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abjuration, oaths of 5, 15, 24, 203 on perjury 36, 197 administration of 173–4, 199 recantation of 191, 195 breaking of 175–6, 177, 182–3 Bedyll, Thomas 56, 102, 207 of Nicholas Shaxton 182–3 Bernard, G. W. 5–6, 10, 11, 12, 14–15 omission of 194–7, 199 on Henry VIII 114 and subscriptions 52 and the minimization of oaths 8 of Thomas Bilney 178–80 on monasteries and oaths 71, 76 of Thomas Phillips 181–2 on the oath of succession 112 abjurations, oathless 182, 188–90, 192, 195–7 on the oaths of a bishop elect 93 Act for Extinguishing the Authority of the on the Pilgrimage of Grace 157, 164, 166 Bishop of Rome 78–9, 80–1, 82 Berwick 128 Act of Appeals 100 Beverley 146, 147, 155–7 Act of Succession see Succession, Act of Bicknoll, Edmond 43–4 Act of Supremacy see Supremacy, Act of Bigod, Sir Francis 75, 147, 160–1 Act Restraining the Payment of Annates 104–5 Bilney, Thomas 171–2, 178–80, 183–6, 205 Adrian of Castello, Bishop of Bath and Wells Birt, John 172 90–1 Bishop’s Book of 1537 20 Aquinas, Thomas 20–1, 33 bishops Arthur, Thomas 179 consecration oath to the king Arundel, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury 25, after 1536 79, 81 31, 88 after 1544 81 Aske, Sir Robert 145–7, 149, 156, 158 and the conﬂict of 1532 86–7, 92–7, 100–1 Askew, Anne 190–1, 196–7 evolution of to 1532 89–92, 220–4 Audley, Lord Thomas 58–9, 67, 86, 94–5 from 1534 to 1536 65, 83, 105–6, 224–6 Augustine of Hippo 17, 36, 45–6 and Robert Barnes 98–9 oath of canonical obedience see canonical Bale, John 18, 20–1, 30, 176 obedience, oath of on blasphemous oaths 34 profession of 1535 69, 73, 81, 83, 106–7, 141, on book oaths 32 237–9 on dissimulation 37, 198 profession renouncing the Pope and his bulls on heresy trials and abjurations 191, 198 65–6, 83, 106, 226–7 on perjury 197 and Thomas Cranmer 101–4 on private oaths 39 see also under individual bishops Barnes, Robert 87–8, 98–9, 172, 189–90, 196–7, blasphemous oaths 38 198 God’s punishment against 42–4 Barton, Elizabeth, the Nun of Kent 86, 203 in medieval Catholicism 27–30 Bath and Wells, Bishop of see Adrian of Castello Protestant opinion of 33–5 Bayﬁeld, Richard 175 relationship to state oaths 46–7 Beauvais, Vincent of 28, 34 Boleyn, Anne 1, 135 Becon, Thomas 18, 176 and her marriage to Henry VIII 55, 57 on blasphemous oaths 34 bond of association 208–9

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Index 267

Bonner, Edmund, Bishop of London 188 London Charterhouse 1–5, 9, 13–15, 73, 79, allowing oathless abjurations 171, 195–7, 199, 117, 118, 126–7, 130, 132 206 Mountgrace Charterhouse 74–6, 118, 126 and the Elizabethan oath of supremacy Sheen Charterhouse 76, 86 210–11, 212 Witham Charterhouse 73 and equivocation 190–1, 196–7 Cartwright, Thomas 211–12 oaths sworn by 193 casuistry see equivocation book oaths see Gospels, oaths sworn on/by Chapuys, Eustace, Ambassador 140, 141 Book of Common Prayer 30 on the oath of succession 128, 204 Boorde, Richard 125 and Princess Mary 134–5, 138–9 Bownes, David 164, 166 and the subscriptions of 1533 55–6, 83 Brigden, Susan 176, 189 Charles V, Emperor 54, 104, 128 Brooks, James, Bishop of Gloucester 210 and Princess Mary 134–5, 139, 204 Bullinger, Henry 21, 99 his treaty oath with Henry VIII 24 Bush, Michael 164, 166 Charterhouse see Carthusians Chauncy, Maurice 2, 4, 126, 130 Calais 59, 64, 80 Chertsey, Andrew 26, 35 Calvin, John 21 Chichester, Bishop of see Sherborne, Robert Cambridge University 54, 83, 85, 182 Clement VII, Pope 54 colleges Cobham College, Kent 70 Corpus Christi 64, 68 Collectanea satis copiosa 91, 93–7 Gonville Hall 70 conscience, empowerment of by oaths 212–14 and the oath of supremacy after 1536 79 Constantine, George 172 and the oaths of 1534 67–8 Convocation see Canterbury; York and oaths subversive to royal supremacy Cook, Hugh 133, 140 109 Cosin, Richard 21, 33, 37 and the profession of 1535 69–70, 72, 141, Courtenay, William, Archbishop of Canterbury 239–43 88 and the subscription against papal authority Coventry and Lichfield, Bishop of see Lee, 61 Roland canonical obedience, oath of 24 Cranmer, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury and the conflict of 1532 86–7, 92–7, 100–1 18, 114, 122, 185, 207 content of 215–20 and the administration of the oath of evolution of 87–9, 95–6 succession 58, 59–60, 61, 67 Gardiner breaking his 48–9 annulling Henry’s first marriage 54, 56 and the oath of supremacy 47–9, 159–60 his debate with Thomas Martin 47–8 oaths responding to 105–7, 120 and Fisher and More 121–2, 123 polemical attack on 97–100 and the oaths of a bishop-elect 91, 99, 101–4, of priests to bishops 110 130, 204 and Thomas Cranmer 101–4 and papal authority under Queen Mary 210, Canterbury 212 Archbishop of see Arundel, Thomas; and the subscriptions of 1533 55–7 Courtenay, William; Cranmer, Thomas; Crome, Edward 188–90, 196–7, 198 Warham, William Cromwell, Thomas 48–9, 69, 114, 185, 207 Convocation of 54–5, 60, 129 and Fisher and More 121–2 and the oaths of a bishop-elect 86, 92 and the London Charterhouse 2–3, 14, 73, and the prosecution of heresy 185–8 108 Captain Cobbler see Melton, Nicholas and the oaths of a bishop-elect 87, 92–4 Carlisle 147, 152, 158 and the Pilgrimage of Grace 156 Carthusians 85, 131 and Princess Mary 134, 135–7, 139–40 Axholme Charterhouse 2, 73–4 and the universities 69, 72, 74 Beauvale Charterhouse 2, 73, 130 Cumberland 146 Bonham Charterhouse 125 Henton Charterhouse 67 Dalaber, Antony 172, 176–7 Hull Charterhouse 75 Darcy, Lord Thomas 147–8, 150, 155

268 Index

Dartford, Priory of 63 Fairfax, Sir William 148 Dent 151, 155 Fisher, John, Bishop of Rochester 16, 66, 85, Dickens, A. G. 10 119–25, 131, 173 Dives and Pauper 21, 23, 36, 37 Fitzwilliam, Lord Admiral William 163 Dodds, Madeleine and Ruth 157, 159, forced oaths 39–40, 203–4 166 and the Pilgrimage of Grace 148–52, 168, Doncaster 146, 149, 163 204 Downame, John 21, 32–3, 45 Forest, John 133, 140 on blasphemous oaths 34 Fox, Edward, Bishop of Hereford 48–9, 91 against Catholic swearing 30 Foxe, John 113, 176, 184 on forced oaths 40 on God’s wrath against illicit swearing 43–4 on God’s punishment of illicit swearing 44 on the oaths of a bishop-elect 86–7, 92–3, 101, Duffy, Eamon 5–6, 12, 196 114 Durham, Bishop of see Tunstall, Cuthbert Francis I, King 103–4 friars 69, 85, 107–8, 110, 117 Edward VI, King 30 instructions for the visitation of 62, 231–3 Elizabeth I, Queen 57, 206, 208–9, 210–11 their profession of royal supremacy 62–3, Ellerker, Sir Ralph 151, 159 234–5 Elton, Geoffrey 78, 82 their resistance to royal supremacy 125–6, and the minimization of oaths 8–9 128–9 on the oath of succession 112, 121–2, 168 Gardiner, Stephen, Bishop of Winchester 47, 61, his reconstruction of the state oaths of the 65, 131 1530s 51–2 his consecration oath to the king 91 Ely, Bishop of see Goodrich, Thomas De vera obediencia 48–9 equivocation 13, 203 and evangelical heresy trials 173, 191–2, 193, bishops’ intolerance of 192 196 casuistry justifying 206 and the oath of succession 59, 127 condemnation of as perjury 36–8, 46, and the subscriptions of 1533 55–7 206 Garret, Thomas 176–7, 189–90, 192 and evangelical heresy trials 170–1, 185–91, Gloucester, Bishop of see Brooks, James; Hooper, 194, 196–9, 205 John by Mary Tudor 136 Goodrich, Thomas, Bishop of Ely 61, 65–6, 83, and the oaths of succession and supremacy 81, 174, 195 130–1, 142 Gospels, oaths sworn on/by 22, 24–7, 30, 31–3 evangelicals Gower, George 172, 176 accusing opponents of perjury 185, 193–4, Gratian 36, 41 200 Greenwich and the avoidance of perjury 188, 190, Franciscan friary at 125 197 Guy, John 51–2, 93 and the commission of perjury 170, 174–83, Gwent, Richard 64 205–6 and oathless equivocation 170–1, 185–91, 194, Haigh, Christopher 5–6, 8 196–9, 205 Hall, Edward 86–7, 131 relationship to Lollards 176, 183 Hall’s Chronicle 91, 92, 94, 103 trying to appear orthodox 177–8, 180, 182, Hallom, John 147, 158, 160 183–4, 205–6 Harpsﬁeld, Nicholas 122–3 using oaths to establish their veracity 179–80, Hawes, Stephen 29 183, 191, 192–3 Heath, Nicholas, Archbishop of York 195 ex ofﬁcio oath Heeneage, John 143 administration of 171–2, 174, 178, 199 Henry VI, King 26 avoidance of 187 Henry VII, King 90–1 breaking of 176–7, 178, 181 Henry VIII, King omission of 189, 190, 194 his attempts to gain an annulment 53–6, 93, and Puritans 211–12 101 and Separatists 32 and Convocation 129–30

Index 269

effects of the Reformation on the power of Lancashire 60, 150, 166 201–2, 208, 214 Latimer, Hugh, Bishop of Worcester 23, 184, how he administered oaths 81–4 198 and the London Charterhouse 1–3 and his heresy trial 185–8, 196 and monastic acknowledgements of royal on unjust oaths 40 supremacy in 1535 70, 74, 77 Layton, Richard 69, 73 and the oaths of a bishop-elect 92–7, 100–5, Leache, William 145, 148, 155, 158 130 Lee, Edward, Archbishop of York 65, 78, 91 and the Pilgrimage of Grace 153, 168 and the Carthusians 74–5 and oaths responding to 160, 162–3, 167–8, and evangelical heresy trials 173, 195 205 and the Pilgrimage of Grace 147 his opinion of rebel oaths 161–2, 165, 169 and the subscriptions of 1533 55–7 and Princess Mary 133–7, 139–40 Lee, Roland, Bishop of Coventry and Lichﬁeld and the prosecution of heresy 186, 187, 188–90 61, 65–6, 83, 123 and his suspicion of dissimulation 140–1 Legh, Thomas 73, 75, 78 and Thomas More 122 Lehmberg, Stanford 120–1 why he administered oaths 9, 45–7, 85–7, 107, Ligham, Peter 64 113–14, 115 Lincoln, Bishop of see Longland, John Hereford, Bishop of see Fox, Edward Lincolnshire rebellion 139, 143–4, 145–6, 149, 154 Heresy Act 194–5 oaths responding to 160, 162–3 heresy trials see abjuration, oaths of; bishops; Lollardy 16, 39 evangelicals and book oaths 31–2 Hickerson, Megan 191, 196 and the oath of canonical obedience 97–8 Hill, Christopher 202–3 and oaths in heresy trials 170, 171, 175–6, Hindle, Steve 209 183 Homily against Swearing and Perjury 18, 25, 33 relationship to evangelicalism 176, 183 on book oaths 32 London on perjury 36 Bishop of see Bonner, Edmund; Stokesley, Hooper, John, Bishop of Gloucester 19–21, 30, John; Tunstall, Cuthbert 37 and the oath of succession 58, 122 Horncastle 148 London, Dr John 68, 177, 207–8 Horne, Robert, Bishop of Winchester Longland, John, Bishop of Lincoln 55, 61, 68, 210 102, 129–30, 143 Houghton, John 1–3, 13, 14, 73, 108, 117–18, Louth 143–4, 145, 152 124 Lumley, George 147, 161 Holye, R. W. 157 Luther, Martin 99, 174, 183 Hughes, Philip 51–2 Lyndwode, William 179 Hull 147, 151 Hutchinson, Roger 21, 30 Maitland, R. 176 Hylsey, John 128 Mannyng, Robert 29, 42 Marsh, Christopher 11, 12 Ives, Eric 113–14 Martin, Thomas 47–8, 103 Mary, mother of Jesus 22–3, 29, 49 Jerome, William 189–90, 192 Mary Tudor 133–40, 158, 194, 200, 209–10 Jones, David Martin 8–9, 110, 203, 212 and the oath of succession 118 Jones, Norman 11, 213 Mass, oaths by the 23–4, 29–31, 177 Joye, George 176, 198 Melton, Nicolas 143 Julius II, Pope 53 mental reservation 132–3, 140, 203, 206 condemnation of as perjury 13, 46 Katherine of Aragon 85 Middlemore, Humphrey 1 and her marriage to Henry VIII 1, 53–4, 56, 57 monasteries and monastic 110 and the oath of succession 111–12, 118, 123–4, dissolution of 5, 115, 170, 202 134 institutional profession of 1534 64 Kendal 146, 148, 152 and the Pilgrimage of Grace 155–6, 165–7 Kent 117 visitations and oaths of 1535 70–7, 82 Knowles, David 71, 125 vows of obedience 107–8

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More, Thomas 15, 40, 83, 132, 168 Percy, Sir Ingram 146, 149 and evangelical heresy trials 172, 174–6, perjury 178–81, 183, 185, 194 avoidance of 185, 188, 190, 197 and the oath of succession 119–25, 212, 213–14 as justification for refusing state oaths Moreland, William 143, 152 209–11 commission of 131–2, 203 Necton, Robert 175 by conservative prelates 193–4 Nix, Richard, Bishop of Norwich 182 by evangelicals 170, 174–83, 199, 205–6 Norfolk, Duke of 58, 136, 162–3, 166 condemnation of 35–6, 197–8 Northumberland 146 as deception through oaths 36–8 Earl of 75 definition of 35 Norwich 127 God’s punishment against 42–4, 205 Bishop of see Nix, Richard reports of to the authorities 207 and vain oaths 38–9 oaths as a weight on one’s conscience 184, 207 of abjuration see abjuration, oaths of Phillips, Thomas 180–2, 183, 205 and the Church Fathers 17 Pilgrimage of Grace 8, 13 by creatures 21, 31 oaths responding to 160, 205 definition of 19–22 administration of 162–3 and the empowerment of the English people content of 163–6 208–14 and the oath of succession 165, 167 against justice see unjust oaths popular acceptance of 166–7 modern bias against 8–9 and royal supremacy 165–6 obtained by force see forced oaths and pilgrims’ oaths of office 25, 83 administration of 145–8, 152–3, 205, per membra see blasphemous oaths 208 of the Pilgrimage of Grace see Pilgrimage of annulment of 164–5, 167, 205 Grace and coercion 148–52, 168, 204 of purgation 172–3, 174, 179, 199 content of 154–8 social power of 206–8, 214 as an interpretation of the oath of spiritual power of 9, 15, 44–5, 202, 207–8, 214 succession 154–9, 161, 168–9 possible decline of 202–6 oath of honourable men 146, 151, of succession see succession, oath of 156–8 of supremacy see supremacy, oath of and the Pontefract Conference 159–60 sworn in ignorance 39, 211 previous historiography on 144 sworn in vain see vain oaths resistance to 146, 151–2, 159 treaty oaths 23, 24, 52 see also succession, oath of Oxford 176–7 Piper, John 150–1 Oxford University 54, 83, 85 Pole, Reginald 103–4, 140–1 colleges Pontefract Castle 147, 159 All Souls 68 Pontefract Conference 159–60 Balliol 68, 130 Preston 147 Brasenose 68 promises, oathless Corpus Christi 70 difference from oaths 45–6 Merton 68 see also subscriptions, oathless Oriel 68 Protestant and the oaths of 1534 67–8 condemnation of Catholic swearing 30–1 and the oath of supremacy after 1536 79 terminology vis-a-vis` evangelical 18, 170 and oaths subversive to royal supremacy 109 theology 12, 18 and the profession of 1535 69–70, 74, 141, views of divine wrath on illicit swearing 43–4 239–43 see also evangelicals subscription against papal authority 61 protestations subscribing with 54–5, 129–30, 190–1 Parker, Hugh 150–1 swearing with 13, 101–4, 130–1, 134–5 Peraldus, Gulielmus 31, 43 Puritans 211–12

Index 271

Rastall, William 119 of 1536 68, 77–9, 80, 158 recantation, oaths of see abjuration, oaths of of 1544 80–1 recusancy 199 succession, oath of Reformatio legum ecclesiasticarum 31, 37 acquiescence to 11–12, 116–17, 141–2 Reinhard, Wolfgang 202 administration of 58–60, 72, 82, 107, 110, 206, relics 22–3, 25–7, 29–31 208 Rex, Richard 115, 176, 183, 203 of 1536 77–8, 229–31 Richmondshire 148–9, 155 as a forced oath 203–4 riddle of compliance 12 form tendered after 1544 80–1, 82, 245–6 Rochester, Bishop of see Fisher, John forms of 1534 227–9 Roland, George 133 manner of swearing 127–8 Roper, William 119 and pilgrims’ oaths Ryrie, Alec 6–8, 12, 209 conﬂict between 159–62, 169 on evangelical heresy trials 171, 176, 195–6, consonance with 157–9, 169 198–9 as an imitation of 145, 147–8, 152–3 as a response to 145, 154, 157–8, 168–9 St Asaph, Bishop of see Standish, Henry and the post-Pilgrimage oaths 165, 167 St Germain, Christopher 184 precedent for 110–11 saints 22–3, 25, 29–31 and Princess Mary 133–4 Sais, Henry 148, 159 relationship to royal supremacy and papal Salisbury, Bishop of see Shaxton, Nicholas authority 81–2, 112–13, 117, 124–5, 141–2, Sawley Abbey 156 168–9 Scarisbrick, J. J. 6, 8 resistance to 11–12, 13–14, 116–17, 118–25, 142 Schilling, Heinz 202 by Carthusians 1–2, 118 Separatists and oaths 32 by Fisher and More 119–24 Seton, Alexander 195 as a response to previous oaths 111–12, 205 Seymour, Jane Queen 77 Suffolk, Duke of 58, 146, 160, 162–3, 166 Shagan, Ethan 6–8, 11, 183, 209 Supremacy, Act of 2, 68 Sharpe, Kevin 6–8, 201 supremacy, oath of Shaxton, Nicholas, Bishop of Salisbury 109, acquiescence to 11–12, 13–14, 142 182–6, 205 Elizabethan 8, 32, 210–11 Shelby, Gervase 118, 124–5 extent of administration 82–4 Sherborne, Robert, Bishop of Chichester 61, 65, form tendered after 1544 80–1, 82, 114, 136, 140 245–6 Shrewsbury, Earl of 146, 150, 162 form tendered from 1536 to 1544 4, 78–80, Six Articles 114–15, 182, 190, 198 243–4 Smith, Alan 201 institutional profession 5, 81, 125–6, 127, 204, Sommerville, C. John 202–3 235–7 Standish, Henry, Bishop of St Asaph 100, 102, administration of 62–5, 72, 83, 107 130 manner of swearing 128–33 Stapleton, William 146, 151, 152 and the monastic visitations of 1535 70–7 Starkey, Thomas 140–1 and the oath of canonical obedience 47–9, Stokesley, John, Bishop of London 61, 130 159–60 and dissimulated swearing 140 resistance to 2, 11–12, 142 and evangelical heresy trials 176, 181–2, 185–6 by Carthusians 3 and the subscriptions of 1533 and 1534 55–7, and resistance to papal authority under 83 Queen Mary 209–10 Submission of the Clergy 55 see also bishops subscriptions, oathless Sussex 58, 68 against papal authority 60–2, 81–4, 109, Earl of 163–4, 166 122 swearing see oaths of Princess Mary 137 Syon Abbey 126 relationship to oaths 52–3, 81 and royal supremacy 76 Succession, Act of and the subscription of 1534 56–7, 81, 83 of 1534 57–8, 69, 120–4, 134, 140, 158 why Henry targeted it 85, 107

272 Index

ter Borch, Gerard 32 Walsham, Alexandra 199 Thomas, Keith 43, 202–3 Warham, William, Archbishop of Canterbury Thorpe, William 25, 31–2 171 Tolwyn, William 195, 198 and evangelical heresy trials 186–8 transubstantiation 189 his oath of canonical obedience 24 Treasons Act 6, 68, 134 and the oaths of a bishop-elect 100–1 Tregonwell, John 69, 73–4 Webbe, Richard 172, 175 Trent, Council of 99 Westmoreland 146 Tunstall, Cuthbert, Bishop of London and Earl of 161 Durham 39, 61, 75, 85 White, Christopher 32–3, 40, 43 and dissimulated swearing 140 Whitford, Richard 42–4 and evangelical heresy trials 173, 178–80, Wilson, John 74–5 182 Wilson, Nicholas 118, 131, 213 and papal renunciation 65–6 Winchester, Bishop of see Gardiner, Stephen; Tyndale, William 23, 41, 198 Horne, Robert Wisdom, Robert 190, 191–4, 196–7, 200 unjust oaths Woburn, monastery of 131–2, 133 breaking of 41, 47–9 Wolsey, Thomas 171–2, 178 condemnations of 40–1 Wood, Andy 207 Worcester vain oaths Bishop of see Latimer, Hugh condemnations of 38–9 Cathedral 70, 76 and the ex ofﬁcio oath 211–12 Wygenhale, Thomas 21, 28, 35 God’s punishment against 42–4 and perjury 38–9 Yate, John 150–1 relationship to state oaths 46–7 York Vallance, Edward 203 Archbishop of see Heath, Nicholas; Lee, Valor Ecclesiasticus 71–3 Edward vows 39, 47, 49 city of 146, 166 Convocation of 55, 61 Wabuda, Susan 189 York, Richard Duke of 26 Walker, Greg 179, 180, 184 Yorkshire 128