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Snow loads on roofs 1966-67: eleventh progress report Kennedy, I.
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DIVISION OF BUILDING RESEARCH
SNOW LOADS ON ROOFS 1966 - 67
ELEVENTH PROGRESS REPORT
by
1. Kennedy and D. A. Lutes
. , ｾ
Internal Report No. 364
of the
Division of Building Research
OTTAWA December 1968 PREFACE
Because of the importance of snow load as the major design load on roofs in Canada, continuous efforts are being made to obtain a better basis for the prediction of snow loads on roofs.
This report presents the results of the final year of a 10 -year countrywide survey of Snow Loads on Roofs in the form of graphs, tables and photographs and includes a discussion on future snow load studies. Observations were made on 40 roofs at 15 A Stations; B-Station reports were prepared by DBR staff on about 20 large roofs in the Ottawa area and on several others in the mountains of B. C.; and C• Station reports on 23 roofs were received from 8 Canadian Forces Bases.
This general survey has provided the information needed for the revision of snow load requirements in the National Building Code of Canada. It has been discontinued after the 1966-67 winter in favour of two new more specialized studies aimed at filling some gaps in the information available from the A, Band C Stations of the general survey. These gaps concern snow loads on large flat roofs and snow loads in the mountains, both of which will be the subject of future reports.
The Division of Building Research wishes to record here its appreciation to all observers across Canada whose excellent work, often done under difficult conditions, made possible this general survey of Snow Loads on Roofs. In particular, special appreciati.on is recorded to A-Station observers of the Meteorological Branch of the Department of Transport at Goose Bay and Gander; the National Parks Branch of the Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources at P. E. 1. National Park; Laval University (Quebec); MacDonald College (Ste, Anne de Bellevue); Queen's University (Kingston); University of Alberta (Edmonton); University of Waterloo, Aluminum Company of Canada at Arvida; Mrs. P, Curtis at Inuvik; and the Atlantic, Prairie and B. C. Regional Stations of the Division. Thanks are also here recorded to the Chief of Defence Staff, Air Force Headquarters, Ottawa, and to the R. C. A. F. personnel at C Stations at Comox. Lancaster Park, Cold Lake, Winnipeg, North Bay, Ottawa, Goose Bay and Toronto. and to the building inspectors and individuals who made the observations at B Stations. Without all this willing co -operation this survey could not have been carried out.
( i) This report was prepared by I. Kennedy of Queen's University, a summer worker with the Building Structures Section and D. A. Lutes, Research Officer with the Section, under the direction of W. R. Schriever.
Ottawa R. F. Legget December 1968 Director
( i i) TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
SURVEY PROCEDURES OF 1966-67 OBSERVATIONS...... 3
A Stations 3 B Stations 3
C Stations 4
WEATHER...... 4
PRESENTATION OF RESULTS...... 5
RESULTS OF THE 1966-67 OBSERVATIONS...... 5
Average Loads 6 Drift Loads 6 A Stations 7 B Stations 10 C Stations 10
CONC LUSIONS ...... 11
FUTURE STUDIES 12
REFERENCES , . 13 SNOW LOADS ON ROOFS 1966 - 67
ELEVENTH PROGRESS REPORT
by
1. Kennedy and D. A. Lutes
Because of the importance of snow loads on roofs in the cold climate of Canada, continuous efforts ar e being made to obtain a better assessment of snow loads on roofs as a basis for an improved formulation of design snow loads in the National Building Code (l). In general term s the problem is to recommend a design snow load that is high enough to r educe the probability of failur e to an acceptable level but, at the sam e time, not so high that unreasonable construction costs will result.
Early design snow loads were specified in the National Building Code (1953), for differ ent locations across Canada, on a map showing "contour lines" of equal snow load. These loads, which were used as design loads for roofs, were based directly on measurements of maximum ground snow depths observed over a number of years. It was obvious, however, that in some cases these loads were too high and thus uneconomical, and that in others, they were too low. Even superficial observations showed that roof snow depths were often much less than ground snow depths, and that measurements of ground snow depths were not, therefore, directly applicable to the determination of roof snow loads.
In view of these considerations, the Associate Committee on the National Building Code asked the Division, in 1957, to carry out a country-wide survey of actual accumulations of snow, ice, and rain on roofs. The fir st full survey observations were made during the winter of 1957-58, with more than 50 observers across Canada co-operating in this work. Ten Progress Reports (2-11) including a pilot survey have been prepared over the years summarizing the results of this survey. This present report gives the results of the tenth year of observations (1966-67) of the "Survey of Snow Loads on Roofs".
Three types of stations were set up for che survey. At A stations the observers measured snow depth and density of the snow, mainly on flat and pitched roofs of residential size and, for comparison, on the adjacent ground. At these stations snow depths on the roofs were measured by means of mounted gauge sticks and on the ground with a yardstick. The density was determined by taking samples of a known volume of snow and weighing the melt water. 2 -
At B stations observations of extreme or unusual snow load conditions or roof failures were made by volunteer observers. This infor• mation has been used to build up case records concerning the nature and causes of snow load formation (12).
At C stations observers made the equivalent of A-station observations on very large roofs located at Air Force Bases acros s the country.
A brief review of the developments in dealing with snow loads in the National Building Code may be useful. In 1960 the survey of snow loads on roofs had provided sufficient evidence on the relationship between ground and roof loads to enable the Committees responsible for the revision of the Code to make some changes in the roof loads compared with the ground load. The roof load was set at 80 per cent of the ground load, the ground load being based on a return period of 30 years and ad• justed to allow for the increase in the load caused by rain-water absorbed by the snow. Some nominal allowance was also made for drift loads.
In the 1965 Code further changes were made by the Revision Committee on Structural Loads and Procedures and this led to a mar e rational approach to snow loads for the design of roofs.
All roof loads were based on the snow load on the ground and, consequently, the column for the roof snow load in the Table of Design Data for Selected Locations in Canada in Supplement No. 1 (13) was omitted. The basic roof load was again set at 80 per cent of the ground load except that for roofs exposed to the wind a roof load of 60 per cent of the ground load could be used under certain conditions. This reduction of roof load for exposed roofs to 60 per cent of the ground load could only be made because, at the same time, allowance was made for a variety of influences causing accumulations of snow loads on roofs. This was done by means of "snow load coefficients" or shape factors, which are shown in the form of diagrams and simple formulae in Figures 2 -1 to 2 -7 of Chapter 2 of Supplement No. 3 (14) to the NBC "Structural infor• mation for Building Design in Canada". Explanations of the use of these coefficients are also gi ven.
After ten years of observations of the survey of snow loads on A-, B- and C-station roofs, the status and direction of the survey were reviewed. It was agreed that this general survey, carried out according to certain guidelines described (15, 16) had, on the whole, served its purpose by supplying the material needed for the revision of snow load requirements in the NBC, but that it could be discontinued after the 1966 -67 winter in favour of two new more specialized studies. These studies would be aimed at filling some gaps in the information available from the A, Band C stations. These gaps concern the aspects of snow - 3 - loads on large flat roofs and snow loads in the mountains. The collection of observations on typical or unusual accumulations of snow on selected roofs, which allowed the publication of case histories (12) for the use of designers, will, however, be continued.
International co -operation in load studies was illustrated by a paper on the preparation of standards for snow load on roofs published by CIB, co -author ed by a DBR staff member and a Soviet scientist (17).
SURVEY PROCEDURES OF 1966-67 OBSERVATIONS
The procedures followed in the DBR snow load survey for the 1966 -67 winter wer e the same as those of former year s.
A Stations
During the winter of 1966-67 a total of 40 roofs were observed at 15 A stations. This total included all of the roofs observed in the previous year's survey plus a spherical dome surface on the NRC property in Ottawa. At most A stations at least one flat and one gable roof wer e observed.
As in the past, A-station observers measured and recorded in detail the depth and density of snow on the ground and on the roofs. Observers were asked to take readings once a week and after each heavy snowfall; although most of them complied with these instructions, some sent only a few observations. All the A- station results that were received are included in this report.
B Stations
B -station observations differ from those at A stations in that they are single reports of snow loads that are unusual in magnitude or distribution, or that have caused structural failur e of a building. Observers are encouraged to make data as complete as possible and to include photographs, or at least rough sketches, showing the depth and shape of each snow accumulation, with a qualitative indication of the snow density. Many of the B -station reports were later incorporated in a collec• tion of snow load case histories being compiled by the Building Structures Section of the Division of Building Research.
For the 1966 -67 winter, DBR staff personnel pr epar e d B -station reports on about 20 large roofs in the Ottawa area and on several others in the mountains of British Columbia. No B -station reports were received from volunteer observers this year. - 4 -
C Stations
The C -station observations consist of depth and density measurements of snow on the ground and on the roofs of large buildings at airports across Canada. All of the airports in the survey are Cana• dian Forces Bases (CFB), formerly termed RCAF bases. At each station observations are made once a week and after each heavy snow• fall on two or more of four standard roofs - the cantilever hangar roof (flat), the arch hangar roof (curved with flat wings), the mechanical equipment garage roof (flat, split level), and the unit supply depot roof (flat). In total, eight Canadian Forces Bases reported on 23 roofs this year.
WEATHER
The three main climatological factors (snowfall, temperature, and wind), affecting snow loads on roofs are plotted against time along with the snow load for the A and C stations in Figures 3 to 25.
Climatological information for this report was obtained from the Meteorological Branch of the Department of Transport. Where a city with an A or C station did not have a weather office itself climate infor• mation from a nearby centre was used; for all stations the location of the corresponding meteorological station is indicated beside the plotted data. Temperature and snowfall data were obtained for all stations, but for several stations no wind readings were available while for other s only those gust speeds greater than 18 mph were published. For this reason several of the graphs in Figures 3 to 25 ar e incomplete.
In general, snowfall for the 1966 -67 winter season was above normal. The only exceptions were the two stations in the extreme north and west (Inuvik and Comox) and Ste. Anne de Bellevue, which had below• normal snowfalls. Two central Canadian stations (North Bay and Winnipeg) recorded near - normal snowfalls. At all remaining stations the winter snowfall was from 10 to 50 per cent above normal.
Temperatures across Canada were generally above normal until January, and then considerably below normal in February, March and April. Exceptions to this were the Prairie region, which was colder than normal all winter, and Inuvik and Comox which had warmer -than• normal weather nearly all winter. 5 -
PRESENTATION OF RESULTS
Detailed results from A stations are presented here, as they have been in previous snow load progress reports, by means of a graph for each roof on which ground load, minimum, maximum, and average roof loads are plotted against time. The number of the gauge at which the maximum roof load is located is also noted. For one building the maximum load on a lower canopy roof is also plotted against time. Included for each station ar e the climatological graphs descr ibed a Ir eady, on which accumulated snowfall, daily maximum or peak wind speed (with directions), and daily mean temperature are plotted against time. Snowfall totals for the winter months are shown under the sub -headings "Normal" and" 1966 -67." Also included are drawings showing the principle dimensions of each building and the location of snow gauges on the roof. These detailed results, that comprise Figures 3 to 17. are summarized in Table 1 and in graphs of Figures 1 and 2.
Observations from B stations are summarized in Table II and pictures of two of the roofs are shown in Figures 26 and 27.
Observations from C stations are treated in exactly the same manner as those from A stations; detailed graphs for each roof are shown in Figures 18 to 25, and a summary of results is contained in Table III.
Table IV presents roof/ground load ratios for large flat roofs at both A and C stations.
RESULTS OF THE 1966-67 OBSERVATIONS
This discus sion will deal with the relationships among maximum roof load (drift load), maximum average roof load, maximum ground load, NBC ground load, and NBC design roof load. These terms are, therefore, defined her e as follows.
Maximum roof load (sometimes called drift load) - the greatest roof load r ecor ded at any snow gauge during the winter.
Maximum average roof load - the greatest average load over the entire roof recorded during the winter.
Maximum ground load - the greatest average snow load on the ground recorded during the winter. - 6 -
NBC ground load - the 30 -year ground snow load given for the location in Supplement No.1 to the National Building Code 1965 (13).
NBC design roof load - the design roof load calculated as a fraction of the 30 - year ground snow load accor ding to paragraphs 4. 1. 3. 7. to 4.1. 3. 10. of the National Building Code 1965 (1).
Average Loads
On the average, the maximum average roof loads at A stations were only 21 per cent of the corresponding NBC design roof loads, with the largest (56 per cent)occurring on one of the roofs observed at Ottawa. The maximum average roof loads were (on the whole) only 34 percent of the corresponding maximum ground loads, with only a Halifax roof (124 per cent) having an apparent maximum average roof load greater than the maximum ground load.
Two C -station roofs, both relatively small flat roofs at the base of a large arch roof, had maximum average roof loads which exceeded both the corresponding NBC design roof loads and the maximum gr ound loads for the winter becaus e heavy accumulations occurr ed behind the raised door housings at the ends of the hangars.
Drift Loads
Twelve per cent of A -station roofs had drift loads which exceeded the NBC basic design roof load, wher eas for C stations they wer e about 60 per cent. This is to be expected since the C -station roofs ar e larger with drifts occurring on lower level roofs or behind parapets. If, on the other hand, the drift loads are compared with the maximum ground load, it is found that 28 per cent of the A -station roofs had drift loads gr eater than the corresponding maximum ground load. Many B -station reports provided further examples of the drift load exceeding both the ground load and the NBC design roof load.
A more detailed discussion of the observations from individual A stations follows. Where a meteorological quantity is compared to normal, the normal is given in parentheses; where a snow load is compared to an NBC value, the latter follows in parentheses. - 7 -
A Stations
Inuvik, N. W. T. (Figure 3) - Despite the fact that snowfall from October to April was 10 percent below normal (60 in.), the ground load in March and April reached 73 per cent of the NBC ground load for Inuvik (46 psf), one of the highest values in this year's survey. Even with this relatively large ground accumulation, however. and the generally low wind speeds typical of this ar ea. the average roof loads wer e all small (21 per cent or less of the corresponding NBC design roof load). The maximum drift load on the residence roof equalled the NBC value.
Edmonton (Figure 4) - This city, with snowfall 33 per cent above normal (47.6 in. ) for the winter, had a maximum ground snow load of 12 p s f, the lowest among the A stations. Drift loads on roofs observed were less than 5 psf on both the flat and gable roof and both had large bare areas at various times during the season.
Saskatoon (Figure 5) - This city experienced a "tough" winter. For the months of November to April Saskatoon' s mean daily temperatures averaged 5.3 degrees below normal which represents the greatest seasonal deviation from normal observed in this survey. Furthermore, the total snowfall was 43 per cent above normal. High winds. however, kept average roof loads below 20 per cent of the NBC design load values (21 psf) on all five roofs observed. Drift loads on two of the roofs exceeded the maximum ground load but not the NBC roof load.
Winnipeg (Figure 6) - The winter here was also about five degrees colder than usual but total snowfall was about normal. The maximum ground load was one -third the NBC ground load value and the maximum roof loads (drift loads) were only one -quarter the NBC design roof load.
Waterloo (Figure 7) - Snowfall in Waterloo was 41 per cent above normal (53 in. for November to April) but. probably due to frequent thaws. the ground load never exceeded 25 p sf, which is well below the NBC ground load value of 60 psf. Average roof loads were also small (one -half the ground load or less). During late January and February the drift load. which occur s every winter on the Engineering Building roof in the lee of the higher Main Engineering Building, reached a value up to 24 per cent greater than the maximum ground load (19 psf). - 8 -
Toronto (Figure 8) - In spite of the heavy snowfall for this area, the maximum ground load of 15 psf was only 37 per cent of the NBC ground load for Toronto (40 psf). Frequent thaws throughout the winter prevented any larger accumulation of snow. Average roof loads were generally low (in fact the gable roof was frequently bare) but three heavy snowfalls in January and February resulted in drift loads of about 1.5 times the maximum ground load (15 psf) on both roofs. Other factor s contr ibuting to the forma• tion of these unusual accumulations were the 2 ft 2 in. parapets on the flat roof and the high winds that were able to affect the snow distribution even though both roofs were classified as 'Isheltered".
Kingston (Figure 9) - Snowfall in Kingston was. above normal (43 in.), but ground loads were not exceptionally large. Winds blowing in from Lake Ontario deposited snow in concentrated loads in the lee of the 2 ft 6 in. parapets on the flat roof of McNeil House creating drift loads of more than 2.5 times the ground load. A maximum average roof load 86 per cent of the size of the maximum ground load (15 psf) was observed. This was due to anomalies in the locations of the roof measurements.
Ottawa (Figure 10) - Snowfall in Ottawa was 20 in. above normal for the months of January and February and 8 in. below normal in March. Total snowfall was 17 per cent above normal (83 in.). Of the seven roofs observed, the three flat roofs had maximum average roof loads greater than 10 psf while the others (three gable and one spherical dome) all had maximum average roof loads of less than 10 psi. For the only sheltered roof, this load was 56 per cent of the NBC design roof load (48 p s f}, the highest such ratio in the 1966 -67 snow survey for A stations.
An interesting addition to the snow load study this year was the NRC dome, a metal structure with the only spherical roof in the survey. It was snow -covered in January with a maximum average roof load of 7 psf and a drift load of 17 psi, but was bare for the rest of the winter.
Ste. Anne de Bellevue (Figure 11) Although total snowfall here was 27 per cent below normal (99 in. ) and maximum average roof load on the poultry building was less than 8 psi, drift loads on the gable roof of the East Wing were equal to or greater than the ground load for most of the winter. The largest roof drifts occurred consistently in the lee of the main roof which is some 15 ft higher and exposed to predominantly westerly winds. The West Wing with a low slope shed roof accumulated les s snow. - 9 -
Quebec (Figure 12) - Only three reports were received from Quebec for the 1966-67 winter, but it is interesting to note that the large, sheltered, flat roof of the Pavillon Vachon had the highest reported drift load among the A -station roofs. It was 86 p sf, which was 1. 5 times the ground load at the time, and considerably more than the NBC design roof load (67 psf).
Arvida (Figure 13) - Total snowfall at Arvida was 20 per cent greater than normaL but still the maximum average and drift loads on the roof reached only 17 per cent and 33 per cent respectively, of the NBC design roof load (45 psf), This was partly due, no doubt, to wind action pr eventing lar ge accumulations on the exposed flat roof. although wind speeds at Arvida were relatively low compared to those observed elsewhere in Canada.
P. E. 1. National Park (Figure 14) - Normal snowfall totals for P. E. 1. National Park were not available from the Department of Transport, but it appear s from the survey results that the 1966 -67 winter snowfall was probably greater than normal. The snow load observations indicate that within this area there are large variations in both snowfall and loading conditions. For example, the maximum ground load at Stanhope was 66 psf (the only station in the survey where it equalled the NBC ground load), whereas at Dalvay it was only 31 p s f, yet the maximum average roof loads were only 6 p s f and 21 psf on the flat roofs at Stanhope and Dalvay. On the Dalvay roof, drift loads in the lee of a higher part of the same Building were consistently more than twice the load on the ground. On the other hand, the exposed gable roof remained virtually bare all winter.
Halifax (Figure 15) - This station's total snowfall was 48 per cent above normal for the winter; it was close to 90 per cent above normal for the January to March period. The maximum average observed roof load (16 psf) was less than one-half the NBC design load (36 p sf}. The exposed flat NRC roof tended to have drifting conditions near its roof projections but loads were generally small. Frequent thaws prevented large snow accumulations on Halifax roofs.
Goose Bay (Figure 16) - Snow loading on the gable roof at Goose Bay produced no unusual effects this winter. Considerable drifting occurred near the eaves on the east (leeward) side of the roof. but the largest drift load was less than one -half the maximum ground load (45 psf), which in turn was less than one -half the NBC ground load for this ar ea (103 psf). - 10 -
Gander (Figure 17) - More than 150 in. of snow (29 per cent above normal (118 in. )), fell at Gander during the winter, but high winds kept the roof snow loads small; the maximum average roof load observed here was 2 psf. Snow drifts of 10 to 20 psf formed on the exposed gable roof after several heavy snowfalls but they remained for only a few days. Although the "drift load" on the large flat roof never exceeded 1 p sf, an adjacent low canopy roof accumulated drifts of depths up to 64 in. with a maximum load of 172 psf (four times the maximum ground load).
B Stations
Among the more heavily loaded B -station roofs were two in Ottawa where drifts seven and eight feet high on low sheltered roofs caused loads equal to twice the NBC ground load. In British Columbia four buildings had average roof loads gr eater than their NBC design roof loads. The gable -roof kitchen shelter at the Illecillewaet Camp in Glacier Park was especially interesting as it was observed to have an average roof load of 187 psf with drift loading to about 200 psf; snow creep had produced massive overhangs which extended more than six feet from the building on all four sides.
C Stations
As in the past, average snow loads on the large flat C -station roofs were relatively small this winter. Wind action produced dr ifting on many of the roofs. This lead to heavy accumulations in a number of locations: beside the raised door housing and on the canopies of the cantilever hangars; on the flat wings of the arch hangars; beside the raised portions of the mechanical equipment garages; and on the low canopies of the unit supply depots. Because all of the buildings are exposed to the wind the large central areas of most roofs were bare nearly all winter.
One fact concerning the arch hangar roofs must be pointed out. Although they have been included again this year among the "large flat roofs" of Table III, they are not really typical of this group. The arch hangars each have a very large arch roof, spanning 160 ft , that is flanked by two relatively narrow (20 ft wide by 160 ft long) flat• roofed wings at the foot of the slopes; the snow gauges for the DBR/NRC survey are located on these two flat roof sections. Although the total area of flat roof being observed is about ten thousand square feet, these roofs consist of narrow strips, sheltered by the arch roof whose crown is more than 40 ft above them. As a result of the hangar's 11 - geometry the flat roofs accumulate snow which has either slid down from the arch or has been blown over from the windward side and deposited in the lee of the arch. It is, therefore, not entirely reasonable to consider the arch hangar in the same category as the other roofs of Table III, most of which are fully exposed to the wind and that consequently are generally fairly clear of snow.
CONCLUSIONS
On the whole the 1966 -67 observations substantiate the conclusions presented in previous reports. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) Average snow loads on the majority of roofs are considerably less than the load on the surrounding ground.
(2) The amount by which the average snow load on the roof differs from the snow load on the ground (roof to ground ratio) depends primarily on the degr ee to which the roof is shelter ed. The effects of shelter ar e, however, difficult to predict exactly.
(3) Whereas well sheltered roofs have ratios up to approximately 0.9, nearly all exposed roofs have ratios of less than 0.6. Well exposed unobstructed roofs exhibit very low ratios.
(4) Heavy drift loads, that frequently exceed ch e load on the ground by alarge factor, are found in roof areas of localized shelter. Their magnitude depends on, among other things, the shape of the building, the snowfalL the size of the "tributary" roof area, and the height of the localized shelter. The first step in providing designers with "shape factors" to consider in estimating probable accumulations of snow due to drifting and other influences was taken by publishing recommended "Coefficients for Snow Loads on Roofs" in Supplement No. 3 to the National Building Code, 1965. These coefficients, however, can only deal with the more common types and shapes of roofs. Since many unusual types of roofs and conditions must be considered, a collection of case histories of interesting snow loads has been published by the Division of Building Research (12) to provide further guidance to the designer, whose responsibility it is to make the best possible estimate of the probable snow load. This publication will be revised and expanded in the near futur e. - 12 -
FUTURE STUDIES
It seems appropriate to add some remarks here about future studies. Ten years of measurements have now been completed in the general survey of "Snow Loads on Roofs" which has provided a basis mainly for the revisions of the snow load requirements in the National Building Code of Canada. There is a need for further records in some specialized areas, particularly in relation to the problems of snow loads on large flat roofs in cities, and snow loads on all types of roofs in the mountains. F stations and M stations have been set up, therefore, to make these observations.
The purpose of the F -station survey is to provide information on high and low loads occurring on single -level and multi -level flat roofs because they constitute the most common type of roof on newer commercial and industrial buildings. One factor to be investigated is the influence of the size of the upper roof on the drift load on the lower roof for two -level buildings. F -station observations were started in about a dozen locations across Canada afte r significant snowfalls at the time when snow depth is near the maximum for the winter. It is hoped that ultimately the r ecor ds obtained will produce such definite information that recommendations can be made that will improve, even further, the economy and safety of roof structures in Canada.
The reason for establishing the M stations is that some mountainous areas in Western Canada, particularly at higher elevations, are subject to very high snowfalls resulting in ground loads of 200 psf or more and this creates a special problem. Weather observations used in preparing Chart 7, "Maximum Snow Load on the Ground", of Supplement No. 1 to the NBC were, of necessity, made mainly in inhabited locations, hence the chart applies only to permanently populated areas. Consequently, the lines of Chart 7 apply generally only to the populated valleys and not to the higher mountain slopes, where, in some cases, much greater snow depths are known to accumulate; these must be taken into account in the design of roofs.
During the 1966 -67 winter a pilot M -station survey was carried out by two members of DBR staff at Rogers Pass in the Selkirk Mountains of British Columbia. Measurements of snow depths and densities at various altitudes were taken at several locations. It is hoped that ultimately the records obtained will make it possible to establish relationship s between snow load and altitude for mountainous ar eas . - 13 -
REFERENCES
1. National Building Code of Canada, 1965. National Research Council, Associate Committee on the National Building Code, Ottawa, NRC 8305.
2. Allen, D. E. - Snow loads on roofs, 1956 -57. A Progress Report, National Research Council, Division of Building Research, DBR Internal Report No. 134, Ottawa, January 1958.
3. Allen, D. E. and C. J. Turkstra - Snow loads on roofs, 1957 -58. Second Progress Report, National Research Council, Division of Building Research, DBR Internal Report No. 163, Ottawa, November 1958.
4. Thorburn, H. J. and B. G. W. Peter - Snow loads on roofs, 1958-59. Third Progress Report, National Research Council, Division of Building Research, DBR Internal Report No. 184, Ottawa, November 1959.
5. Watt, W. E. and H. J. Thorburn - Snow loads on roofs, 1959-60. Fourth Progress Report, National Research Council, Division of Building Research, DBR Internal Report No. 204, Ottawa, November 1960.
6. Scott, J. F. and B. G. W. Peter - Snow loads on roofs, 1960 -61. Fifth Progress Report, National Research Council, Division of Building Research, DBR Internal Report No. 228, Ottawa, November 1961.
7. Hebert, P. A. and B. G. W. Peter Snow loads on roofs, 1961-62. Sixth Progress Report, National Research Council, Division of Building Research, DBR Internal Report No. 260, Ottawa, January 1963.
8. Allen, C. M. and B. G. W. Peter - Snow loads on roofs, 1962 -63. Seventh Progress Report, National Research CounciL Division of Building Research, DBR Internal Report No. 279, Ottawa, November 1963.
9. Pernica, G. and B. G. W. Peter - Snow loads on roofs, 1963-64. Eight Progress Report, National Research Council, Division of Building Research, DBR Internal Report No. 324 Ottawa, November 1966. - 14 -
10. Faucher, Y. - Snow loads on roofs, 1964-65. Ninth Progress Report, National Research Council, Division of Building Research, DBR Internal Report No. 339, Ottawa, June 1967.
11. Ho, M. and D. A. Lutes - Snow loads on roofs, 1965 -66. Tenth Progress Report, National Research Council, Division of Building Research, DBR Internal Report No. 358. Ottawa, April, 1968.
12. Schriever, W. R., Y. Faucher and D. A. Lutes. Snow accumulations in Canada .Cas e Histories: 1. National Research Council, Division of Building Research, Technical Paper No. 237, Ottawa,January 1967, NRC 9287.
13. Climatic Information for Building Design In Canada. Supplement No. 1 to the National Building Code, 1965. National Research Council, Associate Committee on the National Building Code, Ottawa, NRC 8329.
14. Structural Information for Building Design in Canada. Supplement No. 3 to the National Building Code, 1965. National Research Council, Associate Committee on the National Building Code, Ottawa, NRC 8331.
15. Allen, D. E. - Snow loads on roofs. The present requirements and a proposal for a survey of snow loads on roofs. National Research Council, Division of Building Research, DBR Internal Report No. 106, Ottawa September 1956.
16. Allen, D. E. - Field instructions for observers at "A" stations of snow loads on roofs. National Research Council, Division of Building Research, Technical Note No. 233, Ottawa, October 1957.
17. Schriever, W. R. and Otstavnov, V. A. - Preparation of standards for snow loads on roofs in various countries, with particular reference to U. S. S. R. and Canada. C.!. B. Paper No.9, pages 13-33, 1967. TABLE I SNOW LOADS FOR A STATIONS 1966 - 67
1965 NBC Max Load Max Max. Avg. Observed {p af] Ground Roof Roof Station Roof 60'1. 80'1. (psf) (pst) (psf)
Inuvik, N. W.T. Flat: Heated. insulated. exposed 28 37 33 3 6 Gable: Not heated. sheltered from south 28 37 33 3 6 Gable: Heated, insulated, exposed 28 37 33 6 29
Edmonton. Alta. Gable: Not heated. shelter ed 16 12 12 4 5 Flat: Heated, insulated. exposed 16 12 12 2 3
Saskatoon. Sask. Flat: Heated. insulated, exposed 21 28 10 4 12 Flat: Heated. insulated, exposed 21 28 9 2 12 Gable: Heated, insulated. exposed 21 28 20 3 6 Gable: Heated, insulated, exposed 21 28 12 3 4 Flat: Heated. insulated exposed 21 28 12 I 2
Winnipeg, Man. Flat: Heated. insulated, exposed. 8 11 parapet 21 36 15 8 9 Gable: Heated. insulated shelter ed 27 36 15 2 10
Waterloo, Ont. Flat: Heated. insulated, exposed 36 48 25 13 16 Flat: Heated. insulated, exposed 36 48 19 10 23 Gable: Heated. insulated, exposed 36 48 17 5 6
Toronto, Ont. Gable: Heated. insulated. sheltered 23 30 15 8 23 Flat: Heated. insulated, sheltered, zt" parapet 24 32 15 13 21
Kingston. Ont. Gable: Heated. insulated. sheltered 30 40 18 11 16 Flat: Heated. insulated, exposed, 216" parapet 30 40 15 13 39 Ottawa. Ont. Flat: Heated, insulated. exposed 36 48 38 15 20 Heated. Flat' insulated, sheltered 36 48 43 27 51 Flat: Heated, insulated. exposed 36 48 29 10 24 Gable: Heated, insulated. exposed 36 48 34 7 14 Gable: Heated, insulated, exposed 36 48 36 8 12 Gable: Heated, insulated. exposed 36 48 31 9 19 Spherical dome: 36 48 29 7 17
St e . Anne de Gable: Heated. insulated. exposed 30 40 37 8 43 Bellevue. Que. Shed: Heated. insulated. exposed 33 44 37 4 13
Arvida. P.O. Flat: Heated. insulated. exposed 45 60 41 8 15
P.E. I. National Flat: Not heated, insulated. sheltered 40 53 66 6 13 Park Flat: Not heated. insulated, sheltered 40 53 31 21 66 Gable: Heated insulated. exposed 40 53 27 I I
Halifax. N.S. Flat: Heated. insulated, sheltered 27 36 14 8 17 Gable: Heated. not insulated. sheltered 27 36 31 7 8 Flat: Heated. insulated. exposed 27 36 13 16 19
Goose Bay. Lab. Gable: Heated. insulated. exposed 62 82 45 11 21
Gander. Nfld. Flat: Not heated, insulated, exposed 37 50 42 I I' Gable: Heated, insulated. exposed 37 50 26 2 19
* Note: Maximum drift load on canopy was .17Z p af. TABLE II SNOW LOADS AT B STATIONS 19l!6 - 67
NBC Roof (p sf) Loads in tl sf Type of Heated and 1965 1965 Avg. Roof Location Roof Insulated 800/0 60% Ground Roof Drifts Remarks
Rogers Pass, B. C. .Flat Canopy No 129 97 52 52 61 Strong winds. Canopy sheltered by higher roofs . Glacier National Park, B. C. Gable No 128 64 70 Aluminurn roof " "" Small slope No 130 123 135 Sheltered " "" Steep No 117 88 109 Sheltered " " " Steep No 117 95 . 107 Sheltered " "" Gable No 125 110 127 Sheltered " "" Low Slope No - 187 200 Sheltered Glacier. B. C. Gable No 129 97 200 120 125 Uniform roof load Mica Creek Village, B. C. Flat Yes 147 86 - Exposed " "" Flat Yes 140 114 140 Exposed " " " Flat No 165 123 . - Exposed " " " Flat Yes 200 127 130 Snow removed early in winter " " " Flat Yes 178 144 - Exposed " "" Low Slope Yes 160 124 - Exposed " " " Low Slope No 150 146 - Exposed round water tank " " " Flat Yes 180 125 136 Exhaust fan on roof Ottawa, Ontario Flat No 48 36 27 - 111 Multi-level roof. Drift on lower leveL " " Flat Yes 48 36 25 13 62 Drift on canopy " " Flat Yes 48 36 25 5 120 Drift on canopy TABLE III
SNOW LOADS FOR C STATIONS 1966 - 67
(All loads in 1b./sq. ft.)
Roof Supply Depot Arch Hangar M. E. Garage Cant. Hangar 1965 NBC Roof Load Max. Max. Max. Max. Max. Max. Max. Max. Max. Max. Max. Max. Station 80% 60% Ground Avg. Roof Drift Ground Avg. Roof Drift Ground Avg. Roof Drift Ground Avg. Roof Drift
Cornox, B.C. 46 34 - 0 0 6 0 0 6 2 3 6 1 3 Edmonton, Alta. 22 16 ------21 7 21 20 14 30 Cold Lake, Alta. 33 25 30 12 27 26 31 95 - - - 27 14 61
Winnipeg, Man. 36 27 - 0 0 (Insufficient datal - 0 0 (Insufficient data)
North Bay, Ont. 43 32 26 15 32 38 60 132 34 14 85 - - - Toronto. Ont. 32 24 8 4 16 --- 12 6 30 - - - Ottawa, Ont. 48 36 - - - 48 18 57 47 10 53 50 15 57 Goose Bay, Lab. 82 62 58 26 120 - - - 44 17 97 - -- TABLE IV
1966 - 67 SNOW LOADS ON LARGE FLAT ROOFS
Max. Avg. Max. Ground Roof Load x 100 Roof Load Load Ground Load Location Roof (psf) (psf) (%)
Inuvik, N.W.T. Post Office 2.8 33. 4 8
Comox, B.C. Arch Hangar 0 5.9 0 M.E. Garage 1.8 5.9 31 Cant. Hangar 1.4 5.9 24
Edmonton. Alta. M.E. Garage 6.9 20.8 33 Cant. Hangar 13.7 20. 1 68
Cold Lake. Alta. U.S. Depot 11. 7 29. 5 40 Arch Hangar 31. 1 26. 3 118 Cant. Hangar 14.4 26.8 54
Saskatoon. Sask. Gymnasium 4. 3 10. 1 43
Winnipeg. Man. Library 7.8 14.7 53 U.S. Depot Arch Hangar Insufficient data M.E. Garage Cant. Hangar }
Waterloo. Ont, Main Engineering Bldg. 12.6 24.8 51 Engineering Bldg. 9.8 18.9 52
North Bay, Ont. U.S. Depot 15.2 26.3 58 Arch Hangar 59.8 38.0 157 M.E. Garage 13.6 33.9 40
Ottawa. Ont. Arch Hangar 18.3 48.0 38 M.E. Garage 9.8 46.9 21 Cant. Hangar 15.1 49. 5 31
Toronto, Ont. U.S. Depot 3.7 7.5 49 M.E. Garage 5.5 11. 6 47
Quebec, P.Q. Gymnasium 1.3 55.5 2 Pavillon Vachon 24.6 55.5 44
Arvida, P.Q. Rolling Mill 7.8 41. 4 19
Goose Bay. Lab. U.S. Depot 25.8 57.7 45 M.E. Garage 17.1 43.6 39 NO. A STATIONS ﾻｾ 1 INUVIK 2 EDMONTON 3 SASKATOON 4 WINNIPEG 5 WATERLOO 6 TORONTO 7 KINGSTON 8 OTTAWA 9 STE. ANNE / DE BELLEVUE 10 ARVIDA / I:A 11 P. E. I. / NATIONAL PARK / 12 HAll FAX 13 GOOSE BAY 14 GANDER
NO. C STATIONS 15 COMOX ...... , 16 EDMONTON <, 17 COLD LA KE ｾＧＧＧＧＧＧＧＧ 18 WINNIPEG ./ ...... 19 NORTH BAY 20 TORONTO 21 OTTAWA / / ./"'-'-'-i-'-'; 22 GOOSE BAY / . .I. ll' i A \ Z- 4 . i \. 16-C tCJ j ", 31 <, ｾ I. I LEGEND i i 3-A...... \. !_i= ! ［ｾｈＳＵ ...... -J I:it: 4'-A ｾＺ GROUND MAX. AVG 20 MAX. .-..-.;._.. ｟ｾ 18-C ROOF LOAD 10 5 LOAD
LOAD IN LB/SQ FT 11966-67)
FIGURE 1 A & C STATION LOCATIONS AND THEIR MAXIMUM AVERAGE ROOF AND GROUND LOADS FOR THE WINTER 1966-67 ＢＧｾ ｾＮｺｾＬＭＬ ..... ｾ 30 ｎｖｾ I AV8 ＳｓＰＰｾ
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0 0 0 0 o ....N ....0 00 -.c Zl.:l/81 NI 0'101 MAXI MUM ON CANOPY OR LEAN-TO ROOF u.· ETC. tn· a.· NUMBER INDICATES / c · GAUGE LOCATION / TIME, DAYS LEGEND FOR FIGURES 3 TO 24 INCLUSIVE SO ROOF DESCRIPTION 60 FEDERAL SLOG. 40 ,,-, --- ,- --- \ ,ｾ ,. FEDERAL SLOG. , , (EXPOSED, HEATED,INSULATED) 20 ｾＬ ,-- --' 120' -,' ＧｾＭ -' I' 'I I I - I z I II I 12 ｴｾ -,-.;::C;-- 4 , I 3 a , " L.-- .I -- 3 0 " " · I so "'0' ,.£., ··• 5 Ell': 60 . ;; 7 } SAETZ RESIDENCE i 40 0 8 ---- -' SAETZ RESIDENCE I Ｌｾ " , ｾ (EXPOSED, HEATED, INSULATED) 20 I -v: ,_...... - 11- 36' -"... ,-- I \---t- -iI- I ｾ ＮｾＮＮＭＭ ＭＭｾ 1--- »-: • 4 SO ｖｾ· :;·1'"' 60 'V S 10 SCHOOL SLOG. • • 18' 40 ｾ 2 /r- _____ ' '=J .. , -' OJ IS' ,I I. ,'" , ," - 20 ".' »>--- '-' - - - SCHOOL SLOG. ｾ , (SHELTERED fROM SOUTH ,lOW HEAT) , ..:l.-;--- ..-l- :5 355 25 , , ....l--i. , 0 ---I • , ..I.. I '2' I \ ; II ,, OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRil • ...'" \ :I: ｾ ｾ '-' ｾ .: 120 V -' ｾ 0•z '" so ｾ ｾ ...0 9 ! :::> 40 .:»: '-' '-' "" ｾ ALL METEOROLOGICAL READINGS TAKEN AT ｏｾ DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT METEOROLOGICAL STATION, INUVIK 60 • ｾ 0 .+, z . s i ｾ 40 " " ＧｾＢｴ ｾ ＺＺｅｾ ,\ I\ WItiIO ｄｉｒｅｃｔｬｏｎｾ \ , ＱＱＮｾ ｾ \ ,.. ... (_yV ｾ｟ＯＭｻ ＯＬｾ I• SNOWFALL ,.J, ＭＭＭｾｊ 't. \- \/ 'V). ;i ｾ 20 .- !\1---- 10CTOSER - APRIL) 0 NORMAL 1966-67 59·7' 53·S' 0 50 ...ｾｾ 32 ------Ｍｾｙｉ 011. ｾ A A/\ z,. 0 ./ FIGURE 3 "" ... '" ｾ ... vYJ \j' '-¥J"'v f'AJ -40 vr:rJ\ A/ V SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS Year: 1966-67 Location: INUVIK I N.W.T. 100 ROOF DESCRIPTION 801-----+----1------+----1------+------+---- 60 ｦＭＭＭｾ ___L___ + +-- --+ ---1L_ _+---_____j MINING STORE SHED 401------,----1-----+----f----+------1------j Mining Stor. Shed 201-----+----1-----+----1----+------1------j N v------' ｾＭＭＭｾＭＭ ... o Ｎｾ -- -=l,t;:.Ol;.:-"-'.:i 23,. '2 ,-:.. s 100 (Sheltere 74' ! 201----_+----1-----_+----1-----+------+------1 r-t>A I o ｾａ -1 +:2, 1 1.1 -'.t- Exposed ,. ! Heated -',-- Insulated 10Section 'A-A- OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL ...J 120 ...J ｾ ;0 o z 80 '"<> w ｾ ｾ ...J :::> ｾ 40 .>: <> ALL METEOROLOGICAL READINGS TAKEN AT <> V'" .. L------r--' EDMONTON CITY 0 60 .+,N ------:r s ＢＧＴＰｉＭＭＭＭＭＫＭＭＭＭｉＭＭＭＭＭＫＭＭＭＭｉＭＭＭＭＫＭｾ］］ＭＭＭＱＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭｪ :Ii c w SNOWFALL w a- '" 201-----+Ifr--'=r---/\--AAH'---.----.I-\-It-llc."".._HHA-o..--fh.-HI-M---+l---4".'-A...".,I\-A-,.------j (NOVEMBER-APRIL) NORMAL 1966-67 47·6" 63·5" a- ..... FIGURE 4 ....w'"' 0 -46 SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS Year: 1966-67 Location: EDMONTON, ALTA. 80 ROOF ｏｅｓｃｒｉｐｔｬｏｾ 60 314 LAKE ｃｒｅｓｃｅｾｔ ALL MINIMA ARE ZUO \ 40 T""' ---- ｾ 314 lakeCrescent. ..\ 20 ---- - ,? .! -3 I ------1.8 - • ,2, :37' 78 -r. 4 4Dｾ ' '5 7'; 0 .& d. --l 80 913r+-._---- Ｍｾ (Exposed, Heated, Insulated) 60 133-107'· ST. ALL MINIMA ARE ZERO 40 ｾ N ...>- lJJ - With 51. .... n 20 ------+- I .: }'I'4. ｩＲＴＧｾＶ､ 0 -. ' *" . --.--itO Ｚｾ ｾＺ ..0 ------L:l i U -' ;--- ｾＭＭＭＵＷ ----"5- .-- i 45'..",N i 0 -----5 80 i (Exposed, Heated. Insulated) I I I ｾＭＭＭＭＭ i ! 60 1 I OUTDOOR TEST ｓｔａｔｬｏｾ I I ,1 I N 40 I i --+- Outroor ! I Test I I Station I I 7 : i • '4. 1' I i I 1'/ 20 -----" --- I i, ; .7 •.5 ·.51 !!J4' I i , I i i CI}3' ＮｾＡｊＮ I I .----- I.; ,G i ------J -i_------r- I 30' I 0 I ,,----- ;,I 1 (E xposed, Heated,Insulated) : : OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL w '":<: '-' ｾ 120 ::j if ｾ 0 ｾ 80 0w !;; -' :::> ｾ { 3 40 ALL METEOROLOGICAL ｒｅａｄｉｾｇｓ ｔａｋｅｾ AT '-' ...r ｓａｓｋａｔｏｏｾ AIRPORT WEATHER OFFICE -e i.-----r- 0 .r:" 60 0 ｾＺｩ 40 ｾＧＢ , ..... ,,('INO DIRECTION ｾ ＺＺ｡Ｚｾ .. \ 1/ Cio J/ ow .+, ｓｾｏｗｆａｌｌ 5 ｾ" ｾｾ ｊｾａ ｾ ｾ ｾｾｾ ｾ ａｾ . "' ｾ ｾ ＨｾｏｖｅｍＸｅｒＭａｐｒｉｌ x'" 20 1M .AiAA J J A '\ it.. ) ..ｾ '" V ｷｷｶＬｾ ｾＢ /VV W ' 'V VrV "'vv ｾ V ｾｏｒｍａｌ 1966-67 w 38·8" 55'3" 0 50 '------ｾ ... 32 Ci • ｾＭｴｆＧ ｾ 0 ,1.,-iiC--" - M !'- IA A z'"ｾ 0 -:». fir FIGURE 5(A) .. \ 'v vvv 'v "'"'ｾ＾Ｍ J\j V\jvJ -40 SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS Year: 1966-67 Location: SASKATOON, ALTA .....".., 100 ROOF DESCRIPTION 80 60 GYMNASIUM ｾ ALL "INI"'" ARE ZERO ... 40 Gymnasium \ , '2 J d 20 --- 1/'37:" I , ｾ ----Ｍｾ ｾＭＭＭ［［ＮＮＮＭ ｾ ·8 •? +. '''2 0 ------. ＭＢＢｾＭＭ - 100 .7 ." -'. SO L--_ ------.'----_. 1 22,7 .1 N.... ｅｸｰｯｳ･ｾ ｈ･｡ｴｾ Ventilated ... '1 Parapets .. 60 ,- c '" N.R.C LAS 9 All IIIININ'" AI£ ZERO ｾ 40 NRC lab. ｾ ISL...ｲｾ '•. ｉｉＮＨ［ｾ 5,' 20 ------r------_.._---- ｉｉｺＷｾ ....- 'I] ｾ I ｾＭＮＮ［ＭＭＭｾ -'-- '--;17/ ---- ｾＭ I I 0 ---,_._.... - 38 ! I I .+ .7 I:; .(; i: 1]'+' Detail A (Exposed, Heated, Insulatedl OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL ... '":I: U ｾ .: 120 -J ｾ ｾ ｾ SO ...c !;< -J ::> 2 / ::> 40 ALL METEOROLOGICAL READINGS TAKEN AT u u '" ｾＢＢＧＢ SASKATOON AIRPORT WEATHER OFFICE 0 ,/ 60 ｾ 40 2 • 'I \ ), :... Ii 1/ ...ci .+, W)ｉｾｾｄ［ｾｔ［ i SNOWFALL ... 5 Ｎｾ Ｎｾ ) ｲｾｻｾ ;J r\ g; 20 1M .. ! In I\J\ J A.. (NOVEMSER-APRIL I V v,,,", 'IV In W ' ·vvrv IV 'V v VI ·v ｾ NORMAL 1966-67 r 3S·S· 55'3' 0 ------50 32 f------ｾ Ｍｾ ｾ ｾＭｒ Yl- - ｾ ｾＭｴｊＥ ｲｾｬｃ IA - ,J ｾ FIGURE 5(B) ｾ 0 'v yVV v ...... uy V\jvi -40 SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS Year: 1966-67 Location: SASKATOON, ALTA._...... 100 ROOF DESCRIPTION 80 f------" "---I--" 60 SouthWing of Ubrary SOUTH WING OF LIBRARY ｬｾ Above Roof , 40 ,., 20 - {[ .9 ., T. I ｾｾ --- - -7-----12- I 13 .8 .5 2- 6/6 2 ｾ 0 _GO. I. ｾＭＭＭ .7 100 3 I 77'- (i .1 Exposed.HeatedI Insulated Not Ventilated.Unheated Air Space 80 N... :If"- . 60 0 Sheltered 1 Heated.Insulated At1ic Ventilated I Unheated NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRil MAY U> 10' :I: U g .: 120 -J ｾ 0• ｾ 80 0 10' ｾ -J :-::::> »-r": ::::> 40 ALL METEOROLOGICAL READINGS TAKEN AT u u SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS Year: 1966-67 Location: WINNIPEG I MAN" _...,,-r 80 ROOF DESCRIPTION 60 f------'-----+------/------+----+------/------1 254 SUNVIEW 40 I------,----+-----+------\----+------/------j 254 Sunview 20 f-----+----f-----+----j-----+------j------j .. _-_...... '-...... ｾｾＺＭＭＧＭＭＺｾｾ -t s f--'---'! (Healed, Insulated, Exposed) 80 60 f------'------+------/------+-----+------/------j Main Eng. Pldg. MAIN ENG.8LDG. 40 ｦＭＭＭＭｾＭＭＭＭＮＭＭＮＭ ------+-----+------+-----+------1 ,5 20 ｉＭＭＭＭＭＫＭＭＭＭＫＭＭＭＭＭＫＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭｦｾｾＢＢＧ［ｾＧ /' , I , '--_ .... " ｾ s.s , -, o __ ｾＢＭＲＧ AJ 2 b:Q 5 , .A , _4 - _ 80 ,·U IHeated, Insulated, Exposed) 60 f------'------+------j-----+----+-----+------j ENGINEERING 8LDG 4Of----,-----+------+----t----+-----+------j t ＬｾｬｴＺ､［ＭｊｾＧｔ ｾ ｾ｜Ｌ ' ＯＳＯｾ 0" : 1----1----+---+----+----+---+----+-----1 NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY -z-.- V> W :J:: t-j U ｾ El-e 120 .: (Heated,Insulated, Sheltered I ..J Ii' ia 0 z V> 80 0w !a ..J :::> 2 :::> 40 u ALL METEOROLOGICAL READINGS TAKEN AT u « DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT METEOROLOGICAL STATION AT KITCHENER,ONT. 0 60 0 ｾＺｩ ia'" 40 ｾ ::I. Cia WIN DATA UNAVAILA8LE SNOWFALL ｾｾ xc.. (NOVEMBER-APRIL) «V> 20 ::E NORMAL 1966- 67 53·1" 74·6" 0 M 50 ｾ ... 32 ｾ 0 zc.. «::E 0 FIGURE 7 WW ::EI- -40 SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS Year: 1966-67 Location: WATERLOO t ONT 100 I I ROOF DESCRIPTION < so ＭＭＭｬＭｾＭＭ 60 I------'------+--- L I 1-I 21 OOUGlAS CRES I j 40 21 DQuSI"Cres ... ｾ ｾ /? \ I I 20 '1) jol 5'11 ｾｾ ｾＺ 0 LJjb, IjM' 100 Sheltered 37 -G: Bldg. Healed Attic Unheated SO Ceiling lnsulateo I t;: :t- 60 0 « II DOUGLAS CRES '3 11 Douglas cres 40 +------tl'7 : I 7 • ...J 20 1 -.5 G· 33 i 1. -: _Li· 1 ? : 0 37 (Sheltered, Heated, Insulated} I I I I i NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY .., I I :I: i U ! I ｾ i I I I 120 -' I -' WIND READINGS TAKEN AT ISLAND AIRPORT; ::t j I ｾ OTHER METEORlOGICAl READINGS TAKENAT 0 I I , 315 SlDOR ST. WEST,TORONTO. Bi SO ..,0 :3 ::> I I :0; 40 B u « I r1 v-----' I I 0 I I 60 I I I o I I ｾ ｾ 40 ＱＭＷＭＭＭＭＫＭＭＭＭＭＭＫＭＭＬＬＭＧＧＭＭｾＭ｟｟ｉ｟Ｍ｟｟ＫＭＭＭ｟Ｋ｟ＭＭｾ｟Ｋ｟ＭＭ｟｟｟｟｟｟ｪ ｾ ｾﾭ <;00..,.., SNOWFALL ｾ l}) 20 ＱＫＫｾＭＭＭｉｲＭＭ｟｟ｉｗ｟Ｋｊ｟ｦＱ｟ｾｦ｟ＧＫｪｴｍＭｉｈＭ｟｟ｬＱｊ｟｟ｊＴＮ＼ｉｴ｟ＢＧｬ｣｟ｈＫ｟Ｋｬ｟｟ｖ｟Ｇ｟｟Ｍｾｪ｟ＮＮ｟ｬＫｴ｜ｊ｟｟｜｟｟ａ｟｟ｬ｟Ｏ｟ｾ｟ＮＮＮｉＫ｟ｊ｟ｬ｟｟｟Ｋ｟ＭＭ｟｟｟｟｟｟ｪ (NOVEMSER -APRIL I :0; NORMAL 1966-67 54·S" 67-7" FIGURE 8 SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS Year: 1966-67 Location: TORONTO, ONT. ...."., 100 ROOf DESCRIPTION 60 60 26 EDGE HILL 26 Edgehill /4 40 '------7[/" 40' I I I 20 -r;.' 7· ｾｉ ｾ ｾ［ＳＺＺｾＬ -..:: -, B- 1.. Ｍｾ ｾ｢［［Ｌ ＶｾＧ 0 ----_.- - 100 Sheltered I Attic not Heated +- 6ldg. Heated Insulated 80 ｾ .... "- It' 60 1------McNeill House <[ '" McNEILL HOUSE :3 .1 .4"--- i 7· 40 3r.r .2 .j ,5. , /-1-40 7 7 ｾＬ I .J • r. ,. 20 r\ 1 vv- I ｾａ ＮＸＷＢｾ ...... , ｾＬＬＷ I I ｾ Exposed 0 ! ｾ ..N Insulated I Attic not Ventilated Attic not Heated 61dg. Heated Parapet Z6" I NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRil MAY w:c'" u ;l; I 120 -' -' rt ｾ 0 z '" 60 '"w li -' rr: :::> ,..-.----- :::> 40 u'" ALL METEOROLOGICAL READINGS TAKEN 8Y ｾ ｾ KINGSTON, ONT_, HYDRO 0 60 0 ｾＺｩ ｾ｡Ｎ 40 ｾ ｾｾ <[0 SNOWfALL OW WINO DATA UNAVAILABLE (JANUARY- MARCH) i ｾ 20 NORMAL 1966-67 42·5· 47·5· 0 50 /1 /' ＭＭＭＭｾ ------ｾｵＮ 32 -----1----- • ｾ 0 \fJY\ \f'JVV zQ. Vlf\fVV\ <[2 0 FIGURE 9 ww Y 2 .... -40 SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS Year: 1966-67 Location: KINGSTON, ONT. 80 ROOF OESCRIPTION 60 OAVIOSON CRES. 40 --,----- Davidson Cres. ...... --_...- 9 89 ｉｉ 12- ｾｾＺＺＺ･､ AirSpace 20 • 7 ..,J Ceiling In,ulate 60 ｾＮ Fairhaven Way FAIRHAVEN WAY <, 40 >- ｾ I ｾＯＮＱＳ .IG *' 20 f----- .----l- Ij' 13' ""'" I '3 r " 1 11 14 0 +I 80 I ,10 .v I 60 H· II' (Sheltered, Heated, In,ulaledl 40A BARKER BLVO 40 I- ---- I 40A 80rker Blvd_ .7 ,. 20 I : .111 .07 1.8 z. Ｙｾ J. 0 el21I.' ., I .10 1- I c=: ｊｾＧ ,I i (E,posed,Heoled,Insuloled I NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY i I I ! ALL METEOROLOGICAL REAOINGS TAKEN AT OTTAWA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT o -- 60 SNOWFALL (NOVEMBER-MARCH) NORMAL 1966-67 B2·6' 96·3' FIGURE 10(a) SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS Year: 1966-67 Location: OTTAWA. ONT. ＮＯｉＮｵＢＯｾＯｉ BO ROOF DESCRIPTION 60 72 BISHOP 40 I , ｾ ｾ -- , r: "- I ..... / 20 --- v r-: ,'-- /7 ｾ ｾ ＬﾫＭｾＱ ｾＬ ＬＬｾ 0 ' " BO ,'" ", 72 Bishop Blvd. 12 Nt;: 60 ｾＧ 40 BARKER ｾｐＧＭＢＮ ＱＱＺｾT.J.B ｾ ..'" 40 "D : '3 lExposed, Heated, Insulated n , ｾ -" ...... r '\, /-----.. / _____.______ｾ ______----L.- \, , ------20 I / .. __ .J ｾ [:/""4012 Barker Blvd. •_ｾ ＾ＭＳＰｾ <:---- ｾｾｾｾ U r Ｎｾ . ｾ _ ｾ r ' ______ｾ 10·']24 4- 0 ...11·1T: . BO I a IExpose NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY ...V> I :I: i I U I ｾ I I ! 120 ｾ ｾ I ALL METEOROLOGICAL READINGS TAKEN AT I ｾ i OTTAWA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT. ;a r- 0 z I I ./ V> BO ...'" ti ｾ I :> ｾ ｾ 40 u ｾ ｾ I 0 ...r-- 60 N iI .+, I I '" 5 ! ｾ ｾ 40 , ｾ ｾｾ IWIOO DIRECTI, i!8 Ｎｾ , SNOWFALL ... It'M.- T 7\ t)r 1 .1 ｾ A- . j' ａｾｾ 1 (NOVEMBER - MARCHI ｾ ｾ 20 V rru VIJ ＱｾＧ｜ｪｖ ｾｉｊｻｦｗＧ \tv'V" UV , iy-rv--;W NORMAL 1966-67 B2'6' 96·3' 0 I 50 M 11 ------1------32 Ii£\"VV 1----- u, ｾＨ vV'v;Jrv1\7\ ｾａａＬｍ FIGURE lO(b) ｾ 0 V V v f- I V -40 SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS Year: 1966-67 Location: OTTAWA,ONT. ,."•••,_ ROOF DESCRIPTION I----+-----+-----+------+------+-----1------1 80 1------+------+------+-----+------+------1 60 1------"------'------i\.':.e. DOME t N.R.C OOME N 110- 40 1-----,------,------+------.-----+----+-----1 •I ...o g ｦＭＭＭｾＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭ ------"!'::..".-----""'----+----+----+-----1-----1 1------+------+-----+----+----+------1 ------t------j NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY ::f 120 ALL METEOROLOGICAL READINGS TAKEN AT rt OTTAWA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT. ｾ z '" :;: ｾ ｾ 401------+------b.-L-----+----+----+-----j------I ＹｾｬｲＭＭＭＯ r 60 ｾ 401----+-----+------+----+----+----+-----1 :>i ".OOIRECT" 1: l' "- SNOWFALL ｾ ｾ ｾ - 7\ : ｾｲ［ 1 T ./\ -- 1\ ａａｾ iI (NOVEMBER -MARCH) '" 20lJ \J\j ｗｶｊｙ｜ｊｾ Vl/Il'wl' IrJlfVU ｙｾｾＧＭｩｗ NORMAL 1966-67 B2·6" 96-3" o • 50 '1/\ M ｾ 32 'vv ------FIGURE IO(e) -40 SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS Year: 1966-67 Loea tion OTTAWA. 0 NT. ...."-,, 100 ROOF OESCRIPTION BOｉＭＭＭＭＭＮＭＭｊＭＭＭＭＫＭＭＭＭＫＭＭＭＭＫＭＭＭＭＫＭＭＭＭＫＭＭＭｾ POULTRY BLDG (WEST WING) MAXIMA AT I Poultry oJdg. (West Wmgl 601------,------f-----+------[------f-----+------1 ＬＬＭｾＬＮ JI'/ i • j. 71J>tr 40 91 r--=-,2}1 :·2 ; '5 8·1 ' \ LL...-J 'I 1 I t \ 5EqICu.1 A-A LL:i.3"--..;..'--:.!'",---Z..:J0,-",ｾＬ \ \ ｾＮＭＭＮＲＧＵＰＬＬＭＧ｟ｾ \ ＢＢＧｾＭＭ - --.. 20 ___J" .... - Sheltered from Eost by Moin Root ｉＺＭｾｾｾＮＮｩ Heated) Insulated 0 100 80 N POULTRY BLDG. (EAST WING) t;: ALL MAXIMA ARE ZERO jt,- Poultry Bldg. (East Wing} 60 . -- <> '"'3 20 40 \\\ \ ｾ･ \ 5 20 ｾ 0 I : I I Sheltered from West by Moin Roof Heated, Insulated NOVEMBER OECEMBER JANUARY fEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY '":r u ｾ .r 120 ...J ALL METEOROLOGICAL READINGS TAKEN AT ｾ ｾ MONTREAL INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, 0z DORVAL, PO. '" 80 0 Ii'" ...J ｾ ,.::> r ::> 40 u u J---f '" I 0 r 60 W+E : <> S ｾ ｾ 40 ｲＮｊＧＮＭＭＭＭＭＭＫＭＭＭＭＭｦＭＭＫＭＭＫＭｾＮＬＮ｟｟ＭＫＭＭＭ｟｟ｩＭＭＭＭ｟｟ＫＭＭＭ｟｟｟｟Ｑ I ＾Ｍｾ :! • SNOWFALL "'00", >co.. '" (NOVEMBER -APRIL! ,."'''' NORMAL 1966-67 20 I \N VIj I'VVIfr Ｇｊｾｬｦｊ 'vi I,i!IV V Wy rvvV"wU ｾ ｖｊｾ｜ｉ｜ 98 ·7" 72·4" o A ---- - ':; ｾＺＮＧＭ FIGURE II "',.zoo ,...-"'''' -40 SNOW LOAD OBSERVATION S ON ROOFS Year: 1966-67 Location: STE. ANNE DE BELLEVUE, PQ. • .....t71-14 100 ROOF DESCRIPTION PAVILLON VACHON , r Pavilion Vachon / 1,57 I '6 ｾ ｾＭ 40 f-----t----+----4----+-----I----+------i/ / / /0. .7 +. • /I. .8 5- 2_ o 100 I I I GYMNASIUM I I o « Sheltered, Heated, Insulated, Not Ventilated '3 I 20 ｉＭＭＭＭＫＭＭＭＭＭＭＫＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＧＭＭＭＭＫＭＭＭＭＭｉＭＮｾＮｾｾＭＭＫＭＭＭＭ｟｟ｬ 8 ＮｾＬ Vi - o I 5 i .2 /r.1 -c:; Elposed, Heated, Insulated NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY SNOWFALL (NOVEMBER -APRIL) NORMAL ＱＹＶＶｾＶＷ 112·4' 1212' FIGURE 12 -40 I SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS Year: 1966-67 Location: QUEBEC, P.Q. • ...... 71- rl' ROOF DESCRIPTION Bldg. No. 60 80 ＭｾＮＭ '8Id9.62' IjO' 60 '7 ｾ AlCAN 8lDG NO 60 .f; ." , • /0 14' ｾ I}O .9 A .2 100 13· A ｾ '7 ··l 40 .1 • .f .13 "- ｾ , f" 12. J , Bldg. 34 ｾ , ! 11:' r / \ I / \ 3 .0,' 0 / \ 27 « / I I I / \ ki 0 -' 20 - \ Ｏｾ ｾＺｾ ｾ .....ｾ ｾＧ ... Ｎｾ ｾ ,/ r-..-. ' -- -_. , n'[l I IJ213 Section A-A ! Exposed, Heated, Insulale I i 1--. I I NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY ｾ :I: U i!: ＭｾＮ｟Ｎ __..- .. 120 - -' -' All METEOROLOGICAL READINGS TAKEN AT ｾ,., ARVIDA BY AlCAN PERSONNEL. 0 z ｾ .r:': V> 80 f-----.. ..,0 ｾ !;( ...J :::> ｾ ｾ :::> 40 ..... tl « 0 LJ 60 0 i ｾ 40 , ｾ 2i. «0 .+, WINO DIRECTIOH'f SNOWFAll 0.., . .., s ) ><<1. "- «V> 20 NORMAL 1966-67 ｾ ｾ AlCAN IF\f1 (DECEMBER - MARCH I 95.5· 0 50 DEPT. OF TRANSPORT (NOVEM8ER - FE8RUARY) 88.5· 10S.B· ｾｾ 32 ----F ＭｾＭＭＭ ------"'.0 ｎｾ ｐｬａａｾ InA M FIGURE 13 z<1. 0 v .sr: ..,,,,ﾫｾ V ｾｉＭ vW -40 SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS Year: 1966-67 Location: ARVIDA. P.O.•ｾ .."-,. ROOF DESCRIPTION N Dalvay: Central Stores ..... (Sheltered fromthe North, Insulated, Unheated) Dalvay: Residence N 44 ｾｯｾ ...i ｾ -r .1. I I' 12 i • 2 4 . I',> I .; 7" i--:" i I'" Jb-cT I g • ---'-" 1 ." f-L Ｈｅｸｰｯｳ･ｾ Heated, lnsulatadl NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY r ALL METEOROLOGICAL READINGS TAKEN AT DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT METEOROLOGICAL STATION AT STANHOPE, PE.I 80 ｉＭＭｾＭＭＭ f----- ｾＭＭＭ ------ｾ o 60 o . ｾ ｾ 401-----I------1------1-----f-----_+----__+----__l >-::E..J _ SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS Year; 1966 -67 Location; P,E.1. NATIONAL PARK ROOF OESCR IPTION - BO ［Ｚ［［［［ｾｩｳｾｲＦｾｩ［ＺＧＱＺ ｏ［Ｎ［ｾＸ STANHOPE· I REGISTRATION OFFICE I -::..:-f- r: --- 39 60 -- Nf- I "- ｾ I I .1 4' 7' I " 'it' I /0 ·2 ｾ 40 .k j' ｾ 0 '3 Co' ｾ . I « ! 0 I -' I./1 i / i 20 23 .Ie:, / ---- , /, , / - I v I I I '" " , I I J ｾａ 0 i ..-. - J I , I I __IL.-- , I I I WoO,,;(;;C ;,Or.1 th;;: ｾＺＺＮｳＮ c-o ＢＺＮＧＧＺ［ＧＧ［ｾＮ ｟ｾ _ CG I I ,-:, ＮＭＺＧ［ＺＧ［ＳｾＩ I I I I ! I NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY .., 3::> :E ::> 40 V u u « -: 0 60 0 ｾＺｩ 3'0.- 40 ｾ ｾ .. I ;;;'0 WINO DATA UNAVAILABLE SNOWFALL 0..,.., , x 0.- (JANUARY - MARCH) « ＭＭＭＭＭＭｾＧ --- o 80 ---- - rI ! ENGINEERING BLDG I 40 ｾＭ - t .- 20 Engineering Bldg. c -e '3 -' o ... --:• --- - ｾ - -- .c 80 I ,,N 14#-tJs-« ... 5' 10' I NS TECH COLLEGE -..- :;: J,1 40 I 2· 8' ! ｾｾｾｾｾｾＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭｾｾｾｾｾｾＭＭＱ 401------,-- I I. 6 7 i ｉｾｏ ISheltered, NotInsulated, Heatedl 20 ｦＭＭｾｾＭＭｾｾｾＭＭｾＭＭＭＬ［ＬＭｾＭＭｾＭＭＭｾｾｾｾｾｾｾＫＭｾＭＭｾＬＭｾｾｾＭＭＭｉ ＭｺＮｾ NS Tech College o .s.:».»: 148 i NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY 1 4 7 SNOWfALL (NOVEMBER-APRIL) NORMAL 1966-67 75-5' 111-8' ａｾ _ FIGURE 15 -40 SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS Year: 1966-67 Location: HALIFAX I N.S. •..."." ROOF DESCRIPTION .'.- 80 60 _,-4-" ':- u, 8LDG 0- 24 ｊｾＮＧＲ Ｑｴｾ "- , D· Z4 , -t> ｾｯ 40 , , , I I 0 , -e , ',- 1 , Ｑｾｾ s , " <, • '2: • 4 / / ,--t 1 20 / .-l :: ,:: J ...... tJ 0 8 • Vｾ ______EXPOSEO. HEATED, lNSULATED\ 0 - v----- r...' --J I I I NOVEMBER OECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY er u ;!; --r 120 - .:.... ｾ ALL METEOROLOGICAL READINGS TAKEN TO ｾ DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT METEOROLOGICAL 3= 0 STATION AT GOOSE 8AY z ｾ ,. 1------.-- ,-J => 40 u u l-J I .. ,I I 0 / 60 WIND DIRECTION /. W+E , 0 5 , ｾ J: 40 l' "',.3='" ｾｦＮＭ ,, ;,. - " ＬｾＱｊ SNOWFALL .."'0 ｾＯ｜Ｇ｜Ｏ＼ , 1.-ｾ / "'", , \.{/ 'N\ / , '\\, I I >-'" \.,1 V'I .r:' (NOVEMBER - MARCH) g e; 20 0 NORMAL 1966-67 120'0" 131'7" I 0 50 32 1------ｾ ａＭｾＷＧｶ V ｲｴ｜ａｬ｜ｾ A. II (\ A ｾ At.. FIGURE 16 ｾ 0 v ｾ I/VV V V"'V -40 SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS Year: 1966-67 Location: GOOSE BAY, LAB e.",,·.. BUILDING 64 ROOF DESCRIPTION 200 Bldg.64- 180 l- - --- 160 f------!------+------t*---- (Exposed, Heated, Insulated) 140 r- -. ·+1--1------1 120 f-- f• ... Moen Equip. Room 110- 100 ------o 9 MECH EOUIPMENT ROOM ------I--!--+-----++------l_ ' i ,! WI':', ::: 12 80 • 1 1-- --! ! I/.U.' ｾ Ｎｾ 1/-/1' I .J ,. 1/,/2' , I I ｾ 60 I ｾ I- ,I ' --I---r-- 170 ' ＭｊＭｫＧＭＯＭＫｊｾＯｌｌＮ｜ＭＭｉｬ｜ INot SO.It.red ExcllIlI from ｅ｡ｳｾｮｯｴ Heated, Insulated) "ＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＫＭｾＭＭ +- iｾＭ " ｾＭＭＭＭＡＢｊＧｬ I V ｾ ---1 20 -- j. i ' .. '/' --- \, I i 1.,;/ »> I "I r-V-- r '\ t-..., ".... _..J iii -----.2.. ＩＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＫｾＧＭＢＭＭ］ＺＮＺＺＫＭＭＭ｟｟ｦｾｾＭ｟｟｟ＱＭｾＭ｟ｉ｟ＭＭＭＭｉ｟｟ＭＭ｟｟ｬ I _.1 \ ...:» i .... I I I NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUA RY MARCH APRIL MAY :f i20 --_.._. .._------ALL METEOROLOGICAL READINGS TAKEN AT ｾ GANDER INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT ｾ o ｾ 80-f------+----;r--9='------+----+------8 ｉｾ ｾ j( ｾ 40 f------f---- ＭＭＭＭｾ ----1------1----1------1 ,- .: '.), r =f-_----I------1----+------1 s SNOWFALL (NOVEMBER -APRIL) NORMAL 1966-67 118-0' 152-1' ｾ ｾｾｾｖｗ W ＧＧｙｖｖ｜ｊｾｦｉｾｾＭＭ --- FIGURE 17 ｾ 0 W f- -40 SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS Year: 1966-67 Location: GANDER, NFLD. •••ｵＬＭｾｯ 60 ROOF DESCRIPTION 40 CANTILEVER HANGAR 20 ＱＡｉＬｉｾ 0 12..,27,28 60 40 ARCH HANGAR filO SNOW ON ROOf} 20 0 60 I- o.. i 40 ｉＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＧＭＭＭＭＭＭＫＭＭＭＭＫＭＭＭＭｉＭＭＭｾＭＭＭＭＭＭＭ 0 ""'3 lIE. GARAGE 20 ------+-----1------1 Arch Hanger 0 12 ＱＬＹＬｪｾＬ 60 40 e----- US DEPOT tNO SNowl 20 ＭＭＭｾ ME Garage 0 Y ..ｾ 4- ,...X /5 :5 ＺＯｾ ----r 1.'1 ｾＮＧｉｉ .,7· ;22 1 I :2.7 '.n 018. 2) [72 Iii 1.3 .8 '.13 .19. ｾ ｾＮ 9 ./4 20, NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY I Y.-IO .. X 21 i I .3/(,' •_ I, ....'" ｾ ｾｲＲＲｊｴｨＧＺＡＧＢ u" ｾ X-x y-y 120 -' ...J U.S. Depot Ii! ;., 0 ｾ 80 8 5::> :0; ::> 40 ALL METEOROLOGICAL READINGS TAkEN AT ｾ « DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT METEOROLOGICAL STATION AT COMOX. - 0 - 60 I .+,• ｾ , ｴｾ WIND DIRECTiON 0 s "- ｾＺｩ ｾＢ - 1\ ;.,,,, 40 n ＢＧｾ ｖ［ｾ v «- 'J tl,} V .... 0 SNOWFALL l1. .... ｾ _l1..... (DECEM8ER-JANUARY) «V> 20 0 NORMAL 1966-67 25'6" 9-0" o ｾｾ ＭＭＭＭＭＭＭｾｾ ｾｯＮＮ ｾ . Ｚｩｾ ...... Ot-----r------1------1------,f-----+------+------l FIGURE 18 :0;1- -40 SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS Year: 1966-67 Location: CFB COMOX. B.C ....."... 100 ROOf DESCRIPTION 80 60 CANTILEVER HANGAR 42/' I 1 --.-Z- 40 ., .10 01• 2 • •Z .22 : ｾｾｾ ＲＹｾ :17 ." ,. o. ,. ｾ tJ ..'.4 1/ JO.[j sos' r\ .5 .'2 .1; • 3/ 20 ＭｾＺａ .. " • 32 ｾＧＭｾＭＧＢ S;3 .I? .74 • ｾ ｾｦｾ Ｎｚｏｾ en' Ｎｾｾ｟Ｏ ｾ .B , 1+ t'5 i '2''' 37 0 :.-.. <. -- ｾＭＱＯｾＧ 100 --:+ , -' >3 80 FRaNr vol" ¥ Cant Hangar ...... 11:- .4 7. 14 _.._- .s- . 15 60 1'" 9' • 16 I ｊｦｾ 2(; 0 10 . .. I) /7 .. M.E.GARAGE .. c=-o '3 1)1:: II. Ig. 40 n.: i /}2'.- _0' I I ,. M.E. Garage N I o ｾ I ｾ 10 20 -- ｾ ...... ＯＯｬｾ 15 , ..... _...... JO",' .. ｾｬ , ｾＯ --.....- -...,'r r Ｇｏｬｬｾ r-- __...... ｾ - ':\ 0 ｾＭ "'" OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL ....'":I: U ｾ 120 ::l i:! 0 •z 80 '"....0 5 ｾ :::> ｾ ｾ :::> 40 u -----' ALL METEOROLOGICAL READINGS TAKEN AT ..u ｾ EDMONTON CITY 0 .r- 60 .+, 0 5 z:I: 40 ｩｾ ｾｯ DIRECTION .... ＾Ｍｾ ...J • "- ...... - 0 SNOWfALL 0 .... I ｉｾＺ I.AAI J( ｾ ';; I ｾ ｾ ｾｧ［ 20 11'.. A (NOVEM8ER-APRIL I ｾ Ｎｾ ｾｖｖＧｬｖｗＱ 'WVV ｾ ｌＮｊｗｾ if ｾｖｖｬＮＯｎ NORMAL 1966-67 47·6" 63·5" 0 50 -- - -- ..ｾｾ 32 --TV1\(\ --- ｾＭｎ ｾＭＭＭｰ ｾ 0a- ｺｾ 0 \JI\ ',", ...... \J -V - FIGURE 19 ｾ .... v::::;r -40 SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS Year: 1966-67 Location: CFB EDMONTON, ALTA. 80 ROOF OESCRIPTION 60 -----"'----- CANTILEVER HANGAR :;',7 Ii" ｉｉＮｾ 40 l.J:c ,,'J ·/1 .>: ｾＺｾ 0,;' ";"J.', ! I ｾ L...L....'., 20 ｩ［ｾ［ＺＺ ｾｾ Ｍ［ｾｾｾＺｾＭｾＭＭＬ • ］Ｍ｟ＬＭＭ｟ＬＭｾＢＢＰＡ ｟Ｏｾ［Ｚ 0 ｾｳ［［Ｇ 100 I-----c i 1:;-----.1.- z>» ;':;':'.-,; V..o',l 80 J\i I V N t 60 --/;;;;'----- ｾＧ - ... ------c.;;=-- ARCH HANGAR IV\) 1,:2 .;;; c I 13 18 cr 40 ｾ I ?!.:; 1/1';" -: 20 r ｾ .L: ｾｾＭｾＺＺＺＺＮｾｬＯＯＺＺＮＮＮＺＺＺｦ［ＭＭ // ,-----r: .. ! \J J' 0 r.::' ; :-:2.(lS2.; 60 40 -/ "/;' 77 U.S. OEPOT ·7 ./3 20 ＭＮｾ Ｚ［Ｇ［ｾ［ＺＭｾ［ｑＭ Ｎｾ -.ＭＭｙｇＧｾｊＭｃＷＮＳﾷＢＢｊＢ ＭＭＭＭｾ 1--- =-= ;"- • NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY ... '":%: U ｾ ...J- 120 ...J ALL METEOROLOGICAL READINGS TAKEN 1f AT DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT 0 z'"' METEOROLOGICAL STATION AT COLO LAKE '" 80 ...c Ii ...J ::> ::> 40 u'" u cr o 60 o .+E Z. 5 WINO OIRECTlON-"__ s ｾ 40 f-----t------j-t-;----f-----\-,-----+------+------j :2 ｾＸ SNOWFALL ｾ ... ;;;:J; 20 f-----t------j------"-f---"-"--f-----""--+------+------j (JANUARY - MARCH) c NOR MAL 1966-67 25.8" 359" o 50 ＳＲｲＭＭＭＭｾ ------ｾ ;go... FIGURE 20 ...... ｾｾ 0f-----f------j-tf--'\---t\-I4I-+.---+-1/----,PbcF---'-+------+------j ",'" -40 SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS Year: 1966-67 Location: CFB COLD LAKE, ALTA. ＮＱｉｴｾＢＢｉＭﾷｦ 60 ROOF OESCRIPTION 40 CANTILEVER HANGAR 20 ｾＭ 0 60 40 ARCH HARGAR 20 I Cantilever Hanger 0 I 60 t I jj> 46 C> I 40 US DEPOT I INO SNOW ON ROOf) I I 20 I I I 0 I I I I I y .... 4 ... Y.. /5 NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY SNOWFALL (NOVEM8ER -APRIL) NORMAL 1966-67 47'4· 46'9· o 50 ＳＺｾＱｾＭｾＭＭ ｾＭｩｉ｜ -A-J,A-A-j- ＭｲＢＬｾＭ !: r FIGURE 21 ｾｾＭＴＰ \j VVV v: vvvvv SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS Year: 1966-67 Location: CFB WINNIPEG MAN.••••"... 200 ROOF OESCRIPTION 180 ＭＭｾ --- 160 140 ｾ 120 t I \ .- 100 /60 1 «0 I 2°1 1- s ｾ ... 3 I '11 80 \ \ I ｾ 111 0 \ I 1 4 . /0. IJ /4··· '7''''1 ARCH HANGAR ｾ 5 . 1 "1- ,I 60 / \ ｾＹ ＱＷｾｾ ｾ ｾ 10 (\ u ｾＯｻｾＷＧＷＧ 3-..12 40 /" " '\ If V,f\---L_\ ArchHangar 20 '--J ｾ , / v' Ｂｾｾ ｾＡ､ I 0 - ../ -- I NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY '":t: '-' ｾ 120 ::f ALL METEOROLOGICAL READINGS TAKEN ｾ AT NORTH 8AY AIRPORT •0 Z 80 / 0 !«'" -oJ :::> ｾ :::> 40 / '-' ｾ ｾ ｾ 0 60 .+,N i 0 s i ｾ 40 ｾ WIHD DIRECTION, / :E.. / 40 - SNOWFALL 0'" ｾ ｾ ｾＺ :1 ＬＬＭｾ｟ｴＧ . '" 1/ I ｾｾ /,A (NOVEMBER -APRIL) ｾ g; 20 - " 1 ｾ ｾｾＮ ｾｖＧｎＧ｜ '\IV lfvJ '\1/' VVV WVVVVV'v NORMAL 1966-67 If\.JrVW 116.6" 114.6" 0 50 A f"v.... -J --- ｾ 32 ｉｖＬａＮｾ V V -¥- ｾｬＺＭ ｲｴｶ｜Ｍｾ ｾｾｦ｜ ｾａｴＺ［［ｎ ｾｍＨＢ ｾ ｾ -- FIGURE 22(0) 0 V \J "''''ｾ ... q -40 SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS Year: 1966 -67 Location: CFB NORTH BAY, ONT. _"U.71-"'. ROOF DESCRIPTION '0,...... -!2\ ) 0 '0 ·4 ｾＺｾ［ｪ , ｾＮｾＯＮ ,1/,2. 0:7 fOol ｉｾ 171 eD ｉｉＮｾ : • ｾ /'2.! I! ｾ 132' I .0 ! +, M. t, Garage y" 4 ｾ X 15 ,:7 :'6 1---' 1 ｬＧＯＢＧｾＧｦｦ 77 1",21,7 -./2 .18.2;1"7';'2 , II ! I------L-----+----+------Ｓ :.B '013 ＮＯＹＮｾ ｾ I. 9 ./4 20 :Y /O ..... x '21 ; 3/(.,' I -,----- ､ＢｦｉＢＧＧＲＧＲＮＳＮ｢ｾＧﾷＳｦ I------,-----+----+----f------dd d=6 X-x y-y U.S. Depot NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY e :I: U ｾ 120 i--i---i---i-----j=====:::f=====i--i ::f ALL METEOROLOGICAL READINGS TAKEN ｾ AT NORTH BAY AIRPORT ｾ ｾ 80 ｉＭＭＮＭＭＫＭＭＭＭＭＭｪＭＭＭＭＭＭＭ［ｾＢＢＭＭＭＭＭｉＭＭＭＭＭＭＫ｟ＭＭＭ｟｟ＫＭＭＭ｟｟｟｟｟ｬ 3[;l V ｾ 401----+-----::71L----+----I------+_---__+---_____l ｾｏｾｾ SNOWFALL INOVEMBER - APRIL) NORMAL 1966-67 116'6' 114·6' FIGURE 22(b) SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS Year: 1966 -67 Location: CFB NORTH BAY, ONT. e.1&''71-''7 100 ROOF DESCRIPTION 80 t------'------1----+----I-----1------+------1 M,E. GARAGE 60 t-----,-----+------/-----+----+----+----I , ./ ·4 ｾＺＮｾ［［ • ,I '7. • /., I }/:: 2' l3il' ·2 ＺｾＺ ＱｾＺＮＱＮ 401----+----+----+------j----+-----l------l I ·5 elJ. -1: .3 ｉｾｾＧ /2'1 00' I i ,,1/ MoE. Garage o _ •. ＬｯＢｉＢＬＬｾｾｯｾ｟ 100 80 ｾＭＭＭＭＭＭＮＭＮｌＭＭＭＭＫＭＭＭＭＭｉ｟ＭＭＭＫＭＭＭ｟｟ＫＭＭＭＭＫ｟ＭＭＭ｟ｬ o "3'" U S DEPOT 601------,----+-----+----+----+----1------1 y.,4 -oX 15 I: ;>' : '" ! ::-r22 Ｇ ｉ Ｇ ｏ 1 '/1 0/1 •• 1 1.2 :.7 :,on ./8 ",2) 72 40 t-----+----I----+----+-----1------+-----I '.j :.8 ｾ .13 .19. ｾ ｾ i I. 9 •• /4 0 I I Y 10 L"X 2/ I 20 t-----+----I----+:::-:c---I-----1------+-----I ｾＯ 0 ｾｍＱｴｾﾷＡ Ｎｾ X-x Y-Y o U.S. Depot NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY V> w ...,:>: :!1 120 .J ...J ALL METEOROLOGICAL READINGS TAKEN ｾ AT TORONTO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT ｾ z V> 80 0w !;[ ...J ::> 40 ::>...,'" '" 0 60 .+E o S ｾ ｾ 40t----+------1----+-----:---I_---+----__+------l ｾＲ SNOWFALL :ticOw ·w INOVEMBER - APRIL! ｾ g; 20 ＱｴｴＺｨＺＭｊＺＭｦｴＭＭＭｦｴｦＭＢｦ｜ＭｾＭＭｪｴｊＬｲＮｐｈＬ｟｟ｦｬＭＭｬ｜Ｍ｟ｦＫ｟｣｟｟ｬｦ｟｟ｩｉａＱｍ｜Ｍｦｴ｟｟ｎ｟Ｋｈｬ｟ＫＱｲｦｬｉ｜ＭａＭＭＮＫｉ｟｜｟｟ｈＭｉｉＭ｜｟ｉ｟｜｟ｈＭＭＭ｟｟｟Ｋ '" NOR MAL 1966-67 52.4' 64.8' FIGURE 23 -40 SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS Year: 1966-67 Location: CFB DOWNSVIEW, ONT. ....71-1.' ROOF OESCRIPTION 601-----'------+------t---..t----t----__+_----j o 90 60 t ARCH HANGAR 'It' o 80 60 ｲＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＧＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＫＭｾＭＭＭＭＭ 1--- ＭＭＭｾＭＫＭＭＭ｟｟Ｋ｟ＭＭＭＭＫ｟ＭＭＭＭＭｬ IU GARAGE 1- .1 • -I 7. 14 ｾＺＺ Ｚｾ ＲｾＱ i I fl. /3"'.'2 .S 10. tid c=iJ"''lO'5 II. 1.8• 1• 3 .6 11. I/ ___132:..-...!--60:..,J ｾＯＢ ME Garat;;e o NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY SNOWFALL ｾ ｾ ＧｉｎｄｄＬＢｅｃｩ＿ｾｲ T ｾ I ｩｾｾ {I\..- 7\ T ,.J 7i (NOVEM8ER -MARCH) ｾ＼ｉＩ 20 'lJ vv IVVV'\JV lJVVVW' .til( VV qy-f'"lW NORMAL 1966-67 82_6' 96.3' o --- - FIGURE 24 -40 SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS Year: 1966-67 Location: CFB UPLANDS, OTTAWA, ONT. 120 ROOF OESCRIPTION 1001------+----+------"J------1----+-----.f------I10 BO 1\ ME. GARAGE (All "'IUM& AT NO· 10) ｾＭＭＭｾＭＭｾＭ I , ... ME Garage 40 r- _- IO ...... // 10 ",""- 10 J y", 4 ,",X 15 _ 0 ': 5 : /6 ---r 120 Ｂ ｉ 'N/'O ｾＧｹｾＶＬ ,.6 ,:'" 'IT ',22 I, \ .... 10!O .2 :. 7 1./'2 • /8 • 25 72 -, ｾ ·3 :.ll :.13 .19. ｾ "'\ ｉｾｾｾｾ ｾＭ I I ': 100 ---+----+----++------1-----\.---+-----+------1" ｾ 9 '.14 : 10 ; i 10 lJ. X 2/: .C> Y '" ｾＳＱＧＺ［Ｚ［Ｇ 11-/=2,].;1 / :3 -1-- ＫＭＭ｟｜ＭＭＡＮｾ ｾ ｾＡＦｊＶＢ US Depot U,S DEPOT I I I 20 'I ! I NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY e :I: U ;!' 120･ＭＭＭＭｾＭＭ｟ＫＭＭＭＭＫＭＭＭＭ｟｜｟ＭＭ｟｟｟｟Ｗ､ＺＮｪＭＭＭＭＫＭＭＭＭ｟Ｎｦ｟ＭＭＭ｟｟｟ｉ ALL METEOROLOGICAL READINGS TAKEN TO ｾｾＧ DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT METEOROLOGICAL i STATION AT GOOSE BAY, ＭｾＭＭＭＭＭＭＫＭＭＭＭＭＫＭＭＭＭＭＭＡ '" BO o D >oJ ｾ J ｾ 40 f------+-+_,----'---+-----_.f_----I----+-----1------1 ｾ ｾｷ｟ｾ 0 +_---+---+_--__I__--__I--____I 60 N ｾ W+E ｾ W1NO DIRECTION ,- o 5 I I I ｾ ｾＯｾ ｜ｴｾｊ ｬＭｾｎＧ -- <[= 40 \ 11/',:I '\ )1.1'..__ )",' A I /. SNOWFALL ｾ § '--{l) V: \A/ I'\J' V ',I tt:;. f,,_./ ｾ e; 20.1----"'--_+------'''-----+--L.:....---=--_\_------1vv=--.:--=--:ﾷＧｶｾｾ｟ＭＭＱＭ _ --- (NOVEMBER - MARCH) o NORMAL 1966-67 120'0' 131, 7" o FIGURE 25 SNOW LOAD OBSERVATIONS ON ROOFS Year: 1966-67 Location: CFB GOOSE BAY. LAB. _flA7f-M