the recital. ^lews, stating that he has for some time advo­ Lady Wolfson, president of the Friends, cated widening the scope of the society's was necessary in the face of the possibility of Chinese arms being supplied to Arab coun­ expressed admiration for Yehudi Menuhin's activities beyond the conmion interest of Jews tries, of the dreadful prospect of the develop­ endeavours in giving violin training to excep­ ^nd Christians, But Alderman E, P. Wallis- ment of nuclear power in the Middle East tional children—it was stateci that 14 children ''ones, the branch treasurer, thougjit that there and of the " deplorable fact" that German were receiving instru'^tion. *ere other bodies, both professional and rocket engineers had been hired by Egypt. Voluntary, already working in the fields indi­ Initiative would also be timely because of the Books for Museum cated by Mr. Hauser, and that the Council improvement in the relations between the The already rich Yiddish library of the and its branches should concentrate on those Soviet Union and the West, British Museum has been augmented by an specific tasks for which it had been founded. important collection of books. The Yiddish ^(J.C.) Mr. Greenwood added that he would like Scientific Institute has handed over about 300 the British Government to invite the govern­ Yiddish books, each of them subscribed in ments of the United States, Russia and France memory of the late Mr, Yona W. Podolsky, a " to join us in declaring that we recognise communal worker, and donated by his many Gorta Radiovision and are prepared to guarantee the existing friends in London. frontiers of all the States in the Middle East, All the books are very recent publications Ser\ice In that way we could remove this area from from the remaining centres of Yiddish literary (Member R.T,R,A,) the cold war,"—(J,C,) activity—New York, Tel Aviv, Buenos Aires and Warsaw—and are devoted mainly to the 13 Frognal Parade, BRITISH TRADE UNIONS INVEST IN extermination of East and Central European Finchley Road, N.W.3 HISTADRUTH Jewry and to its vanished communities and personalities. SALES REPAIRS British trade unions will invest £250,000 in Agents for Bush, Pye, Philips, Histadruth enterprises, mainly in housing and Theft from Synagogue Grundig, etc. industry. This was reported by the Histadruth Vandals broke into the Finsbury Park Dis­ Refrigerators, Washing-Machines Stocked representative in London, Mr. Gideon Neeman. trict Synagogue and stole a quantity of silver Mr. Gort will always be pleased to This sum includes £60,000 which had been from the Ark, It is understood that something advise you. promised by the General and Municipal resembling a swastika was slightly scratched (HAM. 8635) Workers' Union, whose delegation visited on the Ark door. The thieves caused no Tel Aviv recently. damage other than the marks on the Ark. Page 4 AJR INFORMATION December, 1963 NEWS FROM ABROAD JEWISH FILM THEMES A number of films of Jewish interest are to be made in Prague, mostly by foreign directors. The first, " Das Haus in der WEST GERMANY AND ISRAEL DUTCH AID TO JEWS Karpfengasse" based on the book by the Israeli writer, M. Y. Ben-Gavriel, will be According to Dr. Nahum Goldmann in an The Dutch television service has, since May, directed by the well-known West German interview with the Histadrut daily, " Davar," 1960, been presenting a series of programmes director, Cwct Hoffman, who made " Wir Professor Erhard's Govermnent will not about the German invasion and occupation of Wunderkinder", and will tell the story of initiate any change in West Germany's policy Holland during the war. In one programme the mainly Jewish inhabitants of the " House towards Israel and will consequently not it emerged why so few Jews, comparatively in the Karpfengasse " and what happened to establish diplomatic relations between the two speaking, were hidden by the Dutch and saved them when the Nazis took over in 1939. countries. However, " formalisation of rela­ from extermination by the Nazis. An Italian and a Czech director will colla­ tions " with Bonn would eventually come as There were in 1940 140,000 Jews in Holland. borate on a documentary film for Italian tele­ the decreasing tension between East and West Only 20,000 of them were hidden by non-Jews vision dealing with Franz Kafka's early life. made East Germany less important, thus and at least half of this number were betrayed, The various Prague buildings where he lived largely neutralising Arab threats to recognise often by Dutch Nazis, and deported. In con­ and studied and where his father had his East Germany if West Germany established trast, when the Germans started calling up business will all feature in the film. His diplomatic ties with Israel. Dutch students and workers for work in Ger­ book " The Castle " is also to be shot in Prague Herr Fritz Erler, speaking in the West many 300,000 of them were hidden by by the Paris film producer, Louise Ulrich. German Parliament in the debate on the policy individuals or groups. A Czech director, Zbynek Brynych, will of Professor Erhard's new Government, said shortly begin work in Prague on a film ver­ that the West German Government should The reason for this discrepancy is that the sion of a book by Hana Belohradska. dealing consider whether material reparation was a Germans deported Holland's Jews in 1942 an(l with the Nazi occupation of Prague. The film, sufficient basis for the new relationship early 1943, before the organisation of under­ like the book, will centre round the defiance of between the Jewish people, the State of Israel ground resistance and country-wide aid to German persecution by the hero, a Jewish people attempting to escape the German net doctor. and West Germany. He suggested that the had got properly under way. Moreover, question should be taken up in committee and through lack of organisation, the funds and " Transport aus dem Paradies", a filnj said that contradictory statements by German faked papers needed were very difficult to directed by Brynych about the Theresienstadt politicians would not help to solve the obtain. concentration camp, won the main prize at probleni.— (J.C.) the 16th Intemational Film Festival at Another factor was the reluctance of Jews Locarno, in July of this year. A further filni ERHARD'S PLEDGE to endanger the lives of those non-Jews who on a Jewish theme, " Rabbi Loew und sein were disposed to help them, since the Ger­ Golem", an historical piece about the old In his first speech to the West Gennan mans had announced that any non-Jews found Jewish quarter of Prague, is also being Parliament as head of the Government, hiding Jews would be sent, with those who planned by Mr. Brynych.—(J.C.) Professor Ludwig Erhard said : " Reparation were hiding, to the extermination camp at is a binding obligation. We shall pay this Mauthausen. APPEALS FOR MORTON SOBELL debt in full as far ag human beings are in a Special mention was made of Mr. Johannes position to pay such a debt." Bogaard, a 73-year-old farmer living in a small Britain's Chief Rabbi, Dr. Israel Brodie, has He talked of the pitiless bearing of the guilt village south-east of Amsterdam who had. joined in the appeal for the release of Morton loaded on to the shoulders of all Germans together with his father and brothers, hidden Sobell, now in the_ 14th year of his 30-year during the Nazi era and expressed respect for some 300 Jews from the Germans, who later prison sentence for conspiracy to cominit those who, on account of their personal sent his father, one of his brothers and his son espionage. He was found guilty at the trial experiences, were not yet ready for reconcilia­ to concentration camps, where they were where Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were sen­ tion with the new Germany. But Germany killed.—(J.C.) tenced to the electric chair. had no sympathy for attempts to " derive a In a message to President Kennedy, Dr. hereditary German sin from past barbarity and DUTCH COLLABORATOR SENTENCED Brodie said he would like to associate himself to use it as a political weapon for all time.— with those who had apoealed on behalf of (J.C) Morton Sobell, in the hope that the President A special tribunal of the Rotterdam District would exercise his prerogative of mercy and Court sentenced an unnamed 53-year-old man consider favourably the request for parole. ADENAUER'S THANKS (his initials only, J.K., were disclosed) to six years' imprisonment for betraying a Jewish A similar appeal has come from the Sephardi Dr. Adenauer, the former West German family to the Germans during the war and Chief Rabbi of Israel, with an endorsement Chancellor, in an interview with the Allge­ causing their deportation and death. During from the Chief Rabbi of Holland. A number meine Wochenzeitung der Juden in Deutsch­ the war J,K., coveting some jewellery he knew of leading American rabbis have also asked land, expressed the hope that diplomatic was owned by Mr. W. van Dam, of Rotterdam, the President for clemency.—(J.C.) relations with Israel would be established in joined forces with a German security services the " foreseeable future." officer, ferreted out Mr. van Dam and his Thanking the country's Jewish citizens for family and was instrumental in their being their contribution to its reconstruction. Dr. deported. Adenauer said that German youth today was incapable of intolerance and antisemitism and J.K. fled to Wupperthal in West Germany Ackermans were determined to be guided by tolerance and, in 1949, was sentenced by the Dutch and goodwill to all. authorities to 15 years imprisonment in A former member of Dr. Adenauer's absentia. But Mr. Benjamin van Dam, the Govemment, Herr Franz-Josef Strauss, said dead man's surviving brother, tracked him Chocolates in Bonn that he would continue to use his down and managed to get him to come to influence to try to persuade the new Govern­ Holland, where he was arrested. The tribunal, De Luxe in fixing sentence, took account of the fact ment of Professor Erhard to establish diplo­ IN BEAUTIFULLY matic relations with Israel and grant her that the crime had been committed 21 years "active aid ".—(J.C) ago.—(J.C.) DESIGNED PRESENTATION GOLD MEDALS IN COMMEMORATION OF POPE SEES JEWISH GROUP BOXES ISRAEL'S FIFTEENTH BIRTHDAY For the first time since he was elected to MARZIPAN In commemoration of the 15th anniversary the papacy Pope Paul VI recently granted a of the foundation of the State of Israel the private audience to a Jewish delegation, SPEaAUTIES State Mint of the Netherlands has struck some including 100 United Jewish Appeal leaders gold medals, the distribution of which has from America. The group was touring Europe DIABETIC been entrusted to the Schoene's Essaieer- and Israel as guests of the Joint Distribution Inrichting En Handel In Edele Metalen N.V. Committee to investigate Jewish welfare CHOCOLATES (Amsterdam-C, Rokin 81/83). The medals needs overseas. weigh. 6 and 12 grammes, have a diameter of The Pope said that he wanted to express his 43, KENSINGTON CHURCH ST., 22i mm. resp. 20 mm. and have a gold finesse " respect and reverence" for them, both as of 900/1,000. The obverse bears the head of people and for the work they were doing for LONDON, W.8 King David resp. King Solomon, the reverse their fellow men. He spoke of the bonds of side bears the Menorah and the Hebrew word brotherhood the group were creating by help­ WES. 4359 and for Israel and 50 shekel resp. 100 shekel, with ing people in need and said he would like to the symbols of the twelve tribes of Israel as strengthen these bonds. Another bond with 9. GOLDHURST TERRACE, ornamental border. The price of the 6 gr. the Jewish people, he added, was their FINCHLEY ROAD, N.W.6 medal is 42.50 florins, that of the 12 gr. medal common possession of the Old Testament as MAI. 2742 85 florins. the source of Divine revelation.— (J.C.) AJR INFORMA-nON December, 1963 Page 5

Siegfried M. Auerbach of April 1, 1933, the Niimberg laws, the inter­ nal reorganisation of the Jewish community and its welfare institutions, to emigration and deportation. All the documents refer to FRANKFURT AND HER JEWS Frankfurt, but as Frankfurt was typical of the In November, 1956, a Jewish Youth Home not to arrange the documents in chronological whole Reich the book will not only interest Was inaugurated in Frankfurt am Main, and order, but in 14 groups illustrating the various former Frankfurt citizens but all those who IJr. Leiske, the burgomaster of the city, stated, aspects of the persecution of the German wish to obtain a vivid picture of the period ta the course of his opening speech, that the Jews by the Nazis. Not every aspect could in question. The editors have allowed the City Council of Frankfurt would be prepared be documented with equal completeness; the documents to speak for themselves; and they to sponsor and finance a publication describ­ gaps have been closed by nine reports written speak so clearly that no commentary is neces­ ing the contribution of the Jewish citizens by persons who witnessed the events. Of sary. of Frankfurt to the cultural and economic course, these nine reports, too, are only a The Index of Names is a most interesting development of their home town. This state- selection of the many stored in the archives feature of the book. It lists about 400 names Baent may have been only an obiter dictum, of the Wiener Library, London, and the Jewish and will evoke the desire that one of the hut the AJR followed it up and when Dr. Historical General Archives, Jerusalem, or future publications of the Committee will be lieichmann was in Frankfurt in March, 1957, ad hoc collected by the London Committee. a kind of " Who is Where ?" of as many he called on Dr. Leiske and Stadtrat Dr. The scrutiny of documents is being continued Jews as possible who lived in Frankfurt at the Miiller and offered the help of the AJR, the and the result of this further research will beginning of 1933. Leo Baeck Institute and the Wiener Library be embodied in a second edition, which no The index of Reich, Municipal and Party towards collecting all available material con­ doubt will become necessary in a short time. authorities is not quite as satisfactory, because cerning the history of the Jews in Frankfurt The book makes most impressive reading, it does not answer all questions as to who during the last 100 years. As a first step, but the reading is so painful that one has signed the various documents. It would, e.g., some former Frankfurt Jews living in London to put the book down after a few pages. The have been of interest to know who was the formed a Preparatory Committee, under the more time has elapsed since the events judge who, m a judgment dated 11.11.1936, chairmanship of Rabbi Dr. Salzberger, and Mr. which are illustrated by these documents, the stated that S. Bischheim as its very active vice-chairman, less does one understand that they have really Which communicated with about 60 ex-Frank- happened and that " die Juden ... die seit Jahrtausenden in 'urters in Great Britain, U.S.A., Israel and schamloser und verbrecherischer Weise die other countries. The reports received from "... keiner verstand, ihnen fremden, wertvollen Rassen zu zer- them were placed at the disposal of the "Zu lesen die Flammenschrift an der setzen trachten . . . erfahrungsgemass dazu Municipal Archives of Frankfurt. The com- Wand." neigen, die Gesetze der Nichtjuden mit jnittee members met frequently ; several meet- In 1933 (according to a memorandum of the FUssen zu treten ". Uigs with the City Council and the Archiv­ city treasurer presented to the chief burgo­ But the editors were bound by the restrictions direktor dealing in Frankfurt with " Schicksal master) Frankfurt counted 26,158 Jews; of imposed upon them by the holders of the docu­ ^nd Leistungen der Frankfurter Juden in these, 14,461 (including " non-Aryans ") were ments, in this case the Ministry of Justice. Neuerer Zeit" took place in London and still living there on June 17, 1939, and 10,803 In his preface the chief burgomaster writes "rankfurt. It was eventually agreed that in were still there for the " final solution." that the volume is the beginning of a number addition to several historical volumes a num­ Obviously many, too many, only perceived the of publications on the history of the Jews ber of monographs should be published, each seriousness of the situation when it was too of Frankfurt. Several other publications will of which should have at least 80 pages. late. Even a Jewish gentleman, who himself follow. A new edition of "Frankfurter Rab­ Things did not move as quickly as many had emigrated in 1938, was so little aware binen ", by Rabbi Markus Horovitz, is in pre­ "^ght have wished. In order to make a of the danger threatening his friend in Frank­ paration, also short papers on the Philan­ ^art the autobiographical work by Selmar furt that—in a letter addressed to him from thropin and the Samson-Raphael-Hirsch-Schule. Spier, "Vor 1914, Erinnerangen an Frank- London early in 1939 and printed among the Other works under consideration will deal with ™ri;, geschrieben in Israel," was published documents—he urged him to be patient! the religious and cultural trends in the Frank­ ^arly in 1961.* Dr. Eugen Mayer in Jeru- In their decrees the Nazi authorities used furt Jewish community, with the important ?flem, the former secretary of the Israelitische a cautious but unmistakeable language. During part that the Jews of Frankfurt played in the ^emeinde. Frankfurt a.M., was invited to the first years of their reign they were obvi­ cultural, artistic and economic life of the city, become editor of the future publications and ously afraid lest their actions would create an etc. The City Council and its committee accepted the task. The material collected by evil impression abroad. On occasions the deserve our congratulations on the zeal with the London Committee was sent to him and strictest secrecy is enjoined, or it is decreed which they pursue this kind of moral restitu­ the City Council invited him to come to Frank- that an order must not be published in the tion, and the courage with which they have ^rt for further discussions. press. On the other hand, the letters addressed uncovered the crimes and the shame of their to the municipal and the party authorities by predecessors. The documents are an illustra­ These discussions and the formal constitu- tion of the dictum by Franz Werfel in his ^on of the " Kommission zur Erforschung der party members asking for more stringent measures against the Jews are couched in the moving novel " Die 40 Tage des Musa Dagh ": ^schichte der Frankfurter Juden," under the " Seitdem die Welt steht, ist die Gewalt stets chairmanship of chief burgomaster Werner most vulgar language; the editors have printed quite a number of examples, changing mit stumpfer Unverfrorenheit der Seele JjOckelmann took place on May 17, 1961. In verschwistert" |he meantime, Dr. Dietrich Andemacht had neither their style nor their spelling. (It oeen appointed " Archivdirektor" and he is cannot be concealed that some of the letters jnainly responsible for the speeding up of written by Jews to the authorities show a the work, of which the first fraitf was pub- painful lack of dignity.) Ushed in June, 1963, The volume compiled p Dr. Andernacht and by Dr. Eleonore Ster- Nazis Change Street Names pj}g. lecturer for political education at the The party members were most vociferous f^adagogische Akademie in Frankfurt, con- concerning the renaming of the 40 streets lains 344 documents and extends to 533 pages, which bore the names of Jews. The City 5[®t it includes only a small fraction of the Council was somewhat reluctant to give way uormous amount of material that had to be to such demands. Some street-names were itted by the editors. They have preferred changed early in 1935, many only in 1936. Reviewed In AJ.R. Information January, 1962. Generally speaking, the then chief burgo­ X9,,^okninente inr Geschichte der Frankfurter Juden master (Krebs) endeavoured to steer a less 19;,^*45. Verlag Waldemar Kramer, Frankfurt a.M., radical course than that advocated by the ^"- 533 pagea -t- Index 21 p.. DM 24. Nazis. His personal attitude sometimes devi­ ated from the official one : We know, e.g., that on a petition addressed to him he wrote " to be filed without any action," whereas, in fact, he did act. He often opposed the chief of Wir kaufen Einzelwerke, Bibliofheken, the police (Beckerle), who was an ardent Nazi. Autogrophen und moderne Graphik Within the frame of this review it is weU- Direktor : Dr. Joseph Suschitzky nigh impossible to give a summary of the 58a BOUNDARY RD., LONDON, N.W.8 contents of a book of nearly 600 pages. It Telephone : MAI. 3030 gives a heartrending picture of the events from 1933 to 1945, ranging from the boycott Page 6 AJR INFORMATION December, 1963

/Frita Friedlander had placed this drama in a completely new perspective and that he was, therefore, eager to secure Englaender's view on " Gyges ". It JEWISH PIONEERS OF FRIEDRICH HEBBEL was also in letters to Englaender that he explained his idea on dramatic poetry. Further­ Centenary of the Dramatist's Death (December 13) more, on Hebbel's recommendation his pubUsher Campe accepted Englaen(ler's " Sein Verstand gesta ttete ihm (dem Felix Bamberg in Paris. Bamberg, born a " Geschichte der franzoesischen Arbeiter- Juden) nicht, an dem Grundgeheimnis Jew in 1820 in the former Prussian province assoziationen " for publication. der Welt mit zugedrueckten Augen of Posen, studied philosophy in Berlin and When Hebbel visited London in 1862, he vorueberzugehen." was decisively influenced by Hegel. To make was delighted to meet with Englaender, as he Friedrich Hebbel. a living he embarked on a writing career, but put it, " ganz den alten Menschen von 1846 his ambition was directed at a job in the . . . den tiefsinnigen, genialen Dichterinter- " You are Hebbel ? I am very glad indeed diplomatic service which he attained by dint preten". Englaender and his wife, he added, to become acquainted with you." With these of perseverance. His keen logical mind, his did everything to please him. friendly words Heinrich Heine received the sense of aesthetic values and his thorough Siegmund Englaender died in 1903, 40 years young and still little-known writer Friedrich education appealed to Hebbel's enormous after Hebbel. Hebbel who, recommended by Heine's pub­ intellect which, directed by Bamberg, took an While Hebbel's relations with Englaender lisher JuUus Campe, came to see him at his interest in the buming social problems of were unclouded, his relations with Emil Kuh, Paris flat in 1843. It took Hebbel only a few that time. Aware of Hebbel's genius, Bam­ his third pioneer of Jewish origin, were not minutes to be on the best terms with the berg was most indulgent towards the poet's free of the tinge of grievous friction. elder and renowned poet whose personality capriciousness ; he lent him a helping hand Kuh, born in 1828, came from a respected deeply impressed him, in the matters of everyday life, while Hebbel Viennese Jewish family. Displeased with the Hebbel was delighted when Heine acclaimed bestowed his confidence on him and sought commercial profession into which his parents his recently published volume of poems, and his counsel in artistic as well as private had directed him, he ventured upon literary he asked for Heine's opinion on his first matters. work. Like Englaender he failed as a writer drama "Judith ", Heine read it, was thrilled, Felix Bamberg, called by Heine " der of fiction but he was cut out to become an and combined his praise with such a deeply beruehmte Hebbelist", was always zealous in eminent literary critic and historian. Unfor­ penetrating analysis that Hebbel, after years, the furtherance of Hebbel's cause : he was tunately, like too many German-Jewish intej" wrote to him : " Sie haben mir in Paris ueber the first who, in an essay, drew attention to lectuals of the last century, he embraced die Judith einmal in einer halben Stunde the social problems of Hebbel's drama. He Christianity in 1859 ; afterwards he got a Chair mehr Tiefes gesagt, als alle deutschen sketched his hero's life with his contribution of Literature at the Vienna Academy oi Kritiker zusammen. . . ." to the " Allgemeine deutsche Biographie", Commerce, Heine told Hebbel that his " Judith " forced and furthermore he edited Hebbel's diaries Kuh was not yet 20 years old when he him to revise his views on contemporary and correspondence. Outliving his idol by was first introduced to Hebbel, who at once literature : he had thought that the period of thirty years, he died in 1893. recognised the young man's talent and was great classical poetry, the so-called " Kunst­ eager to bring it to fruition, Kuh grew into periode ", had come to an end, but Hebbel an enthusiastic disciple of the master who. had recreated it. He would, however, in con­ Friendship with a Viennese Critic on his side, held his young friend in high sequence be very lonely, even lonelier than esteem and was always available to him. How­ Lessing, Like Felix Bamberg who, as Heine sardoni­ ever, in the long run Kuh lacked the patience Hebbel's play " Genoveva" also touched cally wrote to his friend Heinrich Laube on to bear Hebbel's too self-assured manner. Step Heine and he kept contact with the young February 17, 1850, "mir dieser Tage wieder by step he became estranged from Hebbel dramatist as long as he stayed in Paris ; once eine Stunde vorgehebbelt hat ", another Jewish until he broke with him in 1860, But when they walked together for hours. It is, of man of letters, Siegmund Englaender, tried he leamt three years later that Hebbel was course, true that Heine, who had become to keep the ailing Heine's interest in Hebbel slowly dying, he hastened to become recon­ hopelessly ill, wrote to Julius Campe on Sep­ alive. Born in 1839, it is not exactly known ciled with him. In his last will, Hebbel tember 28, 1850: " Wie freundlich und where Englaender originated, but it may be appointed Kuh executor of his literary estate. zuvorkommend Freund Hebbel sich auch concluded from personal statements that Accordingly Emil Kuh paved the way to the gegen mich benommen hat, so kann ich ihm the days of his youth were gloomy. After­ recognition of Hebbel's works and, after he doch bis jetzt noch keinen Geschmack wards he won respect as a prolific journalist, had already published a fine analysis of the abgewinnen." But it would be unwise to lay but he failed in his attempt at writing fiction. poet in 1854, he began, as " a fruit of genuine too much emphasis on such a casual remark. When Hebbel went to Vienna in 1845 affection", to write his monumental " Bio­ Heine's definite evaluation of Hebbel in the Englaender wrote an article about him in graphic Friedrich Hebbels", certainly the preface to his book " De I'Allemagne" must which he welcomed Hebbel " as the most basis of all subsequent research. His prema­ be remembered, where he calls " his friend " important dramatic talent" of that time. ture death in 1876 prevented the completion of one of the great dramatists of modern times, Hebbel considered this article as such an this magnificent book. It was indeed strange a genius, proceeding in the wake of Kleist, original and peculiar one that, though that death took the pen from his hand at the Grabbe and Immermann. reserved by nature, he made up his mind to point when he reached the description of his go to see its author. Thereupon a close friend­ temporary estrangement from his adored The young Hebbel was not free from preju­ ship developed between the playwright and master. dice against Jews but his outlook was com­ his critic : Englaender became a most enthu­ pletely changed when, in 1843, he met Dr. siastic and faithful follower of Hebbel who, on his part, liked to discuss his work with Don't suffer from the effects of DRY AIR caused by him. It was Englaender who first empha­ Central-Heating Your House for:— sised that Hebbel had to be appreciated as CURTAINS, CARPETS, LINO one of the creators of the modern realistic drama placing the presentation of proble­ UPHOLSTERY matical conflicts above the presentation of aesthetic harmony. SPICIAITY When Englaender, carried away by juvenile ecstasy, got entangled in the Vienna revolu­ CONTINENTAL DOWN tionary movement of 1848 and was endangered QUILTS! after its collapse, it was Hebbel who helped him escape. After a difficult stay in Paris, ALSO RE-MAKES AND RE-COVERS during which he got in touch with Heine whom he admired, Englaender achieved a ISTIMATSS FKEl leading position at Reuter's Telegraph Agency in London; nevertheless he was sick with INSTALL A HUMIDIFIER DAWSON-LANE LIMITED nostalgia, like Heine and, in our time, on your Radiator and be free from an unpleasant and unhealthy atniosphere. 17 BRIDGE ROAD, WEMBLEY PARK Wolfskehl. INEXPENSIVE—NO RUNNING COSTS Telephone : ARN. 6671 Hebbel missed Englaender very much, but Ask for detatrs from : kept in contact with him by correspondence. The Humidifier Co. Personal attention ef Mr. W Schacluninn. In one letter he conceded to Englaender that 25 Bridge Road, Wembfey Park, Middx the latter's comment on " Agnes Bemauer" ARNold 7603 AJR INFORMATION December, 1963 Page 7 SOME RECENT PUBLICATIONS Old Acquaintances Home ^ews: As an appreciation of his GERMAN JEWS IN ISRAEL who, together with others of different back­ Uterary work, Egon Larsen received the 1963 The Second Generation ground, founded new villages ". However, she Diesel Medal from the German Inventors' comes to the conclusion that it is impossible This book* deals with Jews from Central Association in Nuremberg.—Anton Walbrook European cities who became agricultural to arrive at results which are generally visited BerUn to co-star with Heidemarie settlers in Israel during the period of Nazi applicable to this highly individuaUstic group. Hatheyer in Molnar's " Leibgardist" at the Persecution. The author, Margarete Turnowsky- She also devotes a special chapter to the Renaissance Theater,—Lotte Lenya appears in Pinner, directs our attention to middle-class second generation in the Kibbutz. " The " From Russia With Love," the new James immigrants, mostly former merchants and second generation is tied to the ' Lebensform' Bond thriller,—Marlene Dietrich speaks the members of the liberal professions, who, for of the Kibbutz in general and of the Kibbutz commentary, in three languages, for the anti- practical or ideological reasons, became of their upbringing in particular. The Kib­ Hitler documentary " Black Fox." Her ser­ agriculturists and either started middle-class butz implants in the child, from its most vices were given entirely voluntarily.—" The settlements in various parts of the country or tender age, pride in its way of Uving and its World Ten Times Over " was directed by Wolf joined already existing settlements of this achievements ". But she continues : " Just as Rilla and features June Ritchie and Sylvia '^nd. The study analyses thirteen of these the young settlers in the villages and the youth Syms. settlements, explains their initial difficulties of the country in general, the second genera­ and reports about the achievements of the tion has a more realistic approach than the Thif and That: Kurt Hirschfeld, of Zurich's Settlers, However, the most important part founder settlers who acted on more ideaUstic Schauspielhaus, has received this year's of the monograph is concerned with the motives ". " Grosse Niedersaechsische Kunstpreis," worth question of how far the second generation of Ludwig Pinner, head of the Department of 25,000 D.M.—Joachim Hoene, formerly with settlers from Central Europe is willing and the Jewish Agency dealing with middle-class the German B.B.C. section in London and now able to continue the work begun by their settlement, introduces the author as a socio­ with the Sueddeutsche radio in Heidelberg, fathers. logical writer of standing. Her reaUstic and has made a recording of Brecht-Weill's " Drei­ unprejudiced analysis—based on a genuine groschenoper " sung by Fritzi Massary.—Built The author has examined about 1,100 cases human understanding and a constructive by Hans Scharoun, Berlin's new Philharmonic coming under this category and classified them (already dubbed by Berliners " Circus ID several groups. The first group, " the atttitude—is a valuable contribution to the sociological study of the agricultural popula­ Karajani") has opened in the Tiergarten near oldest", began to take part in the work on the Brandenburger Tor. the parental settlement immediately after tion of Israel, especially with regard to those ?J^val; " the intermediate" had time to who are immigrants from Central Europe. Milestones: Richard Katz, the Prague-born integrate into the country before actually ^RUDOLF R. LEVY (Holon, Israel) writer, world traveller and founder-editor of starting work; finally, " the youngest" finished Ullstein's " Gruene Post ", celebrated his 75th their education before they joined the army THE BEAUTY OF ENGLISH birthday in Locarno, where he now Uves.— and only began to work on the land after they ARCHITECTURE The antiquarian, bookseller and bibliophile, •^ad completed their miUtary service. Fritz Picard (Paris), recently celebrated his ''It can hardly be stated with certainty Many Continentals cannot see the image 75th birthday. His activities included the pro­ which group has produced the finest settlers. of England for the wafts of (mostly imaginary) motion of the Buber-Rosenzweig translation of Differences between them seem to be very fog. For this reason alone we extend a hearty the Bible and of many other pubUcations of 'nuch the same as between artisan-apprentices welcome to Dr, Edith Barr's handsome pubU­ Jewish interest, cation.* Apart from the captions of the and students of craft schools : the former have !\etcs from Everywhere: Fritz Kortner, whose ^^eater practical experience and confidence, illustrations, which are in German and Eng­ lish, the book is written in German. production of " Leonce und Lena " is showing the second are equipped with better theoreti­ successfully in Munich, is now directing cal knowledge. In the end these differences The introduction gives a concise history of " Eingebildete Kranke" with Curt Bois in tend to level themselves out". English medieval architecture. It refers back Hamburg.—Hans Habe has sold the film rights Of particular interest is the question of how to Continental, especially German, architec­ of his novel " Die Tarnowska" to Tomy *ar children of agricultural settlers choose tural and religious developments of the same Schneider in the States.—Karel Stepanek, of non-agricultural careers and if so, which pro­ period which make fascinating reading. London, is appearing in " Mary, Mary " (" Nie fessions are most favoured by them. From the Many interesting points of information come wieder Mary ") at Munich's kleine Komoedie, ngures given by the author it appears that the reader's way. From the ninth to the together with W. Fuetterer and Herta Staal. about 60 per cent of the settlers' children twelfth centuries Winchester was England's —Ernst Deutsch has become " Kammer- I'emain on the land. Of those who chose capital. The Cathedrals of Winchester and schauspieler " of Vienna's Burg,—Peter Zadek other calUngs, 40 per cent became artisans St. Albans have the longest naves of any has successfully produced Osborne's " Luther " yoeksmiths, electricians, plumbers and medieval churches, St, Alban, a Roman On at BerUn's Volksbuehne,—Werner Finck was vers), "Strikingly large is the number of soldier, was the first Christian martyr on unable to visit New York owing to the state those who became officers or regular sergeants, English soil, English cathedrals were usually of his health ; Helmut Qualtinger had to appear Of special workers in the standing army—a built outside towns, which explains their alone at the Barbizon-Plaza,—The historic act which is explained by the high sense of situation among meadows and trees. The " Weisses Roessl" will disappear in St. Wolf­ Patriotic responsibility which these sons of ornamental vaultings are the finest in Europe, gang. ettlers share with the majority of the Israeli which only confirms our opinion. ^th and also by the stmcture of the IsraeK Many other features in religious architec­ Obituary: Kurt Wolff died in Marbach at the ^'ny itself which needs a nucleus of very well ture which are uniquely English are brought age of 76 as a result of a car accident. He and gained and reUable personnel. Commercial up again and again. The comparatively big Emst Rowohlt were responsible for pubUshing "o industrial careers are virtually absent". format of the book adds to the interest of the the first expressionists before the First of ti!^ author examines not only the conditions illustrations, most of which were provided World War. As an emigrant in the States, wii- ^^"ous middle-class settlements each of by the National Buildings Record, so that he edited Pantheon Books; during the last nich has its own character and history, but they are factual photographs without any years he lived in Locarno,—The Hungarian 'so the position of those famiUes from embellishments. But the objects photographed writer, Yolanda Foldes, whose novel " The entral Europe " who either singly or in are so beautiful that no embellishments seem Street of the Fishing Cat" in 1936 won the ^''oups settled in already existing villages or necessary. All Nations Prize Novel Competition, has died tio„*'*'"8*rete Tumowsky-Pirmer : Die zweite Genera- ^ A. ROSENBERG. in London, All her 15 books were translated reih "^'telenropaeischer Siedler in Israel. Schriften- /"* Edith Barr : Grosse EngUsche Kathedralen. Mlt into 28 languages. Ba2^,. jvissenschaftlicher .A.bhandluneen des Leo einer Darstellung der anglo-romanlschen und SieK^Jnstitute Nr. 5. Verlag J. C. B. Mohr (Paxil gotischen Stilphasen in England. 23 Seiten Text, Books and .iuthors: Gabriele Tergit's novel, tion!f<^k). Tuebingen, 1962, 136 pp,, 1 map, 10 illustra- 48 Photographien. Verlag " Die schoenen Buecher ", ot iL Prtce DM 19,50, For members of the Society Stuttgart, 1962. DM,7,80 (Obtainable in this country " Die Effingers ", will be published as a paper­ *>iends of the L,B.I. 24s. 6d. from H. Preiss, Booksellers, London, W.C.1, at 15/6.) back by Kindler in Munich.—Erich Fried, of London's German B.B.C, section, has had his new book of poems, " Reich der Steine", pubUshed by Classen-Verlag in Hamburg.— Erich Kaestner has had a new book for chil­ dren, " Der kleine Mann ", pubUshed by Cecilie EDGAR CONSTRUCTION Co Dressier-Verlag in Berlin. A collection of his CENTRAL HEATING and DECORATING poems in English under the title " Let's Face It" has been pubUshed by Cape in London. 65 MILL LANE, N.W.6 HAM 8000 PEM Page 8 AJB INFORMATION December, 1963

Hang Jaeger was the actual reason why so many Nazis found it difficult to get rid of their former ideas after the war. In the later part of the book she tells us AN EX-NAZI WITH A DIFFERENCE about the process of gradual self-liberation which she went through. Her reaction to the MeUta Maschmann's latest book, "Fazit",* joined because of economic despair, beUeving breakdown of 1945 was a feeUng of happiness is a very interesting variation of the large that the Nazis would implement SociaUsm more about the fact that at least the killing had number of books deaUng with the past. quickly than the Marxists. stopped. Strong people find the kind of Hitherto the formula of those former The author belongs to none of these cate­ therapy they need to survive. When she adherents of the Nazi system who wrote about gories. She was no antisemite ; she had Jewish was arrested she displayed a great amount of their past has been either aggression, friends and in this respect was even so naive stamina. Those who were interned with her unrepentance, bittemess, or an inclination to as to try to convert them to National will not Uke her indignation about the custom evade the issue. Yet this is not so in " Fazit", Socialism and to invite them to Party meet­ of having this period described as their and MeUta Maschmann states expUcitly that ings. She came from a sheltered home and " KZ-time ". These camps were not concen­ hers is not an attempt of justification. She was certainly not desperate. What appealed tration camps. On the other hand she states I reports how and why she became a Nazi to her was the idea of the "Volksgemein­ that the educational effect was nil. Most and how, why and when she broke with schaft". She got her first ideas from the internees were even more rabid Nazis after Nazism and does not try to whitewash any­ seamstress who worked for her mother and their release. However, at that time she still thing. Her narration, in the form of letters who was a fanatical Nazi. It was a kind of did not believe the reports about the atroci­ to a former Jewish schoolmate, is a kind of defiance of her parents, who held the view ties committed by the Nazis. Confused and confession and this, in itseH, brings a new that the " lower classes" were not entitled bewildered, she displayed defiance at the element to this type of Uterature. to ideas of their own. Here we meet with tribunal. The judges were regarded by h^i^ The approach itself is worthy of apprecia­ the eternal conflict of the generations, which as tools of the occupation authorities and she tion. This is just what the world should have is particularly tense in Germany. Of course, wanted to be sentenced, being afraid of expected of former Nazis. Instead there have Melita's parents were by no means Left. They classification as a minor follower. And yet been references to the pressure exerted on were German nationalists and, though Right- she also reaUsed the wrongs of the Nazi them or attempts to hush up the past. They wing in their outlook, they were antagonistic regime and their guilt in starting the war. have shown touchiness and evasions of awk­ to the Nazi movement, which they considered Her attitude was a mixture of defiance and ward questions, or have even assumed that to be revolutionary. Therefore MeUta, who confusion. The tribunal regarded her as their conversion was to be taken for granted. was still a schoolgirl, had to attend Nazi meet­ honest and she was acquitted. This came as How Uttle the actual problem has been ings secretly. a surprise to her and she could not adjust reaUsed by former Nazis may be seen from herself to the lost war. For some time she the statement of one of them that ex-Nazis Background and Party at Variance became a Nihilist and recovery was slow- have the same right to acceptance as ex-Com­ Some readers may resent this admission but munists. This comparison overlooks one The reader who pemses this book atten­ it is much more honest to describe the difB' important difference. Former Communists tively is bound at an early stage to recognise culties of finding a new starting point than to were either expelled or resigned from the the elements which ultimately led to a clash. keep silent on things which might make an Party. In most cases this happened in the As a high-school girl, Melita was isolated in unfavourable impression on superficial limelight and was followed by a clear con­ the Party which, in the beginning, worked in a readers. It is certainly more sincere to fession, Nazis never had the opportunity of semi-proletarian atmosphere. She was appalled stmggle with the problems than to behave as resigning in 1945 for the simple reason that by the primitiveness and vulgarity of her com­ if nothing had happened and to adopt the role the Party was banned. That is why—without rades. However, she overcame her doubts, of the converted one day after the catastrophe. a clear confession—we do not know what these and this again is interesting. People hesitated She met anti-Nazis and was impressed by people think about the past. It may be to accept her, suspecting in her the same social their character; she asked herself the assumed that but for the defeat and general prejudices she resented in her parents. motives for these people having rejected the collapse most of them would still be Nazis. Although lonely, this only strengthened her in Nazi ideology. At the same time she was It may also be assumed that, after the collapse, her belief that she had to make good for the afraid to be suspected of acting for reasons many changed their minds, though we still arrogance of her class. She embarked on her of expediency, of denying her original ideas do not know to what extent this happened work with a great amount of good will—she and of being disloyal. Many things which and whether it was a genuine change or wanted to serve, to make sacrifices. A guilty happened during the first post-war years were merely an adaptation to the circumstances. social conscience was her stimulus. Basically not very pleasant and did not help to create Neither do we know how many have tried to an individuaUst with intellectual reservations, sympathy for the ideals of democracy. Melita preserve some of the past conceptions, just who even tried to form a Nazi youth group dis­ Maschmann threw herself into innumerable glossing over the unpleasant aspects. tinct from the Hitler Youth, she felt remorse (Uscussions, and those she spoke to had suffi­ The book is a first-rate psychological study, when reprimanded. She still believed the cient patience with her because they felt she written with intelUgence and deep insight. It faults of her parents were in herself, and thus was sincere. also compels anti-Nazis, to differentiate more threw herself wholeheartedly into collectivism, Gradually all the ideals which had been subtly than they have done before. The joined the National Labour Service and, later glorified by the Nazis crambled in her mino> motives that induced people to support the on, devoted herself to the war effort. In this and finally came the decisive encounter—an Nazi party varied considerably. Some did so way she always managed to overcome her unforgettable scene of great spiritual beauty- for reasons of nationalism; some were doubts, which she considered as a relapse into She had already learned that love is construc­ attracted by the Party's antisemitic ideology; the past she despised. Desiring to be (different tive and superior to hatred and had reaUseo others were disgusted with the Weimar Party from her parents, hers was a case of almost that love should not be restricted to the system and were attracted by the "strong tragic entanglement. " Volksgemeinschaft" which was narrow and man" idea. There were those who were Looking back, she states that she lost her only bred jealousy, but that it should ^e guided by hatred for the Left and those who sense of proportion at the peak of the war extended to the whole of mankind. And then, when she was fanatically devoted to the after having tried to evade Jews out of a • Melita Maschmann : Fazit. Deutsche Verlagsan- cause. Like others she manoeuvred herself feeling of guilt, she met a university professor stelt Stuttgart. 15s. into a certain infalUbiUty which, she says. and his wife (whose parents had died in ^ concentration camp). They had returned from exile and had adopted two war orphans, a girl who had held a minor position in the National Labour Service, and a boy who had Feuchtwanger (London) Ltd. served in the Air Force, The woman knew about Mehta's past and MeUta was very embarrassed. But at this encounter kindness Bankers illuminated the couple's faces and then, with­ out obUvion of the past, the abyss was BASILDON HOUSE, 7-11, MOORGATE, E.C.2 bridged! " It was at this moment that Telephone: METropolitan 8151 jumped off the ' devil's wheel'. I was ^^^ longer in danger of transforming guilt feel" Representing : ings into new hatred. The forgiving love I. L, FEUCHTWANGER BANK LTD. j FEUCHTWANGER CORPORA-nON which I met gave me strength to accept our and my guilt. Only now did I cease to be a TEL AVIV : JERUSALEM : HAIFA ! 60 EAST 42nd ST., NEW YORK, 17, N.Y. National SociaUst." These are deeply moving words to which we need add nothing. AJR INFORMA'nON December, 1963 Page 9

CONGRATULATIONS TO DR. ERICH EYCK When, five years ago, Dr. Erich Eyck cele­ Birthday Tributes brated his 80th birthday on December 7, tributes were paid to him in this journal by his friend of old standing. Professor Theodor ^DR. HANS LIEBESCHUETZ 70 Germany, such as Heinrich Graetz, Abraham Geiger, Hermann Cohen, Leo Baeck, Martin Heuss, by the EngUsh historian. Professor The news that Hans Liebeschuetz is cele­ Buber and Max Wiener. Liebeschuetz pictures W. N. MeddUcott, and by a comrade-in-arms brating his seventieth birthday on December 3 them against the background of their non- in the poUtical arena of the Weimar RepubUc, came as a surprise to me. When I first met Jewish environment and thereby often shows Dr. Leo Engel. Now, as he has attained the him in 1936, he appeared to be a very young them in a new perspective. It is to be hoped age of 85, it is hardly possible to add anything man with a particular brisk charm of his own, that the essay on " Max Wiener's Re-Inter­ to their assessment of this outstan(Ung per­ and he has not changed much since. pretation of Liberal Judaism ", a true master­ sonaUty who may look back on a wide range He was a native of Hamburg, the Hanseatic piece, may help to revive the memory of that of achievements as a poUtician, writer, lawyer City, which confers upon its sons a particular original thinker and theologian—unforgettable and historian. mark of their origin, indeUble by change of to those who knew him—and pave the way for However, while it seemed that his Ufe work place and time, and this mark of the Hamburg a badly needed re-edition of his works. was completed at that time, fate has taken a spirit resembUng the British character more Another group of these essays deals with the better turn than even he himself may have than the spirit of any other German place is attitude of non-Jewish historians in the nine­ expected. A short while ago, a collection of still borne by Hans Liebeschuetz, to his and teenth century towards Jewry and Judaism ; his essays on German parUamentarians and on our benefit. particularly those on Jacob Burckhardt and Modern German history was published in During his university studies in Germany Theodor Mommsen reveal new aspects, unclis- Germany under the title : " Auf Deutschlands it soon became clear that his vocation was to covered hitherto. With great acumen and poUtischem Forum". "When I completed become an historian. His main interest penetrating insight Liebeschuetz has intro­ my ' History of the Weimar RepubUc'", Dr. centred in the Middle Ages. He taught history duced us into the core of thinking of all these Eyck writes in his preface, " I thought I had in various Hamburg secondary schools from men and has at the same time shown us that bidden farewell to the subject of German 1920 to 1934 and, in 1929, was appointed a their views were the outcome of their per­ history. However, 1 was wrong. German lecturer for mecUeval history and Latin sonalities, which he depicts most vividly by history with aU the problems involved has kept me(Ueval Uterature at Hamburg University. his rare gift of characterisation. on occupying my mind ". An expert review After being dismissed by the Nazis from his There is no doubt that Hans Liebeschuetz is of the interesting book will appear in this school and university jobs in 1936, he became one of the outstanding historians of our time. journal shortly. a lecturer in medieval history and Latin at The Leo Baeck Institute has been most Another achievement during the past five the BerUn " Lehranstalt fiir die Wissenschaft fortunate in securing the collaboration of this years has been the pubUcation by Harvard Uni­ des Judentums", which we then had trans­ great scholar. He has been a member of its versity of an English translation of his standard formed into a university for Jewish under­ London Board from the outset and is now its work on the History of the Weimar RepubUc. graduates, extending the subjects taught there Vice-President. He has been the guardian of It has been welcomed by Harold Nicolson (in far beyond the Umits of Judaistic teachings. the maintaining of scholarly standards in the his review published in The Observer) as " a There I got an idea of Dr. Liebeschuetz's Institute's pubUcations, a function he has (Us- masterpiece of objective description, a book extraor(Unary gift for teaching. In my charged with gentle determination. Most of to acquire and to preserve with respect". capacity of Vice-President of the Board I his own writings on nineteenth and twentieth By the widespread recognition of his work. attended his lectures, which were as stimu­ century subjects appear in the Year Books Dr. Eyck has, at the same time, added lustre lating for me as for his pupils. He remained and Bulletins of the Institute. to our community, and the AJR is proud of the devoted to this task until the continuation of Thus our friend Liebeschuetz can today look fact that, as a Board member, he is associated the work of the Jewish Lehranstalt became back on outstanding achievements as a scholar with its efforts. We extend our sincerest impossible in the spring of 1939 when he and a teacher. But his activities have by no birthday greetings to Dr. Erich Eyck. emigrated to this country. means ended; he carries on with the same After teaching Latin here in secondary resolute and youthful vigour as before and ^DR. HANS H. KUTTNER 70 schools, he was, through the influence of we are entitled to look forward to many new Dr. Hans H. Kuttner will celebrate his 70th Professor Geoffrey Barraclough, the famous masterpieces from his pen. birthday on December 7. Bom in Hohensalza, medievaUst, appointed reader in medieval So this survey is far from an epilogue to his he came to Berlin at the age of six with his history at Liverpool University, where he work. We only avail ourselves of the opportu­ parents and brothers. His youth was an out­ taught from 1946 until his retirement in 1962, nity granted by his 70th birthday to assure him standingly happy one and the atmosphere of a mainly on the development of political and of our pride in his achievements, of our happi­ Jewish home and a love for music, awakened social thought in the Middle Ages. In the ness in his friendship and of our gratitude and in him at an early age by his mother, have nieantime Hamburg University had, by way love. We offer him and his wife, herself designed his Ufe up to this day. He studied of restitution, re-opened its gates to him formerly a university teacher of physiology, dentistry at BerUn University and successfully appointing him a Professor Extraordinary and together with their children, our most cordial practised in Berlin-Friedenau from 1920 until entreating him to resume his lectures there, wishes for the future. he was forced to emigrate after having been which he did in the last three summers. y RICHARD FUCHS, in a concentration camp in 1938. In this As an author he dealt mainly with the country he first worked with the Jewish history of medieval thought. The general Refugees Committee and later on could appreciation of his outstanding book " On resume his professional work by which, as in Me(Ueval Humanism in the Life and Writings Berlin, he soon acquired the confidence and of John of Salisbury", the great EngUsh affection of his numerous patients. philosopher of the twelfth century, resulted At the same time Dr. Kuttner has always ^. his appointment to a fellowship of the Royal devoted his gifts and widespread interests to Historical Society in 1951. Numerous essays the benefit of our community. He was a on medieval " Renaissance " movements, and founder and, for many years, the conductor four chapters on early scholasticism, to appear of the Choir of the New Liberal Congregation soon in Cambridge as a contribution to a and is still a member of the Congregation's handbook on the history of philosophy in late Board. He is also Vice-President of the Leo antiquity and the Middle Ages may be referred Baeck Lodge and, last but not least, a mem­ to as further examples of this group of his ber of the AJR Board. In carrying out these *ntings. many-fold duties he is driven by a genuine .For us the most interesting part of Dr. compassion for the needs of his fellow Jews Liebeschuetz's work on the Middle Ages are and no sacrifice of time and energy is too nis writings concerning Jewry and Judaism big for him. It is a good feeling for a com­ Qunng that period. His essays on the devastat­ munity Uke ours that it may fall back on the ing effects on the cmsading movement, on the services of men Uke Dr. Hans Kuttner and, in ^nnstian attitude towards Jewry, and about thanking him for his work, we wish him many the views of the great Christian philosophers happy years to come. E.G. ^'eter Abaelard and Thomas Aquinas on Judaism and the Jewish Bible, make most '^MRS. LUCY BORCHARD 85 lascmating reading. Another admirable essay Mrs. Lucy Borchard, senior partner of the Of this kind conceming the position of Jewry well-known shipping firm, recently celebrated "1 the CaroUngian Empire, written by Hans her 85th birthday in London, In Hamburg, *^el)eschuetz in Gennan before his emigration, where she lived until she had to emigrate, she was prevented by the Gestapo from being was head of the shipping company founded by published in Germany; having read the proof her husband. Many seamen in Israel owe their sneets 25 years ago, I hope that it will soon training to her firm. In 1938, Mrs. Borchard oe published in this counti^. came to London, where she soon succeeded , But this was not all. About ten years ago in resuming her business activities. A Zionist ne turned to an additional field of research— of long standing, she has always taken an ••^uaism and the reaction to it in the writings active interest in Jewish affairs. The AJR. a 01 the last 150 years. Many of these essays member of which she has been since its ueal with the thoughts of eminent Jewish inception, extends its heartiest congratulations nistonan.s, philosophers and theologians from APIOOB to her. Page 10 AJR INFORMATION December, 1963 restrictive pass control these shanty towns FROM THE SOUTH AFRICAN SCENE burst at the seams and became a burning prob­ lem of the Union. Under the name of apart­ The lure of the diamond fields and the dis­ burg City Council for slum clearance. Social heid the Nationalist Government, under Ver­ covery of gold at the tum of the century in conscience also induced him to build a Native woerd, developed the tradition of white the Southern regions of the Dark Continent Hospital at Welkom. He discussed it with the mastery and segregation of races on lines attracted quite a number of German Jews. Anglo-American shareholders : " Both from which would reduce the indigenous, coloured Names Uke Beit, Albu, Eckstein and Erleigh the humanitarian viewpoint and from the and Asiatic urban populations to a minimum ; left their mark on development, finance standpoint of the practical interests of the the industrial undertakings would be moved and production in South Africa. But the most industry, it is important that the closest atten­ near the native reserves, which, in time, would outstanding figure, creating for himself one tion be given to the health and well-being of gain self-rule under their traditional chiefs. of the most imposing economic empires ever our native employees." The " Economist," in A logical and consequential follow-through of created by man, is undoubtedly Sir Ernest its issue of May 25, 1963, called a "Monu­ this policy would enhance the security of the Oppenheimer, the late Chairman of the Anglo- ment to Sir Ernest" this year's report and white population in their settled areas and American Corporation. accounts of the Anglo-American Corporation, increase the homogeneity of the native areas. Bom in Friedberg (Hesse) in 1880, he and where the profit of 1962 has almost doubled Assuming that, economically and socially, since 1957 due to his foresight. such a policy is feasible at all, the cost his brothers grew up in the diamond trade in required for its implementation is consider­ London ; from there he moved to South Africa. able, and both within the Nationalist Party Sir Theodore Gregory, the eminent financial Growth of Jewish Community economist, was commissioned by the Anglo- and the amorphous official Opposition Party American Corporation to write the history of (now mostly lorded over by the Colonial this undertaking, but in view of Sir Ernest's While Oppenheimer and several other EngUsh Natal settlers) voices are already death in 1957 it was decided to " link the mining magnates from Germany discarded heard that the Verwoerd administration is record of events . . . with his name."* their Jewish reUgion for the AngUcan faith spending too much on the " Kaffirs ", or that out of similar considerations as prominent industry near the reserves is swamping the Life Story of Sir Emest Oppenheimer Jews in Germany did around the tum of the urban market, undercutting the established century for the Protestant equivalent, the industries in the towns. The story is one of growth of scale. The Jewish community in South Africa (now num­ success of Oppenheimer is mainly based on bering over 100,000 souls) has kept strongly That the rights of the indigenous popula­ his perspicacity in respect to future trends to their tradition. Mostly immigrants from tion, as well as of the Indian and coloured and the overcoming of basic difficulties. Lithuania, their ties have remained closely communities should be championed by men The main preoccupation in the diamond knit. Of humble origin, the stories of rags to of Uberal, religious and humanistic convic­ industry was to have a more or less fixed sell­ riches are legion. The opportunities were tions, be they English, Afrikaaner or Jew, was ing price ; that meant that the supply had to more propitious than in any other country. to be expected. In this context Ronald Segal's be kept in tune with the demand. To have Generally two factors played a dominant role autobiography* gives us a startling insight into obtained control over the supply of the bril­ in the acquisition of considerable wealth, Jews the attitude of the Jewish community towards liants everywhere in the world, including were treated as Europeans and thus were (in South African racial problems. This rather Soviet Russia, has been one of Oppenheimer's comparison to the In^an traders) in the privi­ individualistic fighter of human rights, who, decisive achievements. In order to reach this leged position of being free to move and settle by his own account admits to be a rather diffi­ goal he had to contend not only with the the length and breadth of the vast territory. cult person to deal with, had to battle against various competing producers but also with The Afrikaaners were farmers, the English his initial fears of becoming the victim of the Government, whose main concern was the mostly interested in mining and urban occu­ physical violence and social ostracism. His well-being of the white miners of the alluvial pations; direct trading with the indigenous quarterly, " Africa South," was of a high stan­ diggings. population was below their dignity. No inhibi­ dard and open to searching analysis by out­ tions of that sort existed among the Jewish standing personalities on the economic, social Later, when his empire stretched over gold, newcomers, who. as supernumeraries of the and racial questions bedevilling South Africa. uranium, copper and other precious base more settled and solid population in the His description of his discussions with the— metals and attendant secondary industries, his " Stedtel" at home, were mentally geared for now banned—leaders of the non-European main preoccupations with the Government any occupation whatsoever. The system of groups, of poUtical meetings and of his flight turned to labour relations, which will strike concession stores with their attendant eating from the Union make absorbing reading. as strange any European reader, versed in the and Kaffirbeer-brewing annexes are a case in modem employer-trade union controversies. point. The acquisition of such stores especially While the privileged white worker, with his near mine compounds needed no commercial An Exiled Jew Remembers entrenched job reservation was splendidly acumen, only a certain ruthlessness in the looked after, a contentious issue developed, prosecution of trade. Another financially when Oppenheimer attempted to better the rewarding pastime of the less inhibited mem­ Segal came from one of the extremely living conditions of his indigenous employees. bers of all the racial communities was ilUcit wealthy families of the Cape, and since his This indigenous labour force was mostly gold and diamond buying and—for whites only father was head of a big department store recruited by special agents from the adjacent —the selling of liquor to the non-European chain in the Union and for a time Chairman territories. They were kept in special com­ population ; the first two infringements against of the Cape Jewish Board of Deputies, he pounds and fed, housed and cared for by the protection accorded to the gold and diamond managed on several occasions to assert him­ mining houses. When the Orange Free State industry, the last an anachronistic Government self, where less endowed individuals could not gold mining companies started to develop measure, which was repealed last year. possibly have succeeded. A case in point was townships on the semi-arid land to the tune the hiring of a hall from the Green and Sea- of £10 milUon, Oppenheimer had high hopes A complete change of the whole economic point Hebrew Congregation for a concert in of also creating a stable native force by fabric was brought about by fairly extensive aid of the Treason Trial Defence Fund. Segal's constmcting adequate quarters for married industrialisation during the war. Safe from account of how he dealt with the various natives. This was opposed " quite unequivo­ bombing and disruption, it was in the interest attempts to stop the concert from taking place, cally " by the then Minister of Native Affairs, of the Western Powers to assist in this trend, by browbeating a former president of the Verwoerd, who wanted them to reside in the especially as raw materials and ample labour synagogue, who had been a friend of his native locations and who was afraid that their were available. The German-Jewish immi­ father's, is a masterpiece of description (page qP 9 children would be pushed on to the neighbour­ grants, who until then had difficulties in estab­ 193). His main accusation against South ing general community. Thus, Verwoerd lishing themselves, profited from this Africa's Jewish community, which he con­ pointed out. " those married quarters become development. Beginning as agents, they siders as " perhaps the most organic and a channel through which the rest of the non- opened up their own factories and industrial organised community outside Israel itself," is European population in the cities becomes undertakings. The economic upswing during its negative attitude to the racial problem. greater and greater." the war years was, indeed, remarkable and " It has thrown up a hugely disproportionate continued to develop at an even faster rate pe"centage of those whites involved in revo­ According to his son and successor Harry, after the war. The Afrikaaners, whose liveU­ lutionary poUtics, while its pubUc surface is Oppenheimer's social conscience was awakened hood on the farms had remained on a steady frozen into a conformity of silence towards by reading Father Huddleston's " Naught for keel, streamed into the industrial regions, apartheid, unbroken even by those Govern­ Your Comfort." A personal visit to the Afri­ keeping their traditional role as supervisors ment measures which concern its moral tradi­ can township indirectly led to a gift of £3 of the indigenous labour population. The tions most closely." Yet was there not also million by the Mining Houses to the Johannes- natives, who provided the nucleus of the active participation by individuals even in the * Ernest Oppenheimer and the Economic Develop­ labour force, streamed into their reserved extreme excesses of racial persecution ? Did ment of Southern Africa. By Sir Theodore Gregory. townships and locations. In spite of the Oxford University Press. £4 4g. • Into ExUe, by Ronald Segal. Jonathan Cape. 25s. AJR INFORMATION December, 1963 Page 11

Deputies as being that the facts showed that From the South African Scene the Jewish community of South Africa " is an (Continued from page 10) established loyal and patriotic section of the population ", and that the " acts of individuals not the former Chief Rabbi of the Transvaal, are, at the moment, its objectives. In a society of any section are their own responsibiUty ". Professor Dr. Louis Rabinowitz, have to launch of race rule Jewry must logically be menaced The paper printed a report from the American an appeal against the farm labour conditions by racial repression and racial resistance magazine " Time " in which it was stated that in the ill-famed Bethal and other (Ustricts, aUke. Only a South Africa bUnd to race can most South African Jews approved of apartheid where quite a number of Jewish farmers were give to Jewry the security that it pretends to and some of the richest contributecf to Dr. convicted because they or their foremen had itself it is purchasing by its silence." P.J. Verwoerd's National Party funds, although, flogged their labourers to death ? How many " Time" declared, thousands of other Jews letters of invective against the rabbi were pub­ felt that " apartheid smells too much like Nazism".—(J.C.) lished in the daily papers against his so-called S.A. JEWRY'S POSITION interference! Did not one of the Jewish Dr. Hendrik Verwoerd, the South African ISRAEL AGAINST APARTHEID farmers have the doubtful honour of being a Premier, at a meeting at Heidelberg, near main speaker against the Rev. Michael Scott, The Government of Israel have hesitated for Johannesburg, told his constituents that a considerable time before deciding on their when that courageous man arranged a meeting Israel's decision not to replace her Minister future poUcy vis-d-vis South Africa. The in the Bethal (Ustrict against the abuses in Pretoria, was " a slap in the face for South Union had proved a steady friend of the young practised there ? African Jews " who had gone out of their way State of Israel since its foundation and sup­ Segal himself is too astute to expect his to " help their Mother State ". Dr. Verwoerd ported it in the U.N.; irrespective of currency said that they did not deserve such treatment. regulations, the Union had also permitted her poUtical dream of racial integration to become Nevertheless, he continued, there should very large Jewish communities to transfer sub­ reaUty in the near future. Though he is a not be any anti-Jewish feeUng in South Africa stantial amounts of money to Israel, i.e., the poUtical in(UviduaUst he visuaUses the realisa­ as a result of any action of the Israeli Govern­ proceeds of collections for the rebuilding of tion of his dream on SociaUst lines, probably ment, since South Africa's Jewish citizens had the State or capital which South African along Israel's, Nasser's and Ben Bella's path. '• proved, time and again " that they did not Jewish citizens wanted to invest in Israel. He was never a Communist and fought against approve of the attitude of the Israeli Govern­ On the other hand, Israel can neither Cape Coloured Trotzkyite tendencies. He ment. Dr. Verwoerd concluded by denouncing approve nor ignore the racial legislation feaUses that in spite of his Progressive lean­ Israel's attitude which, he charged, had been in the Union nor offend the feeUngs of ings, Harry Oppenheimer is a firm supporter adopted to win the favour of the Afro-Asian the young African nations which found States. expression in the Addis Ababa resolutions. of the South African Foundation, " an associa­ Both the Chairman of the Cape Council of It is generally expected that the former IsraeU tion of dutiful government and white opposi­ the South African Jewish Board of Deputies Ambassador, S. Pratt—who has returned from tion businessmen, with wide and influential and the Vice-Chairman of the South African Pretoria and been made a member of the representation from the press, to Uft the face Zionist Federation expressed concern over Israeli delegation to the U.N.—will not be of South Africa abroad." The Foundation, Israel's withdrawal of her Minister, Mr, Simha replaced and that his post wiU be filled only which is silent on the internal and racial front, Pratt. by a Charge d'Affaires. Moreover, El Al has also represents the epitome of South African Newspapers in Johannesburg took the decided to discontinue flights to Johannesburg, occasion of Rosh Hashanah as a peg on which thus joining the boycott of the Union of South Jewry's attitude today. Against this, one to hang editorial comments advising South Africa decided upon by the various African should perhaps end this review with Segal's Africa's 110,000 Jews which stand to adopt States. Warning words (page 19) : on the country's racial policies. The Govern­ " From the moment that I began to look at ment newspaper, " Die Vaderland", stated RHODESIAN RABBI RETIRES that there was hope that " our Jewish fellow South Africa through political lenses, it Rabbi Dr. Manfred Papo, for nearly twenty seemed to me that the only survival possible citizens, in these days of their meditation, will dedicate themselves afresh to the country years minister of the Sephardi Hebrew Con­ for Jewry there depended upon the shaping which has so richly blessed them. . . ." " The gregation of Rhodesia. SaUsbury, will retire of a non-racial society. In calling upon Jews Rand Daily Mail" said that so studiously did shortly. Paying tribute to him the Rhodesian as Jews, as I have done despite my family's Jews seek to avoid any semblance of political Jewish Times records his outstan(Ung services, stiff (Usapproval, to back the non-white revolu­ commitments that the net result was almost especially in the field of Jewish adult educa­ tionary movements, I have not pretended that the opposite. The suggestion of a community tion. Rabbi Dr. Papo was bom in Vienna, such an alliance would earn the special toler­ view of benevolent neutrality or patient where his father was Rabbi of the Sephardi ance of gratitude. An anti-white terror would acquiescence with regard to the national situa­ community. He himself became minister of tion was, in effect, as political, in a negative that congregation in 1928 and held this office nardly take breath to discriminate, I have until he had to emigrate after the only maintained that raciaUsm, as we have sense, as any positive criticism in South Africa would be. "Anschluss". He first went to England and learned by now to platitudinise about free- "Dagbreek", South Africa's leading Afri­ he was appointed Acting Minister of the oom, is indivisible. There may, perhaps, be no kaans newspaper, of whose Board Dr. Ver­ Withington Congregation of Spanish and ^eal future for whites anywhere in Africa, The woerd is Chairman, has asked the South Portuguese Jews in Manchester. From that *outh African Jew who genuinely believes African Jewish Board of Deputies, why so position he was called to Rhodesia in 1944. that would be well advised to begin his latter- many of the White people detained under the During his stay in Manchester Rabbi Papo day dispersion at once. I have never believed General Law Amendment Bill (the Sabotage was chairman of the AJR Manchester branch It. I beUeve that there is a future for all races Bill) were Jews. and, in this capacity, also attended several ^n South Africa, but only through the most After saying that it was important to know Board meetings in London. He intends to if the Jews " as a whole disapprove of the retire to his birthplace, Vienna, where he concerted efforts by aU South Africans to keep action taken by the Government", "Dag­ hopes to help that community in their educa­ the techniques of revolution as non-racial as breek " reported the reply of the Board of tional work.

AJR CLUB AJR CHARITABLE TRUST 57 Efon Avenue, N.W.S These are the ways in which you can help: SATURDAY, DEC. 14 CONTRIBUTIONS UNDER ot 5 p.m. COVENANT CHANUKAH CELEBRATIONS (in Ueu of your membership subscription to the AJR). presented by A Covenant commits the covenanter or a period of seven years or during DR. & MRS. hv•is life, whichever period is shorter. A. R. HORWELL GIFTS IN YOUR LIFETIME followed by MUSICAL ENTERTAINMENT A BEQUEST IN YOUR WILL WITH GRAMOPHONE RECORDS Ask for particulars from : The Secretary, AJR Charitable Trust, 8 Fairfax Mansions, N,W.3. Space donated by TRADE CUTTERS LIMITED Space donated by an Anonymous Donor Britannia Worki, 25 St. Pancrat War. N.W.1 Page 12 AJR INFORMATION December, 1963

/ Richard Fuchs zur Gegenwart in Deutschland, England und Frankreich, den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika, Oesterreich und Italien einen fiihrenden Platz im internationalen Bank- IN ZWEI WELTEN geschaft eingenommen haben. In Verbindung mit Siegfried Moses' Tatig­ Fortsetzung der in den Oktober-IS'ovember Nunimern keit als Leiter des Leo Baeck Instituts stehen erschienenen Besprechung vier ganz besonders bedeutsame Aufsatze, die mit Grundfragen der Methode deutsch- judischer Geschichtsforschung in Zusammen­ Ausserhalb des eigentUchen Rahmens der fuhrangen geben erneut Anlass zu der hang stehen: Eduard Rosenbaum, " Ueber Festschrift steht ein von Hannah Arendt allgemeinen Frage, ob Franz Rosenzweig nicht Forschung als geistige Pflicht"; Hans beigesteuerter, von ihr im Jahre 1961 gehal- die Originalitat von Cohens Altersphilosophie Liebeschiitz, " Objektivitat und Werturteil" ; tener Vortag iiber " Revolution and Freedom ", iiberschatzt hat, indem er seine eigenen Max Kreutzberger " Bedeutung und Aufgabe in dem sich eine Reihe recht anfechtbarer Gedanken in sie hinein-interpretierte. judischer Geschichtsschreibung in unserer historischer Behauptungen findet. Zeit " ; und Hans Tramer " Zur Sinndeutung Fiir die Bewunderer von Ernst Simon, zu geschichtUcher Vorgange". Aus dem viel­ In das friihe Altertum fuhrt uns Elias denen ich mich zahle, ist sein Aufsatz faltigen Inhalt dieser gedankenreichen Bei­ Auerbach durch seine Studie " Biblische " Priester, Opfer und Arzt", trotz sprachUcher trage seien hier nur einige Hauptpunkte Quellen zur Staatsverwaltung im alten Israel" Meisterschaft und vieler bedeutender und erwahnt. Rosenbaum und Kreutzberger zuruck zu Verwaltung und Verfassung in der glanzend formulierter Einzelheiten, eine betonen unsere Pflicht, innerhalb unserer Konigszeit. Enttauschung. Er stellt darin Wolfskehl, neuen Umwelt uns und unseren Nachkommen Unter der Ueberschrift " Von der Stadt und Kafka und Freud an der Hand ihrer Briefe Rechenschaft uber unseren Ursprung und den Stadten " behandelt Max Gruenewald, auf gegeniiber. Schon in seinem ersten Satz unser Schicksal zu geben. Bibel und Talmud gestiitzt, kurz halachische bekennt er, dass dieser Vergleich " bei allem Fragen iiber Bodenrecht in Jerusalem. guten Gegenwillen besonders ungerecht Von besonderem Interesse ist (Ue SteUung- ausfallen werde". Und in der Tat ist der nahme unserer Autoren zur Frage nach der In einem Aufsatz uber den " Gestaltwandel Hauptinhalt der Abhandlung eine heftige Methode der Deutung historischer Vorgange Ahasvers " beschaftigt sich Adolf Leschnitzer Verurteilung von Wolfskehl. Ernst Simon durch spatere Generationen. Alle vier gehen mit der Sage von dem jiidischen Schuster in hat offenbar eine tiefe Antipathie gegen die von der bekannten Tendenz jeder Historiker- Jerusalem, der Jesus von Nazareth nicht schillernde, dynamische Natur WoUskehls generation aus, Masstabe ihrer eigenen Zeit gestattet hatte, auf seinem Todeswege vor mit ihren vielfaltigen Neigungen und Gaben; an vergangene Ereignisse zu legen. Aber seinem Hause auszuruhen, und dafiir zu ewigem er spricht ihm die grosse Leistung ab und hier zeigen sich betrachtUche Meinungsver'- Leben und zu ewiger Wanderschaft vemrteilt bestreitet ihm vor allem das Recht, sich schiedenheiten, Hans Tramer tritt aufgrund worden war. Diese Sage, seit Anfang des 17. einen Dichter zu nennen. Er sieht in ihm einer eingehenden Darstellung der wissen­ Jahrhunderts durch ein populares Volksbuch den " Priester" des von ihm vergotteten schaftlichen Literatur bis in die neueste Zeit in Deutschland weitverbreitet, hat nach Stefan George, und seine Haltung zum fiir den von Benedetto Croce im Anschluss an Leschnitzer mannigfache Umdeutungen er­ Judentum erscheint in Ernst Simons Darstel­ Hegel vertretenen Satz ein, dass " aUe fahren. Erst in der Zeit der Romantik wurde lung als etwas nur Beilaufiges, das gegeniiber Geschichte Gegenwartsgeschichte" sei, und nach ihm der " ewige Jude " ein Symbol des der Bindung an den " Meister " nicht wirkUch raumt dem Geschichtsschreiber das Recht ein, Judentums, das ihm den Charakter der ernst genommen zu werden verdient. In vergangene Vorgange im Geiste seiner eigenen Unheimlichkeit verUeh und von antisemi­ Wahrheit war WoLfskehls Bindung an Zeit zu deuten und zu bewerten. Mit eindrin- tischen Stromungen zur weiteren Schiirung des Stefan George, trotz seiner unwandelbaren gender Klarheit tritt Hans Liebeschutz dieser Judenhasses ausgebeutet wurde, sodass Leo Verehrung fiir ihn, keine * ausschUessliche ; Auffassung grundsatzUch entgegen. Mit Recht Pinsker in seinem Aufsatz " Auto-Emanzi- George selbst war sich dessen bewusst und betont er, dass es nicht zulassig sein kann, pation" von dieser gespenstischen Erschei­ nannte ihn einen Protheus, Schon 1903 und Grundbegriffe und Standpunkte, die sich aus nung eines heimatlosen Volkes ausgehen 1905 veroffentlichte Wolfskehl Dichtungen, den Problemen der Gegenwart ergeben, auf konnte, Man fragt sich, ob die Gestalt des die seine judische Verbundenh'eit bezeugten, eine von ganz anderen Voraussetzungen ewigen Juden nicht von Anfang an von den beherrschte Vergangenheit anzuwenden. Christen als ein Symbol des Judentums Emst Simon scheint ihm aufgrund der betrachtet worden ist; wurde doch dessen damaligen Gleichzeitigkeit seiner Beschafti­ Einen breiten Raum nimmt bei Liebeschutz Foitdauer iiber die Jahrtausende hin von der gung mit altgermanischen und jiidischen die Behandlung der mit der vorstehenden christlichen Kirche als ein notwendiges Dingen den Vorwurf der Oberflachlichkeit verwandten Frage ein, wie der Historiker Erfordernis zur Erfiillung ihres Heilsplanes oder gar Unaufrichtigkeit machen zu wollen ; Ereignisse zu beurteilen hat, die zur Zeit angesehen, aber innige Hingabe an Deutschtum und einer spateren Generation neue Wirkungen Judentum zugleich war damals bei vielen gezeitigt haben, welche von ihren Urhebern Einen eigenartigen Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Juden zu finden, und wer erhebt deswegen nicht vorausgesehen worden waren. Die jiidischen Geisteshaltung in Deutschland den Vorwurf der Unehrlichkeit gegen Her­ Heranziehung solcher spaterer Entwicklungen wahrend der Emanzipationszeit liefert Nahum mann Cohen oder Franz Oppenheimer ? zur Beurteilung historischer Ereignisse der Glatzer durch Veroffentlichung zweier Briefe Schon vor und nach dem ersten Weltkrieg Vergangenheit bedarf, wie Liebeschuetz des jiidischen Historikers 7. M, Jost aus dem setzte sich Wolfskehl in Aufsatzen mit den betont, in jedem Falle grosser Vorsi'-ht und Jahre 1852, Der damals Sechzigjahrige Problemen des modemen Judentums ausein­ Gewissenhaftigkeit wegen der vielfaltigen offenbart darin eine so heftige Abneigung ander, wobei er die stete Spannung im Ver­ Ursachen, auf denen diese spateren Entwick­ gegen die jiidische Gemeinschaft seiner Zeit haltnis zu den " Mitvolkem " betonte. Und lungen oft beruhen, Gegeniiber all diesen und eine solche grosse Geringschatzung ihrer dann kam 1933. Unter dem Eindruck dieser Versuchen der Ruckschliisse aus spateren geistigen Leistung, dass er, obwohl er fiir Tage entstanden die Gedichte der Sammlung Ereignissen und Standpunkten auf eine sich selbst die Taufe ablehnt, es fUr sinnlos " Die Stimme spricht". Sie sind ein reiner, friihere Epoche mochte irh auf einei A eussc-u"^ und grausam gegen die Kinder halt, jUdische ganz unverkunstelter Ausdmck einer tiefen des bedeutenden englischen Historikers G. M. Existenz iiber seine eigene Generation hinaus Erschiitterung und eines innigen Bekennt­ Young in der Einleitung zu seinem Meister- fortzusetzen,—In eine ganz andere Atmos­ nisses zum Judentum; als solche werden sie werk " Victorian England—a Portrait of an phare fUhrt uns Gershom Scholem mit seinem den meisten von uns unvergesslich bleiben. Age" (1936) hinweisen: "The central theme fesselnden Aufsatz "Zur Literatur der letzten Hatte Wolfskehl keine anderen Dichtungen of history is not what happened, but what Kabbalisten in Deutschland", Den Hohe- geschaffen, so miisste er schon ihretwegen als people felt about it when it was happening • ounkt bildet die durch sachliche, fast nuchter- ein grosser jiidischer Dichter gewertet Wenn dies auch einseHig ist so hptont es ne Darstellung besonders ergreifende Schil­ werden. Jedenfalls war Wolfskehl weit doch eine unumstossUche Wahrheit: die derung des bayerischen Juden Hile Wechsler, reicher an jiidischer Substanz als Freud, dem Berichte der Zeitgenossen fiber ihre Erleb- eines von Jugend auf kranklichen Lehrers, durch seine geistige Stmktur der Zugang zu nisse, Beobachtungen und Eindrucke sind eine und seines jiineeren Braders Benjamin, Hile den grossten Schopfungen jUdischen Geistes unentbehrliche Gmndlage fiii- die Arbeit ''"i" Wechsler veroffentlichte im Jahre 1880 unter verschlossen blieb, Auf der anderen Seite Historiker einer spateren Generation. Nur dem Eindruck der antisemitischen Stocker- wird Emst Simon auch Franz Kafka, der von auf diese Weise erhalten sie Einblick in die Bewegung gegen den Rat und die verachtliche den Dreien der grosste und, wie Emst Simon Atmosphare der Zeit; blosse Dokumente Kritik orthodoxer Autoritaten eine Broschiire, mit Recht sagt " der jiidischste und zugleich bleiben fur sie ein toter Buchstabe una in der er, gestiitzt auf kabbalistisch—mystische der menschlichste " war, nicht gerecht, wenn verleiten, wie wir alle mit Schrecken und Ged'^nken^ange und Deutung seiner "Traume, er ihn, um die Antithese zum " Priester" Trauer erfahi-en haben. zu schweren Mi'^s- die deutschen Juden auffordert, in das gelobte Wolfskehl zu gewinnen, durch den viel zu deutungen, Es sollte daher die vornehmste L^nd heimzukehren und dort eine umfassende engen Begriff des "Opfers" zu umfassen Aufgabe des Leo Baeck Instituts sein. weiter Kolonisation einzuleiten, sucht. mit der Sammlung und Veroffentlichung solcher Zeitgenossenberichte fortzufahren. Der Aufsatz von Alexander Altmann iiber In die Geschichte der Weltwirtschaft fflhrt " Hermann Cohens Begriff der Korrelation" uns der Aufsatz Uber "Juden als Bankiers— Unsere Festsf-hrift klinft aus i" .f'"® reiht sich durch das tiefe Eindringen in den ihre volkerverhindende Tatiekeit" von Sammlung hebraischer Anekdoten. meist uber Geffenstand und die meisterhaft klare Dar­ Frederick H. Brunner. Partner des NPW jiidische Dinge und Menschen in Deutschland, stellung wiirdig seinen in den Jahrbiichem Yorker Bankhauses Amhold und S. Bleich­ durch die der eros'se ErzaMer ."?. .1. A^non. des Leo Baeck Instituts veroffentlichen roder. Er schildert besonders eingehend und selbst an der Schwelle des 75. Lebensjahres Aufsatzen uber jfldische Theologie und mit grosser Sschkunde die Wirksamkeit der stehend, seiner Zuneigung fur Siegfried Moses Religionsphilosophie im Deutschland des 19, meist aus Deutschland stammenden FamiUen, und die judisch-deutsche Atmosphare seine* und 20. Jahrhunderts an. Altmanns Aus- die von den napoleonischen Kriegen an bis Urspmngs Ausdmck gegeben hat AJR INFORMA'nON December, 1963 Page 13 /f. L. Brassloff FOURTH ASSEMBLY OF EUROPEAN COMMUNITY SERVICES Early in November the Standing Confer­ ence of European Jewish Community Services HUMAN RIGHTS DAY held its fourth annual meeting in Geneva. This body now comprises the Jewish communities A CHALLENGE of all Western European countries and of Yugoslavia; however, the countries behind Fifteen years ago, on December 10, 1953, able European Convention on Human Rights. the Iron Curtain, inclucUng Russia, where the the General Assembly of the United Nations These achievements are, however, no cause greatest number of European Jews Uve, are solemnly proclaimed the Universal Declara­ as yet for joyous celebration. Drafts of legally still not represented. tion of Human Rights, Among the rights and binding International Human Rights Covenants The sociologist, Professor Morris Ginsberg freedoms thus internationally estabUshed are : are still under consideration by the United (London), opened the proceedings. Dr. Nahum Freedom from arbitrary arrest, detention or Nations organs. Many governments have Goldmann, President of the Claims Confer­ failed consistently to respect human rights and ence, urged the German Government finally exile ; freedom of movement and residence ; to implement the promise to amend the exist­ the right to seek and to enjoy in other coun­ fundamental freedoms. Others are even ing legislation on compensation. Daniel tries asylum from persecution; freedom of callously engaged in their violation, causing Mayer, President of the League for the thought and reUgion ; the right of education. untold misery to countless human beings and Rights of Man and of the Executive of World thereby endangering the peace of the world. Ort Union, a former minister in several The Declaration stresses that, in turn, every­ Even Britain, which can pride itself on French governments, stressed that the present one has a duty to the community. Moreover, accepting in principle—with only some quali­ improved international atmosphere should Its provisions may not be interpreted as imply­ fications—the " common standard" of the offer a suitable opportunity to alleviate the ing any right to engage in any act aimed at Universal Declaration, has not always lived fate of Jews in Soviet Russia. up to it. Concern at failings and shortcom­ The main work of the conference was done the destruction of the rights and freedoms set in the various Committees whose final reports forth in the Declaration. It further states ings in this respect has been frequently were given to the General Assembly. Jules that everyone is entitled to all the rights and expressed in Parliament and the press. The Brunschvig (Paris), Vice-President of the freedoms " without distinction of any kind, call for a British " ombudsman " is an indica­ AlUance IsraeUte Universelle, and Professor such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, tion of the widely felt need for a more effec­ Chaim Perelman (Brussels) reported on prob­ PoUtical or other opinion, national or social tive protection of the rights of the individual. lems connected with Jewish youth, the expert origin, property, birth or other status." Glib satisfaction with the comparatively on nutrition. Dr. John Yudkin, Professor at adequate situation in the sphere of human London University and Vice-President of The Universal Human Rights Declaration British Ose, on Jewish hygienic problems. Was widely regarded as a landmark in the rights in Britain would be extremely H, Oscar Joseph, London, the President of uphill stmggle for the international recogni­ dangerous. The Universal Declaration should Interco (International Council on Jewish tion of human rights. During the past fifteen be regarded as a challenge to everybody Social and Welfare Services) and of the C,B,F., years the United Nations has created on the responsible for the state of affairs in the world gave a detailed report on the work of these basis of the Declaration new instruments of generally and here at home. Vigilance and bodies. Further reports were given by repre­ 'nternational law, such as the Genocide Con­ protests against violations of human rights sentatives of United Hias, lea and by Charles vention and the Convention Relating to the remain the duty of political and other organi­ F. Jordan, General Director of Joint, the sations. Awareness of the indivisibility of the sponsoring organisation of the Standing Con­ ?>tatus of Refugees. Many member-States have ference. incorporated the contents of the Declaration in cause of human rights is the duty of every­ body. Persecution and discrimination affects Dr. Astorre Mayer, Milan, the Chairman of jneir constitutions. Some national courts have the Conference, was responsible for its excel­ Oeen guided by its spirit and its provisions. It you and me and our children—whether perpe­ lent organisation and the wide scope of sub­ nas inspired the Council of Europe to a work­ trated abroad or at our own doorsteps. jects that were covered by its meetings.

YOU'LL GO HEAD-OVER-HEELS FOR THE NEW g^^ pe^fu/me in ¥^'^^m tlw luvtid

PATOU £3.6.0 Joy £5.2.6 to £49.0.0 Page 14 AJR INFORMATION December, 1963

helped to lay the foundations for this impor­ OBITUARY tant section of our activities. Her deep human AKHUG O STERN the deaths of its chairman, Dr. Paul Chapp, interest in her charges, her strong sense of It is leamed with regret that Mr. Hugo London/Bournemouth, and Dr. Ernst Gold­ justice and her administrative ability were an Stern, a Board member of the AJR, suddenly schmidt, London, who succumbed to their invaluable asset to us, and numerous people, passed away on November 7. Born in Bocholt serious illnesses on November 8 and 9. Both directly or indirectly, benefited from her ser­ (Westphalia), he Uved in Dresden until he were former lawyers, Mr. Chapp from Berlin vices. At the same time the small band of came to this country in 1936. He always and Mr. Goldschmidt from Frankfurt/Main, workers at Fairfax Mansions has lost a very wholeheartedly identified himself with our where, besides practising as a Rechtsanwalt, dear colleague. During the short span of life community, and it testified to his strong sense he was legal adviser to the Philanthropin. granted to her, her work and her personaUty of solidarity that, when he celebrated his 70th They took over from the late Hermann Berlak have left their mark on our community, and birthday four years ago, he asked his friends the task of gathering together the remnants she will be gratefully remembered by all who to make presentations not to him but to our of their fraternity and rendered great service knew her. Old Age Homes, He took a particularly deep to it through their organisational and Uterary abiUties. They both enjoyed great popularity CHILDREN'S CLOTHING FOR ISRAEL interest in the development of our work and WANTED the problems with which we are faced. It was amongst the members of the " K.C.". During always easy to approach him when his own the last few years, Mr. Chapp was also a A Chanukah Appeal member of the Board of the AJR. help was required, because for him there was The Federation of Jewish ReUef Organisa­ no barrier between those who gave and those y HILDE L. MOHR tions which has been sending clothing to Israel who received; he was too much aware of the for a great number of years has launched a indivisibiUty of our Jewish fate. The AJR has suffered a sad loss by the special appeal for children's underwear and All those who knew Hugo Stern are united death of Miss Hilde L. Mohr who, after a long, sweaters. These items are required as in their feelings with his wife, children and courageously borne illness, passed away on Chanukah presents for the children of new grandchildren, mourning the death of an October 29 at the age of 53. Since she came immigrants looked after in the kindergartens upright, kind and noble man whose memory to this country she worked, almost uninter­ under the care of the Federation. Readers they will always cherish with gratitude and ruptedly, for the well-being of her fellow- who are prepared to contribute clothing affection. refugees, first with the Jewish Refugees' which should be in flrst-class condition are Committee then with the United Restitution requested to get in touch direct with the IN MEMORY OF TWO K.C. MEMBERS Office and, from 1959 onwards, with the AJR. Federation of Jewish Relief Organisations. 131 The old students' fratemity " K.C. in Great She joined our staff when the work for the Elgin Avenue, London, W.9 ('Phone CUNning­ Britain " has suffered grievous losses through Old Age Homes had to be expanded and thus ham 0131),

FAMILY EVENTS DISABLED YOUTH, aged 23, Miscellaneous Personal Inquiries Entries in the columns Family urgently seeks light, sedentary Markus.—Dr. rer. pol. Walter Mar­ Events are free of charge. Texts work in factory or catering indus­ SUPERFLUOUS HAIR safely and kus, born 1896/97, Last address should be sent in by the 18th of try. Box 339. permanently removed by qualified (July, 1937) Bilovec, Czecho­ the month. Physiotherapist and Electrolysist. slovakia, Came to England in BOOKKEEPER, experienced, good Facials, Body Massage, Visits Births Spring 1938. Last-known address references, seeks full- or part time arranged. Mrs. Dutch, D,R,E,, 239 prior to 1937, c/o The Old East Davies.—Lottie (nee Metzger) and work. Box 334, Willesden Lane, N.W,2, Tel, : WIL­ Lester Davies are happy to Africa Trading Co., Mombasa, lesden 1849, British East Africa. Sought by his announce the birth of a son, Women Andrew Paul, on November 7th, GERMAN BOOKS purchased. Con­ daughter. Please contact Dr. at 42 Dean Road, Handforth, ARTIST, experienced illustrator, tinental Book Supply, 42 Com­ David Blamires, 136 WelUngton Wilmslow, Cheshire, seeks congenial work. Also quali­ mercial Road, London, E.l, Nur Road, Manchester, 14. fied as teacher for classes or private schriftl, Angeb, od. Telephone: Birthday MAI, 6892, AJR Needlewoman Service Moses,—Mrs, Emma Moses, nee for drawing and painting. Box 335, WOMEN available for alterations, Hoexter (formerly Kassel) will BUTTON MAKER, experienced, TRANSLATIONS from and into mending, handicrafts, 'Phone MAI. celebrate her 81st birthday on 42, seeks factory or light domestic German, English and French. Box 4449. December 14th.—35 Wessex Gar­ post. Box 336, 329. dens, London, N.W.ll, MIDDLE-AGED LADY wishes to Deaths BESCHAEFTIGUNG gesucht, z.B. meet others for friendly card games THE BLUE DANUBE CLUB Frank.—Dr. Peter C. Frank, 59 Gesellschafterin, Pflegerin, Koe- in each other's homes at week-ends. presents chin einige Stunden Wochenende. Box 337. Thirlmere Gardens, Wembley, Box 338, Middlesex, passed away on October BRIDGE LESSONS given, easy "NO TIME FOR 10th. Deeply mourned by his EXPERIENCED ENGLISH/GER­ method. Telephone: GLAdstone rr family and friends. MAN SHORTHAND-TYPIST seeks 1587, MIESMAKERS full- or part-time or homework. A topical Cabaret-Revue In Loew.—Mrs Elfriede Loew (nee Personal Perl), after a long illness, on Box 340, Twelve Scenes by Peter Herz November 17th, 1963, shortly For Sale WELL - EDUCATED professional with before her 83rd birthday. Deeply gentleman, late thirties, very good HILDE LERGENS mourned by her daughter and son- DUE TO lack of space forced to family background and position, GRETL ESCHENBACHER in-law, Susan and Hans Chotzen, sell several exceptionally beautiful wishes to meet cultured, attractive RUDOLF OFFENBACH her very good friend, Dr, G, Persian rugs brought direct from young lady up to about thirty. View STEFAN BUKOWITZ Schueler, and many others. Orient, in excellent condition. friendship or matrimony. Box 330. and Lowy.—Mr. Paul Lowy (formerly Telephone WELbeck 2057 before JEWISH MARRIAGE BUREAU— Teplitz-Schoenau), dear husband 9 a,m, or after 7 p.m, Introductions arranged. Strict PETER HERZ of Gretl Lowy, of 39 Romway confidence assured. Details from : Road, Leicester, passed away sud­ TRIANG 00-MODEL RAILWAY, Mrs, Blake, 107 Francklyn Gardens, on denly, aged 61. Sadly missed by 3 engines (incl, diesels), 3 sets Edgware, Middlesex. December 25—7,30 p,m. his family and friends. carriages, bridges, etc, 130 rails December 26—4 p,m, & 7,30 p.m. (3 circuits). Table 7i' x 4^, 2 CULTURED REFINED people December 28—7,30 p.m, Natt.—Dr, Hugo Natt passed away transformers. £13 10s, o,n,o CUN, invited, write for details of Unique January 4—7,30 p.m, on October 31st. Deeply mourned 6959, weekdays after 6 p.m. Cultural/Social Club, 33 Shering- by his family, friends and patients, at ham Avenue, N.14, Dept. FR. CHURCHILL HALL, —Clara Natt. 5 Dingwall Gardens, ACCORDION, 3 rows buttons, 12 (S,A,E,) London, N,W,11. bases (Hohner Tricord II), as new, 38 COLLEGE CRESCENT, only £12 10s, List price £32 14s, AJR Attendance Service SWISS COTTAGE, N.W.3 CLASSIFIED Tickets 12/6, 10/6, 7/6 Situations Wanted CUN. 6959, after 6 p.m. WOMEN available to care for sick Also Men people and invalids, as companions VERSATILE, INTELLIGENT man, Accommodation Vacant and sitters-in; full- or part-time Great Sylvester Gala Performance of 37, experienced in general clerical PADDINGTON AREA, two rooms (not residential). 'Phone MAI. work, storekeeping (electrical or of 100 sq. ft, each available in 4449, "NO TIME FOR telephone appliances), commercial office block for immediate occupa­ MISSING PERSONS MIESMAKERS " artist, hotel receptionist, seeks tion. Telephone: PADdington Tuesday, December 31, suitable, partial sedentary position. 4014, Inquiries by AJR 7,30 p.m, at Box 332, New Liberal Synagogue, GENERAL CLERK, good at FIRST-CLASS FURNISHED Boas.—Erna Boas, daughter of 51 Belsize Square, N.W.3 figures, some typing experience, ACCOMMODATION, sitting-room, Richard Boas, born November 9th, Tickets 12/6, 10/6 versatile, aged 54, seeks part-time bedroom, bathroom, in villa close 1913. in BerUn. Emigrated to —Refreshments Available— work, preferably with publicity to Hampstead Heath. Breakfast England in 1938 and beUeved to Ticket Reservations : firm or similar organisation. Box provided. Easy access to West End. have married here in 1944, hus­ Mondays to Fridays—5-7 p.m. 333. Large garden. Box 331. band's name unknown. SWISS Cottage 4118 AJR INFORMA'nON December, 1963 Page 15 NOVEMBER POGROMS REMEMBERED TWENTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF "CLUB 1943" A large and deeply moved audience attended the special service in memory of the November Twenty years have now passed since a small specific position into which they are placed pogroms, held on Sunday, November 10, in group of authors, scholars and artists founded due to their background, and there are further­ the New Liberal Jewish Synagogue. In his J club, originally meant as a clearing centre more those to whom, due to age and often also impressive address. Rabbi J. J, Kokotek did for the intellectual section of the refugee com- to loneliness, the weekly Club meetings are not restrict himself to a reference to the niunity. The founders included personalities highUghts of their Uves. It is gratifying to see happenings of the past but gave a masterful such as Hans J. Rehfisch, Arthur Hellmer, from the current monthly programmes that analysis of their meaning in our days. The Monty Jacobs, Friedrich Koffka and Karl the wilUngness to address tne Club has not Memorial Hour was enhanced by beautiful Jvollf. Over the years the basis widened and, diminished amongst well-known personaUties renderings by the Synagogue Choir with w the major part of its existence, " Club of Continental origin. The " Club 1943 " ful­ Johanna Metzger-Lichtenstern as the soloist. 1943 " has been a spiritual home for all those fills an essential function for our people, and A Memorial Service was also held at the immigrants from German-speaking countries the AJR joins with all those who extend to it Golders Green Beth Hamidrash, with Rabbi who, due to their common background, have a sincerest wishes for the successful continuation H. I, Feldman as the speaker. common range of interests and a common of its activities. approach to many problems of our times. In accordance with a request by the Chief Rabbi, in which he expressly referred to the The Club arranges weekly talks and lectures GERMAN-BRITISH MEETING IN initiative taken by the AJR, the Memorial On a variety of subjects, covering arts and Prayer for the victims of Nazi persecution was nterature, science and poUtics, as well as DUSSELDORF recited in his constituent synagogues, and the general and Jewish questions of topicality. To pogroms were also commemorated in the •nark its anniversary, the Club has published The annual meeting of the " Arbeitskreis services of Reform and Liberal synagogues. 3 brochure describing its history during the Featherstone Park" was held at the end of Past two decades and listing the functions held October in Diisseldorf. About one hundred In Germany, a special message by Federal under its auspices during that period. This members attended the reunion. The Group Chancellor Erhard was published in the nst is in itself a most impressive document, was founded by Captain Herbert Sulzbach (who Allgemeine Wochenzeitung of the Jews in covering about one thousand lectures with is now an official of the German Embassy in Germany. " No man can undo the injustice expert speakers from various spheres. The London) after the end of the war. It is named that has been committed," the Chancellor organisation of these regular functions is a after the former prisoner of war camp, said, " but we are trying at least to mitigate jnajor achievement for which members cannot " Featherstone Park " where Mr. Sulzbach took the material damage. Yet the best service oe too grateful to their untiring Committee a leading part in the efforts of the re-educa­ we can render will be to take to our hearts neaded since 1952 by their Chairman, Hans tion of nearly 3,000 German prisoners. Today, the lesson that we should live in the spirit Jaeger. Mr. Sulzbach is the honorary President of the of human brotherhood. The remembrance of " Arbeitskreis ". November 9, 1938, should strengthen our .A club of this kind is bound to be faced determination to contribute to the protection *ith difficulties, and it testifies to the intellec- The main speaker at the function was the of liberty and dignity, which are mankind's ™al honesty of the author of the brochure sociologist, Lieut.-Colonel Henry Faulk, O.B.E., greatest treasures," 'hat he does not minimise them. Most of the who gave a lecture—in German—on " The prominent founder-members are no longer liv­ psychological difficulties in group-relations In Vienna, delegates of the Coalition parties ing, others left this country after the war, with special reference to English-German attended the Friday evening service at the ^nd among those intellectuals who stayed quite problems ". The talk was followed by a vivid restored Seitenstettengasse Synagogue, and the ^ few have been totally integrated into the discussion in which members of the Diplomatic Catholic youth organisations held a Memorial cultural life of this country, retaining only Corps, the legal professions, the press and the Meeting, ^ose contacts with their community of origin. armed forces (both EngUsh and German) par­ Other functions included a special ceremony ''Ct there are others who are aware of the ticipated. at the Yad Vashem in Israel.

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Do you wont comfort and SWI. 2202 every convenience, COMFORTAIR First-Class Accommodation NORWEST CAR HIRE room with own bath, excellent Continental FOR tood. TV. lounge, gardens ? All Heating and Plumbing LTD. Mrs. A. WOLFF, HAM. 4150 &L 4154 3 Hemstal Road, N.W.6 SPE. 0615 SMALL CAR HIRE (MAI, 8521) Page 16 AJR INFORMATION December, 1963

LETTER TO THE EDTTOR Round and About Evian Conference the Churches and other public bodies were Sir,—Your September issue is to Jiand and I EXHmrnoN " MONUMENTA JUDAICA " would like in particular to mention S. Adler- present. The President of the Federal Parlia­ Rudel's article on " 25 Years Ago: The Evian IN COLOGNE ment, D. Dr. Eugen Gerstenmaier, in declaring the exhibition open, advocated full diplomatic Conference ". The impressive exhibition, " Monumenta relations between Israel and the Federal While it describes fairly accurately the situa­ Judaica," was opened in the Zughaus, Cologne, Republic as the only adequate solution of tion of the Jews in Germany after the on October 15. It illustrates the 2,000-year-old normal contacts between the two States, even occupation of Vienna, it left out one important history of the Jews on the Rhine and displays if their establishment might cause the Federal contribution towards migration from Germany objects and documents on Jewish life on both Republic some risks and difficulties. The and Austria, namely that of Australia. Of O" shores of the river from the Rhine to the main address was given by the Mayor of the Western Countries present at Evian, only Dutch frontier. In addition to the exhibits Cologne, Theo Burauen, who declared that it Australia offered to take 15,000 people- depicting the cultural, social and legal history, was the main purpose of the exhibition to Because of the outbreak of the war, only it contains two separate collections, one record the links which had united the Jewish 7,000 to 8,000 managed to come to this country, demonstrating the impact of the Old Testa­ and Christian communities before Nazi bar­ and I cannot imagine anybody who has ment on Christian art, and another one called barity destroyed this fruitful and harmonious regretted it. Yours, etc., "The Jewish Year." relationship. He particularly thanked German '^WERNER GRAFF. The exhibition has been organised by the and foreign museums and art collectors, Melbourne, C.I, Australia. City of Cologne to bear witness to the moral Jewish communities and archives as well as and spiritual achievements of Jews who had the Catholic and Protestant Churches for hav­ settled by the Rhine for a period covering ing lent numerous valuable objects to offer JEWS FROM LFTHUANIA REMEMBER almost a hundred generations. In this way visitors so complete a documentation. An audience of about 100 people attended the promoters want to contribute to the task a London meeting to commemorate the 20tn of moral rehabilitation and, at the same time, ROME DEPORTATIONS REMEMBERED anniversary of the liquidation of the ghettoes bring home to the German visitors, especially in the Baltic States of Lithuania, Latvia ano the younger ones, the historical facts of which At a ceremony held in the Jewish quarter Estonia. The function was organised by the they have only scanty knowledge. The exhibi­ of Rome, the 20th anniversary of the deporta­ Association of Baltic Jews in Great Britain tion will remain open until the middle of tion of the Jews of Rome by the Nazis was in conjunction with the World Jewish Con­ February, 1964. commemorated. gress (British Section). The speakers were At the opening ceremony numerous diplo­ Wreaths were placed and prayers recited Rabbi Dr. S, Goldman and Mr. Bernard GiluS- mats, representatives of the various Ministries, near memorials to the fallen. Q.C. Mr. J. Lossos presided.

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Prinlad at tha Sharon Press, 31 Fumivai Street. London, E.C.4